samefo politika

Transcription

samefo politika

goris universiteti
eldar mamisTvaliSvili
saqarTvelos
sagareo politika da
diplomatia
I
(XV-XVI ss.)
vuZRvni
profesor givi Jordanias
naTel xsnovnas
gamomcemloba `meridiani~
Tbilisi 2009
UDC(uak) 327(479.22)+94(479.22)
m _ 243
XV-XVI saukuneebis saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobebis
Seswavla nakarnaxevia samecniero da praqtikuli miznebiT. XX s. ukanasknel mexuTedsa da XXI s. pirvel aTwledSi radikalurad Seicvala Cveni qveynis saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, gaizarda misi geopolitikuri mniSvneloba. saqarTvelo kvlav, iseve rogorc antikursa da Sua saukuneebSi, Tavisi gansakuTrebuli
geografiuli da strategiuli mdebareobis gamo, wamyvani saxelmwifoebis interesebis sferoSia. dRes saxezea da momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba Cveni qveynis
mniSneloba. jer kidev mimdinareobs brZola msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs
Soris masze gavlenis mopovebisaTvis. warsulis gamocdilebis Seswavlasa da
praqtikul saqmianobaSi gaTvaliswinebas mniSvnelovani pozitiuri Sedegis motana
SeuZlia dRevandeli saqarTvelos sagareo politikis sworad warmarTvisaTvis.
saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebSi miznebi TiTqmis igive, gardasuli epoqebisa
darCa, Seicvala maTi ganxorcielebis meTodebi da saSualebebi.
wignSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi saswavlo disciplinis saxiT mravali welia iswavleba goris universitetis istoriis specialobaze. igi gamoqveynebuli monografiis saxiT mniSvnelovani damxmare saxelmZRvanelo iqneba studentebisaTvis, isargebleben istorikosebi da Cveni qveynis warsuliT dainteresebuli adamianebi.
The study of the foreign political relationship of Georgia in the XV-XVI centuries has
a scientific and practical aim. In the last quarter of the XX century and in the first ten-year
of the XXI century the international status of our country radically changed and also its
geopolitical importance grew. Due to its special geographical and strategic location Georgia
is again interesting for the leading countries, as it was in the ancient epoch and in the Middle
Ages. Today it is already a fact and in the future the importance of our country will grow.
The struggle for having Georgia under the influence still exists between the leading countries of the world. The study of the past experience and its usage in practical activities
nowadays can be positive for the right direction of the foreign policy of Georgia. The aims
of the relationships between the countries remain the same, but the methods and means of
their realization are changed.
The problems examined in the book have been lectured as an educational discipline at
Gori University within the speciality of history over a long period of time. Its publication as
a monograph will be of great use for the students as well as for historians and all people
interested in the past of our country.
© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2009
© eldar mamisTvaliSvili
ISBN 978-9941-0-1421-5 G
Sinaarsi
saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri
koaliciebi (XV-XVI)
Sesavali ......................................................................................................................5
1. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobani XV s. pirvel
naxevarSi ......................................................................................................... 22
2. evropuli antiosmaluri diplomatia da saqarTvelo
(XV s. 50-60-iani wlebis mijna) .....................................................39
3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobani antiosmaluri koaliciis
Sesaqmnelad XV s. 70-ian wlebSi da saqarTvelo ................64
4. qarTuli diplomatia evropaSi mokavSiris ZiebaSi
(XV s. 90 wlebi). ................................................................................... 94
5. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo urTierTobani
da diplomatia XVI s. dasawyisidan _ 70-ian wlebamde..102
6. iran_osmaleTis omi da saqarTvelo (1578-1590 ww.).......... 185
7. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareourTierTobani
da diplomatia XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi ........................................ 265
8. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo urTierTobani
da diplomatia XVI s. 90-ian wlebSi ....................................... 291
samcxe-saaTabagos sagareo urTierTobis
istoriidan (XV s. II naxevari _ XVII s. I meoTxedi)
1. samcxelebi sefianTa saxelmwifoSi mimdinare
dinastiur brZolaSi ............................................................................333
2. aTabagi qaixosro II da dedisimed II .............................................383
3. saaTabagos urTierToba iran-osmaleTTan XVI s. bolo
meoTxedsa da XVII s. I meoTxedSi .............................................. 398
3
odiSis samTavros sagareo
urTierTobebis istoriidan
saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri
koaliciebi (XV-XVI ss.) 1
1. odiSis samTavros genuis respublikasTan urTierTobis
istoriidan ..................................................................................................444
Sesavali
2. odiSis samTavros osmaleTTan urTierTobis
istoriidan(XVI s. 50-iani wlebi)............................................... 468
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis urTierTobas
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da igi ZiriTadad vaWrobas gulisxmobs. aRmosavleTTan vaWrobam didi roli Seasrula
evropaSi iseTi dargebis ganviTarebaSi, romelTa produqcia
sagareo bazarze orientirebuli iqneboda. yvelaze adre aseTi warmoeba gaCnda italiaSi, romelic Tavisi moxerxebuli
geografiuli mdebareobis gamo aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs
Soris urTierTobaSi bunebriv Suamavlad iqca. italiis
savaWro-samrewvelo centrebis (jer amalfi, Semdeg piza,
genua, venecia, ufro gvian florencia) ekonomikuri mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros da
mis Semdgom gaizarda.
XIII s. Sua xanebidan jvarosnuli laSqrobebi anaqronizmad gadaiqca. palestinis placdarmebi, romelTa SenarCuneba
uaRresad Zviri jdeboda, sasurvel sargebels ar aZlevda
arc italiis savaWro qalaqebs da arc dasavleTi evropis
did saxelmwifoebs. pirveli oTxi laSqrobis mniSvneloba
imaSi mdgomareobda, rom maTi wyalobiT evropelebma gaicnes
da aiTvises aRmosavleTis savaWro-saqaravno gzebi. meoTxe
jvarosnuli laSqroba SemTxveviT ar dasrulda konstantinopolis aRebiT. es qalaqi umniSvnelovanesi sazRvao da
saxmeleTo gzebis gadakveTaze mdebareobda. am gzebze gaba-
wyaroebi da literatura ...................................................... 476
MAMISTVALISHVILI ELDAR _ FOREIGN POLICY AND
DIPLOMACY OF GEORGIA IN 15TH - 16TH CENTURIES ..........497
МАМИСТВАЛИШВИЛИ Э.М. _ ВНЕШНЯЯ ПОЛИТИКА И
ДИПЛОМАТИЯ ГРУЗИНСКИХ ЦАРСТВ И КНЯЖЕСТВ
В XV-XVI ВЕКАХ ............................................................................. 510
saZieblebi ................................................................................................... 524
1 `saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri koaliciebi (XV-XVI ss.)~ warmoadgens
avtoris mier 1981 wels gamoqveynebuli monografiis _ `saqarTvelos sagareo
politikluri urTierTobani XV saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi (evropuli wyaroebis mixedviT)~ gadamuSavebul da Sevsebul variants.
bolo wlebSi gamoqveynda saintereso dokumentebi da gamokvlevebi, ris gamoc
aucilebeli gaxda adre gamoTqmuli zogierTi mosazrebis gadaxedva, an axali
faqtebiT ganmtkiceba.
4
5
tonebiT dainteresebuli iyo italiis qalaqebi. 1204 wels
Seqmnili laTinTa imperia maSinve venecielebis aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis dasayrdenad gadaiqca.
italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebi _ venecia, genua, piza,
florencia, milani, siena, luka _ XII-XIII saukuneebSi
swrafad viTardebodnen. maT moimkes jvarosnuli laSqrobebis pirveli nayofi. evropis bazris gafarToveba, aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis zrda, siriis, palestinis, mcire aziis,
balkaneTis mdidar olqebze yaCaRuri Tavdasxmebi _ yvelaferi es xels uwyobda italiis qalaqebis ayvavebas. XIII
saukuneSi isini gadaiqcnen xelosnuri warmoebis umsxviles
centrebad. florenciulma maudma, lukas abreSumma, genuis
xaverdma, milanis iaraRebma, veneciurma SuSam saxeli gaiTqva ara mxolod italiaSi, aramed mis sazRvrebs gareTac.
amuSavebdnen ra upiratesad ucxoeTidan Semozidul nedleuls
(inglisuri da espanuri matyli, liToni _ CexeTis, saqsoniis, SvedeTis, inglisisa da avstriis maRaroebidan),
florencielebi, genuelebi, venecielebi, lombardielebi
afarToebdnen TavianT saqmianobas safangeTSi, inglisSi, aragonSi, kastiliaSi, portugaliaSi, germaniaSi. sul ufro
izrdeboda italieli vaWrebisa da bankirebis gavlena.
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis umniSvnelvanesi Sedegi is iyo,
rom aRmosavleTTan vaWrobaSi Suamavlis roli, romelic
winaT aRmosavlel vaWrebs _ berZnebs, arabebs, sirielebs da
ebraelebs ekuTvnodaT, axla italielebis monopoliad gadaiqca. es ukanasknelni TviTon iZendnen saqonels aRmosavleTSi da evropis qveynebSi mihqondaT. aRmosavleTTan
vaWrobaSi gansakuTrebiT dawinaurda genua, piza da venecia.
maTma flotma araerTxel gauwia daxmareba jvarosan raindebs. samagierod am qalaqebma didi privilegiebi moipoves
jvarosnebis mier dapyrobil teritoriebze. yvela mniSvnelovan navsadgurSi maT TavianTi faqtoriebi daarses.
dapyrobil adgilebSi TandaTan fexi moikides xmelTaSua
6
zRvis sanapiroze mdebare sxva qveynebis qalaqebmac: marselma1, narbonam, monpeliem, barselonam. amave dros aRmosavleTSi saqmianobas iwyeben florencieli vaWrebic.
jvarosnuli omebis Semdeg dasaxelebulma qalaqebma
aRmosavleTis vaWrobidan bizantielebi gandevnes. italielebma aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis sadaveebi imdenad igdes
xelT, rom isini bizantiel vaWrebs konkurencias uwevdnen
TviT bizantiaSic ki.
yvelas mainc Crdilo italiis orma qalaqma-respublikam
_ veneciam da genuam ajoba. maTi simdidrisa da Zlierebis
mTavari wyaro evropasa da aRmosavleTs Soris satranzito
vaWroba iyo. amave dros veneciis da genuis Sinagani wyobileba SesaniSnavad Seexameboda farTo savaWro saqmianobas.
mTeli Zala-ufleba vaWar-patriciebs ekuTvnodaT, maTi iyo
agreTve vaWrobidan miRebuli mogebis udidesi nawili.
genuasa da venecias Soris mudmivi konkurencia da mtroba sufevda. winaaRmdegoba gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda XIII s.
dasawyisidan, romelmac sisxlismRvreli koloniuri omis
saxe miiRo. omma siria da mTeli xmelTaSua zRva moicva da
arc maSin Sewyda, roca saerTo mteri _ muslimebi antioqiasa da tripols daeuflnen da 1291 w. axlo aRmosavleTSi
jvarosnebis ukanaskneli dasayrdeni akrac daeca. isini urTierT SuRls ganagrZobdnen Semdeg saukuneebSic. brZola
mwvave xasiaTs atarebda, konstantinopolis dacemac, garkveuli gagebiT, maT Soris gauTavebeli brZolis Sedegi iyo,
magram erTmaneTis saboloo gandevna maT verasodes moaxerxes. zogirT adgilebSi upiratesoba Tu venecielebs hqondaT, sxvagan genuelebi pirvelobdnen. saerTod ki, savaWro
1 safrangeTis monawileoba aRmosavleTis (levantis) vaWrobaSi sistemur xasiaTs iZens da gansakuTrebiT viTardeba XV s. Sua xanebidan, Sarl
VII-is mrCevlisa da xazinadris Jak keris uSualo moRvaweobis Sedegad. Плешкова А., Левантская торговля Франции в середине XV века (торгогопредпринимательская деятельность Жака Кера). «Вестник Московского
университета», серия IX, история, М., 1970, с. 55.
7
kavSirs orive mainc yvelgan inarCunebda manamde, vidre isini
sabolood osmalebma ar gandevnes.
mokled gadavxedoT evropis qveynebis, maT Soris italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebis _ veneciis da genuis, urTierTobas aRmosavleTTan.
* * *
genua aqtiurad monawileobda pirvel jvarosnul
laSqrobaSi da didi sargebelic naxa. igi Zlier sazRvao
saxelmwifod gadaiqca. jvarosnebis mier dapyrobil teritoriebze genuam daaarsa savaWro koloniebi, romlebic
Semdeg evropasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris saSuamavlo
vaWrobis centrebad gadaiqca. imave droidan iwyeba genuis
brZola misi sagareo politikis mniSvnelovani problemis
gadaWrisaTvis _ Tavidan moicilos Crdilo italiis sxva
savaWro qalaqebis _ pizisa da veneciis kionkurencia.
dasaxelebuli qalaqebi imave dros urTierT konkurentebic
iyvnen. gzidan maT CamoSorebas genuisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan genueli vaWrebi aRmosavleTSi
TavianTi kapitalis dabandebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
da iqidan iRebdnen yvelaze met mogebas1.
jvarosnebis mier bizantiis imperiis mospobas da da amis
Sedegad veneciis gaZlierebas genua ver urigdeboda. 1261
wlis 13 marts mixeil paleologma da genuis warmomadgenlebma nimfeaSi gaaformes xelSekruleba, romlis ratificireba moxda genuaSi imave wlis 10 ivniss. xelSekruleba
mimarTuli iyo venecielebisa da laTinTa imperiis winaaRmdeg.
genuelebs yovelgvari daxmareba unda gaewiaT bizantiis imperiis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli paleologebisaTvis, samagiDella Crimea, del suo commercio e dei suoi dominatori dalla origini fino al di
nostri. Commentari storici, dell avvocato Michele Giusaeppe Canale, v. II, Genova,
1855.
1
8
erod isini yvela im privilegias miiRebdnen, romlebsac
venecielebi flobdnen1.
papis Txovnam da eklesiidan gankveTis muqaram mizans
ver miaRwia. genuelebi flotsa da jars mainc gulmodgined
amzadebdnen laTinebis bizantiidan gansadevnad. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mixeil paleologi 1261 wlis 25 ivliss konstantinopols genuelebis daxmarebis gareSe daeufla2, nimfeis xelSekruleba mainc ZalaSi darCa.
xelSekrulebaSi xazgasmuli iyo Savi zRvis Sesaxeb,
romlis napirebis àTvisebas~ genuelebma da venecielebma
yuradReba miaqcies jer kidev XII saukuneSi3, magram maSin
bizantiis imperias jer kidev Seswevda italielebisaTvis
winaaRmdegobis gawevis Zala. igi italielebs Savsa da azovis zRvebSi naosnobas ukrZalavda. magram XIII s. Sua xanebSi, roca monRolebis laSqrobebma mTel axlo aRmosavleTsa
da mcire aziaSi politikuri garTulebebi gamoiwvia, iq gamavalma savaWro gzebma mniSvneloba dakarga. amas mohyva
savaWro-saqaravno gzebis CrdiloeTiT gadanacvleba4. Secvlil
viTarebaSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTma sanapirom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina, rac genuelebs mxedvelobidan ar gamorCaT.
nimfeis xelSekrulebiT, genuelebs ufleba miecaT baJebis gareSe ecuraT Sav zRvaSi. iqve aRniSnuli iyo, rom
yvela sxva `laTinebs~, gansakuTrebiT venecielebs, ekrZalebodaT Sav zRvaSi Sesvla. gamonaklisi daSvebuli iyo piHeyd W. Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart,
1879, S. 471-472.
2 genuelebma, imperatoris nebarTviT konstantinopolSi venecielebis
cixe daangries da qvebi genuaSi waiRes Zvirfasi trofeis saxiT. genuelebma
amgvarad iZies Suri imisaTvis rac venecielebma genuelTa kolonia akonis aRebis Semdeg Caidines. Ibidem, S. 272.
3 Miklosich et Müller, Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi, III, Vien, 1865,
p. 35.
4 Скржинская Е. Р., Генуэзцы в Константинополе в XIV в., «Византииский временник», I, М., 1947, с. 222.
1
9
zelebis mimarT, romlebsac imperatorTan megobruli urTierToba hqondaT1.
1266 w. genuelebma oqros urdos yaenTan SeTanxmebiT
yirimSi miiRes q. feodosia, romelsac kafa ewoda. SemdegSi
es qalaqi genuelebis Sav zRvaSi mTavar dasayrdenad gadaiqca.
XIV s. pirvel aTwleulSi genuelebs Savi zRvispireTSi
ramdenime aTeuli kolonia hqondaT. genuis droSa frialebda azovis zRvis umniSvnelovanes navsadgurze _ tanazec (q.
azovi). tanadan sevastopolisamde (cxumi/soxumi) genuis 39
kolonia da dasaxleba arsebobda2.
Savi zRvis auzSi gabatonebis dros genuelebis umTavres
mizans aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT indoeTTan
vaWrobaSi monopoliis mopoveba warmoadgenda3.
amgvarad, genuis saxiT Camoyalibda uzarmazari koloniuri saxelmwifo, romlis samflobeloebi kafadan seutamde
(maroko) iyo gadaWimuli. misi siZliere samxedro warmatebebSic gamoixata. man jer piza daamarcxa 1284 wels, xolo
1298 wels venecia.
kafa aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis umsxviles centrad gadaiqca. iq mihqondaT da iqidan gahqondaT im drois yvela mniSvnelovani saqoneli. mis maxloblad mcxovrebi xalxebisagan
nayidi produqtebiT (xorbali, tyavi da sxv.) genuelebi
dasavleT evropas amaragebdnen. iqve iyo marilis sabadoebi,
1 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 473.
2 Зевакин Е. С. и Пенчко Н. А. Очерки по истории генуэзских колоний на Западном Кавказе. «Исторические записки», 13, Л., 1936, с. 79
3 indoeTTan vaWrobis gafarToebis mizniT, genuelebma Seadgines im
droisaTvis metad gabeduli proeqti, romelic gulisxmobda Semdegs: genuelebma arRun-yaens (1284-1291) SesTavazes sparseTis yureSi erToblivad SeeqmnaT gansakuTrebuli navsadguri, romelsac daukavSirdeboda indoeTTan mTeli
vaWroba. am proeqtis ganxorcieleba veRar moxerxda genuaSi gvelfebsa da
gibelinebs Soris dawyebuli brZolis gamo. ix. Манандян Я. А., О торговле
и городах Армении в связи мировой торговлей древных времен (V в. до
н. эры _ XV в. н. эры), Ереван, 1954, с. 297-298.
10
romlis produqcia sxva saeqsporto saqonels Soris pirvel
adgilze idga. kavkasiis mTieli mosaxleoba monebiT vaWrobis
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda, raSic genuelebi udides
mogebas naxulobdnen. kafeli vaWrebi evropul nawarms tanaSi rusul, Cinur da indur saqonelze cvlidnen1.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kafas metropoliisagan finansiuri
da politikuri sakiTxebis gadaWraSi didi uflebebi hqonda
miniWebuli, mainc genuis uzenaisi xelisuflebis cnoba
savaldebulo iyo. kafas konsuls, iseve rogorc sxva koloniebis konsulebs, genua niSnavda. igi kafasa da Savi zRvis
sxva koloniebSi saerTo, respublikisaTvis sasargeblo
politikas atarebda. gacxovelebuli vaWrobidan miRebuli
mogebis da gadasaxadebis didi nawili metropoliis gankargulebaSi gadadioda.
genuas savaWro koloniebis mmarTveloba dayofili hqonda samad: dasavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi ganlagebul
koloniebs ganagebda uSualod TviTon; pera ganagebda moreaSi, arqipelagze, makedoniaSi, bulgareTsa da anatoliaSi
arsebul koloniebs; kafa _ yirimis, tamanis, saqarTvelos
(sevastopolisi/cxumi da quTaisi), azerbaijanis da sparseTis sakonsuloebs2.
romis papebma aRmosavleTSi kaTolikobis gavrcelebis
centrad kafa airCies. 1318 wels gaixsna kafas eparqia, 1333
wels ki _ misionerTa monasteri, sadac berebi aRmosavlur
enebs swavlobdnen da Semdeg kaTolicizmis saqadageblad
sxvadasxva qveynebSi igzavnebodnen.
genuelebs warmatebebiT tkbobis saSualebas venecielebi
ar aZlevdnen. isini ver eguebodnen Sav zRvaSi TavianTi
poziciebis Sesustebas. am or qalaq-respublikas Soris ar
wydeboda dava, romelic araerTxel sisxlismRvrel brZo1 Мурзакевич Н., История генуэзских колоний в Крыму, Одесса,
1837, с. 35-38.
