Grid Resource Information Frameworks

Frameworks.
lnformation
GridResource
K. BoYanov
K.KaloYanova,
G.Pashov,
GISdatadesign
concerning
someissues
arelisted
Below
grid monitoring
architecture,
services,
Key Words:Gridinformation
presented
theGIStechnological
is
Inthenextsection
grid monitoring
architecture
features.
relational
modelis a keystepto
Thechoiceof a suitableinformation
Ahstract.
lt hasto
infrastructure.
the
Grid
of
use
and
deployment
successful
andperformance
robustness
for scalability,
meetstrongrequirements
and dynamicGridenvironment.
in theheterogeneous
models
of theGridinformation
tn thispaperthemaincharacteristics
thathaveto be takenintoaccount:
Thebasicchallenges
arereviewed.
complete
functionally
and replication,
datadistribution
architecture,
Gridenti$ sets,etc.are adressed.
representation
for information
of existingconcepts
an overview
Finally
realizations
of theparticular
anda comparison
in eiiA is presented
andUDDIis provided.
RDBMS
basedonLDAP,
services
of information
overview.
by GIS
to the DataProvided
2.1. MainRequirements
provides
about
information
isthatGls
Themainpostulate
real-world
whose
in
GlS,
Entities
dataobjects.
valuable
abstract
uniform
clearand
build
objects,
arethe
representations
gridresources.
heterogeneous
overthe
layer
ofcriteria
mustmeeta number
forGISentities
Thecandidates
[1]:
- theentityincludes
onlythevaluable
. Usefulness
information)'
(only
meaningful
attributes
- theentities
from
aredistinguishable
. Uniqueness
1. Introduction
entityamong
oneparticular
eachother(theusercanchoose
of thesametYPe)
allentities
(GlS)is a complex
- theentityis longlasting
(transient
Service
. Persistence
TheGridInformation
meaningful
and
uniform
rarely,
structured,
or extremely arenot
thatmaintains
accidentally
architecture
data,whichappears
dynamic
and
heterogeneous
in
the
aboutservices
information
forentities).
candidates
selection
- the entityis valuable
thediscovery,
for multiple
in orderto support
. Generality
Gridenvironment,
diversity
and
the
scale
As
resources.
its
of
utilization
optimal
and
or users.
applications
for
needed
or
theinformation
otherentities
aregrowing,
ofjoining
haveto becapable
oftheGridinfrastructure
Entities
requires
crucial
functionality
becomes
if
their
management
category
one
efficient
than
more
[1]'
to
belonging
to theotherGridseruices. that.Hence
relationships
connected
complex
GISis closely
mustsupport
thedatamodel
reliesontimelyaccess between
in thegridenvironment
Jobexecution
entities.
and
for resources
information
and up-to-date
to accurate
Seruice
Management
Resource
overwidearea.
spread
seruices,
Kindof Datathat GISMustSupport
site(0S,CPU, 2.2.
operational
mustbe ableto locatea suitable
set.
entity
Grid
complete
functionally
GISmustensure
current
aswellasto examine
datasources)
capacity,
storage
which
of
entities
present
variety
whole
the
to
means
That
storage
available
systemstate(CPUutilization,
andexpected
Forinstance
above.
outlined
withthedatamodel
comply
job
lt is
scheduling.
efficient
to
achieve
in
order
etc.)
space,
jobprogress [ 1 , 6 ] :
about
information
regular
GISto provide
important
version,
(operating
system,
. Static
HostInformation
with GISin orderto
alsointeracts
service
too. Security
etc.).
processors,
hostname,
useroftheGISisthe
Another
users.
andauthorize
authenticate
usage,
CPU
(load
average,
. Dynamic
HostInformation
is basedon the information
whosefunctionality
Gridportal,
processes,
etc.).
running
gathering
byGlS.
latency,
(topology,
bandwidth,
.
lnformation
Network
the
happens,
situation
whenanabnormal
lnparlicular,
analysis etc,),
inthesubsequent
couldbeveryuseful
information
recent
(totaldiskspace,
. Storage
Systemlnformation
failure'
the
led
to
have
that
of theevents
for reconstruction
etc.).
space,
disk
thesystem available
datamaybeusedto optimize
Thecollected
etc')'
services,
. Applications
(software,
data,active
onthefabric.
to theconditions
according
behaviour
roles,etc.).
. Users(users,
credentials,
policies,
etc.).
