for crop

Sustainable use of p
plant genetic
g
resources for Swedish use in an
international perspective
Rodomiro Ortiz
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
p
g
gy
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Alnarp
KSLA, Stockholm, Sverige
20 24 2012
20.24.2012
Dramatic increases of crop yields since the 1950s
made food cheaper
p and more affordable
Long-run trend in wheat yields
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
The Green Revolution
• The research, development, and technology transfer that happened between 1943 and the late 1970s – known happened between 1943 and the late 1970s
known
collectively as the Green Revolution – increased production in agriculture in many nations of Asia and Latin America
• Crop yields in the developing world would have been at least ld
h d l
ld
ld h
b
l
20% less and food prices about 19% higher than they were in 2000 without the innovations brought by the Green Revolution
• Calorie consumption would have dropped by about 5% and the number of malnourished children increasing by at least
the number of malnourished children increasing by at least 2%; i.e., the Green Revolution helped improve the health status of 32 to 42 million pre‐school children
• Net effect of high yields due to the Green Revolution avoided effect of high yields due to the Green Revolution avoided
emissions of up to 161 gigatons of carbon (GtC) (590 GtCO2e) since 1961
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
World cereal
cereal** production: areas saved
through improved technology (1950(1950-2000)
Million hhectaress
1,800
Cereal production:
1950: 650 million t
2000: 1,900 million t
1,400
Land spared
Land
spared
1.1 billion ha
1,000
600
Land used 660 million ha
200
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
* Uses milled rice equivalents
q
Source: FAO Production Yearbooks and AGROSTAT
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses
Yield Stability - Adaptation
YIELD
POTENTIAL
Resistant to Biotic
Stresses
Horizontal
Hypersensitivity
Resistance
Resistance
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
SLU pre-empting breeding for host plant
resistance to emerging pest threats
Trait
Host plant resistance breeding
Amount of pest or
g ((tolerance))
damage
Sources of resistances (genes)
Insect behavior
(antixenosis) or
physiology
(antibiosis)
Selection methods (incl. markers)
Plant anatomy,
chemistry
chemistry,
allocation of
resources
Screening protocols
Introgression or incorporation of
crop wild relatives genes (interspecific hybridization, embryo
rescue, backcrossing, …)
Pathotype or strain ‘moving
target’
Pl t genetics
Plant
ti
‘Green bug’
g aphids
p
in wheat
Aphids infesting barley crop
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Inger Åhman
Long term SLU plant breeding research pays
off!:
using rye and Leymus chromosomes in wheat
Pest
Yield loss (%)
Resistance (N)
Up to 100
34 / 70
48.6
Stripe or yellow
rust **
40 – 50
24 / 61
39.3
Septoria
blotch **
25 – 50
20 / 61
32.8
Hessian fly ***
36 – 42
13 / 237
5.5
Russian wheat
aphid
hid ***
21 – 92
87 / 237
Fusarium scab
or head blight **
30 – 70 + DON
mycotoxins
Stem or black
rust Ug 99 *
Resistance %
36 7
36.7
Prof. Arnulf Merker
(1945-2009)
Cytogeneticist
y g
Plant Breeder
New Crop Developer
1RS.1DL > ‘Sumai 3’ (one of
best known R source in wheat)
Research partnering
* KARI, Kenya
** CIMMYT, Mexico
*** ICARDA, Syria
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Staffan Andersson - Eva Johansson – Tomas Bryngelsson
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Food availability paradoxes
1.5 billion people suffering obesity worldwide while
obesity worldwide while about 1 billion (14%) go hungry to bed every night
hungry to bed every night
Can we halve food waste? 30% of all food crops
30% of all food crops worldwide are wasted
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Agriculture needs eco-efficient and
resilient systems to meet end
end-user
user
demands
• Provide enough and safe food • Enhance human health through better nutrition for the poor and well‐balanced diets ii f h
d ll b l
d di
for the rich
• Diminish use of fossil fuels
s use o oss ue s
• Adapt to extreme weather and water stresses
• Reduce environmental degradation and R d
i
t ld
d ti
d
decline in the quality of soil, water, air and land resources in an increasingly urbanized world
ld
• Bio‐energy and bio‐based economy
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Efficiency is a ratio: output/input
This means there are 4 ways to increase efficiency
1
Constant output
and decreasing
input
2
Output increasing
at a greater rate
than input
3
4
Constant input and Output decreasing
increasing output
at a lesser rate
than input
Source: Brian Keating, CSIRO (2011)
Input‐efficiency breeding: water, nutrients
Ideotypes for drought adaptation in wheat
Source: M. Reynolds et al. (2005) Annals of Applied Biology 146, 243
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
21st Century Crops
Century Crops
Host plant
resistance to
i
pathogens and
pests
Herbicide
tolerance for
conservation
agriculture
Nutritional
quality of
h lh f d
healthy food
Adaptation to abiotic
stresses
G
Genetic yield potential ti i ld t ti l
Source: Norman E. Borlaug (2005)
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
SLU organic breeding: Improving weed
competitive ability in wheat with genes from rye
Traits of particular interest
E l vigor
Early
i
growth
th
Allelopathy
Trait selection in wheattriticale hybrids
Early vigor in hydroponics
Allelopathy by a bioassay
Low
activity
ti it
High
activityy
Weed grown with wheat
Low
activity
High
activity
Allelopathy
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Nils-Ove Bertholdsson
Projected losses of food caused by the adverse
effects of climate change (2080)
Investment in crop yield gains compares favorably with other commonly proposed climate change mitigation iti ti
strategies, and should be a priority target
priority target to reduce greenhouse emissions
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
SLU breeding
g climate-proof
p
crops
p for
a changing, unstable weather
Water logging tolerance decreased
g new cultivars in the
byy introducing
first 50 years of barley breeding in
Sweden; thereafter an increasing
t d noted
trend
t d iin new cultivars
lti
Relationship between water logging
and grain yield in Sweden
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Nils-Ove Bertholdsson
Agrobiodiversity matters
• Agro‐biodiversity components g
y
p
act similarly in agro‐
ecosystems than biodiversity in other ecosystems
– Genetic diversity or the genetic variation within the species
– Species diversity; i.e., the variation existing for a species in a specific region
– Ecosystem diversity, which comprises the variation between agro‐ecosystems g
y
within a region
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
The wheat breeding chain
g
Input will determine output! How to select materials when the gene pool to utilize is virtually unknown?