2 Тамже, с. 40.
11
laSi gadaizarda. am brZolis kulminacias warmoadgenda kiojas omi (1380 w.), romelis Semdeg dadebuli turinis zavi
(1381 w.) venecielebis xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT nawilSi
sruli batonobis sawyisad gadaiqca. miuxedavad amisa,
TavianTi moxerxebulobisa da gambedaobis wyalobiT, genuelebma didad Selaxuli poziciebi konstantinopolSi 1453
wlamde, xolo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze
1475 wlamde SeinarCunes.
* * *
veneciis rogorc msxvili savaWro centris ganviTareba
IX-X saukuneebSi daiwyo. misi savaWro operaciebi am droisaTvis dasavleT evropis qveynebis bizntiaSi, siriasa da
egvipteSi SeZenili saqonliT momaragebiT ganisazRvreboda.
veneciis ayvaveba iwyeba jvarosanTa laSqrobebis dros,
XI-XII saukuneebSi, rodesac evropel raindebs am qalaqis
gemebze, sabrZolo iaraRebze da sxva saxis saqonelze didi
moTxovna hqondaT. venecia, Tavisi gemebiT jvarosnebis aRmosavleTSi gadayvanis sanacvlod, dapyrobil teritoriebze
farTo savaWro privilegiebs iRebda.
rogorc ukve iTqva, italiis qalaqebis da, maT Soris
veneciis, levantSi vaWrobas bizantiis imperia aferxebda. iq
mis privilegiebs gansakuTrebiT XII saukunidan Seekveca moqmedebis sfero. bizantiis imperatorma manuil I-ma (1143-1180),
venecieli vaWrebis gavlenis Sesustebis mizniT, kavSiri daamyara genuelebTan (1169 w.) da pizelebTan (1170 w.) da maT
mniSvnelovani savaWro privilegiebi mianiWa. venecielebi ubrZolvelad ar Tmobdnen TavianT poziciebs. bizantiis problemis TavianT sasargeblod gadaWris kargi pirobebi venecielebs SeeqmnaT meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros. veneciis
doJma enriko dandolom `gadawyvita jvarosnuli sisulelidan savaWro operacia gaekeTebina~ da maT iseTi pirobebi
12
Seuqmna, rom isini iZulebulni gaxdnen konstantinopolze
gavliT mcire aziaSi gadasuliyvnen. javrosnebma bizantiis
imperia gaanadgures da mis nacvlad laTinTa imperia Seqmnes.
axlad Seqmnili imperiis teritoriebis 3/8 venecielebis
xelSi aRmoCnda. es ZiriTadad is adgilebi iyo, romlebsac
savaWro saqmianobisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveynebTan vaWrobis
centrebad venecielebma tana da sudaki gadaaqcies, xolo
Savi zRvis samxreTi navsadgurebiT isini amierkavkasiasa da
somxeTs ukavSirdebodnen1.
amgvarad, laTinTa imperiis SeqmnasTan erTad Seiqmna
kidev erTi imperia _ veneciis koloniuri imperia2, romelmac
didxans ver iarseba. igi daeca 1261 wels.
XV s. dasawyisSi bizantia osmalebTan brZolaSi dasustda, osmaleTis mzardi saxelmwifo ki Temurlengma gaanadgura. amiT isargebla veneciis respublikam da dasustebuli
metoqeebis xarjze Tavisi samflobeloebi kidev ufro
gazarda. imave saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis veneciis aristokratiuli respublika yvelaze Zlieri sazRvao saxelmwifo iyo
evropaSi da igi Tavisi ayvavebis umaRles mwvervalze avida.
veneciel vaWrebs urTierToba hqondaT maSindeli msoflios
TiTqmis yvela qveyanasTan.
veneciis respublikas didad ganviTarebuli mrewvelobac
hqonda. misi mrewvelobis produqtebi _ oqros, vercxlis
da spilos Zvlis samkaulebi, SuSis nawarmi da sxvadasxva
iaraRebi ganTqmuli iyo mTel msoflioSi. didi yuradReba
eTmoboda gemTmSeneblobas. veneciis mrewvelobis am ganviTarebul dargebSi isaxeboda kapitalisturi warmoebis
elementebi. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos veneciuri oqroqsovilis Sesaxeb, romliTac igi aRmosavleTis qveynebsac ki
1 Бер А., История всемирной торговли, ч. I , М., 1876, с. 176.
2 Соколов Н. П., Образование Венецианской колониальной империи, Саратов, 1963, с. 87.
13
konkurencias uwevda. oqroqsovilis warmoeba aRWurvili
iyo SesaniSnavi teqnikiT. saerTod, abreSumis warmoebam veneciaSi Tavisi ayvavebis umaRles dones XV saukuneSi miaRwia1. magram veneciis ekonomikuri Zliereba, rogorc iTqva,
damyarebuli iyo sagareo vaWrobaze. sxvadasxva qveynebs
Soris saSuamavlo vaWrobam venecia Zlier da mdidar savaWroaristokratiul respublikad gadaaqcia.
* * *
imisaTvis, raTa ukeT iqnes gagebuli venecia _ ay-yoiunlus (TeTrbatknianTa) saxelmwifos politikuri urTierToba XV s. 50-70-ian wlebSi, (masSi Cabmuli iyo saqarTveloc), aqve mokled unda iTqvas maT Soris vaWrobazec, rac
upirvelesyovlisa ganapirobebda samxedro-politikur kavSiris arsebobasac.
XV s. meore naxevarSi ay-yoiunlus teritoriaze gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro-saqaravno gzebi, romlebic evropasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebda.
ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi Tavrizi mdebareobda
im saqaravno gzebis gadakveTaze, romlebic moimarTeboda
CineTidan, avRaneTidan, xvarazmidan, saqarTvelodan, erayidan
da luristanidan da amitom igi vaWrobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes centrad iTvleboda. iq Tavs iyrida abreSumis
nawarmi da yaWi Sirvanidan da gilanidan, saneleblebi da
saRebavebi indoeTidan, CineTidan da Sua aziis qveynebidan.
aRmosavleTis es saqoneli midioda trapizonis, halebis,
beiruTis, damaskos, tripolis, bursas da koniis bazrebisaken2, saidanac Semdeg evropaSi gahqondaT.
1 Zwiedinek-Südenhorst H. v., Venedig als Weltmacht und Weltstadt. Biefeld
und Leipzig, 1839, S. 66.
2 Махмудов Я. М., Взаимоотношения государство Ак-коюнлу с Венецией (60-70 гг. XV века). Автореферат диссертации, Баку, 1966, с. 7-8.
14
Tavrizis aseTi kargi mdebareobis gamo ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifos
satranzito
vaWrobidan
mniSvnelovani
Semosavali hqonda. amave dros igi TviTonac aqtiurad
monawileobda dasavleTis qveynebTan, gansakuTrbiT ki veneciasTan vaWrobaSi. ay-yoiunlus eqsportis sagans ZiriTadad
azerbaijanuli yaWi warmoadgenda, romelzec didi moTxovnileba veneciis abreSumis warmoebas hqonda. samagierod,
Semodioda veneciis mrewvelobis sagnebi _ atlasi, yumaSi
da sxv.
sagareo vaWrobidan miRebuli Semosavali ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifos Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda. igi
veneciasTan vaWrobis dros farTod iyenebda osmaleTis teritoriaze arsebul savaWro centrebsac, romelTa Soris gamoirCeoda q. bursa. Tavrizi am qalaqs saqaravno gziT ukavSirdeboda. mravalnairi aRmosavluri saqoneli, romelic
Tavs iyrida TavrizSi, Semdeg miedineboda togatSi, saidanac
Sirvanidan, ganjidan, saqarTvelodan da somxeTidan mosul
qaravnebTan erTad miemarTeboda bursaSi1.
rogorc iTqva, ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifodan veneciaSi
ZiriTadad yaWi gahqondaT, magram masze moTxovna izrdeboda
osmaleTis qalaqebSic, sadac viTardeboda abreSumis warmoeba. mza produqciis evropaSi gataniT dainteresebulni
iyvnen osmaleTis vaWrebi. amitom azerbaijanisa da iranis
yaWis evropaSi gatana osmaleTis interesebs ar Seesabameboda.
amitom, sulTnis brZanebiT izrdeboda gadasaxadi rogorc
ay-yoiunlus vaWrebis mier bursaSi Setanil abreSumze, aseve
venecielebis mier iqidan gatanilze2. amgvari sabaJo politika didad aferxebda veneciasa da ay-yoiunlus Soris normalur savaWro urTierTobas. ufro metic, sulTani yovelnairad cdilobda yvela im gzebis xelSi Cagdebas, romlebiTac abreSumi evropaSi gahqondaT. am gegmis ganxorcielebas
1 Тамже.
15
osmaleTis eqspansia safrTxes uqmnida ara mxolod levantis vaWrobis Semdgom arsebobas. igi jer kidev konstantinopolis dacemamde daemuqra aRmosavleT evropis mTeli
rigi saxelmwifoebebs. amitom evropaSi adreve miaqcies yuradReba osmaleTisagan Tavdacvisa da misi ganadgurebis sakiTxs.
imave dros naTeli iyo, rom martodmarto verc erTi evropuli saxelmwifo osmaleTs ver gaumklavdeboda. amitom
konstantinopolis dacemamde didi xniT adre SemuSavda antiosmaluri jvarosnuli omis idea, magram misi warmatebiT
ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda.
1396 wels osmaleTis winaaRmdeg moewyo jvarosnuli
laSqroba. imave wlis 25 seqtembers nikopolTan brZolaSi
dasavleTis raindTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma sastiki marcxi
ganicada. amis Semdeg osmalebi SeiWrnen atikasa da peloponesSi, iwyeba maTi Tavdasxmebi ungreTze, ramac SemdegSi
sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo.
1400 wels sulTanma baiazid II-m (1389-1402) alya
Semoartya konstantinopols da danebeba mosTxova. bizantiis
imperatorma manuil II paleologma (1391-1425) evropis
saxelmwifoebs daxmareba sTxova da piradadac ewvia maT,
magram carieli dapirebebis meti veraferi miiRo.
vidre imperatori damxmare Zalas evropaSi eZebda, uneblie mxsnelad bizantias Temurlengi moevlina. man adreve
miipyro evropelTa yuradReba. Temuris mier Seqmnili
uzarmazari imperia, evropelTa varaudiT im saukeTeso Zalas
warmoadgenda, romlis osamleTisaTvis dapirispireba SeiZleboda. garda amisa sayovelTaod cnobili iyo Temuris
didi interesi sxva qveynebTan savaWro kavSirebis damyarebisa da savaWro-saqaravno gzebis dauflebisadmi. am mizans
emsaxureboda misi laSqrobebi oqros urdos, amierkavkasiisa
da sxva qveynebis winaaRmdeg. imisaTvis raTa savaWro urTierToba mxolod misi imperiis teritoriaze gamavali gzebiT ganxorcielebuliyo da konkurentebi Camoecilebina,
Temuri mTlianad spobda im mniSvnelovan savaWro centrebs,
romlebzedac xeli miuwvdeboda. misi aseTi moqmedebis
TavalsaCino magaliTia oqros urdos umniSvnelovanesi
qalaqis sarai berqes miwasTan gasworeba1. Temuris mier 1400
wels baRdadis savaWro gzis dangreviT gansakuTrebiT dawinaurda samxreT somxeTis gza, ramac gaaZliera Tavrizis
roli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi2.
imisaTvis raTa sabolood moespo CrdiloeTis savaWro
1 gabaSvili v., XVI-XVIII ss. saqarTvelos qalaqebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis savaWro urTierTobaTa Suqze. krebulSi: narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriidan, Tb., 1966, gv. 168.
1 Якубовский А. Ю., Феодализм на Востоке. Столица Золотой Орды,
Сарай Берке, Л., 1932, с. 3.
2 Манандян Я. А., Ук. Труд., с. 308.
emsaxureboda mis mier trapizonis imperiis da yaramaniis
saamiros dapyroba.
aRniSnul mizezTa gamo ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos upirveles sagareo politikur amocanad osmaleTis mier
savaWro gzebze Seqmnili dabrkolebebis gadalaxva gadaiqca.
mas evropasTan kavSiris damyareba uSualod surda.
levantis vaWrobis jer Seferxeba, Semdeg misi daqveiTeba dakavSirebuli iyo osmalebis eqspansiasa da savaWro
politikasTan. maTi batonobis qveS aRmoCnda is vrceli
teritoriebi, romlebiTac winaT evropa da aRmosavleTi
erTmaneTs ukavSirdeboda. ayvavebuli savaWro centrebis
awiokeba-ganadgureba isedac axdenda gavlenas savaWro saqmianobaze. imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, `rom osmaleTi
dainteresebuli iyo ara warmoebiT, aramed sabaJo Semosavlis
gazrdiT~1, maSin gasagebi gaxdeba, rogori zRude aRimarTa
evropa-aRmosavleTis urTierTobis gzaze.
* * *
16
17
gza da amiT oqros urdo daesustebina, rogorc josafat
barbaro da ambrojo kontarini gadmogvcemen, Temurma ise
gaanadgura aRniSnul gzaze arsebuli qalaqi astraxani, rom
mas XV s. 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis adrindeli brwyinvalebis niSanic ki aRar hqonda1.
rogorc iTqva, CrdiloeTis gzam Tavis droze didi
rolo iTamaSa evropasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris
vaWrobis saqmeSi. magram Temuris laSqrobebis Semdeg man
mniSvneloba imdenad dakarga, rom evropelTaTvis ufro xelsayreli iyo sparseTis gzebiT esargeblaT. CrdiloeTis gzis
gadaketvam, TavisTavad gazarda amierkavkasiis samxreTiT
gamavali savaWro-satranzito gzis mniSvneloba2.
amgvarad, Temurlengis mizani aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebeli gzebis daufleba iyo. amis ganxorcieleba ki osmaleTTan Setakebisa da mis ganadgurebis gareSe miuwvdomeli iqneboda. es ori mtacebeli XV s.
damdegisaTvis erTmaneTis mezoblobaSi aRmoCndnen. Temuri
dasavleTisaken, baiazidi ki aRmosavleTisken miiwevda. osmalebi TurqmanTa interesebs Sav zRvaze gamavali gzebze
gabatonebiTac laxavdnen.
Temurlengis brZola evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli
gzebis dasapyrobad mxedvelobidan ar gamorCaT evropis
politikur mesveurebs, ufro metic, im qveynebma, romelTa
teritoriebsac osmalTa safrTxe emuqreboda, maSinve Seafases Temuris Zala, rogorc osmaleTis ganadgurebis saSualeba. rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom osmaleTsa da Temuris
saxelmwifos Soris Sejaxeba gardauvali iyo, genuelebma
kavSiri daamyares TurqmanebTan. osmalebisagan ganadgurebis
winaSe mdgomma bizantielebmac genuelebs mibaZes. berZnebma
1 Ramusio G. B., Seconda volume della Navigationi et Viaggi…, Venezia, 1559,
p. 98 r, 121r.
2 kacitaZe d., saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze (sparsuli da
sparsulenovani wyaroebis mixedviT) Tb., 1968, gv. 116.
18
da genuelebma Temurs acnobes, rom osmalebTan omis SemTxvevaSi mas daexmarebodnen. saxeldobr, isini hpirdebodnen,
rom mokle xanSi SeaiaraRebdnen ramdenime galeras da balkaneTSi myof osmalebs sulTnis dasaxmareblad mcire aziaSi
gadasvlis saSualebas ar miscemdnen.
daiwyo omi. Temurlengis laSqarma 1402 wlis 20 ivliss angorasTan osmalebis laSqari gaanadgura da sulTani
baiazid II-c daatyveva. am brZolis mowmeni gaxdnen kastiliis mefis elCebi1. rui gonsales de klavixos2 mixedviT, bizantielebma da genuelebma dapireba ar Seasrules da aramcTu bosfori da dardaneli ar gadaketes, aramed
damarcxebulsa da devnil osmalebs miemxrnen da isini saberZneTSi gadaiyvanes. Semdeg, rogorc klavixo dasZens, maTi
aseTi moqmedebisaTvis Temuris risxva mis samflobeloebSi
mcxovreb qristianebs daatydaT3.
angorasTan gamarjvebis Semdeg Temurlengma evropis
qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobis damyareba scada. man sulTaniis episkoposi ioane galifanteli evropaSi gagzavna,
romelmac yvela Zlieri mmarTveli moinaxula da Temuris
saxelmwifosTan vaWrobis sargeblianobaSi maTi darwmuneba
1 Clavijo – Historia del gran Tamorlan e Itinerario y enarracion del viage e
relation de la Embajada que Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo le hizo, per Mandado del Rey
Don Henriquez terceiro de Castilla, Sevilla, 1582, p. 4.
2 klavixo (dabadebis weli ucnobia, gardaicvala 1412 wels), kastilieli didebuli, Tavisi droisaTvis kargad ganaTlebuli iyo. kastiliis mefe
enrike III-m (1390-1407) elCad gaagzavna Temur-lengTan samaryandSi. es mogzauroba gagrZelda TiTqmis sami weli. igi mTeli mogzaurobis dros werda
dRiurebs. misi Canawerebi Seicavs Zvirfas cnobebs, romlebic moklebula Sua
saukuneebis mogzaurTa TxzulebebisaTvis damaxasiTebel fantastikurobas,
rac maT met damajereblobas matebs. klavixosa da misi `dRiurebis~ Sesaxeb
dawvr. ix. rui gonsales de klavixos cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. espanuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma,
Tb., 1992, gv. 34.
3 Clavijo, p. 94
19
scada. am molaparakebebis Sesaxeb mcire ramaa cnobili1.
molaparakebebma da urTierTobis gagrZelebam azri dakarga
Temurlengis gardacvalebisTanave. misi imperia daiSala.
Termurisagan ganadgurebuli osmaleTi male welSi gaimarTa
da evropis saxelmwifoebs kvlav problemebi Seuqmna. 1429
wels q. luckSi, litvis didi samTavros teritoriaze, Sedga evropis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis yriloba. mas eswrebodnen: litvis mTavari vitovti, poloneTis mefe iagailo,
germaniis imperatori sigizmundi, romelic imave dros ungreTis mefec iyo, daniis mefe erik VII, prusiisa da livoniis magistrebi, yirimis xani, papis legati da bizantiis imperatoris ioane VIII paleologis warmomadgenelebi.
yrilobam seriozul Sedegs ver miaRwia, radgan
monawileebs Soris interesTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo.
didi xnis damTavrebuli ar iyo luckis yriloba, rom
mTeli evropa SeaZrwuna osmalebis axalma warmatebebma dunaispireTsa da egeosis zRvaSi. gansakuTrebiT didi STabeWdileba moaxdina osmalebis mier salonikis aRebam, rodesac
salonikis berZnulma mosaxleobam kaTolike laTinebis
(venecielebis) xelSi yofnas osmalebi arCia2. venecielebi
iZulebuli gaxdnen salonikis dakargva sulTanTan dadebuli
samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT ecnoT3.
aRmosavleTis marTlmadideblursa da dasavleTis romis
kaTolikur eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqilebam imdenad mwvave
xasiaTi miiRo, rom igi gadamwyvet dabrkolebad gadaiqca
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg Zalebis gaerTianebis gzaze. imdroindeli evropis meTaurebs ori eklesiis garTianebis gareSe,
arsebuli saSiSroebis aRmofxvra SeuZleblad miaCndaT.
saqmes verc florenciis uniam (1439 w.) uSvela, radgan igi
ori eklesiis Tanasworuflebian garTianebas ki ar gulisxmobda, aramed mTeli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis papisadmi
damorCilebas. amis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen marTlmadidebluri qveynebis mosaxleobis farTo fenebi, romlebic kaTolikur eklesiisadmi damorCilebaSi erovnuli damoukideblobis dakargvas xedavdnen. uniam or eklesias Soris
arsebuli winaaRmdegoba kidev ufro gaamwvava. krebis dasaruls, rodesac papma da imperatorma ganizraxes krebis
monawileebisaTvis TavianT sasurvel dokumentze ZaliT
moewerinebinaT xeli, delegatTa erTi jgufi gaipara. maT
Soris iyvnen saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebic.1
1442 wels papma evgeni IV-m (1431-1447) yvela saxelmwifos meTaurs enciklika gaugzvna da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileobisaken mouwoda. papis mowodebas siamovnebiT gamoexmaurnen burgundieli, germaneli,
Cexi, ungreli da poloneli raindebi. bizantiis imperatorma uari sTqva jvarosnebis daxmarebaze. monawileoba ar miiRes, agreTve, frangma da ingliselma raindebma, romlebic
Cabmulni iyvnen gadamwyvet fazaSi Sesul aswlian omSi.
jvarosnuli laSqroba moewyo, magram masac igive bedi
ewia, rac mis winamorbedebs.
sxvadasxva qveynebisagan, gansakuTrebiT ki romidan da
veneciidan daxmarebis miRebis imediT, 1444 w. gazafxulze
poloneTisa da ungreTis laSqarma poloneT-ungreTis mefis
vladislav III da ungreTis voevoda ianoS huniadis meTaurobiT daiwyo omi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. gadamwyveti brZola moxda 1444 w. 10 noembers bulgareTSi varnasTan.