(name,
. 0rganisations
security
Modelsin Grid
2. lnformation
. Instruments
(radars,
etc.).
T h e i n f o r m a t i om
n o d e li n t e g r a t easp p r o p r i a t e
and
a robust
in orderto create
anddatastructures
technologies
modelis very
information
GlS.Thechoiceof suitable
reliable
anduseof a Grid
deployment
for the successful
imporlant
infrastructure.
'Thispaper
(Project
n0.
of excellence
network
by coreGRlD
is supported
(Project
no.VU-Ml-110/2005)'
SUGrid
andproject
FP6-00426)
2 2007
irrf orrnationteclrnologies
anc|'corlEror
It
I
2.3.SomeConsiderations
aboutData Dynamics
Veryimportant
aspectof Griddatamodelis data
(which
howit haschanged
dynamics
shows
overtime).
Such
statistics
couldbeusedfor:res0urce
management;
billing
in
no
s ;s tl o a d
e c o n o m igcr i d ;s y s t e mc r a s hi n v e s t i g a t i o h
forecasting
dataschema
andso on.As a result,
suppofting
tracks
forobjects'
iscrucial.
According
changes
tothedynamics,
therearediscrete
value's
historical
records
for
data(laststate,
pastperiod)and continuous
datastreams(thatreflect
resource's
of thedifferent
ways
dynamics
onthefly),Despite
it is desirable
of usingdata,however,
to havea uniform
representation
forexample
mandatory
timestamp
thatincludes
attribute,
for Grid Information
3. Requirements
Services
Except
for thedatamodel,the investigation
of the
is a
characteristics,
technologies
andapproaches
underlying
keystepto successful
deployment
andefficient
useoftheGrid
infrastructure.
There
thathave
to beexamined
areseveral
aspects
in orderto
acquire
a clearnotion
oftheGISarchitecture
[1,2].
3.2. Fault Tolerance
events
GISmustbe ableto copewithunexpected
in a flexible
whichcouldaffectresource
availability
manner
(adaptation).
Decentralized
GISschema
istherightapproach
for
it protects
theGridfromtotalcrashincase
thecasebecause
However,
in orderto ensure
of failure
of anyof its modules.
a backup
strategy
morereliable
andfaulttolerant
environment,
Forexample:
a primary
GISinstance
stores
mustbeavailable.
orondiscandsynchronizes
datawithstandby
dataina memory
would
beusedincaseofcrash
orforoptimization).
GIS(which
forGIS
andjobstates)
arecrucial
Some
of thedata(metadata
onreserve
sitealmost
functioning
andtheymustbesecured
Therestpersistent
historical)
could
immediately.
data(mainly
Themainaimis (fast)recovering
withsomedelay.
bedelivered
fallenoffGISin shorltimemustbe
fromabnormal
situations:
replaced
withrelevant
up-to-date
GISinstance.
andAdaptability
3.3"Reconfiguration
itselfis a
Theability
of theplatform
to self-organise
forresilience
Theplatform
should
vitalprerequisite
to failures.
givean opportunity
of GIS
for dynamic
addition
andremoval
i n s t a n c eass a n a p p r o p r i arteea c t i otno c h a n g eisn t h e
cond
itions.
environmental
the
ln supporting
reconfiguration
and adaptability,
gathered
plafform
across
mayutiliserulesandknowledge,
runs.
vs. Decentralised
Approaches
3.1. Centralised
A c e n t r a l i sa
ep
d p r o a c(hm a i n t a i n isnign g l ed a t a
repository)
isveryeasyto manage.
Provider-centric
GISensures
thatthe platform
is freedfromcomplex
datamodelling
and
andCaching
3.4.Replication
problems,
lot
binding
issues
but
it
introduces
a
of
such
as:
[2]
is
replication
Inthecontext
of datagridtechnologies,
. Performance:
bottleneck
lt couldbea pedormance
a c c e s sl a t e n c ay n d b a n d w i d t h
m o s t l yu s e dt o r e d u c e
if all resources
directtheirdatastreamsto a centralized
arethatit
Theotheradvantages
of replication
consumption.
information
server.
availability
bycreating
helpsin loadbalancing
andimproves
. Scalability:
grows,a
Whenthenumber
of clients
precise
information
copies
ofthesamedata.0btaining
multiple
singleinformation
centremayhaveinadequate
capacity
to
requirement
fortheGISandreplication
ontimeisanimportant
process
alltherequests,
goodstrategies
for achieving
it.
areextremely
andcaching
. Fault
Whenthecentralized
tolerance:
server
is not
An
Frequently
needed
datacanbelocally
cached
andreused.
thewhole
wouldstop.lt willberestored
active
system
onlyafter
question
is howstale
is.A mechanism
important
theinformation
theinformation
server
is on line,
TimeTo
is necessary
to guarantee
data,,freshness".