product
Plant breeding
Plant breeding
harvest
ca. 400 wild species
in the gene pool
pre-breeding
farming
A random pick is NEVER good enough! Crop wild relatives must be characterized random pick is NEVER good enough! Crop wild relatives must be characterized
and the starting point is a taxonomic‐phylogenetic‐ecogeographic appraisal Source: Björn Solomon
Agrobiodiversity
g
y for intensifying
y g sustainably
y
crop yields and for adapting to climate change
• Genetic broadening or for introgression in plant breeding
• Intra‐specific crop diversification (mixture of distinct landraces or cultivars having genetic variation within each population) could provide a
variation within each population) could provide a means for controlling effectively pathogens and pests over large areas
pests over large areas
• Genetically enhanced seed‐embedded technology to adapt crops to variable
technology to adapt crops to variable environments due to changing climate
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
S stainable Crop Genetic Enhancement
Sustainable
•
•
•
•
Identifying a useful character
p
g g
Manipulating its genetic variation
Putting genes into a usable form
DNA markers monitor chromosomal changes
DNA markers monitor chromosomal changes from selection • Genetic engineering enhances useful variation
G
ti
i
i
h
f l
i ti if if
not available in crop gene pools
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
SLU eco-friendly
yp
potato breeding
g with
crop wild relatives and cultigens
Susceptible cv. : Resistant bred-clone
Potato diversity from the Andes Late blight resistance breeding Newly potato hybrids with desired traits
Main focus
Breed new potato cultivars, especially for resistance to late blight and brown rot
Rationale
R
ti
l
The fungus attacks the foliage (leaf blight) and can also spread to potatoes
(brown rot). Host plant resistance effective alternative to fungicides that
minimize attacks
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Ulrika Carlson-Nilsson
SLU: domesticating
g plant
p
species for new society uses
Guizotia abyssinica:
Niger seed oil
•
•
•
•
Cytogeneticy g
and DNA marker-based research show g
great spp.
pp diversity
y
DNA sequence data phylogenetics reveals closest wild spp. + new 2 spp.
EST-library: 25,711 Sanger reads assembled in 17,538 contigs +singletons
Marker-aided
Marker
aided breeding (incl
(incl. genome-wide
genome wide selection) to start soon
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Mulatu Geleta – Tomas Bryngelsson – Björn Solomon
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Hilde Nybon – Larissa Gustavsson – Helena Persson
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
SLU bio-based economy plant breeding:
Augmenting the value of new non-food crops
through agro-biotechnology
Crambe abyssinica
Brassica carinta Camelina sativa
Plastid
FAE
18:1-CoA
P
20:1-CoA
22:1-CoA
P
Limnanthes
LPAAT
22:1
P
FAD2-RNAi 18:1-PC
OH
22:1 22:1
22:1 22:1
18:2-PC
> 20%
22:1
22:1 22:1
Tri-erucoylglycerol
Oil
3-gene construct in
GM-crambe:
erucic acid 78%!
2030 chemical factory?
After omic-characterizing
Aft
i h
t i i lipid-pathways,
li id
th
using
i plant
l t species
i that
th t
cannot easily cross with food crops but with great industrial oil quality
potentials as choice for transgenic
p
g
breeding
g
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Source: Sten Stymne – Anders Carlsson – Li-Hua Zhu
Crop Breeding Uptake Paradigm
• Replacement of old cultivars by new genotypes
with better fitness to “environments”
• Farmers and researchers search for crop
Farmers and researchers search for crop
adaptation in gradients arising from (a)biotic stresses, and other factors
• Crop Breeding
Crop Breeding Paradigm: Phenotype
Paradigm: Phenotype =
Genotype * Environment * Crop Management * Policy * Institutions * People
l *
*
l
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Public contributions for crop improvement
• Germplasm “provider”
provider of allele sources or
advanced lines and populations
• Trait enhancement and crop
crop-resource
reso rce
management “research catalyzer”
• Proprietary technology “broker”
• Knowledge sharing “facilitator”
facilitator throughout value
chain
• Policy “analyst” and “advocate” for livelihoods
and food security
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
SLU p
plant breeding
g for a multifunctional agriculture: 7 Fs + “1”
• Food
• Feed
• Fiber
• Flower
Fl
• Fuel
• Fun
F
• Feedstock
…
• Pharmaceutical
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
www.slu.se