1 Хенниг Р., Неведомые земли. Перевод с немецкого А. В. Лисовской,
предисловие и редакция И. П. Магидовича, т. III, М., 1962, с. 403-404.
2 Zinkeisen J. W., GeSchichte des osmanischen Reichs in Europa, I, Hamburg,
1840, S. 568-569.
3 Krumbacher K., Geschichte der byzantinische Literatur von Justinian bis
zum Ende des ostromische Reiches (527-1453), München, 1897, S. 301.
1 kasraZe t., romis propaganda da kaTolikuri misiebi saqarTveloSi
(sadisertacio naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 1947, gv. 79; JuJunaZe o. XV saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos sagareo politikis istoriisaTvis. `qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikis istoriidan~, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 21.
20
21
polonel-ungrelTa laSqarma sastiki marcxi ganicada. es
iyo marcxi ara mxolod brZolis velze damarcxebulTa,
aramed mTeli evropisac. am droidan iwyeba osmaleTis Zlevamosili winsvla, rac bizantiis imperiis mospobiTa da
evropisa da mcire aziis xalxebis damonebiT damTavrda.
1. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobani
XV s. pirvel naxevarSi
XIV s. 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba saqarTvelos gansakuTrebiT tragikuli periodi. Temurlengma mravali qveyana
gaanadgura. ubedurebam saqarTvelosac uwia. 1386-1403 wlebSi Temuris urdoebma mravalgzis dalaSqres saqarTvelo,
rasac Tan axlda arnaxuli sisastike da aoxreba.
Temurlengis Semosevebma waruSleli kvali daaCnia
saqarTvelos Semdgom politikursa da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas: ekonomika moiSala, mosaxleoba Semcirda,
qveyana politikurad dasustda. magram Temurma mainc ver
SesZlo qarTveli xalxis damorCileba. isini mrisxane dampyroblisadmi qedis moxras ki ar fiqrobdnen, aramed yovel
xelsayrel viTarebas iyenebdnen, raTa aRedginaT sakmaod Selaxuli saerTaSoriso poziciebi da am mizniT aqtiur sagareo politikasac ki atarebdnen. qarTvelTa aseT moqmedebaze metyvelebs Tundac Cvens istoriografiaSi kargad
cnobili alinjis magaliTi, romlis Sesaxeb damatebiTi
oride sayuradRebo cnoba dagvitova germanelma hans Siltbergerma1.
1 hans Siltbergeri daibada 1380 wels bavariaSi, fraizingis maxloblad.
1394 wlidan iyo raind raixartingenis saWurvelTmtvirTveli. 1396 nikopolTan brZolaSi tyved Cauvarda osmalebs. is sulTnis monad aqcies. Temuris
tyveobaSi aRmoCnda mis mier angorasTan osmalebis damarcxebis (1402 w. 20
ivlisi) Semdeg. Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg Temuridebis samsaxurSi iyo. samegreloSi yofnis dros igi sxva oTx qristianTan erTad gaiqca da baTumis mi-
22
Siltbergeri mogviTxrobs Temurlengis mier babilonis
(baRdadi) aRebas da misi mosaxleobisadmi Cveuli simkacriT
mopyrobis ambavs da gangrZobs: Temuri `Semdeg wavida erTi
cixis [dasapyrobad], romelic wyalSi idga. daaSro wyali da
[fskerze] ipova tyviis sami skivri, romlebic savse iyo
oqroTi. is skivrebi mefem daamalvina, raTa Tu cixe iqneboda aRebuli, oqro gadarCeniliyo1. amoiRo Temurma skivrebi, Semdeg aiRo cixe, [sadac] 15 damcveli iyo da brZana maTi
CamoxrCoba. cixeSic ipova kidev ori skivri, romlebic savse
iyo vercxliTa da oqroTi. isinic Tan waiRo~2.
Siltbergerma alinjis dasaxasiaTeblad yvelaze mniSvnelovnad (maSin, roca iranis sxva adgilebs klimatis, nayofierebis, xelosnobisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT axasiaTebs) miiCnia is didi winaaRmdegoba, rac mas TemurlengisaTvis
gauwevia 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi3.
alinjis Sesaxeb cnobebi, gansakuTrebiT Tu isini XIV s.
dasarulsa da XV s. dasawyisis ambebs exeba, sainteresoa
imdenad, ramdenac am cixesTan dakavSirebulia aRniSnuli
periodSi qarTvelTa mamacobis erT-erTi sayuradRebo momenti.
Temurlengis mier alinjis cixis aReba da auracxeli
damoebidan frangebis gems gahyva. sabolood, 1427 wels, didi Tavgadasavlebis
Semdeg, is samSobloSi dabrunda.
Siltbergerma Tavisi Tavgadasavali aRwera `mogzaurobis wignSi~. dawvr.
ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo hans Siltbergeri `mogzaurobis wignSi~.
`macne~ istoriis seria, #2, Tb., 1980, gv. 103-119.
1 alinja rom saimedo TavSesafari da ganZis Sesanaxi adgili iyo, amis
Sesaxeb Siltbergeris mier gadmocemuli ambavi Zalian gadaWarbebuli ar unda
iyos. am cixeSi auracxeli simdidre sxva drosac yofila daculi. Сборник
материалов относящихся к истории Золотой Орды. Извлечения из персидских
сщчинений собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном и обработанное А. А. Ромаскевичем и С. А. Волиным, II, М.-Л., 1941, с. 94.
2 Siltbergeri, gv. 106-107.
3 Langmantel V., Hans Schiltbergers Reisubuch nach der nürberger Handschrift, Tübingen, 1885, s. 69.
23
ganZis xelSi Cagdeba, 1401 wlis ambavs unda asaxavdes, romlis mxilveli Siltbergeri ar yofila, magram mas Semdeg
rac igi 1402 wels, Temuris tyveobaSi moxvda, saSualeba
eqneboda, aRniSnuli cnobebi uSualod cixis dampyrobelebisagan moepovebina.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is cnoba, sadac alinjis
cixis damcvelebis mier mtrisaTvis 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi
gaweul winaaRmdegobazea gadmocemuli. rodesac komentars
ukeTebda Siltbergeris am cnobas f. bruni mas saeWvod miiCnevda. f. bruns eWvis gamoTqmis safuZvels aZlevda pirvel
rigSi is, rom araviTari sabuTi ar moipoveboda, romelSic
raime iqneboda naTqvami alyis aseTi xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb.
da meorec, igi eyrdnoboda sxva avtorebis da maT Soris m.
broses wignSi arsebul cnobebsac. m. broses naSromSi naTqvamia, rom 1393 wels qarTvelebma taxiri gaaTavisufles
alinjis cixidan. aqedan gamomdinare f. brunma ivarauda:
SeiZleba imaT, visganac Siltbergerma es ambavi gaigo, dro
gaaorkeces da Teqvsmet weliwads imitom ambobso1.
aseTi mosazreba swori ar aris, radgan m. broses naTqvamidan, sxva azris gamotana ufro SeiZleba. ai ras ambobs
m. brose: `taxirma, baRdadis mflobelis ahmedis Svilma,
hulaRu-yaenis STamomavalma, romelic gandevnes Tavisi
dedaqalaqidam 1393 w., Tavi Seafara alinjayis cixeSi, sadac is didxans ver Seipyra Temurma. iverielebma amiT
isargebles da wavidnen taxiris Sesawevnelad, daamarcxes
TaTrebi da aiZules isini cixes Semoclodnen, xolo taxiri
Tan wamoiyvanes~2.
amonarididan Cans, rom Temuri alinjas arc 1393 wels
flobda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi taxirisaTvis TavSesa1 Путешествие Ивана Шильтбергера по Европе, Aзии и Африке с 1394
года по 1427 года. Перевод с немецкого и снабдил примечаниями Ф. Брун.
«Записки Императорского Новороссииского университета», год первый, т. 1,
Одесса, 1867, с. 50.
2 brose m., saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1895, gv. 222.
24
frad ar gamodgeboda, gamodis, rom is taxirs adreve ekuTvnoda. yuradReba unda mieqces im adgilsac, sadac m. brose
ambobs: taxirma `1393 w. Tavi Seafara alinjayis cixeSi,
sadac is didxans ver Seipyra Temurma~. amgvarad, gamodis,
rom arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar rCeba welTa is raodenoba,
romlis gaorkeceba 16 wels mogvcemda.
davubrundeT Temuris mier alinjis alyis Semortymisa
da mecixovneTagan gaweuli winaaRmdegobis ambavs.
alinja Temurs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi winaaRmdegobas
uwevda. man daipyro azerbaijanis didi nawili da miadga
alinjas. roca pirdapiri ieriSiT ver aiRo, alyaSemortymuli datova1. klavixo ase gadmogvcems am epizods: `roca
Tamurbekma sparseTis sulTanze, romelsac amads uwodebdnen, gaimarjva da misi miwebi daipyro, is (ahmed jalairi – e.
m.) am cixe alinjaSi daimala. Tamurbeks igi da misi xalxi
sam wels hyavda alyaSi, Semdeg is babilonis sulTanTan
gaiqca, sadac dResac imyofeba~2.
klavixos cnobas, Temurma cixe rom ver aiRo, adasturebs sparseli istorikosi Saraf ad-din ali iezdi3. m.
minorskis TqmiT: sxvadasxva uricxv cixeebs Soris, romlebic Temurma aiRo, arc erTs ar gauwevia iseTi winaaRmdegoba, rogorc alinjam. igi zogierTi SualediT winaaRmdegobas uwevda 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi~4.
i. hameri Saraf-ad-dinis cnobebze dayrdnobiT, aRniSnavda, rom alinjis ganTqmuli cixe Temuramde (1386 w.) verc
erTma dampyrobelma ver aiRo. Temurma mxolod meoce dRes
1 История Азербайджана, I. С древнейщих времен до присоединения
Азербайджана к России, Баку, 1953, с. 199.
2 Clavijo, p. 103.
3 Saraf ad-dinis mixedviT, Temuris laSqars pirveli Setevisas alinjis
cixis gareT arsebuli simagreebi auRia, damcvelebi ki citadelSi gamagrebulan. ix. Minorsky M. V., Transcaucasica. Livre de lecture sur l’histoire de la Gèorgie et du proche-orient, Thbilissi, p. 1963, p. 41.
4 iqve.
25
SeZlo Seupovari damcvelebis winaaRmdegobis gatexa da damcvelni xelSekrulni cixis kedlebidan xramSi gadayares1.
amasve ambobs mari brosec oRond masTan alinjis aRebis welia 13872.
Tu zemoT moxmobil cnobebs gaviziarebT, maSin gasagebia,
rom Temurma azerbaijanSi pirvelad SeWrisas 1386 wels
naxWevanis midamoebSi jelaierebis uZlieresi cixe-simagre
alinja aiRo. savaraudoa, Temurma, jerjerobiT ucnob viTarebaSi, es cixe isev dakarga da Zveli mflobeli jelaierebi daepatronenen. imisaTvis, raTa gairkves rodis dakarga
Temurma alinja, jer m. broses movusminoT: `1712 w. berZnuli, xolo 1400 w. qristes dabadebidan, Temuri mivida
TavrizSi da baRdadis sulTnis, ahmedis Svilis, sulTan
Taheris cixe-simagre, alinja daipyro, romelic (Taheri –
e.m.) Zalian mamaci iyo da romelsac naTesaobis mizeziT
qarTvelebi uWerdnen mxars. igi 15 weliwads darCa am cixesimagreSi. bolos iZulebuli gaxda gamosuliyo iqidan da
iberebTan gaiqca~3. yuradRebas iqcevs isic, rom Taheri
saqarTvelosTan matrimonialurad dakavSirebuli yofila4,
Tumca cnobili ar aris, es kavSiri rodis, ra viTarebaSi da
romeli qarTveli didebulis ojaxTan damyarda. magram,
rogorc Cans, qarTvelebsa da jalairebs Soris sakmaod
mWidro urTierToba arsebobda.
sxvadasxva avtorebi alinjis damcvelebis mier TemurisaTvis gaweul winaaRmdegobas sxvadasxva xangrZlivobiT (18,
15, 14 weli) gansazRvraven, magram amjerad amas gadamwyveti
1 Hammer J., Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, I, 1300-1520, Pest, 1834,
S. 219.
2 aRmosavleli avtorebis gavleniT, m. brose 1387 wels miiCnevs Temuris
mier azerbaijanis dapyrobis drod, rac sinamdvileSi 1386 wels moxda. Brosset M., Histoire de la Gèorgie, de pius l’antiquité jusqu’ au XIXe siècle. I parte, II
livrasion, St.-Peterbourg, 1850, p. 666, Sen. 3.
3 Brosset M., Op. cit., p. 667-668, Sen. 3.
4 Minorsky, Op. cit., p. 43.
26
mniSvneloba ara aqvs. mTavaria, rom Temurma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZlo cixis aReba da mis am warumateblobaSi qarTvelebis xelic eria.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im politikur viTarebasac, rac
oqros urdos yaenis, ToxTamiSis iranis azerbaijanSi SeWris
Sedegad Seiqmna1, maSin savsebiT dasaSvebad mimaCnia, vivaraudo, rom alinjis mflobelTan saqarTvelos mefe Bbagrat
V-is (1360-1493) urTierToba ufro intensiuri iyo Temuris
mier jalairebis pirvelad (1385 w.) damarcxebis Semdeg.
xolo rodesac Temuris azerbaijanSi meored SeWris Semdeg
misi agresiis saSiSroeba qarTvelebisa da jalaierebisaTvis
cxadi Seiqmna, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom isini SeTanxmdnen
erTiani ZaliT moexdinaT am mniSvnelovani strategiuli
punqtis (igi saqarTvelosaken momaval saqaravno gzaze mdebareobda) _ alinjis dacva.
Temurlengs alinja pirdapiri ieriSiT rom ver auRia,
laSqris nawili mis moalyed dautovia, xolo danarCeni
somxeTisa da saqarTvelosken dauZravs2. rogorc cnobilia,
Temuri saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1386 wels SemoiWra. maSasadame, alinjis alyaSi moqcevac amave wels unda momxdariyo,
rasac m. broses mier miTiTebuli 15 weli marTlac emTxveva
(1401-1386=15).
sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT, Temurlengma alinjis
cixes mravalricxovani moalyeebi dauyena. alya mravali
weli gagrZelda.
vfiqrob, cxadia, rom qarTvelebi alinjasTan ufro didi
xnis winaT dakavSirebulni iyvnen, vidre dReisaTvis cnobilia. rodesac batoniSvilma miranSahma alinjis cixes maRali kedeli Semoavlo da cixeSi veRarc veravin Sedioda da
verc gamodioda, giorgi mefem ganizraxa batoniSvili Taheri
1 ix. iv javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, III, Tb., 1966, gv. 281,
409.
2 История Азербаджана, I, с. 284, 287-289.
27
cixidan gamoeyvana da mecixovneebi sursaT-sanovagiT moemaragebina1. am sakmaod rTuli amocanis gadasawyvetad mefe
giorgim mTeli saqarTvelos samxedro Zalis mobilizeba
moaxdina da Crdilo kavkasiidan mTielebic gadmoiyvana2. mefe
giorgis jarma imarjva da alinjis cixidan Taheri gamoiyvana, mecixovneebs sursaTi da iaraRi dautova, garnizoni
gaaZliera da misi meTauroba sam qarTvel aznaurs Caabara,
arezispireTi moarbia da didi nadavliTa da TaheriT dabrunda. sarwmunod meCveneba d. niniZis mosazreba, rom
qarTvelebis es gamarjveba 1396 wels moxda, ris aRsaniSnavad amave wels moiWra giorgi mefisa da ahmad jalaieris
saxelze moneta3. `jalaierebTan mokavSireobas, erTi SexedviT, saqarTvelosaTvis TiTqos didi mniSvneloba ar hqonda,
magram giorgi mefe SorsmWvreteli politikosi iyo da momavalze fiqrobda. momavalSi ki Taheri saukeTeso kandidati
iqneboda jalairTa samefo taztze, romlis mokavSireoba
fasdaudebel samsaxurs gauwevda saqarTvelos Temuris memkvidreebTan omSi~4. sxvaTaSoris alinjis Zlier SeWirvebulma damcvelebma kidev sTxoves giorgi mefes daxmareba.
mas Txovnis dakmayofileba ganuzraxavs kidec, magram Temuris
jari saqarTvelos moadga da, ra Tqma unda, ganzraxvaze
xeli aiRo. alinja daeca 1401 wels.
Temuris sicocxleSi da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg,
saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis Sesaxeb ramdenime cnoba
rui gonsales de klavixom dagvitova. igi Tavis dRiurebSi
saqarTvelosa da mis mefes pirvelad maSin axsenebs, rodesac
mogviTxrobs md. araqsze mdebare didi qalaqis kalmarinis
Sesaxeb. rogorc varaudoben, es unda iyos qalaqi surmari5.
1 tabataZe k., qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg
XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze, Tb., 1974, gv. 99.
2 qarTlis cxovreba IV, gv. 270.
3 qarTuli di plomatia, II, Tb., 1998, gv. 531.
4 tabataZe k., dasax. naSr., gv. 101.
5 Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо. Дневник путешествия ко двору Тимура в Са-
28
am qalaqis midamoebis aRweris Semdeg klavixo mogviTxrobs,
rom es qalaqi mis misvlamde rva wliT adre oqros urdos
yaens ToxTamiSs auRia. klavixos adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisagan gaugia, rom ToxTamiSma brZoliT qalaqs ver sZlia,
magram mosaxleobam mas mainc SesTvaza wliuri xarkis gadaxda. ToxTamiSi am winadadebiT TiTqos kmayofili darCa da
damatebiT qalaqis damcveli jaris naxevari moiTxova, raTa
saqarTveloSi mefe sorsos (Reysorso) winaaRmdeg gaelaSqra1.
ToxTamiSs saqarTvelos dalaSqvra, SeiZleba, marTlac
ganzraxuli hqonda, magram Tu amis ganxorcielebaSi mas
raimem xeli SeuSala, es Temurlengis mis winaaRmdeg wamosvla da dadevneba unda yofiliyo. rogorc cnobilia, ToxTamiSi TemurlengTan Sejaxebis SiSiT ukan, ulusSi gabrunda2. magram, sinamdvileSi, saqme gvaqvs sul sxva viTarebasTan.
exeboda ra ToxTamiSis iranis azerbaijanSi 1385 wlis
laSqrobas, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, oqros urdos mbrZanebeli kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebs saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan
SeTanxmebis gareSe ver gadmolaxavda da, maSasadame, saqarTvelo da oqros urdo mokavSireebi iqnebodnen. Temurlengis
kavkasiaSi SemoWris umTavresi mizezi gadmosasvlelebis Caketva unda yofiliyo3. savsebiT sworia iv. javaxiSvilis
марканд в 1403-1406 гг. Подлинный текст с переводом и примечанями, составленный под редакцией И. И. Срезневского, СПб., 1881, с. 399; Путешествие
Ивана Шильтбергера, с. 48.
1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 34. vfiqrob, saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli saxelebis damaxinjeba gamomcemlis mier xelnaweris mcdarad amokiTxvis
Sedegia. amitom vxedavT qarTvelTa mefis, saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis saxelTa Semdeg formebs: giorgi VII _ sorso-soroso-sordo-gorgo, saqarTvelo _
jurgania-gurgania, qarTveelebi _ grieganos.
2 Греков Б., Якубовский А., Золотая Орда и ее падение, М.-Л., 1950, с.
333.