Providing
(distributed
A decentralized
approach
repositories),
Live(TTL)
attribute,
indicating
howmuchtimedatacanbeused,
ontheotherhand,is muchmoredifficult
to manage,
involves
is a goodchoice.
communication
andsynchronization
butensures
m0re
overheads
However,
whenmultiple
GISschemas'
copiesare
reliable
fora GlS.Theconsiderations
andflexible
background
provided?
howis dataconsistency
meta-data
available,
Static
mentioned
above
arenolonger
obstacles
to goodGISrealization.
is lesssensitive
to changes
synchronization
delays
andisolated
Buttherearesomeothers:
are not so critical.However,
latencies
in dynamic
data
. Distributed
Search:
In a decentralized
environment
result
synchronization
inreturning
information,
which
in
outdate
meta-data
is spreadovera largearea.To obtainrelevant
turncouldleadto inefficient
decisions.
schedulinq
information
a number
of repositories
mustbe accessed.
Distributed
search
means
retrieving
datafromspread
information
3.5. Security
centres
andcombining
resultsin fast and efficient
way.
problem.
Ina Gridenvironment
security
is a complex
Performance
canbe significantly
improved
through
indexes
In
order
to
address
robust
authentication
and
commu-nication
whichcollect
andaggregate
frequently
useddata.
protection
demands
a suitable
infrastructure
security
should
be
Anytopologies
arepossible
buta combination
of the
policy
built.
Adoption
of
too
severe
security
could
become
twostrategies
sounds
morefeasible
fora gridenvironment.
We
performance
problem.
lngeneral,
GISschema
contains
resource
partoftheactivities
assume
thatthegreatest
is inthebounds
jobs,
characteristics
and
statuses
of
and
current
completed
o f a d mi n i s t r a t i vdeo m a i n s( l o g i c acl l u s t e r a) n d i n t e r whicharenotstrictly
confidential.
So,balance
between
reliable
communications
areless,So,centralized
information
schema
performance
level
security
and
adequate
should
be
found.
peer-to-peer
on locallevelanddistributed
infrastructure
that
providesglobal
viewis themostreliable
GISarchitecture.
inf orrnatio5r
andcontrol
I
t ec hnol
ogrie s
2 2007
A schema
contains
the
schema
andregistry.
othercomponents:
(column
ofeach
types
anddescription)
names,
name
andstructure
contains
a list,foreachtable,
A registry
inthesystem.
virtualtable
data)forthattablei.e.it
whoinsertrows(publish
of producers
infortabletheyproduce
database
to thelogical
mapsproducers
predicate
usesSOLWHERE
theproducer
for.0n registration
mation
Thedataitself
oftabledatait willpopulate.
to definewhichpartition
There
statement.
through
SQLINSERT
intologicaltable
isinserted
producer)
(secondary
thatcomcomponent
is alsoanarchives
producers
and
frommultiple
information
streams
bines
andfilters
themin a database.
archives
Information
of Existing
4. Overuiew
query
onthevirtual
runSQLSELECT
Theconsumers
records,
Thequery
isf irst
to fetchnecessary
in order
database
Technologies
whichproducers,
for
to identify
the registry
against
checked
query
query,
The
is
be
the
must
contacted.
virtualtable
in
each
solution
fora GIS
mentioned,
themostflexible
Asalready
producer,
passed
to
obtain
the
answer
relevant
to
each
then
thatmerges
staticinformation
and
infrastructure
usesa common
theconrepository
holding
There
is no central
directly.
forboth tuples
a uniform
schema
monitoring
dataandprovides
dynamic
virtual
database.
it
is
in
this
sense
a
the
tables;
tents
of
Architecture
GridMonitoring
andhistorical
information.
operational
T h e m a i na d v a n t a goef t h e m o d e il s t h a t t h e
gridinformation
proposed
(GMA),
as
Forum,
models
byGlobalGrid
DBMS,
whichis a proven
and
infrastructure
relies
onrelational
(thatprovide
(that
information),
consumers
a setof producers
writing
there
reading
and
and
for
both
fast
technology
effective
(integrated
repository
that
request
information)
anda singleregistry
products
people
DBMS
familiar
withrelational
[6].
producers
andconsumers).