3 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 409-410. i. sreznevskis samarTliani
SeniSvniT kllavixos mier gadmocemuli ambavi rva wlis winaT ki ara, 18
wlis winaT, e.i. 1386 wels moxda (Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо, c. 413). am wels
29
naTqvami, Cemi mxriv mxolod imas davamateb, rom saqarTvelosa da oqros urdos kavSiri Temurlengis mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda, razec qvemoT iTqmeva.
rodesac klavixo, yarabRis velze dabanakebuli omar
mirzas laSqarSi momxdar areulobaze mogviTxrobs, rac
erT-erTi didebulis omar mirzaze Tavdasxmis mcdelobas
gamouwvevia, ambobs: `... urdoSi xma gavarda, ambobdnen, edigei (hedigui) da TaTreTis imperatori (emperador de tartalia) da mefe giorgi (Rey Soroso) Tavs dagvesxneno~1. es ki
imaze metyvelebs, rom TurqmanebSi, giorgi VII cnobili iyo,
rogorc edigeis2 mokavSire.
Tu saqarTvelo-oqros urdos mokavSireobas gaviziarebT,
maSin ToxTamiSis muqara saqarTvelos mimarT qalaqis damcvelTa mosatyuebel fandad unda miviCnioT.
ToxTamiSis mier kalmarunis alya, rogorc klavixo gadmogvcems, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan gagonili hqonda da
amitom Znelia dadgena, ras gulisxmobda igi, roca ambobda
_ es ambavi rva wlis winaT moxdao. klavixo kalmarins 1404
wlis 29 maiss miadga. mis mier moTxrobili ambavi Tu 8
wlis winaT moxda, maSin 1396 weli unda yofiliyo. SesaZlebelia, mas ToxTamiSis 1394 wels azerbaijanSi meore
laSqroba hqonda mxedvelobaSi. marTalia, arc es weli emTxveva zustad mis navaraudev wels, magram SedarebiT axlos
ki aris. es meore laSqroba rom hqonda mxedvelobaSi, klavixo amitom unda asaxelebdes saqarTvelos mefed giorgi
VII-s (1393-1407).
rodesac klavixo sxva adgilas Txrobas iwyebs saqarTvelos mefis mier mowyobili laSqrobis Sesaxeb, zedmetadac
ToxTamiSi pirvelad SeiWra azerbaijansa da somxeTSi.
1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 35.
2 edigei, TeTrbatknianTa amira, pirvel xanebSi Temurs ToxTamiSis winaaRmdeg exmareboda. ToxTamiSis ganadgurebis Semdeg (1391 w.) Temurs uRalata.
1397 wlidan oqros urdos mbrZanebeli gaxda da Temuris dauZinebel mtrad
gadaiqca. Греков Б., Якубовский А., Золотая Орда и ее падение, с. 333.
30
ki miiCnia mefis saxelis (Sorso) xseneba, radgan igi mkiTxvelisaTvis ukve nacnobad miiCnia da aRniSna: àm dros wamovida saqarTvelos (Rey de gurgania)) is mefe, romlis Sesaxeb ukve moismineT~1. rogorc is Semdeg ambobs,
muslimanebSi didi SiSi da dabneuloba gansakuTrebiT imas
gamouwvevia, rom qristianebs mahmadianebze gaumarjviaT. klavixo iqve iZleva imis ganmartebas, Tu rad uwodeben muslimanebi qristianebs urjuloebs (cafars) da ra igulisxmeba am
saxelwodebaSi. im droisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, arc amierkavkasiaSi da arc mis mezoblad sxva qristiani mefe,
romelsac Sorso anu giorgi erqva da Tanac qristiani iyo,
sxva aravin iyo, Tu ara mefe giorgi VII.
klavixom Tavis mogzauroba dRiurebis saxiT aRwera.
unda aRiniSnos, rom dRiurebi Zalian mdidari da mravalferovania espaneTidan samaryandisaken mogzaurobis periodSi,
xolo ukan, samaryandidan espaneTSi dabrunebisas, maTSi gadmocemulia mxolod is mniSvnelovani ambebi, rac im droisaTvis moxda.
klavixosa da mis Tanamgzavrebs Temurlengis gardacvalebis ambavma azerbaijanSi miuswro. am cnobam didi
mRelvareba gamoiwvia, ris gamo kastilielebs, TavianTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod, 6 Tve da 3 kvira (1405 wlis 1
Tebervlidan 22 agvistomde) TavrizSi darCena mouxdaT.
klavixos Tavrizul CanawerebSi aris saqarTvelos mefe
giorgi VII-is Sesaxeb erTi sayuradRebo cnoba, romelic
naTels hfens am dauRalavi da Seupovari mefis moRvaweobis
erT epizods
klavixo mogviTxrobs, rom `saqarTvelos mefe (Rey de
gurgania), romlis Sesaxeb ukve moismineT, SeiWra yarsisa
(avenique) da arzrumis (azeron) miwebze, romlebic did
somxeTSia (armenia la mayor), mivida Tavrizamde, gaZarcva
da gadawva mravali sofeli da dasaxlebuli punqti. iseTi
1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 36.
31
didi SiSi gamoiwvia, rom Tavrizeli muslimanebi (moros)
fiqrobdnen, rom batoni [omar mirza] movidoda, magram man es
ar gaakeTa. samagierod Tavis cnobil Zvel rainds, romelsac
omar Tobani (homar toban) erqva, ubrZana xuTi aTasi mxedriT wasuliyo da saqarTvelos mefe am mxaris sazRvrebidan
ganedevna. masTan SeerTeba ubrZana Tavrizisa da sxva mxareebis erTgul jarebs. sul Seikriba daaxloebiT, TxuTmeti
aTasi mxedari. maT didi siswrafiT gaiares es qalaqi Tavrizi da gaCerdnen ala-TaRis (alacao) velTan, romelic did
somxeTSia. mefe giorgim (soroso), gaigo ra amis Sesaxeb,
movida xuTi aTasi mxedriT, erT Rames Tavs daesxa maT, daamarcxa, mravali maTgani amowyvita da imaT, vinc gadarCnen,
Tavi Seafares Tavrizs~1.
klavixos dRiurebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom
qarTveli mefis mier Tavrizis midamoebis dalaSqvra moxda
1405 wlis 19 maisidan 11 ivlisamde periodSi2. saqarTvelos
mxedrobis mier msgavsi samxedro operaciis Sesaxeb arc
erTi qarTuli cnoba ar gagvaCnia, magram klavixos monaTxrobs
erTgvarad exmaureba XV saukunis sparsulenovani istorikosi mirxondi (1433-1498), romelic gvamcnobs: `movida
cnoba, rom qarTvelebma simamacis fexi sazRvars gadmoabijes,
Tavs daesxnen ganjasa da naxWevans da xalxis qoneba da
sisxli xelyves. basTan jagirma, ardebilis gamoCenilma mbrZanebelma da moxeleebma ajanyebis gamo saswrafod Seafares
Tavi Sirvanis Seix ibrahim valisTan... omar mirzam brZana,
rom omar Tobani, barlas Tuqali da sxva mxedarTmTavrebi
maRzulangurjad wodebuli adgilis dasacavad wasuliyvnen...3
1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 36-37.
2 19 maiss omar mirzam kastilielebs werili gaugzavna, romelSic bodiSs ixdida misive brZanebiT Tavrizis xelisufalTa mier elCobisaTvis qonebis
CamorTmevis gamo. Clavijo, p. 234; xolo 11 ivliss omar mirzam Tavisi Zmis,
abubeqris cixidan gaqcevis ambavi gaigo.
3 mirxondi, Tarixe roubaT as-safa, VI, Teirani, 1923, gv. 511. ix. agreTve,
r. kiknaZe, qarTveli da azerbaijaneli xalxebis sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis
32
qarTvelebis laSqarma omar Tobani da misi amirebi daamarcxa
da marandamde sdia~1.
r. kiknaZis azriT, mirxondis mier aRwerili ambavi 1405
wlis zafxulSi moxda2. amgvarad klavixos da mirxondis
cnoba drois mixedviT erTmaneTs emTxveva (klavixosTan 1405
w. 19 maisidan 11 ivlisamde, mirxondTan 1405 w. zafxuli),
magram mgonia, mirxondis cnobis kidev ufro dazusteba SeiZleba. Tu am ori avtoris monaTxrobs CavukvirdebiT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom laparakia or sxvadasxva laSqrobaze,
romlebic giorgi VII-m Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg moawyo.
amis Tqmis safuZvels pirvel rigSi gvaZlevs aRwerili
laSqrobebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba; rac Seexeba omar Tobans, romelsac orive avtori mTavarsardlad asaxelebs,
SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: omar Tobani Temuris momxreTa im
mcirericxovan jgufSi iyo, romelmac xeli Seuwyo mis aRzevebas. igi Temurs emsaxureboda mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da misi TanamebrZolic iyo. igi uSualod monawileobda Temuris sxvadasxva laSqrobaSi, misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg ki mis STamomavalTa samsaxurSi darCa. amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom giorgi VII-is winaaRmdeg gagzavnili
laSqris meTaurad, Tundac orjer, omar Tobani yofiliyo.
arc is aris gasakviri da sruliad dasaSvebia, rom orive
wyaroSi naTqvamia mis damarcxebaze.
yuradReba unda mieqces kidev erT, Tumca naklebmniSvnelovan garemoebas, magram mainc: klavixo jaris sardlad
mxolod omar Tobans asaxelebs, mirxondi ki ambobs: omar
mirzam òmar Tobani, barlas Tuqali da sxva mxedarTmTavrebi~ gagzavnao. dasaxelebul meTaurebs, rom klavixos mier
aRweril laSqrobaSi monawileoba erTad mieRoT, maSin isic
orives daasaxelebda, radgan igi mirxondze naklebad ki ara,
istoriidan. Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964, gv. 378-379.
1 mirxondi, VI, gv. 513.
2 kiknaZe r., dasax. naSr., gv. 378.
33
SeiZleba ukeTac icnobda maSindeli iranis politikur da
samxedro mdgomareobas, Tundac imitom, rom klavixo uSualo damkvirvebeli iyo, mirxondi ki winamorbedTa cnobebs
emyareboda.
Cemi azriT, xsenebul or cnobaSi or sxvadasxva dros
mowyobil laSqrobas Tu vigulisxmebT, maSin pirvel momxdar faqtad klavixos monaTxrobi unda CaiTvalos. cnoba
qarTvelebis laSqrobis Sesaxeb klavixos CarTuli aqvs omar
mirzas mamisa da Zmis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da intrigebis
Sesaxeb sakmaod detalur moTxrobaSi.
upiratesoba klavixos cnobas imitom unda mieniWos, rom
igi Tavis dRiurebSi ar axsenebs ahmad jalairsa da yaraiusufs, romlebic erTad moqmedebdnen. klavixo, romelic
misi drois iranSi, azerbaijansa da somxeTSi mimdinare
politikuri ambebisa da maTSi moqmedi mTavari moqmedi pirebis Sesaxeb SesaSur codnas amJRavnebs, ar SeiZleboda mxedvelobidan gamorCenoda ahmad jelairisa da yara-iusufis
saqmianoba. amitom safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom kastilielis TavrizSi yofnisas isini asparezze jer ar Candnen.
somexi istorikosi Toma mewobeli aRniSnavs, rom yara-iusufi somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi 1395 wlidan 1406 wlamde ar
gamoCenilao1.
am saintereso sakiTxis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba mirxondi, romelic qarTvelTa laSqrobas, ahmed jelairis egviptidan wamosvlas da mis mier baRdadis aRebas erTdroulad
gadmogvcems. igi wers: `cnoba movida, rom sulTani ahmedi
misreTidan (egvipte – e.m.) dabrunda da baRdadi daipyro...
omar mirzam brZana, rom omar Tobani, barkas Tuqali da sxva
mxedarTmTavrebi maRzulangurjad wodebuli adgilis dasa1 Фомa Мецопский, История Тимура-Ленга и его преемников, Баку, 1957,
с. 64. l. meliqseT-begs Toma mewofelis Txzulebis qarTul TargmanSi es
adgili gamotovebuli aqvs. Toma mewofeli. Targmani, Sesavali werili da
komentarebi prof. l. meliqseT-begisa, Tb., 1937.
34
cavad wasuliyvnen. amir sunjaki ki uricxvi jaris erTi
nawiliT baRdadSi gagzavna, raTa is vilaieTi sulTnisaTvis
waerTmia~1.
zemoTqmuls Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gamodis, rom mirxondis mier aRwerili epizodi _ qarTvelebis laSqroba da
yara-iusufisa da ahmed jelairis mier baRdadis aReba _
moxda 1406 wlis ivnisSi, klavixo, romelic 1406 wlis
martSi ukve kastiliaSi imyofeboda, ra Tqma unda, Tavis
dRiurebSi veRar Seitanda iseT rames, romelic azerbaijansa
da somxeTSi misi kastiliaSi dabrunebis Semdeg moxda.
vfiqrob, axla ukve darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
klavixo da mirxondi mefe giorgi VII-is mier Turqmanebis
winaaRmdeg mowyobil or sxvadasxva laSqrobaze gadmogvcemen an mirxondma erTmaneTSi auria sxvadasxva dros momxdari ambebi.
radgan klavixos gadmocema sxva werilobiTi wyaroebiT
ar dasturdeba, amitom i. sreznevski giorgi VII-is meTaurobiT mowyobil laSqrobas saeWvod miiCnevda da varauds
gamosTqvamda, klavixom giorgis xom ar miawera Turqmen
yara-iusufis namoqmedario2. rogorc davrwmundebiT, i. sreznevskis mier gamoTqmuli eWvi naCqarevi iyo. ras eyrdnoboda
igi, roca ambobda, rom aseT laSqroba yara-iusufma moawyoo?
yara-iusufi cnobilia, rogorc Temurlengis erT-erTi
Seupovari mowinaaRmdege. igi iyo SavbatknianTa (yara-yoinlu) gaerTianebuli tomebis amira, warmoSobiT baharlus
tomidan. man, ahmed jelaiarTan erTad, Temurisagan devnilma,
jer osmaleTis sulTan baiazid I-s Seafara Tavi3, xolo
1 mirxondi, gv. 511.
2 Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо, c. 411.
3 sayuradReboa, rom farsadan gorgijaniZe Tavis ìstoriaSi~ Temursa da
baiazids Soris omis dawyebis erT-erT mizezad am ukanasknelis mier ahmedis
Sefarebasa da misi TemurisaTvis gadaucemlobas asaxelebs. farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, `saistorio moambe~, nakv. II, 1925, gv.
35
Temuris mier baiazidis damarcxebis Semdeg, egvipteSi gaiqca.
Temuris moTxovniT, egviptis sulTanma farajma igi Seipyro,
ramdenime xans tyveobaSi hyavda da TemurisaTvis gadacemas
apirebda kidec, magram Temuris sikvdilma ixsna. sulTanma
yara-iusufi gaaTavisufla da Tavisuflad moqmedebis saSualeba misca. yara-iusufma Seagrova aTasi mxedari da azerbaijanisaken wavida1.
Temurlengi gardaicvala 1405 wlis 18 Tebervals q.
otraraSi, xolo zemoaRniSnuli laSqroba unda momxdariyo
1405 wlis 19 maissa da 11 ivliss Soris. am droisaTvis ki
yara-iusufi klavixos mier dasaxelebul adgilamde ver
mividoda, jer erTi, imitom rom cnoba Temurlengis sikvdilis Sesaxeb Sua aziidan egviptemde daigvianebda da, meorec, yara-iusufisaTvis saWiro iqneboda garkveuli dro
jaris Sesakrebad. maSin yovelive amis gakeTeba drois mcire
monakveTSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo2.
i. petruSevkis mixedviT, siriidan wamosulma àhmedma da
yara-iusufma 1406 wlis ivnisSi aiRes baRdadi da amis Semdeg dauyovnebliv daiZrnen samxreT azerbaijanisaken. 1406
wlis ivlisis dasasruls orive mokavSire Tavrizs
miuaxlovda~3.
amgvarad qarTvelTa laSqroba Sedga 1405 wlis zafxulSi, xolo ahmed jalairisa da yara-iusufisa ki 1406
wlis zafxulSi.@
cnobilia, rogor Seupovar brZolas awarmoebda qarTveli xalxi giorgi VII-is meTaurobiT dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg jer kidev Temurlengis sicocxleSi.
1403 wels mefe giorgisa da Temurlengs Soris dadebuli zaviT, saqarTvelo Turqmanebis vasalur mdgomareobaSi
rCeboda. zavis dadebis Semdeg Temurs saqarTvelo aRar
daulaSqravs, igi CineTis dasapyrobad wavida. giorgi mefes
saSualeba mieca qveyanaSi mSvidoba daemyarebina, Zalebi
moekriba da Tvalyuri edevnebina amierkavkasiasa da axlo
aRmosavleTSi mimdinare movlenebisaTvis. rogorc Cans mefe
giorgim viTareba xelsayrelad CaTvala da qveynis mtrisagn
gawmendas da erTianobis aRdgenas Seudga.
Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg imperiaSi dawyebul gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas mis memkvidreebs Soris pirvelobisaTvis brZola daerTo, ramac giorgi mefes aqtiuri sagareo
politikis
gatarebis
saSualeba
misca.
man
gaiTvaliswina azerbaijanSi dawyebuli saxalxo moZraobis
mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis da maSinve, 1405 dasawyisSi,
moZraobis meTaurs SirvanSah ibrahims1 daukavSirda. qarTvelma mefem ibrahimTan kavSiri imiTic ganamtkica, rom mas
gadasca cota xnis win dapyrobili ganja da naxWevani2.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
giorgi mefes sworad Seufasebia omar Tobanis morCilebaSi
arsebul teritoriaze Seqmnili viTareba. omar mirzam
yarabaRSi gaigo Tavisi papis sikvdili. man ganizraxa dawyebuli areulobiT esargebla da Tavisi mamis _ miran-Sahis da
ufrosi Zmis _ abubeqris devna daiwyo. man Zma daatyveva da
sulTaniis sapyrobileSi Caagdo, mama ki ver moixelTa3.
miran-Sahis Tavisufleba omaris mdgomareobas aryevda. amiT
iyo gamowveuli, rom man monawileoba ar miiRo mis samflobeloebSi SeWrili qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. imis
fiqric SeiZleba, rom igi qarTvelTa Tavdasxmas SedarebiT
nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebda, vidre sakuTari mamis datyvevebas.
303-304.
1 Enzyklopaedie des Islam, II, Leipzig, 1927, S. 793.
2 Петрушевский И. П., Государство Aзербайджана в XV веке. «Сборник
статей по истории Азербайджана», вып. I, Баку, 1949, с. 156.
3 Тамже, с. 157.
1 Петрушевский И. П., Ук. труд, с. 154; Али – заде, Социально-экономическая и политическая история Азербайджана XIII-XIV вв., Баку, 1965, с.
394.
3 Clavijo, p. 232-233.
36
37
aRwerili viTareba saSualebas aZlevda mefe giorgis
mcire jariT SeWriliyo gandgomili ivane aTabagis samflobeloSi, daemorCilebina igi da laSqroba gaegrZelebina mezobel teritoriebze, miT umetes, rom am droisaTvis
saqarTvelos arc samxreTiT mosazRvre olqebSi da arc
Tvrizis midamoebSi Turqmanebs seriozuli samxedro Zala
ar hyavdaT.
mainc, laSqrobis mTavari mizani saaTabagos Semomtkiceba
unda yofiliyo da ai ratom: mesxeTis mflobeli ivane aTabagi mefe giorgis gadaudga 1402 wels da konstantine batoniSvilTan, mefis ZmasTan, erTad Temurlengs miemxro1.
Temuris saqarTveloSi bolo laSqrobis dros isini mtris
mxares iyvnen2. saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvrisa da qveynis
gulisaken mimavali gzis dacvas didi mniSvneloba hqonda
mefis Semdgomi moqmedebisaTvis. giorgis Semdgom moqmedebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos yarsisa da naxWevanis aReba, rasac mirxondi gadmogvcems.
giorgi VII-is saqarTvelos politikuri gaZlierebisaTvis brZolis miuxedavad, Temuris laSqrobebma qveyanas iseTi daRi daasva, rom misi gamosworeba SeuZlebeli iyo.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos samflobeloebi teritoriulad
Semcirda. odesRac megobruli Tu ymadnafici mezoblebis
adgilas saqarTvelosadmi mtrulad ganwyobili Temuridebi
gabatondnen.
Temuridebis gandevnidan didi xani ar iyo gasuli, rom
saqarTvelos axali mteri gamouCnda yara-yoiunlus (SavbatkninTa) Turqmanebis saxiT. maTTan brZolaSi daiRupnen mefeebi _ giorgi VII (1407 w.) da konstantine (1412 w.).