Fur- aremany
mediates
between
theinteraction
richsetof interfaces
for dataextheGMAsupports
thermore,
publishisubscribe;
notification 4 . 3 . U D D I
andevent
change:
QUery/response
Dle s c r i p t i oDni s c o v e a
r yn d
U D D It,h e U n i v e r s a
[3,4,5,11,13].
provides
which
registry
standard,
is
a
Web
Services
Integration,
to information
therearetwomainapproaches
Currently,
There
is also
businesses
services.
fordescribing
model a datamodel
andrelational.
Thehierarchical
representation:
hierarchical
global
public
(UBR),
which
is
a
Business
Registry
the
Universal
intrees.Oneof theobjects
is a rootof
models
objects
asentries
In
addition
UDDI
the
available
services.
registry
for
advertising
to it. lt supports
onlyonetypeof
thetreeandtherestarerelated
private
registry
However,
community
be
up
as
a
0r
can
set
[9].
parent-to-child
(,,is-a").
Therelational
modelreprerelationship:
mostly
forstaticdata.
suitable
sentstheobject
typeas a relation;
theobjects
arethemselves it is a technology
(MDS4)
Discovery
System
The
Globus'
Monitoring
and
peer-to-peer
(,,part-of")
relationships
tuples
oftherelation.
lt allows
resources
to monitor
anddiscover
is a suiteof webservices
between
relations.
two WebServices
on Grids.MDS4includes
andseruices
(WSRF)-based
anIndex
Service,
Resource
Framework
seruices.
4.1. LDAP
datafromvarious
sources
anda Trigger
Seruice,
thatgathers
(LDAP)
TheLightweight
Directory
Access
Protocol
is an which
whenpre-defined
trouble
totakeaction
canbeconfigured
opennetworkprotocolfor querying
andmodifying
directory
ser- conditions
is a registry
similar
to
aremet.TheIndexSeruice
vicesrunning
TheLDAP
namespace
is basedon
overTCP/IP.
WSRF
but muchmoreflexible.
Clients
usestandard
UDDI,
property
query
entries
whicharejoined
inhierarchical
Directory
Information
Tree. resource
interfaces
andsubscription/notification
LDAP
is designed
for information
retrieval
ratherthanfor updating to retrieve
froman Index.
lndexes
to
information
canregister
information,
andoffera staticviewof thedata.
fashion
inorder
to aggregate
eachotherin a hierarchical
data
provides
provides
TheGlobus
Toolkit
developers
with atseveral
application
levels.
Anadditional
Archive
Service
access
a hierarchical
GISinfrastructure
called
Metadata
Directory
Service to historical
data[7].
(MDS2)
LDAP.
using
lt consists
oftwocomponents:
GridResource
is oresented
A shorlcomoarison
of themethods
on
(GRIS)
Information
(GllS), thetable.
Seruice
andGridIndexInformation
Seruice
TheGRIS
supplies
information
aboutprimary
resources,
while
the
GllSaggregates
information
frommultiple
GRIS
sources
andpro5. Gonclusions
videsa viftual
scope
forfastsearching
17,12,131.
and 0pen SourceTools
3.6. OpenStandards
andwellknown
andprotocols
Applying
openstandards
tools
andbetter
improved
scalability
toolshasasconsequence
Thefundaexperience.
development
aswellassharing
support
GISinfraa flexible
andreliable
for building
mental
direction
toolsand
opensource
be.openstandards,
structure
should
portable
(based
Whenever
openstanonJava).
implementations
it is better
to
specifications
withgridproject
dardortoolsagree
usethem.
4.2. RelationalApproach
presents
(R-GMA)
Relational
GridMonitoring
Architecture
theinformation
resources
asavirtual
database
containing
a setof
tableswithcomplex
relationships
amongthem.NotethatR-GMA
is
notdistributed
relational
DBMS
butrather
a wayto userelational
principals
in distributed
(consistency
environment
requirement
is
notsoemphasized
in somecases)
[6,8,10,11,131.
producers
provides
Besides
and consumers,
R-GMA
two
T h e s u c c e s s f ud le p l o y m e a
nn
t du s eo f t h e G r i d
infrastructure
strongly
depends
on the choiceof a suitable
information
model.