1 javaxiSvili iv., dasav. naSr., gv. 419.
2 kacitaZe d., ìskanderis anonimis~ cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tsu
Sromebi, 116, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, Tb., 1966, gv. 383; niniZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politika da di plomatia XIV saukunis bolos
da XV saukunis damdegs. qarTuli di plomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb.,
1998, gv. 538-541.
38
2. evropuli antiosmaluri diplomatia da
saqarTvelo (XV s. 50-60-iani wlebis mijna)
osmaleTis mier konstantinopolis dapyrobam da bizantiis imperiis mospobam mTeli qristianuli samyaro sagonebelSi Caagdo. qristianulma saxelmwifoebma TvalnaTliv
dainaxes, rogori didi saSiSroeba emuqreboda maT arsebobasac. amitom iyo, rom konstantinopolidan adrianopolSi
dabrunebul mehmed II-s mezobeli qveynebis elCebi Zvirfasi
saCuqrebiT eaxlnen da morCileba gamoucxades. es iyo
saSineli Zalis winaSe nebayoflobiT qedis moxra. magram
osmaleTis am mezoblebis warmomadgenlebs Soris ar imyofebodnen trapizonisa da saqarTvelos wargzavnilebi.
konstantinopolis dacemam gansakuTrebuli sazrunavi
evropis qveynebis ganviTarebis gzaze damdgar mrewvelobas
da vaWrobas gauCina. amitom iyo, rom mcire aziasa da balkaneTSi osmalebis gabatonebiT yvelaze metad is saxelmwifoebi Sewuxda, romelTa ekonomikuri interesebic ilaxeboda.
dapyrobili
teritoriebidan
osmalebis
gandevna
gadaudebel amocanad iqca, magram am sakiTxis gadaWra
damoukideblad, sxvebis daxmarebis gareSe, maSin arc erT
qveyanas ar SeeZlo. saWiro iyo sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba da maTi dapirispireba
sul ufro mzardi osmaleTisaTvis.
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis dawyebis idea,
iseve rogorc winaT, axlac romis paps ekuTvnoda. sienas
episkoposi eneas silvius pikolomini (SemdegSi papi pius II,
1458-1464), 1454 wels Tavis erT-erT werilSi, romlis
adresati cnobili ungreli humanisti, episkoposi jovani
(ianoS) vitezi iyo, imeds gamosTqvamda, rom Camoyalibdeboda antiosmaluri koalicia, romelSic ungreTTan, germaniasTan da ruseTTan erTad Sevidodnen papi, veneciis respub-
39
lika, trapizonis imperatori da qarTvelTa mefe1. papma
nikoloz V-m evropis mefe-mTavrebs mouwoda, gaerTianebuli ZaliT ebrZolaT mehmed II-is (1444-1446, 1451-1481)
winaaRmdeg. magram am mowodebas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyva.
evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo cdilobda, calke,
sxvebisagan damoukideblad, moegvarebina osmaleTTan Tavisi
urTierToba. ase moiqca, magaliTad, veneciis respublika,
romelic gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo aRmosavleTTan
vaWrobiT.
evropis Zalebis gaTiSvis mizniT, mehmed II, cdilobda
evropis zogierT saxelmwifosTan mainc hqonoda mSvidobiani
urTierToba. marTlac, SesTavazes Tu ara venecielebma mas
xelSekrulebis dadeba, maSinve daTanxmda da 1455 wlis 18
aprils SeTanxmeba gaformda, romlis ZaliT, venecielebs
osmalebis mier dapyrobil teritoriebze vaWrobis ufleba
eZleodaT.
venecielebs esmodaT, rom mehmed II dros mogebas cdilobda da xelSekrulebas pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi
daarRvevda. amitom isini arc osmalebis mowinaaRmdegeebTan
wyvetdnen kavSirs. momdevno wels venecias ukve vxedavT
italiis saxelmwifoebis ligaSi. ligis Seqmnis iniciatori
iyo papi nikoloz V. magram liga papis gardacvalebisTanave
daiSala. axlad arCeulma papma kaliqstus III-m mTeli yuradReba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxs miapyro2 da
maSinve cota xnis winaT daSlili antiosmaluri ligis aRdgenas Seudga. igi amiTic ar dakmayofilda da osmaleTis
mowinaaRmdege araqristianul qveynebSic elCebi daagzavna.
1456 w. kaliqstus III-m cnobili diplomati, franciskanelTa ordenis wevri, ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTSi
1 Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini, Hrsg. R. Wolkan, III. Abteil,
Bd. I, Wien, 1918, S. 551.
2 Hergenröther J., Abriss der Papstgeschichte, Würtzburg, 1879, S. 61; Julien
F. Papes et Sultan, Paris,1879,p. 104.
40
gagzavna1. ludovikos daevala trapizonis, saqarTvelos,
somxeTisa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos mesveurTa azris
Seswavla. paps ainteresebda, rogor pozicias daikavebdnen
isini dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebuli ZalebiT osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevaSi.
evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki papis kuriaSi, cnobili iyo,
rom aRmosavleTSi jer kidev arsebobdnen iseTi qristianuli saxelmwifoebi, romlebic osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad
xelSi iaraRs aiRebdnen2.
ludoviko bolonieli maSinve Seudga mcire aziisa da
amierkavkasiis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis survilis
mqone, magram erTian sabrZolo gegmas moklebuli, samefosamTavroebis darazmvas. imave 1456 wels igi saqarTveloSi
movida da osmalTa winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis Sesaxeb
iqadaga3. ludovikos saqarTveloSi antiosmaluri ganwyoba
daxvda.
1 ludovikos winaprebi boloniidan iyvnen, warCinebuli severis gvaridan.
1438 wels ludovikos ojaxi feraraSi gadasaxlda da amis Semdeg isini warmoSobis adgilis (bolonia) mixedviT, bolonielebad iwodebodnen. Tumca ludoviko, manamdec (1431 wlidan) cnobili iyo. ludoviko bolonielis (lodovico
da Bologna. wesiT, qarTuladac ase unda movixseniebdeT – lodoviko da bolonia, magram qarTulSi m, TamaraSvilis mier damkvidrda `ludoviko bolonieli~) saxeliT. 1431 wlidan ludoviko franciskanelTa ordenis kapitulis
beria. 1437 wels papma evgeni IV-m ludoviko sxva or berTan erTad gaagzavna
aRmosavleTSi. cnobilia, rom am mogzaurobis dros ludoviko imyofeboda
kafasa da ierusalimSi. 1454 wels papma nikoloz V-m ierusalimSi mcxovrebi
ludoviko kaTolikuri rwmenis propagandisaTvis gaagzavna eTiopiasa da indoeTSi, saidanac erTi wlis Semdeg dabrunda. Severi Bargellesi Angolo, Nuovi
documenti su fr. Lodovico da Bologna, al secolo Lodovico Severi, Nuncio Apostolico in
oriente (1455-1457). Archivio franciscanum historicum, 69, 1976, p. 3-14. ludoviko
bolonielis biografiaze vrclad ix. paiWaZe d., evropis qveynebis antiosmaluri koalicia da saqarTvelo, Tb., 1989, gv. 76-80.
2 Breve relazione delle milizia terestre e marittima che ha in essere Amurat II
con le entrate e uscite e ordini del suo imperio nell’ anno 1575. In: Alberi E. Relazioni degli AmbaSciatori Veneti al Senato. Serie III, v. II, Firenze, 1844, p. 408.
3 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме (из истории
Восточного вопроса XV столетия),Прага, 1925, с. 243.
41
ludoviko boloniels aseTive viTareba daxvda axlo
aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSic da igi romSi didad kmayofili
dabrunda.
vidre aRmosavleTis ambebs Seityobda, papma sakuTari
xarjiT ramdenime galera SeaiaraRa da maTi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad gagzavna surda, magram mdgomareoba sul
sxvagvari iyo, vidre papi varaudobda. venecielebma mis mowodebas uariT upasuxes im mizeziT, rom osmaleTTan urTierTobis gauareseba ar surdaT. maTi aRmosavleTTan vaWroba osmalebis mier jerjerobiT ar izRudeboda. genuelebi
TavianTi uSualo mezoblebisagan mosalodneli safrTxis
acilebaze ufro zrunavdnen1.
papi grZnobda, rom evropis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebas ver SeZlebda da imedis Tvali mTlianad aRmosavleTze gadaitana. man 1457 w. scada uSualod daemyarebina
kavSiri ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebel uzun hasanTan2, romlis
saxeli evropaSi ukve sakmaod cnobili iyo.
rogorc ukve iTqva, ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTidan kmayofili dabrunda da paps saqarTvelos Sesaxebac
mravali saintereso cnoba miutana. moxiblulma papma ludovikos ukan, aRmosavleTSi dabruneba ubrZana da Tan werilic gaatana, romeliTac papi sparseTsa da saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb yvela qristian morwmunes mimarTavs. werili daTariRebulia 1457 wlis 19 dekembriT3.
werilidan irkveva, rom ludovikos papisaTvis mouxsenebia: saqarTvelo, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi `barbarosTa da
urwmunoTa simravliT garemoculia, mravlad arian iq kaTo1 Silberschmidt M., Das orientalische Problem zur Zeit der Entstehuing des
Türkische Reiches nach venezianische Quelen, Leipzig-Berlin, 1923, S. 113.
2 Muratori L. A. Geschichte von Italien von Anfange der christliche Zeit-Rechnung bis auf des Jahre 1500. Aus dem italienischen übersetzt, Theil IX, Leipzig,
1750, S. 377.
3 TamaraSvili m., istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902, gv.
51.
42
likeni1 da misdeven WeSmaritebisa da saukuno cxovrebis
gzas~2.
romSi friad kmayofili darCenilan qarTvelebis im surviliTac, rom, paps maTTvis sakuTari patriarqis arCevis
ufleba miucia. man ludovikos gadasca werili, romliTac
igi qarTvelebs uwonebda survils da uflebas aZlevda, patriarqad aerCiaT is pirovneba, visac TviTon inebebdnen da
wardgenili kandidaturis damtkicebasac hpirdeboda. amasTanave papi qarTvelebs sTxovda ludovikosaTvis aRmoeCinaT
daxmareba, raTa mas papis yvela davaleba advilad Seesrulebina3.
paps calke werili gaugzavna samcxis aTabagma yvaryvare
II-m. imave wlis 22 dekembers papma sapasuxo werilic ludovikos gamoatana. werili sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac
masSi gamokveTilad Cans pirvelobis pretenziebiT Sepyrobili aTabagis namdvili saxe. aqve isic Cans, rom papi mzadaa
daakmayofilos aTabagis zogierTi moTxovna, magram is osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad erTad unda iyos `saqarTvelos mefesTan da im adgilebis sxva mmarTvelebsa da qristian erebTan mSvidobis Sesaxeb. am mSvidobis saSualebiT
Tqven advilad SeZlebT SeudgeT urwmuno barbarosTa gawyvetas, romlebic TqvenTan axlos cxovroben. imave nuncios
(ludoviko bolonieli – e.m.) monaTxrobidan SevityveT Seni
piroba gagrZeldes omi yvela qristianis mtris _ Turqis
winaaRmdeg, romelsac, rogorc ambob, brZolis velze yovelTvis amarcxebdi xolme... xolo rac Seexeba SenTvis admiralobis (sic!) anu mTavarsardlobis boZebas mTel samxedro
Zalebze, rasac Tqveni qveynebis qristianebi barbarosebze
salaSqrod moagroveben, Cven Sen amisaTvis sruliad Rirseulad gTvliT da Sen SegiZlia mamaSenis msgavsad mTavar1 am cnobas papisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda.
2 TamaraSvili m,. dasax. naSr., gv. 50-51
3 .iqve, gv. 51.
43
sardali iyo. ase rom, Cven Sen am wodebas giwyalobebT1.
oRondac Tqvens Soris, iqauri qveynebis qristianebs Soris
mSvidoba da Tanxmoba iyos~2. werilSi isicaa naTqvami, rom
papma dasavleTis qristianebsac mouwoda TurqebTan sabrZolvelad da saTanado weriliTac mimarTa, romlis asls,
damajereblobisaTvis, aTabags ugzavnida. àse rom, mTeli
Seni zraxvebi, survilebi da gegmebi urwmunoTa ganadgurebas
miapyari, ise, rogorc ukve dawyebuli gaqvs, im rwmeniT, rom
gamarjveba Sen da sxva qristianebs dagrCebaT, amis Sesaxeb
bevris Tqmaa saWiro, rasac sityvierad gadmogcems Cveni nuncio, romelsac savsebiT SegiZlia endo~ _ ase amTavrebs
Tavis werils papi kaliqstus III3.
papma saTanado werilebiT aRWurvili ludoviko dauyovnebliv aRmosavleTSi gagzavna4, romelmac, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rogorc saqarTveloSi pirvelad yofnisas, axlac
1 yvaryvare aTabagis moTxovna mTavarsardlobaze, ganpirobebuli iyo qarTuli samarTliT (ix. `Ãelmwifis karis garigeba~. wignSi: qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi: 1. Ãelmwifis karis garigeba, 2. dasturlamali. teqstebi gamosacemad
moamzada, gamokvlevebi, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo i. surgulaZem, Tb.,
1970, gv. 24-25). yuradRebas i pyrobs is garemoeba, rom yvaryvare Tavis pretenzias am saxelos memkvidreobiTobiT (mamidan Svilze) gadasvliT amarTlebs.
vfiqrob, papi im laSqris mTavarsardlobaze daTanxmda, romelsac saqarTvelos
samefo-samTavroebi (`Tqveni qveynebi~) Sekrebdnen. vaxuSti batoniSvilis daxasiTebiT, ìyo ese yuaryuare qedmaRali, didebismoyuare, mCurCneli da meSfoTe~ (qarTlis cxovreba, batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier,
Tb., 1973, gv. IV. 704). man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula erTiani qarTuli
feodaluri monarqiis daSlaSi.
2 paiWaZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 84.
3 iqve, gv. 85.
4 m. TamaraSvils miaCnda da misi gavleniT mec ase megona, rom ludovikos aRmosavleTSi gamgzavrebis gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna kaliqstus
III-is sicocxleSi, romelic ludovikos gamgzavrebamde ramdenime dRiT adre
gardaicvala. amitom is axali papis arCevamde romSi dayovnda da Semdeg Sesdga misi gamgzavreba (TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 56; mamisTvaliSvili e.,
saqarTvelos. sgareo politikuri urTierTobani XV saukunis meore naxevarsa
da XVI saukuneSi, Tb., 1981, gv. 41), rasac, moyvanili werili uaryofs.
44
piradad, papis davalebiT (amis Sesaxeb werilSic aRniSnuli
iyo), moinaxula yvaryvare aTabagi da piradad gadasca werili. werilis Sinaarsi da papis dapirebebi unda gamxdariyo
mTavari mizezi aTabagis aqtiurobisa antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad.
ludovikos romidan gamgzavrebis Semdeg, ar gauvlia did
xans, rom 1458 wlis 6 agvistos papi kaliqstus III gardaicvala. 19 agvistos arCeuli iqna pius II (enea silvius
pikolomini), romelmac antiosmaluri jvarosnuli omis
ideis ganxorcielebas kidev ufro energiulad mohkida xeli.
amis Semdeg romSi male dabrunda ludoviko, magram ar Cans
zustad rodis. yovel SemTxvevaSi is oqtombris dasawyisSi
romSia. 4 oqtombers pius II ajamebs da afasebs aRmosavleTSi misi mogzaurobis Sedegebs. papi ludovikos mimarTavs: `Tqven wargzavneT CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis
qveynebSi qristianebrivis sarwmunoebisa da samociqulo saydris pativis saqmeTa gamo; mRvdelT mTavrebi, mefeni da
egreTve qristiane eri, romlebic scxovroben urwmunoTa
Soris, mravlad naxeT iqa, ganamtkiceT da ganaZliereT sarwmunoebaSi, raodnaTac ki SegeZloT... maT Soris arian...
egreTve qarTvelT kaTalikosi, mefe sparseTis (giorgi),
mefe qarTvelebisa (samcxis aTabagi), mefe samegrelosi (bendia), imperatori trapezuntisa da egreTve sparseTis eri
(qarTlis eri), romlebic ekklesiis wessa da dogmatebze
SeerTebulni arian da romlebic did pativscemen wminda
franCeskes monazonebs~1.
dReisaTvis cnobili qarTuli da evropuli wyaroebi ar
gvaZlevs saSualebas darwmunebiT vTqvaT, SeZlo Tu ara ludoviko bolonielma papis epistole samcxis aTabagisaTvis
gadaeca. zogad xazebSi mxolod is viciT, rom ludoviko
boloniels saqarTveloSi feodaluri aSliloba daxvda. erTmaneTs ebrZodnen mefe giorgi VIII, imereTis mefe bagrati da
1 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 51-52.
45
samcxis aTabagi yvaryvare II. ludovikom maTi Serigeba SesZlo
da fici daadebina, rom urTierTmtrobaze xels aiRebdnen da
mTel Zalas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolas moaxmardnen.
saqarTveloSi saqmis mogvarebis Semdeg, ludoviko somxeTsa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos estumra. iqac osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg brZolis Tanxmoba miiRo da rodesac ukan gamobrunda, maTi elCebic Tan wamoiyvana. 1459 w. igi isev saqarTveloSi movida. aq mefe giorgim da yvaryvare aTabagma ludoviko boloniels burgonis hercog filipe keTilisaTvis1
1 fili pe III keTili (1419-1467), burgundiis hercogi iyo 1419 wlidan
da mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli sahercogos gaZliereba da teritoriuli
gavrcoba. aswliani omis dros is jer ingliselebs emxroboda (monawileobda
q. kompienis alyaSi 1430 wels, roca daatyveves Jana d’arki), Semdeg frangebis
mxares gadavida (1435 w.) da pikardiis olqis sanacvlod safrangeTis kanonier
mefed aRiara Sarl VII. fili pe III-m qorwinebis, fulis, daxvewili di plomatiis wyalobiT Tavis samflobeloebs SeuerTa namiuris, enos, zelandiis da
holandiis sagrafoebi, brabantis, limburgisa da luqsemburgis sahercogoebi
da sxv. amgvarad, fili pe III gadaiqca evropaSi erT-erT uZliers mbrZaneblad.
am siZlieris simbolos warmoadgenda mis mier 1429 wels daarsebuli òqros
sawmisis ordeni~.
aswliani omi damTavrebuli ar iyo, rodesac fili pe seriozul interess
amJRavnebda aRmosavleTis sakiTxebisadmi. man 1421 wels, rodesac ingliselebis mxares iyo, osmaleTis Sesaxeb cnobebis mopovebis mizniT, inglisis mcirewlovani mefis henri VI-is regentTan, hercog bedfordTan erTad jilber da
lanua gaagzavna. 1431 wels imave mizniT gagzavnili iqna bedfordis mrCeveli
bertradon de la brokieri. 1443 wels man poloneTis mefe vladislav II-is
da ungreTis voevoda ianoS huniadis dasaxmareblad sazRvao eqspedicia gaagzavna valeran de vavrinis meTaurobiT, magram 1444 w. 10 noembers mokavSireebma
osmalebTan brZolaSi marcxi ganicades. burgundiis eqspediciis xomaldebi
gaifantnen da mZarcvelobas miyves xeli. erT-erTma razmma saqarTvelomdec ki
moaRwia Jofrua de tuzis meTaurobiT da Tavs daesxa baTums, magram guriis
mTavarma daatyveva. tuzis ganTavisufleba moxda mxolod trapizonis keisris
SuamdgomlobiT (Карпов С. П., Трапезунтская империя и западноевропейские
государства в XIII-XV вв., М., 1981, c. 156-157).
fili pe III jer kidev osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aRebamde 1452
wels osmalebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi omis dawyebis iniciativiT gamovida da
am winadadebiT Tavisi episkoposi safrangeTis mefis karze gagzavna (Карпов
С. П., Ук. соч., с. 116).