Theabove
review
information
oftheexisting
technologies
canhelpinthataim.Thehierarchical
datamodel
grid
iswellsuited
to thedistribution
needs
ofthecomputational
because
the rooted
treelendsitselfwellto partitioning
into
byadministrative
subtrees
domains.
UDDI,
asthenewest
and
promising
tendency
in theGridinformation
infrastructure,
has
2 2007
irrf orrnation
technol ocrie s
andcoritrol
,d
LDAP
Mvantages
protocol.
Openstandard,widespread
Extensible
information
model
Directoriescan be distributedand
to providescalability
and
replicated
reliability.High
levelof dataprotection
and data access.
Standardlnternetprotocolsfor data
access.
Disadvan- Poorupdateperformance.
tages
A huge amountof data can not be
efficiently
managed.
For unusualquestions,gettingan
answercouldbe very expensive.
The LDAPquerylanguageis limited
(for examplethere is no join
operation).
Radicalchangesin the informational
modelare not possible.
RelationalModel
UDDI
Extendable
model(additional O p e n a n d i n c r e a s i n g l y
canbe addedvery
information
Flexible
supported
standard.
are manypeople and scalable.
easily).There
DBMS
familiarwithrelational
products.
RelationalDBMSare basedon
strictACID principles,but in
GIS this strongconditions
could lead to performance
problems.
Some of the systemsare too
c o m p l e xa n d t o o h a r d f o r
administration.
The usingof data partitioning
for a securitypolicyis a more
d i f f i c u l tt a s k f o r m u l t i p l e
domains.
administrative
platform
forGlS.However,
from
a potentialto
become
a steady
largely
thepresented
technologies
therelational
approach
covers
platform
theGISrequirements
andensures
themostsuitable
f o r b u i l d i n rge l i a b laen d r o b u s tG I Sb a s e do n o p t i m a l
fordatamanipulating.
environment
platform,
whenchoosing
theproper
some
Certainly,
likefaulttolerance,
otherconsiderations
datadistribution,
replication,
andconsistency
areessential
as well.
D i f f i c u l t i e si n h a n d l i n g
dynamicinformationthat
requiresf requentupdating.
No explicitdatatypingfor
informationin the UDDI
directory.
Limitedquerylanguage
Evaluation
as a
M., Humphrey.
of UDDI
E.,G.,Wasson,
9. Benson,
for 0GSA-based
Grids.April
Provider
Discovery
Services
of Resource
2006.
M. Ruda.GridInfrastructure
10. Holub,
P.,M. Kuba,L. Matyska,
AcrossGrids
Information
European
asReliable
Service.
Second
Monitoring
2004.
Conference,
M.0evers,
P.
A.,A. Gray,
Ma 1.,W. Nutt,J. Magowan,
1'1.Cooke,
M. Soni,A. Wilson,
R.
R. Byrom,
L. Field,
S. Hicks,
J, Leake,
Taylor,
B.Coghlan,
A.Djaoui,
N.Podhorszki,
L.Comwall,
S.Fisher,
Cordenonsi,
Integration
R-GMA:
AnInformation
System
S: KennyandD.0'Callaghan.
lCClS,
2003.
for GridMonitoring.
M. Mirto.
L Epicoco,
S. Fiore,
12. Aloisio,
G.,E. Blasi,M. Cafaro,
References
Across
Information
Service.
FirstEuropean
Grids
Dynamic
GridCatalog
2003.
Conference,
1. Plale,
8., P.Dinda,
G.von
Laszewski.
KeyConcepts
andServices
of
M.,R.,Sakellariou.
Information
Services
for Large-Scale
13.Dikaiakos,
a GridInformation
ICDCS
2002.
Service.
Engine.
Technical
Report,
A Casefor a GridSearch
CoreGRlD
2. Badia,
R.,0, Beckman,
M.Bubak,
D.Caromel,
V. Getov,
S. lsaiadis, Grids:
2005.
V. Lazarov,
M.Malawski,
S. Panagiotidi
J. Ihiyagalingam.
Lightweight
Design
GridPlatform:
Methodology.
October
2005.
Manuscript
received
on11.06.2007
3. Zhang,
X.,J.Freschl,
A Performance
J.Schopf.
Studyof Monitoring
andlnformation
Services
for Distributed
Systems.
HPDC-12,
2003.
4. Byrom,
R.,B. Coghlan,
R. Cordenonsi,
A. Cooke,
L. Cornwall
, M.
GeorgiPashovreceived
hisMasterof Science
Craig,,A.Djaoui,
S. Fisher,A. Gray,S. Hicks, Kenny,
J. Leake,
0.
degree
from
the
in 1997.Since
Sofia
University
Lyttleton,
J. Magowan,
R. Middleton,
W. Nutt,D. 0'Callaghan,
N.
2005 he has beena PhDstudentat Sofia
Podhorszki,
P. Taylor,
J. Walk,A. Wilson.Production
for
Services
Hisresearchinterests
University.
are in the
Information
andMonitoring
in theGrid.UKe-Science
Conf.,September
fieldsof databases,
data-warehousing,
GRID
2004.
computingand informationsystems.
B.,A.Djaoui,
5. Coghlan,
S. Fisher,
J. Magowan,
M. 0evers.
Time,
Information
Seruices
andtheGrid.May2001.
CpfracE
6. Dinda,
P.,B.Plale.
A Unified
Relational
Approach
to GridInformation
lnstitutefor ParallelProcessing,
Bulgarian
Services.
February
2001.
Academy
of Sciences
7. Aloisio,
G.,M. Cafaro,
l. Epicoco,
S. Fiore.Analysis
of theGlobus
Tel:+ 359 2 9215346,
ToolkitGridInformation
Seruice.
Version
1.
gpashovoacad.bg
e-mait
8. Allan,
R.,D.Chohan,
X. Dong
Wang,A.Richards,
M. McKeown,
J.
Colgrave,
M.Dovey,
M. Baker,
S. Fisher.
Buibing
tlree-Science
Gridin
tobecontinued
onpage16
theUK:GridInformation
Services.
UKe-Science
Conf.,
September
2003.
irrf grrnatio5r
andcontrol
teclrnologies
2 ?007
References
13. Landauer,
R. lrreversibility
andHeatGeneration
in theComputing
Process.
IBMJournal,
196'1,
183-191.
(htp://uamru,
resqarch.i
bm,c-om/jo_u
53libmrd0503C.pdf).
rnal/r:d/0
1. Pavlov,
V. Efficient
Quantum
Computing
Simulation.proceedings
14. Eisert,
of
J. andM. M. Wotf
. 1uantum
Computing.
I E E EJ o h nV i n c e nAt t a n a s o 2f f0 0 6 i n t e r n a t i o nSayl m p o i i u m (http;xxx.
phi04010l 9).
lanL.qovlp-dflquanl
on Modern
C o m p u t i nIgE. E EC o m p u t eSro c i e t py r e s s 2, 0 0 6 , 15. DiVincenzo,
D. Two-bitGates
arelJniversal
for luantum
235-239.
Computation (http//xxx,larl.gov/pdfI quant-ph/
940l 022).
2. Shor,P.Algorithms
forOuantum
Computation:
Discrete
Logarithms 16. Barenco,
A. A Universal
Two-bit
Gatefor Quantum
andFactoring.
Proceedings
of the 35thAnnual
Symposium
on
Computation (htp_.lxxxJ
an!.govlp.d
flquart:phl950501_0
).
press,
Foundations
of Computer
Science.
IEEE
Computer
Society
17. Deutsch,
D.,A. Barenco
andA. Ekert.Ilniversality
in luantum
1994,124-134. (hfiuiAu-Lanlg_oVpdllq
uant-ph/950j 0?L).
Computation (htp:lxxx,tanl.go,vlpdf&
uanLph/950501B).
3. Barenco,
A., C. Bennett,
R. Cleve,
et al. Elementary
Gates
for
18. Deutsch,
D. andA. Ekert.Machines,
Logicandluanfum
Quantum
Computation.
Physical
ReviewLettersA,
S2,1995,3457. Physics (httB:Au-Lan!
gsv/pdVmattr.H0,1
99I .1t 50).
4. V edr al,
V ., A. Ba re n caon d A , Ek e rt.0 u a n tumN etw orks
for
Elementary
Arithmetic
0perations.
(lrttp//xxx.tanl.sov/pdf/q
uant:phl95
I 101_8)
5. Benett,
C. LogicalReversibility
of Computation-tBM
Journalof
Besearch
andDevelopment,
1973,17,525-532.