46
(igi evropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis iniciatorad
gamodioda da mzadyofnasac gamosTqvamda Tavisi SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT aqtiuri monawileba mieRo osmalebis winaaRmdeg omSi) gankuTvnili werilebi gadasces da papis elCs
gamgzavrebisas TavianTi elCebic gaayoles1.
hercog filipesaTvis gankuTvnili werilebiT vigebT,
rom ludoviko bolonielis moRvaweobis Sedegad osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mTeli saqarTvelo darazmula.
brZolis survili ganucxadebiaT: mefe giorgis, aTabag yvaryvares, samegrelos mTavar dadians da guriis mTavars. garda
qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisa, koaliciaSi unda Sesuliyvnen:
trapizonis imperatori, mcire somxeTis mTavari, yaramaniis
amira da ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebeli. dasaxelebuli saxelmwifoebidan gansakuTrebiT arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi trapizonis imperia imyofeboda.
rogorc cnobilia, trapizonis imperia, XIII saukunis
dasawyisSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uSualo monawileobiT Camoyalibda da misTvis, am erTmorwmune da qarTuli
samefo karis monaTesave qveyanas, didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
es patara saxelmwifo, Tavisi xelsayreli geografiuli
mdebareobis wyalobiT, gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda evropisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis _ iranis, indoeTis, CineTis _ savaWro urTierTobaSi. satranzito vaWroba mas did
Semosavals aZlevda. es ki sxva garemoebebTan erTad, sxvisi
teritoriebis ZarcviT dainteresebuli osmaleTisaTvis,
trapizonis imperiis winaaRmdeg dapyrobiTi omis dasawyebad
sakmao mizezs warmoadgenda. miuxedavad amisa, osmalebisagan
ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe mdgom trapizonis imperiaSi
Sinagani Zalebis mobilizacia ki ara, piriqiT, decentralizacia xdeboda. misi mmarTveli wreebi osmaleTis Tavdasxmis
mogeriebas mxolod evropisa da aRmosavleTis Zalebis gaer1 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 57-59. elCebi foTidan gemiT gaemgzavrnen, md. dunais ahyvnen da ungreTSi mividnen. Карпов С. П., УК. труд, с, 199.
47
TianebaSi da maTze dayrdnobiT, osmaleTis ganadgurebaSi
xedavdnen. aseTi Sexeduleba imperator ioane IV-is dros
(1446-1458) Camoyalibda. am mizniT daamyara ioanem urTirToba uzun hasanTan, rac bolos ioanes qaliSvilis Teodoras masze gaTxovebiT kidev ufro ganmtkicda. rogorc Tanamedrove anonimi avtori gadmogvcems, uzun hasanma ioanes
osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi yovelgvari daxmareba aRuTqva1.
ioanes saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebisagan daxmarebis miRebis imedic hqonda. saqarTvelos samefo karTan naTesaur
kavSirSi iyo. mas colad hyavda mefe aleqsandre I-is asuli2.
ioanes gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma Zmam, daviTma ioanes
politika gaagrZela da yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, raTa
osmalebis Tavdasxmas trapizoni momzadebuli daxvedroda.
sakuTari Zalebi rom ar hyofnida, daviTma saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan mravali mebrZoli daiqirava3. iaraRi
veneciisa da genuis gemebiT mozides da qalaqis kedlebze
qvemexebi daayenes. marTalia, uzun hasani trapizonis saxelmwifos exmareboda, magram imdenad mcired, rom komnenosebi
iZulebulni gaxdnen kilikiis, sinopisa da yaramaniis mTavrebisTvis daxmareba eTxovaT, magram im dros isini imdenad
dasustebulni iyvnen, rom maTgan seriozuli daxmarebis
miReba saeWvo Canda. imave dros daviT komnenosi molaparakebas awarmoebda saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII-sTan, dadianTan da yvaryvaresTan. man arc kavkasiis mTielebi datova
Txovnis gareSe da maT mefe giorgis droSis qveS gaerTianebisaken mouwoda. giorgi VIII-is antiosmaluri ganwyobileba
maSin, albaT, cnobili iyo.
qarTvelebs osmaleTis ganadgurebis sakuTari gegma hqondaT. iv. javaxiSvili werda: `qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs undodaT saqme ise moewyoT, rom osmalTa sruli damarcxeba,
saboloo ganadgureba da TviT saxseneblis mospobac ki SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo. amisaTvis qarTvelebs osmalTa winaaRmdeg erTmaneTTan Tanxmobrivi moqmedeba miaCndaT saWirod ise, rom osmaleTisaTvis orTave mxriT SeetiaT da
samxedro moqmedeba ewarmoebinaT~1. yvaryvare aTabagi burgonis hercogs acnobebda: àmasac gpirdebiT, rom erTi zafxulis ganmavlobaSi davipyroT mTlad anatolia da yvela
qveynebi, romelic konstantinepolel osmalos am mxares
uWiravs, xolo imis meore kerZo adgilebi, romlebic saberZneTia da romelsac Savi zRva hyofs, Tqven dagitoveT
dasapyrobad; misi aReba advili iqneba, radgan, rodesac sulTani ase or jars Sua moeqceva, veRar gauZaldeba, male
daiZleva da, amnairad, mis saxels qveyanaze movspobT~2.
gagzavnili werilebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi im droisaTvis sakmaod didi SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyvanas kisrulobdnen. burgonis hercogisadmi
gagzavnili werilidan Cans, maT rogori wvlilis Setana
surdaT osmalebis saboloo ganadgurebis saqmeSi. mefe giorgi werda: `me TviTon piradad 40.000 kaciT unda wavide...
samegrelos mefe bediani mzad aris mTeli Tavisi jariT;
yvaryvare, saqarTvelos xelmwife TviT modis 20.000 cxenosniT; anakosiis xelmwife raba (fabia) Semogvpirda wamosvlas Tavisi ZmebiT, TavadebiT da mTeli Tavisi samxedro
ZaliT~3.
werilSi ar aris aRniSnuli ramdeni mebrZoli unda
gaeyvana samegrelos mTavars. iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT,
1 Ramusio G. B. Seconda volume della Navigationi et Viaggi…, Venezia, 1559,
p. 84r.
2 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, München,
1827, S. 260.
3 Ibidem, S. 262.
1 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 68.
2 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 58-59. m. TamaraSvilis mier Targmnili
dokumenti rodesac originals Sevadare aRmoCnda, rom maT Soris mcire sxvaoba iyo da Sevecade saintereso adgilebi damezustebina.
3 iqve, gv. 59-60, 596-597.
48
49
samegrelo-afxazeTis mTavrebs 10.000-mde mebrZoli unda
gaeyvanaT da amrigad, mTlianad saqarTvelos laSqari 70.000mde kacs Seadgenda1.
qarTvelTa laSqris sul sxva raodenobaa trapizonis
imperatoris daviT komnenosis 1459 w. 22 aprils imave filipe burgonelisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi. masSi naTqvamia,
rom giorgi gaiyvanda 60.000 mebrZols, yvaryvare _ 20.000,
samegrelos mTavari Tavis SvilTan erTad _ 60.000, afxazeTis mTavari Tavisi ZmebiTa da TavadebiT _ 30.0002.
gamodis, rom qarTvelTa laSqris raodenoba 170.000
kacs miaRwevda. amas daemateboda jiqebisa da alanebis razmebic, romlebic saqarTvelos laSqars SeuerTdebodnen da
mefe giorgis droSis qveS iomebdnen.
albaT, sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyos jaris is raodenoba, romelic dasaxelebulia mefe giorgis werilSi. trapizonis imperatori, savaraudoa, Segnebulad azviadebda laSqris
raodenobas, raTa STabeWdileba moexdina burgonis hercogze
da isic mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobiT daxmareboda koalicias.
sainteresoa, vin iyvnen mefe giorgis werilSi dasaxelebuli mokavSireni.
mefe giorgi, romelic Tavis Tavs `persTa (e.i. sparsTa)
mefes~ uwodebda, iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, werilis dedanSi, àfxazTa mefe~ ewereboda, magram gadamwerma daamaxinja3. marTlac, aq rom aleqsandre didis Zeze, mefe giorgizea laparaki, amaze miuTiTebs m. TamaraSvilis amonaweri
vadingos analebidan, romelsac Semdeg gavecnobiT.
samegrelos mTavari bediani (an bendiani), yvaryvares
werilSi mefis tituliT gandidebuli, am periodisaTvis
saqarTvelos erT-erTi Zlieri mTavarTagani iyo.
samcxe-saaTabago XV s. meore naxevarSi damoukidebel
1 javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris istoria, IV, gv. 69.
2 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Op. cit., S. 267.
3 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., , gv. 67.
50
politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. aTabag yvaryvare II didis dros samcxe-saaTabagom Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals miaRwia. aTabagi mefisagan damoukidebel sagareo politikas
atarebda. yvaryvares Zlierebaze miuTiTebs Tundac is faqti,
rom igi evropaSi mefed iyo cnobili.
yvaryvare Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilobda saqarTvelos sxva politikur erTeulebzec. XV s. meore naxevarSi, rogorc Cans, aTabagis xelisufleba dasavleTiT Savi
zRvispireTis garkveul nawilzec vrceldeboda. m. broses
mixedviT, baTumi 1459 w. ukve yvaryvares mflobelobaSi yofila, magram im wyaroTi, romelsac igi eyrdnoboda, amgvari
daskvnis gakeTeba ver xerxdeba1. ambrojo kontarinim 1474
wlis zafxulSi saqarTveloSi imogzaura da baTumSic iyo.
misi TqmiT, yvaryvares Savi zRvis piras ori qalaqi: baTumi
da kaltixea ekuTvnoda2.
TiTqosda kontarinis cnobis sawinaaRmdegos gadmogvcems
barbaro, roca igi aRniSnavs, rom samegrelos mTavari bediani Savi zRvis piras flobs baTumsa da sevastopoliss3. ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom am SemTxvevaSi barbaros sxva periodi aqvs mxedvelobaSi. savaWro saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT
barbaro saqarTveloSi, kerZod, mis Savi zRvis sanapiroebze,
ramdenjerme iyo. aseT saqmianobas ki igi 1436-1451 wlebSi
eweoda. Tavis `mogzaurobaSi~ saqarTvelos Sesaxeb cnobebs,
1 m. broses varaudiT, yvaryvares werili burgonis hercogisaTvis gaigzavna baTumidan, rac imis sabuTad miaCnda, rom baTumi yvaryvares mflobelobaSi
iyo. m. brose amis gamo werda: `Sa lettre est datè da Bata, en Carceche, que je crois
etre Batou, dans la principautè d’Akhal-Tzikhe~ (Brosset M. Additions et éclaircissements jusqu’en 1469 de J.C., St.-Petersbbourg, 1851, p. 409). unda SevniSno,
rom aRniSnuli werili broses Tavis TxzulebaSi srulad ar aqvs moyvanili.
m. TamaraSvilis wignSi ki laTinur enaze mocemul imave werilSi baTumi saerTod naxsenebi ar aris. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom m. brosem laTinuri wyaros
`Vata in Carceche~ gadmoiRo rogorc `Bata en Carceche~ (ix. TamaraSvili m.
dasax. naSromi, gv. 394-3 96.).
2 Ramusio, 114 v.
3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 55.
51
garda erTisa, romelic uzun hasanis 1477 wlis Semosevas
asaxavs, Setanilia Txzulebis pirvel nawilSi, romelsac
ewodeba `mogzauroba tanaSi~.
26 wlis Semdeg (1477 w.) barbaros kidev mouxda yofna
saqarTveloSi, magram maSin mas aRar hqonda saSualeba
amjerad saintereso adgilebis Sesaxeb cnobebi Seegrovebina.
amas garda saWiroa isic gavixsenoT, rom barbarom Tavisi
`mogzauroba~ sicocxlis bolo periodSi aRwera, maSin,
rodesac kontarini `dRiurebs~ adgilzeve adgenda. amitom
kontarinis dRiurebi, am SemTxvevaSi, ufro sandoa.
kontarini baTumis Sesaxeb saxvaganac gvawvdis cnobas,
romelic kidev ufro gvarwmunebs, rom es Savi zRvispira
qalaqi aTabags ekuTvnoda1. yvaryvare, saqarTvelos mTavari,
samcxe-saaTabagos mflobeli, antiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmniT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli Cans.
qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris dasaxelebuli rabia, m.
TamaraSvils afxazeTis mTavari egona, iv. javaxiSvilma ki
igi anakofiis erisTavad ivarauda2. orive mecnieris mosazreba sworia. mxolod dazustebis mizniT unda iTqvas, rom
rabia afxazebiT dasaxlebuli mTeli teritoriis erisTavi
ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod im nawilisa, romelic sabedianoSi ar Sedioda, mas afxazeTis saerisTavo ewodeboda da
XV s. meore naxevarSi damoukideblobas inarCunebda. afxazeTis saerisTavo gadaWimuli iyo anakofiidan nikofsiamde3.
Anocacia, Anocasia da Angosia rom namdvilad anakofias niSnavs, amaze miuTiTebs jorjo interianos Agaxia-c, romelic,
misive TqmiT, CerqezeTs esazRvreboda da kolxeTis nawils
Seadgenda4. venecieli diplomati ambrojo kontarinic
1 Ramusio, p. 119 r-119 v.
2 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 58; javaxiSvili iv. dasax. naSr., gv.
68.
3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Сухуми, 1959, c. 177.
4 Interiano Giorgio. La vita et sito de Zichi, chiamati Circassi, historia nobile,
52
saqarTvelo-CerqezeTis gzaze asaxelebs erT geografiul
punqts, romelsac Avogasia erqva1. udavoa yvela zemoCamoTvlili saxelis msgavseba sxvadasxva periodis italiur rukebze anakofiis aRniSvnasTan (Avogaxia, Anagsia, Avogia), rac
cxadyofs iv. javaxiSvilis varaudis safuZvlianobas.
1460 w. saqarTvelos elCebi romSi mividnen da paps warudgines mokavSireTa gansxvavebuli sia, vidre es burgonis
hercogisTvis gagzavnil werilebSia mocemuli. maT paps
moaxsenes, rom `CvenTan mokavSireebad arian: bendas _ samegrelosa da afxazeTis mefe; bagrati _ iberTa, romlebic
exla giorgianebad iwodebian da mania _ guriis erisTavi;
ismaili _ sinopis batoni; kastimene, romlis mama spediari
iyo; fabia _ angoziis mTavari; kilikiis mTavari yaramani~2.
rogorc werilebidan da elCebis papTan gancxadebidanac
Cans, `qarTveli politikosebi marto qristian mezoblebTan
TanamSromlobiT ar dakmayofilebulan da TavianTi gegma
sarwmuneobrivi zRudeebiT ki ar SemoufarglavT, aramed am
saqmis ganxorcielebis dros safuZvlad politikuri TvalsazrisiT uxelmZRvaneliaT~3. werilebSi, marTalia zogadad,
mocemulia osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis gegmac da TiToeuli mokavSiris movaleoba.
yvaryvare II aTabagis werilis mixedviT, 1459 w. uzun
hasanic antiosmalur koaliciaSi imyofeboda. `radgan hasanbeg aqeT mxares, konstantinopoleli osmalebis sazRvarzed
aris, _ werda yvaryvare, _ dagvpirda, rom gzas mogvcems,
raTa anatolia davipyraT da TviTonac piradad unda movides
Venezia, Aldus, 1502, p. 6.
1 Ramusio, p. 119 v.
2 vadingos `mcire analebidan~ amoRebul sabuTSi, sadac CamoTvlilia mokavSireebi, m. TamaraSvils Tavis ìstoria kaTolikobisasa~-Si, gamotovebuli
aqvs adgilebi. misi aRdgena m. TamaraSvilis fondSi daculi masalebiT xerxdeba. ix. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa
instituti: m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053.
3 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 70.
53
CvenTan yoveli Tavisi jariT asaRebad bursis qalaqisa, raTa
igi TavisTvis daikavos. eseTi kavSiri masTan im pirobiT
davdeT, rom mudam iqnes qristianobis didi megobari; egreTve
ukeT Tqven laTinis mbrZaneblebi da erni wamoxvalT wminda
adgili ierusalimis dasapyrobad, is valdebulia yovelnairad SegewiosT Tqven, raodnaTac ki SeuZlia~1.
koaliciis aRmosavleli wevrebis jaris saerTo raodenobis dasadgenad saWiroa davubrundeT mefe giorgis mier burgonis hercog filipesaTvis gagzavnil werils. masSi naTqvamia, rom trapizonis imperators 30 xomaldi da 20 aTasi
mebrZoli unda gaeyvana, mcire somxeTis mflobels berdebeks
_ 20 aTasi mebrZoli2, xolo uzun hasans ki _ 50 aTasi3.
amgvarad, aRmosavlel mokavSireTa laSqarSi iqneboda
daaxloebiT 160 aTasi meomari, rac, rogorc Cans, maT sakmarisad ar miaCndaT da 1459 wels evropaSi elCoba gagzavnes, romelSic koaliciis TiTqmis yvela wevris warmomadgeneli Sevida.
elCobas miuZRvoda ludoviko bolonieli, romelsac,
rogorc papi pius II burgonis hercogs acnobebda, aRmosavleTis mefe-mTavrebis antiosmalur koaliciaSi CabmasTan
erTad maTi warmomadgenlebis evropaSi Cayvanac evaleboda4.
evropaSi `daviT trapizonis imperatori gzavnis mixeil
aldigiers; giorgi persTa, didi armeniis da mcire iberiis
mefe, romlis mama aleqsandre iyo, nikoloz Tbilels; aseve
imperatoris siZe (uzun hasani – e.m.), mesopotamiis mefe,
Tumca araqristiani, magram qristianebis megobari, romlis
1 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 58, 595.
2 Ibidem, S. 267
3 T. uspenski asaxelebs 20 galeras da 20 aTas mebrZols (Успенский Ф.
Р., Очерки из истории Трапезунтской империи, Л., 1929, с. 135). iv. javaxiSvili
imave werilze dayrdnobiT wers, TiTqos imperators 30 xomaldi da 30 aTasi
meomari unda gamoeyvana (javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 70). sinamdvileSi ki
isea, rogorc aRvniSne (ix. TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 59, 596).
4 Ibidem, S. 268.
54
mama Turqmani karailuki iyo _ Turqman mahumuts; yvaryvare,
romelic did iberias flobs, romlis mama gacabeki iyo,
qasqadan axalcixels; somxeTis batoni _ malus armeniels~1.
elCebi jer saqarTveloSi Seikribnen, Semdeg Crdilo
kavkasiaSi gadavidnen, gaiares samxreT ruseTis velebi da
mividnen tanaSi, gadalaxes md. doni, ayvnen md. dunais da
ungreTamde miaRwies2.
savaraudoa, elCebi gzaSi molaparakebas awarmoebdnen sxvadasxva qveynebis politikur mesveurebTan, magram amis damadasturebeli raime sabuTi cnobili ar aris. Tvals Tu gadavavlebT XV s. 50-ian wlebSi im qveynebis mdgomareobas,
sadac elCebs yofna mouxdaT da molaparakebebic unda ewarmoebinaT, maSin gasagebi gaxdeba rogori mxardaWera SeiZleboda mieRoT.
ungreTi didad dainteresebuli iyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis gaSliT. mefe matiaS korvinma elCebi
guliTadad miiRo da dapirda, mxars dauWerda saerTo saqmes3,
magram maSin igi gadaudebeli problemebiT dakavebuli iyo.
kerZod, imperatori fridrix III habsburgi mas taxts ecileboda.
elCebi germaniSi eaxlnen fridrix III (1452-1493) habsburgs. mis mier elCebis miReba da maTTan ganxiluli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gadmocemulia imperatoris mier giorgi VIII-sa
1 saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa
instituti: m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 30. Sdr. falmeraieris naSromSi
(Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Op. cit., S. 268) mocemuli papis werili burgonis hercogisadmi, sadac arc yvela elCia dasaxelebuli da saxelebic damaxinjebulia.
2 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 31. gansxvavebuli marSruti warmoadgina l. tardim: elCebi foTidan gemiT gaemgzavrnen, md. dunais ahyvnen
da ungreTSi mividnen. tardi l., veneciis roli ungreTTan saqarTvelosa da
sparseTis urTierTobaSi. krebulSi: evropis qveynebis istoriis problemebi,
II, Tb., 1978, gv. 199.
3 Breyer A., Ludovico da Bologna and the Georgian Embassy of 1460-61. In
`Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvélologiè~, XIX-XX (1965), Paris, 1965, p. 181.
55
da yvaryvare II aTabagisaTvis gagzavnil werilebSi, romlebic daTariRebulia 1460 wlis 17 oqtombriT. fridrixi
iwonebs im enTuziazms rac qarTvelebs osmalebis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad gamoumJRavnebiaT. misi azriT es xels Seuwyobda dasavleTis qristianebis darazmvasac1. aseTi zogadi
frazebia imperatoris werilebSi, maTSi arc erTi konkretuli winadadeba an dapireba ar aris.
elCebi Semdeg italiisaken gaeSurnen. veneciis senatma
maT Rirseuli miReba mouwyo, razec mniSvnelovani gavlena
unda moexdina yvaryvare aTabagis mier veneciis doJisaTvis
gagzavnil werils. aTabags pirvel rigSi ainteresebda Sedegebi mantuis saeklesio krebisa, romelic miznad isaxavda
antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas. àmisaTvis gTxovT, _ wers
yvaryvare, _ keTili ineboT da SematyobinoT, Tu ra Rones
xmarobT konstantinopolis dasabruneblad, raTa me Cemis
mxriv, Cemi valis moxda SevZlo~. imave dros yvaryvare doJs
acnobebs, rom ludoviko bolonielis CagonebiT Seurigda
mefe giorgis, mefe bagrats, bedians da amis Semdeg àqaurma
yvela qristianma~ gaaforma xelSekruleba mTeli TavianTi
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg gamosayvanad,
`rodesac Tqveni brwyinvaleba da papi Segvatyobinebs dros,
dResa da saaTs galaSqrebisaTvis~.
amave werilSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs
saqarTvelos yvaryvareseuli dayofa ufros-umcrosobis
mixedviT. yvaryvares Tavis Tavi saaTabagos sruluflebian
baton-patronad miaCnia, maSin rodesac, misi azriT, guria da
afxazeTi `samarTlianad~ iTvleba mefe giorgis qveSevrdomad, bediani, samegrelos batoni ki imereTis mefe bagratis morCilia. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom yvaryvares am
werilis toni, adrindelTan SedarebiT, iseTia TiTqos samcxis aTabagi aris aRmosavleTis koaliciis SeiraRebuli
Zalebis sardalic da politikuri lideric: ìmperatori
1 paiWaZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 91-92.
56
trapezundisa, misi siZe uzun hasani da berdebek armenieli
damoyvrdnen da Segvpirdnen mogvcen gza xmeleTsa da zRvaze
da mTeli TavianTi ZalebiT CvenTan erTad maTi mtrebis _
otomani Turqebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. ase rom, RmerTis
wyalobiT vimedovnebT davipyroT anatolia, Tqvens brwyinvalebas ki vTxovT keTili ineboT da mTeli Zalebi konstantinopolis aRebas moaxmaroT~1.
veneciis respublika am dros jer kidev mSvidobiani
gziT cdilobda osmaleTTan savaWro da politikuri sakiTxebis mogvarebas. am mizans emsaxureboda 1460 wels veneciaosmaleTis 1454 wlis xelSekrulebis ganaxleba. venecielebma aRmosavlel elCebTan respublikisaTvis yvelaze saintereso
sakiTxze, vaWrobaze, daiwyes saubari2, magram raze SeTanxmdnen ucnobia. cxadia venecia omSi ar Caebmeoda da arc amgvar dapirebas miscemda elCebs.
1460 wlis dekemberSi elCebi florenciaSi yofilan.
florencielebs, aRmosavleTTan vaWrobiT venecielebze
aranakleb dainteresebulebs, trapizonis elCTan 14-15 dekembers savaWro xelSekruleba gauformebiaT3. elCebma, rodesac TavinT mTavrebTan wasaRebi da papTan sarekomendacio
werilebi miiRes, isini romis gzas daadgnen. 1460 wlis 20
dekembers maT roms miaRwies, sadac `maT miegeben sasuliero
dasni da episkoposebi da didis pativiT miiRes, rogorc mefeTa elCni, daayenes samTavro saxlebSi da mTavrobis xarjiTve Seinaxes~4.
audienciis dros saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebma pap pius
II-s ganucxades, rom qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi mxars uWerdnen
1 iqve, gv. 94-95.
2 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 31.
3 xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, florencielebs trapizonSi saqonlis sawyobisa da sakonsulos qonebis ufleba eZleodaT. maT Semotanil saqonelze Rirebulebis 20% unda gadaexadaT, gatanilze ki gadasaxadi ar vrceldeboda. Heyd
W. Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart, 1879, S.362-363.
4 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 61.
57
1459 wlis mantuis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebas,
romelic osmaleTis winaaRmdeg koaliciis Seqmnasa da
jvarosnuli omis dawyebas isaxavda miznad. ès ambavi Zlier
esiamovnaT Cvens mTavrebs, _ uTxres paps qarTvelebma, _
radgan maT sZulT osmalebi da Tqven ki uyvarxarT da pativs gcemen ise, rogorc qristes nacvalsa: mzad arian
Tqveni brZanebis aRsrulebisaTvis. Cvens mTavrebs erTmaneTSi
mZulvareba da omi hqondaT, magram Tqvenma nunciom ra ubrZana, maSinve Serigdnen da aw mzad arian dauwyon omi osmalebs, rodesac ki Tqven ubrZanebT~1. maT paps isic moaxsenens, rom aRmosavleTSi mehmed II-is winaaRmdeg saomrad 120
aTasi meomari gamzadebuli iyo. amave dros qarTvelebs TavianTi moTxovnac wauyenebiaT: maT osmaleTTan omSi mxolod
dasavleT
evropis
saxelmwifoebis
monawileoba
ar
akmayofilebdaT. isini moiTxovdnen, rom omSi papsac mieRo
monawileoba. isini paps eubnebodnen, Cven oms maSin daviwyebT, `rodesac Tqven inebebT da Tqvenc dasavleTelebTan
erTad eomebiT osmalebs~2. papi friad kmayofili darCa
qarTvelebis gulmodginebiT da maT ar daumala, evropis
saxelmwifoebis meTaurebma rogori uyuradReboba gamoiCines
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis ideisadmi. man
elCebs urCia, safrangeTis mefe da burgonis hercogi piradad moenaxulebinaT da molaparakebodnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi
isini, rogorc papma uTxra, mxardaWeras aucileblad moipovebdnen. elCebis moTxovna, rom paps gzis xarjebi aenazRaurebina, daakmayofiles. maT sxva aRaraferi darCenodaT
garda imisa, rom safrangeTisaken gzas dasdgomodnen3. safrangeTisaken mimavali elCebi, papisagan sarekomendacio
werilebiT aRWurvilni ewvivnen florerncias (1461 w.
Tebervali) da milans (marti).
1 iqve, gv. 61-62.
2 iqve, gv. 62.
3 iqve, gv. 63.
58
1461 wlis maisSi1 elCebi safrangeTis mefe Sarl VII
valuas winaSe wardgnen da TavianTi misvlis mizezi moaxsenes. am vizitidan SemogvrCa aRmosavleli elCebis saintereso daxasiaTebebi. mematiane swers: `mivyveT elCTa saxelebs: pirveli iyo antioqiis patriarqi, ewodeboda Zma lui
de bolonia, iyo kordilieri2, hgavda keTilSobil prelats,
atarebda kordilierebis samoss da sruliad ar icoda laTinuri, magram laparakobda berZnulad da cota italiurad,
iyo doqtori da elCobis Tavi.
agreTve iyo raindi, saxelad miqaeli, romelic iyo
trapizonis imperatoris wargzavnili, iyo mSvenieri raindi,
didi da sapativcemlo, Wkviani da kargi Sinaarsis adamiani.
agreTve iyo sxva raindic, saxelad metr3 nikoli, warmogzavnili elCad sparsTa mefis mier. igi iyo lamazi kaci,
axovani, Zveleburi da mSvenieri manerebiT.
agreTve iyo kidev erTi elCi, saxelad metr kastodinesi, saqarTvelosa da mesopotamiis mefis elCi. iyo Cinebuli
kaci, Cinebuli manerebiT, didi da msxvili, kefis tonzuraze4
ori gvirgvini hqonda, ori sayure yurebSi, iyo qosa, rogorc
ymawvili an qondriskaci; magram miuxedavad amisa, Sesaxedavad mSvidi da saTno.
agreTve iyo kidev erTi elCi, saxelad mahoni, romelic
iyo mcire TurqTa (ay-yoiunlus _ e.m.) elCi didi Turqebis
winaaRmdeg. mcire Turqebs surdaT qristianebTan erTad
gaelaSqraT didi Turqebis winaaRmdeg da isini amisaTvis
50.000 kacs gamoiyvandnen.
agreTve iyo erTi raindi, saxelad mamarti; igi somexTa
1 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 363.
2 franciskanelebis samonazvno ordenis ganStoeba.
3 metri (frang.) maswavlebeli, damrigebeli; pativiscemiT mimarTva adamianisadmi, romelic gansakuTrebuli niWiTaa dajildoebuli mecnierebis, xelovnebis an literaturis dargSi.
4 tonzura (laT. varcxniloba) amoparsuli adgili Txemze, romelic miuTiTebs kaTolikuri samRvdeloebisaTvis mikuTvnebulobaze.
59
mefis elCi iyo, mxiaruli, Wkviani da keTilSobili kaci,
gamoirCeoda sxvadasxva instrumentze dakvris ostatobiT.
agreTve iyo sxva raindic, saxelad mesir hansi, romelic
iyo ioane presviteris elCi, gasaocrad didi swavluli da
Cinebuli astrologi~1.
safrangeTis mefem osmaleTTan omze uari ganacxada. amisaTvis mas seriozuli mizezi hqonda: safarangeTs aswliani
omis Wrilobebi jer kidev ar moeSuSebina da arc misi
saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi ar moiTxovda osmaleTis sawinaaRmdego omSi Cabmas.
elCebma imave TveSi burgonis hercogi filipe sent-omerSi inaxules. hercogma kargad miiRo isini, magram Sarl
VII-is msgavsad manac ganacxada, koaliciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
me araferi vicio2.
elCebi flandriaSic iyvnen. maT gentSi 4-8 ivlisi gatares.
elCebis safrangeTSi yofnis dros gardaicvala Sarl
VII da taxti daikava lui XI, romlis mefed kurTxevis
ceremonials reimsSi isinic daeswrnen3.
rodesac papma lui XI-s osmaleTis winaaRmdeg jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileoba SesTavaza, man maSinve Tanxmoba ganacxada da 70 aTasi meomris gamoyvanasac dahpirda,
samagierod iseTi moTxovnebi wamoayena, romlis dakmayofileba papis Zalebs aRemateboda.
lui XI-sac mxolod Tavisi samefos interesebi amoZravebda da mas sruliad ar awuxebda `meore romis~ (konstantinopoli) da arc `qristes saflavis~ (ierusalimis)
bedi. elCebma inaxules axlad nakurTxi mefe, misgan daxmarebis piroba ver miiRes da èsreT sul carielni da daR-
1 paiWaZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 106.
2 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 363-364.
3 TamaraSvili m., dasx. naSr., gv. 63.
60
onebulni ukan gamobrundnen~1. isini 1461 wlis 27 oqtombers milanSi mividnen, xolo 20 noembers ukve romSi iyvnen.
papma elCebi civad miiRo, risTvisac mas, rogorc Cans, safuZvliani argumentebi hqonda. yvelaferi ludoviko bolonielis avantiurasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. fiqrobdnen, rom
aRmosavlur problemebsa da elCebs ludoviko piradi miznebisaTTvis, kerZod, patriarqis taxtis mosapoveblad iyenebda. amaze dawvrilebiT sxva dros iTqmeva.
elCebi evropidan samSobloSi daxmarebis miRebis imeddakargulni dabrundnen. rac dro gadioda osmaleTi miT
ufro Zlierdeboda da misTvis seriozuli mowinaaRmdege
arc dasavleTSi da arc aRmosavleTSi jerjerobiT aravin
Canda.
ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo mxolod maSin iwyebda gaZlierbas da osmaleTTan arsebuli winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvas misTvis didi mniSvnelona hqonda. garda imisa, rom sul ufro
mzardi osmaleTisagan mis samflobeloebsac saSiSroeba
emuqreboda, TviTon ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoc, osmalebis
saxelmwifos zogierTi teritoriis dapyrobas fiqrobda.
rogorc yvaryvares werilSia naTqvami, uzun hasans im droisaTvis udidesi savaWri centris, q. bursis dapyroba surda.
igi aseve yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa mehmed II ar dapatroneboda trapizons, romlis saSualebiTac ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifo evropasTan vaWrobda.
sulTani saqmis kursSi iyo Tavisi mtrebis saqmianobis
Sesaxeb. man maTi cal-calke ganadgureba ganizraxa da, pirvel
rigSi, maxvili trapizonisken mimarTa. trapizonis dapyrobiT mehmed II erTdroulad or did saqmes gaakeTebda: jer
erTi, igi mospobda trapizonis imperias, rogorc mters da,
meorec, amave RonisZiebiT daasustebda ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos.
trapizonis dacema imperatorma daviTma Tavisi utaqto
1 TamaraSvili m., dasx. naSr., gv. 63.
61
moqmedebiTac daaCqara. mokavSireebisagan daxmarebis dapirebiT gadidgulebulma daviTma uzun hasanis elCebis piriT
sulTans yovelwliuri gadasaxadis gauqmeba mosTxova1.
uzun hasanis Suamdgomlobam da imperatoris pretenziebma sulTnis ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. man didi jaris Sekreba
brZana, magram mizani aravis gaumxila2, radgan mezoblebis
mier trapizonisaTvis daxmarebas gamoricxulad ar Tvlida.
amitom sulTanma gegma Secvala da Tavdapirvelad trapizonis mokavSireebis Semusvra ganizraxa.
mehmed II-m jer sinopis saamiros Seutia, romelic trapizonis uaxloesi mezobeli da mokavSire iyo. osmalebma sinopi aiRes 1461 wels da uzun hasanis samflobeloebisaken
gaemarTnen.
uzun hasanma konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareeba arCia
da mehmed II-sTan mosalaparakeblad Tavisi deda sara-xaTuni
gaagzavna. XV s. bizantieli istorikosis laonike xalkokondiles gadmocemiT, mehmeds sara-xaTunisaTvis ganucxadebia: igi im SemTxvevaSi gabrundeboda ukan. `Tu uzun hasanic, Tavis mxriv, pirobas dadebda, rom mis teritoriebs ar
daesxmoda da mxardaWeras da daxmarebas ar gauwevda trapizonis mefes~3. rogorc Cans mSvidobiani SeTanxmeba ar moxerxda. mehmed II-m erzinjanTan daamarcxa uzun hasani da ukan
gabrunda.
meore bizntieli istorikosis dukas cnobiT, sparseTidan wamosuli sulTani Tavis laSqriT saqarTveloSi Semosula. es istorikosi wers, rom mehmedma `ganvlo armenia,
gadalaxa md. fazisi, zogierTi qveyana brZoliT aiRo, xolo
1 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, VIII.
berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s.
yayxCiSvilma, Tb., 1970, gv. 111.
2 Chalcocondilae Laonici. De rebus turcicis, Bonae, 1838, p. 492. `georgikis~
me-8 tomSi, sadac laonike xalkokondiles Txzulebis qarTuli Targmania, es
adgili gamotovebulia.
3 georgika, VIII. gv. 32.
62
romlis iaraRiT damorCileba SeuZlebeli iyo gverdi auara
da sursaTis naklebobiT Sevida kolxeTSi~1.
amgvarad, zemomoyvanili cnoba Tu simarTles Seefereba,
maSin gasagebi xdeba, rom mehmed II-m mizans miaRwia. man
trapizonis samefos mezobeli mokavSireebisagan daxmarebis
miRebis saSualeba mouspo. marTlac, osmalebis pirispir
martod-marto darCenili trapizoni iZulebuli gaxda 1461
w. 26 oqtombers mters ubrZolvelad danebeboda.
trapizonis imperiis dacema didi dartyma iyo misi
mokavSireebisTvis. es faqtobrivad osmaleTis aRmosavleli
mowinaaRmdegeebis marcxs niSnavda.
momxdari faqti gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo saqarTvelosaTvis, romelmac trapizonis saxiT ara mxolod erTmorwmune,
aramed, amave dros, saqarTvelos samefo karTan naTesaur
kavSirSi myofi saxelmwifo dakarga.
trapizonis imperiis dacema didi danakargi iyo uzun
hasanisaTvisac. man moyvaresa da mokavSiresTan erTad zRvaze
gasasvlelic dakarga. amis gamo iyo, rom igi osmalebTan
Semdgomi brZolis dros upirveles miznad trapizonis imperiis aRdgenas isaxavda.
rodesac osmaleTis winaaRmdeg aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis Zalebis gaerTianebis pirvel cdaze saubari ukve davamTavre, ar SeiZleba ar gavixseno erTi mosazreba, romelic
wamoayena germanelma mecnierma valter hincma. igi amtkicebda, rom aRmosavleTSi trapizon-saqarTvelo-mesopotamiis
(e.i. ay-yoiunlus) samTa kavSiri arsebobda da am kavSirSi
wamyvani mdgomareoba ay-yoiunles saxelmwifos ekava2. magram,
amgvari mosazrebis mtkicebis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs XV
saukunis 50-iani wlebis dasasrulisa da 60-iani wlebis
1 s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT, `kolxeTi~ sinonimia `trapizonis samefosi~,
iqve, Sen. 2, gv. 27- 28.
2 Hinz W. Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin und Leipzig, 1936, S. 43.
63
dasawyisis is dokumenturi da naratiuli wyaroebi, romlebsac ukve gavecaniT. piriqiT, wamyvani adgili saqarTvelosa
da trapizons ufro ekava. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom uzun
hasani garkveul gavlenas axdenda saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebze maT Soris mSvidobis damyarebisaTvis, radgan mis miznebs
Seesabameboda qarTvelTa Zalis gamoyeneba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. amave dros isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ay-yoiunlus muslimanuri saxelmwifo samxedro TvalsazrisiT
jer imdenad Zlieri ar iyo, rom evropis saxelmwifoTa
karze, amasTan erTad sxva momentebic ar gaeTvaliswinebinaT
da aqcenti gadaetanaT mis SeiaraRebul Zalebze. mas jer
kidev ar daesrulebina yara-yoiunlus TurqmanebTan brZola
qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis. Semdeg, 60-iani wlebis Suaxanidan,
mdgomareoba sruliad Seicvala da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo
gadaiqca osmaleTis mTavar metoqed aRmosavleTSi. Secvlili viTareba uzun hasanis diplomatiur da samxedro saqmianobaSi da misadmi evropelTa damokidebulebaSic aisaxa,
rac qvemoT dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli.
3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobani
antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad
XV s. 70-ian wlebSi da saqarTvelo
1463 wels daiwyo venecia-osmaleTis omi. rogorc ukve
iTqva, am omisaTvis sakmaod Rrma ekonomikuri da politikuri mizezebi arsebobda. omis pirveli weli cvalebadi warmatebebiT mimdinareobda. imave dros respublika Crdilo
italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebTan konfliqtsac ar erideboda,
riTac igi sagrZnoblad dasustda.
venecielebi male darwmundnen, rom mxolod sakuTari
ZalebiT osmaleTs ver dasZlevdnen da ganizraxes am omisaTvis jvarosnuli xasiaTi miecaT, romlis ganxorcielebas
64
erT dros TviTonve uSlidnen xels. magram rodesac viTareba maTTvis araxelsayreli Seiqmna, jvarosnuli omis
dawyeba, ukve sasurveli iyo.
veneciis respublikam iseve, rogorc erT dros romis
papma, osmaleTis mezoblebis antiosmalur ligaSi Cabmas
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia. man kargad icoda, Tu ra
didi mniSvneloba hqonda im pozicias, rasac omis dros daikavebdnen osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebi, isini, romlebic cota xnis winaT TviTonve sTxovdnen venecielebs da
evropis saxelmwifoebs antiosmaluri ligis Seqmnas.
1463 wlis 2 dekembers veneciis senatma miiRo gadawyvetileba dakavSireboda uzun hasans da yaramaniis mTavar
fir axmeds, romelTanac 1453 wlidan savaWro xelSekruleba hqonda dadebuli. senatma veneciel didebuls andrea
kornaros daavala dasaxelebul mbrZaneblebTan gamgzavrebuliyo. im SemTxvevaSi Tu kornaro uzun hasanis karze misvlas ver SeZlebda, maSin iq lazaro kvirino unda gaegzavna1.
senatis imave sxdomaze gadawyda, gaegzavnaT elCebi burgonis
hercogTan, safrangeTis, siciliisa da portugaliis mefeebTan. daadgines gaegzavnaT werilebi ungreTisa da CexeTis
mefeebTan osmaleTis winaaRmdeg òmSi mosapatiJeblad~.
andrea kornarom Tavisi misia yaramaniaSi warmatebiT
Seasrula2, xolo, veneciis senatis davalebis Tanaxmad, lazaro kvirino uzun hasanTan gagzavna. lazaro kvirino
pirveli oficialuri warmomadgeneli iyo veneciis respublikisa uzun hasanis karze3.
vidre kvirino daniSnulebis adgils miaRwevda, manamde
1 Berchet G. La Republica di Venezia e la Persia, Torino, 1865, p. 103-104.
2 Ibidem, p. 104
3 Marin. Storia civile e politica del comercio de’Veneziani di Carlo Antonio
Marin Patrizio Veneto, v. IV, in Vinegia, 1800, p. 186. z. avaliSvili, rumineli
istorikosis iorgas naSromze dayrdnobiT, fiqrobda, rom venecia_ay-yoiunlus
urTierToba daiwyo 1471 wels. lazaro kvirinos Sesaxeb ix. Berchet G., Op. cit.,
p. 104; Foscarini M. Della Letteratura veneziana, libro otto, v. I, Padova, 1752, p. 409.