(htp;//wwwresearch.ibm.e,0mlio_u
rxaltd/l 76 ib-nrr
7-06G.pdl).
d_1
Manuscript
received
on12.06.2007
6. Dirac,P. A. M. ThePrinciples
of Ouantum
Mechanics.
OxfordUniversity
Press,
Oxford,
1947.
Eng.ValentinPavlov(born1974) hasgraduated from the TechnicalUniversityof Sofia
during 1997, ,pomputingSystems"speciality, with MSc thesis,,Algorithm
for discovering the generators,orbits and the order of
7. Lens t r a,
H., H . L e n s traJ ,r., M. M a n a s s e t, a l . TheN umber
group of a graph". Since
the automorphism
FieldSieve.
Proceedings
of the 22ndAnnual
ACMSymposium
on
1999 he is workingin Rila SolutionsEAD,
Theory
of Computing,
ACM,NewYork,1990,564-572.
currently occupying the Chief Technology
8. Pavlov,
V., H. Turlakov
and K, Boyanov.
Quantum
Computation
]fficer position, Since 2002 he is a PhD
and O uant u m
(Ko a H ro Bo
C o mp u te rs
i l s q h c re H ue
i l K B aH ToB t4
student
at the lnstitde for ParallelProcessing
xoNnnrpu).-Engineering
Sciences,
XLll,2005,2, S-28.
at
he
Bulgarian
Academyof Sciences.
ln July
proceedings
9. Deutsch,
D. Quantum
Computational
Networks.
of
2007 he passed the preliminarydefenseof his phD thesis,,luantum
theRoyalSociety,
Ser.A, 425,1989,73-90.
l0.Benioff
as a physical
, P. TheComputer
System:
Microscopic ComputingSimulation".He is the laureateof the 2005 ,,JohnAtanasoff"
Quantum
Mechanical
Hamiltonian
Model
of computers
asRepresented Award of the Presidentof Republicof Bulgariafor scientificand prophysics,
fessianalachievements
by TuringMachines.-Journal
in he lT field. His scientific interestsinclude:
of Statistical
22, 1990,
quantumcomputing,GRID,distributedsystems,computerand network
563- 59
1.
11.Feynman,
R. Simulating
Physics
with Computers
liternational architectures,protocols and standards.
Additional
Sources
Journal
of Theoretical
Physics,
21, 1982,46-488.
12.Deutsch,
D. andR. Jozsa.RapidSolution
of problems
by
Quantum
Computation.-Proceedings
of the RoyalSociety,
Ser.A,
pp .5 5 3 -5 5 8 .
439,1992,
Contacts:
e.-m
g
ail: upaulovoila.b
continuation
trom5
Prot.DScKiril Boyanov
is a Academician
at the
Bulgaian
Academy
of
Sciences.
He
is
Director
of
KalinkaM. Kaloyanova
received
herM.Sc.in
lnstitutefor Parallel
Processing.He
is theButgan
Computer
Sciencefrom llniversityof Sofia
ianRepresentative
in lFlP;Chairman
of Bulgarian
(1981),and her PhDdegreein Computer
Computer
Societyof IEEE;
Chairman
of National
SciencefromtheCentral
lnstituteof Computer
lFlPCommittee;
NationalCoordinator
of IST
Technique
and Technologies,
Sofia(lg|g).She
Programme;
Memberof ISTAdvisoryGroup
wasResearch
Fellowin theCentrallnstitute
for
- European
(ISTAG)
Commission.
He hasmore
Computing
Technics
and Technologies,
Sofia
publications
than
100
in Bulgaian,morethan
(1981-1995)
andBTC lnstitute
for Scientific
40 publications
in foreignscientificmagailnes
Researc
h of Telecommu
nications ( | ggS-200il.
and
internationalconferences proceedings.
since2003she shehasbeenworkingas Assoc.professor
at the
Afihor and co-authorof 36 books and manuals(in Butgarian
mainly,
University
of Sofia,Facultyof Mathematics
andlnformatics.
severalof hem publishedin Russian).
Editorof 4 booksof conference
proceedingspublishedby North-Holland.chief
Editor of journal ,,lnformation Technologies
and Control"- Bulgaria.
eontacls:
e-mail:
kkaloyanovaofmi-uni-sofia.bg
ItJ
2 2007
Contacts-:
e-mail: boya
novoac
ad.bg
i nf orrnati
on t ec trnolocries
andcon:[rol