65
uzun hasanma, Seityo Tu ara venecia-osmaleTis omis dawyeba,
saWirod CaTvala veneciasTan kavSiris damyareba da Tavisi
elCi mametanacabi (Mametanazab) gaagzavna. elCi aleposa da
rodosze gavliT 1464 wlis 13 marts veneciaSi Cavida1. molaparakeba warmatebiT damTavrda. gadawyda, orive saxelmwifos erTdroulad, dasavleTidan da aRmosavleTidan, daewyo
saomari moqmedeba. uzun hasanis laSqars 1465 wlis martSi
dardanelamde unda mieRwia da amgvarad xeli Seewyo veneciis flotis konstantinopolze TavdasxmisaTvis. is teritoriebi, romlebsac uzun hasani daipyrobda, mis samflobeloebs SeuerTdeboda, xolo veneciis flotis daxmarebiT
dapyrobili xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebi veneciis respublikis sakuTrebaSi gadavidoda. raTa omi saboloo gamarjvebamde mieyvanaT, mokavSireebs ekrZalebodaT osmaleTTan separatiuli zavis dadeba.
mehmed II pasiuri damkvirvebeli ar iyo. igi jerovnad
afasebda veneciis Zalas da cdilobda moeZebna mokavSireebi
mis winaaRmdeg. 1464 wels milanSi mivida osmaleTis elCi,
romelic Rirseulad miiRes, magram veneciis winaaRmdeg daxmarebaze uari moaxsenes2.
venecia-osmaleTis omis dawyeba papma pius II-m xelsayrel momentad CaTvala da TviTonac daiwyo jvarosnuli
omis ideis ganxorcielebisaTvis moqmedeba. misi moRvaweoba
mimarTuli iyo iseTi antiosmaluri ligis Seqmnisaken,
romelSic gaerTianebuli iqneboda mTeli qristianuli samyaro3, magram papma verafers miaRwia.
1465 wels veneciaSi mivida uzun hasanis meore elCi. mas
evaleboda 1464 wlis xelSekrulebis ganmtkiceba4. ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos im dros jer kidev ar SeeZlo omSi Cabma.
1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 104.
2 Leo H. Geschichte von Italien, Hamburg, 1829, S. 163.
3 Julien F., Papes et Sultan, Paris, 1879, p. 104-106
4 Mахмудов Я. Взаимоотношения государства Ак-коюнлу с Венецией (6070 гг. XV века). Автореферат, Баку, 1966, с. 11.
66
igi yara-yoinlus (Savbatknianebi) ebrZoda. veneciisa da ayyoiunlus kavSirs respublikisaTvis mainc garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda. mehmed II iZulebuli iyo yuradReba aRmosavleTis sazRvrebisTvisac mieqcia.
amrigad, aRmoCnda, rom osmalebTan omis pirvel periodSi (1463-1471) venecia verc aRmosavleTidan da verc
dasavleTidan realur daxmarebas ver miiRebda, mas omis
warmoeba mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT mouxdeboda. osmaleTTan
omi didZali fuladi saxsrebis mobilizebas moiTxovda. veneciis xazina ki TandaTan carieldeboda, rasac aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis Sekvecam kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli. veneciis xelisuflebam scada sxva saxelmwifoebisagan fuladi
daxmareba mainc mieRo, magram amis miRweva maSindel evropaSi ioli saqme ar iyo.
1468 wels italiaSi Seiqmna liga, romlis wevrebsac
sxvadasxva valdebulebebTan erTad antiosmaluri omis
sawarmoeblad yovelwliurad 100 aTasi dukati unda SeegrovebinaT. ligis Seqmnis iniciatori iyo papi pavle II
(pietro barbo, 1464-1471), romelmac debulebaSi muxli fuladi gadasaxadis Sesaxeb venecielebis waqezebiT Seitana da
xelSekrulebasac pirvelebma maT moaweres xeli. magram neapolitaniis mefe ferdinandma, milanis hercogma da florenciis respublikam gancvifreba gamoxates papis am RonisZiebis gamo. paps veneciisadmi mikerZoeba daabrales da
ganacxades, rom igi rogorc veneciis yofili moqalaqe, respublikisaTvis daxmarebas cdilobda. amave dros isini paps
italiaSi mSvidobis damrRvevsa da yaCaRs uwodebdnen. am
azrs sxva saxelmwifoTa meTaurebic iziarebdnen1. veneciisaTvis misi mezoblebis amgvari ganwyobileba uaRresad
arasasurveli iyo. ufro metic: misi metoqeebi _ florencia
1 Muratori L. A., Geschichte von Italien von Anfange der christliche ZeitRechnung bis auf des Jahre 1500. Aus dem italienischen übersetzt, Theil IX, Leipzig,
1750, S. 417.
67
da genua, sulTanTan SeTanxmebiT venecielebs TandaTan
devnidnen aRmosavleTis vaWrobidan da maT privilegiebs epatronebodnen. isini yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa osmaleTsa
da venecias Soris SeTanxmeba ar momxdariyo da sulTans mis
winaaRmdeg aqezebdnen. florenciisa da genuis jaSuSebi
xelT igdebdnen Tu ara venecielebis sxvadasxva qveynebTan
gaformebul antiosmaluri xasiaTis dokumentebs, maSinve
sulTans gadascemdnen1. isini sulTans sxva qveynebTan Suamavlobdnen veneciis winaaRmdeg. maTive daxmarebiT iqmneboda
osmaleTis saomari gegmebi.
rogorc iTqva, venecia-osmaleTis omis pirveli periodi
cvalebadi warmatebebiT mimdinareobda. venecielebi Tu zRvaze gasaqans ar aZlevdnen osmalebis flots, samagierod
osmalebi xmeleTze mZlavrobdnen. magram, rac dro gadioda,
ZalTa Tanafardoba osmalebis sasargeblod icvleboda. osmaleTis floti imdenad gaZlierda, rom venecia marcxs
marcxze ganicdida.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1470 w. 12 ivniss osmalebis
mier k. negropontes (evbea) dapyroba. respublikisaTvis es
imdenad didi datyma iyo, rom igi iZulebuli gaxda zavi
eTxova im pirobiT, rom kunZuls ukan daubrunebdnen. sulTanma amis gagonebac ki ar isurva.
negropontes dacemam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina mTel
italiaze. TiTqos iseTi viTareba Seiqmna, roca italiis
saxelmwifoebis erTmaneTTan SekavSireba SeiZleboda. marTlac 1471 wlis ianvarSi Camoyalibda axali liga, romelSic Sevidnen: florenciis respublika, aragonis samefo,
ferarisa da modenis sahercogoebi, mantuisa da monferatis
samarkizoebi, savois sahercogo da sienisa da lukas respublikebi2.
1 Zinkeisen I., W. Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, II, Gotha,
1854, S. 435.
2 Galibert L., Histore de la Rèpublique de Venise, Paris, 1847, p. 156
68
ligaSi ganxeTqilebis Setanis mizniT, osmalebma venecielebs sazavo molaparakebis dawyeba SesTavazes1. venecielebisaTvis gasagebi iyo sulTnis manevri da gadawyvites dro ar
daekargaT da Semdgomi brZolisaTvis momzadebuliyvnen.
viTareba icvleba aRmosavleTSic. iqauri mefe-mTavrebi
xelaxla iwyeben mokavSireebis Zebnas dasavleTSi.
XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifom Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals miaRwia. misi samflobeloebi, katerino Zenos mixedviT, `SemosazRvruli iyo aRmosavleTidan mdinare indiT da saTaTreTiT2, dasavleTiT _
samcxiT, trapizoniT, yaramaniiT, siriiT, mcire somxeTiTa
da mdinare evfratiT. samxreTidan arabeTiTa da indoeTis
zRviT, CrdiloeTidan kaspiis zRviT3.
evropaSi uzun hasansa da mis laSqarze did imeds amyarebdnen. uzun hasans imedis TvaliT Sehyurebdnen rogorc
cota xnis winaT trapizonidan gandevnili komnenosebi, aseve
osmalebis mier damarcxebuli yaramanielebi. venecia cdilobda dakarguli samflobeloebis dabrunebas da veneciis
savaWro kapitalis mniSvnelobis aRdgenas aRmosavleTSi. kaTolikuri evropis meTaurs, paps, uzun hasanis xeliT surda
qristianTa keTildReobis mogvareba.
amave periodSi, koaliciis Seqmnis mizniT, myardeba kavSiri saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebsa da ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifos Soris. dokumentebSi aisaxa is intensiuri
diplomatiuri urTierToba, rasac isini erToblivad awarmoebdnen evropis saxelmwifoebTan antiosmaluri Zalebis
gaerTianebis mizniT. uzun hasanisaTvis osmaleTTan omis pi1 Leo H., Op. cit., S. 173.
2 XV saukunis mogzaurebi saTaTreTSi gulisxmobdnen oqros urdos,
yivCaReTs.
3 Zeno, Dei commentarii del viaggio in Persia e del guerra persiane, Venezia,
1558, p. 8. XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
italiuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma, Tb., 1981, gv. 20.
69
robebSi saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda. jer erTi, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, uzun hasanisaTvis
mniSvneloba hqonda qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisagan daxmarebis
miRebas im saxiT, rogoriTac isini 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi savaraudo mokavSireebs hpirdebodnen. saqarTvelosTan
kavSirs politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. maSin aRmosavleTSi saqarTvelos garda sxva qristianuli saxelmwifo
aRar arsebobda. evropasTan urTierTobis dros ki, rodesac
religiuri motivebi did rols asrulebda, am garemoebas
iseTi moqnili politikosisaTvis, rogoric uzun hasani iyo,
garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda. garda aRniSnulisa, saqarTvelo uzun hasanisaTvis osmaleTTan mosalodneli omis
dros ara marto mokavSire SeiZleboda yofiliyo, aramed
Suamavalic evropis saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebisas.
uzun hasans kargad esmoda, rogori mniSvneloba hqonda
evropaSi iseTi azris Seqmnas, TiTqos ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebeli qristianebis megobari iyo da amis dasturad qarTvelebTan moCvenebiTi megobrobis demonstrirebac sakmarisi iqneboda.
marTlac, erT-erTi laTinuri qronikis mixedviT, XV s. 70iani wlebis dasawyisSi uzun hasani evropaSi cnobili iyo,
rogorc `qristianebis erTguli megobari~ da, TiTqos igi
jvarsac ki atarebda marjvena mxareze1. es legenda osmalebisagan SeSinebuli evropelebis fantaziis nayofi iyo. maT
surdaT uzun hasani iseTive uneblie mxsnelad warmoedginaT,
rogoric Temurlengi iyo imave saukunis dasawyisSi. man xom
osmaleTze TavdasxmiT, marTalia droebiT, magram mainc,
gardauvali xifaTi aacila ara mxolod bizantias, aramed
aRmosavleT evropis mTel rig saxelmwifoebsac.
evropaSi uzun hasanis popularizaciis saqmeSi qarTvelebsac garkveuli Rvawli miuZRvodaT. gavixsenoT maTi werilebi gagzavnili evropaSi, romlebSic uzun hasani qristianobis saqmis damcvelad aris warmodgenili. magram, Tu
1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 122.
70
ras niSnavda misi `siyvaruli~ da `megobroba~ saqristianosadmi, amis TvalsaCino magaliTi isev saqarTvelo iyo,
romelic man 1458, 1463, 1466, 1472, 1477 wlebSi ZiriTadad
gaZarcvis mizniT dalaSqra1. uzun hasanisagan gamudmebuli
muqarisa da evropasTan urTierTobis didi survilis gamo
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi iZulebuli iyo uzun hasanTan
TanamSromloba gaegrZelebina.
ungreTis elCis mier 1471 wlis 12 aprils veneciidan
gagzvnil werilSi, laparakia saqarTvelos mefe konstantines2 elCebis veneciaSi Casvlaze. maT ganucxadebiaT, rom
saqarTvelos mefe konstantine uzun hasanis naTesavi da
mokavSire iyo. konstantine apirebda imave wlis gazafxulze
30 aTasi mxedriT osmalebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlas. elCebs
uTqvamT agreTve, rom maTTan erTad gamovidoda uzun hasani
uzarmazari jariT3.
safiqrebelia, saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebs niadagi
unda SeemzadebinaT Semdgomi molaparakebis dasawyebad.
veneciis mTavrobas maSinve ganucxadebia Tanxmoba osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb4. wyaroebi ar adasturebs z. avaliSvilis mosazrebas, TiTqos qarTveli elCis
veneciaSi Casvla gaxda mizezi senatis mier uzun hasanTan
gasagzavn elCad katerino Zenos arCevisa5. imave wlis aprilSi veneciaSi imyofeba axali elCoba, romelSic saqarTvelos
da ay-yoiunlus warmomadgenlebi Sediodnen. am elCobis vene1 Ibidem, S. 137-139.
2 es aris qarTlis mefe konstantine II, romelic, marTalia 1478-1505
wlebSi mefobda, magram manamde, 1466 wlidan bagrat VI-sTan taxtisaTvis
brolis periodSi Tavis Tavs mefes uwodebda da garkveul teritoriaze
Zalauflebac hqonda. sagulisxmoa, rom konstantine taxtisaTvis brZolisas
uzun hasanis mxardaWeris mopovebas cdilobda.
3 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490. `Monumenta Hungaria Historia~, t. I, Budapest, 1877, p. 212.
4 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме (из истории
Восточного вопроса XV столетия), Прага, 1925, c. 245.
5 Тамже, с. 246.
71
ciaSi yofnis da maTi veneciis xelisuflebasTan molaparakeba aisaxa Cvenamd moRweul ramdenime werilSi. marTalia,
isini ar gamoirCeva informaciis siuxviT, magram imdenad,
ramdenadac Cveni istoriografiisaTvis garkveul siaxles
Seicaven, moviyvan maT mTlianad.
1471 w. 22 aprilis werilidan, romelic gagzavnilia
siciliis mefis karze veneciis warmomadgenlis vetore sorancosTvis1, vigebT, rom elCebs saidumlod umogzauriaT jer
trapizonidan monkastromde, Semdeg poloneTis mefe kazimeJ
IV-sTan misulan. veneciisken mimavalTaTvis kazimeJs, albaT,
garkveuli molaparakebis Semdeg, Tavisi elCic gauyolebia2.
veneciaSi elCebs ganucxadebiaT, rom maTi mefeebi mzad arian
gailaSqron sulTnis winaaRmdeg da Tu evropeli qristianebic ase imoqmedeben, maSin warmateba miRweuli iqneba.
`1471 wlis 22 aprili.
Cveni mrCeveli elCi sir viqtori siciliis ubrwyinvales mefesTan.
Cveni TandaswrebiT am dRes iyo ubrwyinvalesi poloneTis mefis elCi. man zemoaRniSnuli mefis saxeliT, razedac
zogadad vilaparakeT romSi, sulTnis ganzraxvis irgvliv
Zalian farTed ilaparaka, migvipatiJa da didi pativi gvca.
gavixseneT am sakiTxis irgvliv rac SeiZleba Tqmuliyo da
TiToeulma saqebari qristianuli sityvebiT gaigo da amgvarad erTmaneTs SevepasuxeT. masTan erTad movida ori elCi,
erTi uzun hasanisagan (Osson Cassan) da meore saqarTvelos
mefisagan (del re de Zorzania). am mxridan wamovidnen, rogorc
pirveli ise meorec. uzun hasanis elCma gaiara Savi zRva
trapizonidan da monkastrodan. inkognitod Cavida polo1 Cornet E., Le guerre dei Veneti nell’Asia 1470-1474. Documenti cavati dal
Archivio al Frari in Venezia e publicati per Enrico Cornet, Vienna, 1856, p. 25.
2 n. iorgas mixedviT, veneciaSi mxolod uzun hasanisa da da poloneTis
elCebi misulan. igi imave wyaros imowmebs, romelic zemoT davasaxele. Jorga
N., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Nach den Quelen dargestelt. II, Gotha,
1910, S. 163.
72
neTSi da mas Tan axlda, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, [saqarTvelos] mefis elCi, Camovidnen aq [veneciaSi] da TiToeulma
sTqva: maTi mefeebi mzad arian sulTnis winaaRmdeg gailaSqron da sasimovno is aris, rom aseve imoqmedeben [evropeli]
qristianebico. Cvenc droulad vupasuxeT siamovnebaze siamovnebiT da winadadebaze-winadadebiT.
yvela es cnoba Cven mivawodeT anjol datris (Anzol
Datri), mefis elCs. man, Cven eWvi ar gvepareba, usaTuod
acnoba zemoxsenebul mis umaRlesobas mefes, romelsac Cveni
mxridanac SevatyobinebT, roca mivwerT samegobro samsaxurisa, movaleobisa da Cveni kavSiris Sesaxeb~1.
uzun hasani venecias adrindeli gegmis ganxorcielebas
sTavazobda: Tu veneciiis samxedro floti xmelTaSua zRvidan daiwyebda osmalebis Seviwroebas, TviTon ki Tavisi cxenosani jariT Seutevda, aseTi SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT
sulTans advilad waarTmevdnen evropasa da aziaSi dapyrobil teritoriebs. cnobebi am elCobis Sesaxeb mocemulia
katerino Zenos `mogzaurobis komentarebSi~, magram misi
wevrebi warmodgenelni arian rogorc uzun hasanis elCebi.
Zenos mixedviT, elCoba oTxi wevrisagan Sesdgeboda. eseni iyvnen: àzimameti2, Mmorati3, Nnikolo da kefarsa4 _
1 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 25.
2 l. tardis mixedviT es aris xaji-mohamedi. tardi l., uzun hasanis
(1453-1478) elCi katerino zeno saqarTvelos gavliT ungreTis mefe matiaSTan
(1458-1490). `qarTuli diplomatia~, weliwdeuli, 11, Tb., 2004, gv. 95.
3 es, albaT is somexi elCi morakia, romelic uzun hasanis davalebiT
romSi diplomatiuri misiiT imyofeboda 1469-1470 wlebSi. is ambrojo kontarinis yirimSi Sexvda (Ramusio, II, Op. cit., p. 114r). rogorc varaudoben
morati (igive mirati an murati) cnobili julfeli vaWari xoja miraki unda
yofiliyo, romelic 1477 wels mokles (Тер-Аветисян С. И., Город Джуга,
матерялы по истории торговых отношении джульфинских купцов XV-XVII
вв., Тб., 1937, с. 20, 22).
4 kefarsa, igive `bei isaki~, ùzun hasanis elCi, erovnebiT espaneli da
sarwmunoebiT ebraeli~, ùzun hasanis mTavari eqimi~ yofila. Cornet E., Op.
cit., p. 39.
73
seriozuli adamianebi, romlebsac didi avtoriteti hqondaT. maT daavala mefem misi saxeliT SeekraT kavSiri [TurqeTis] sulTnis da [egviptis] sulTnis winaaRmdeg, oRond
venecielebis sazRvao flots mosveneba ar unda mieca arc
erTisa da arc meorisaTvis~1. am elCobis Semdeg airCia
veneciis senatma katerino Zeno elCad uzun hasanis karze2.
Znelia garkveva dasaxelebul elCebs Soris romeli iyo
(an iyvnen) saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli. CemTvis mxolod
isaa cnobili, rom pirveli, e. i. azimameti veneciaSi darCa,
danarCeni sami ki papTan da neapolis mefesTan mosalaparakeblad gaemgzavrnen3, raTa isini antiosmalur ligaSi CaebaT4.
azimametis veneciaSi darCena z. avaliSvilma imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom elCobis sxva sami wevri qarTvelebad
gamoecxadebina. viTomc azimameti, rogorc mahmadiani, religiuri mosazrebiT datoves veneciaSi, rom mahmadianTan saqmis
daWeriT papi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCniliyo5. magram dasadgenia, mahmadiani iyo Tu ara azimameti.
cnobilia, rom uzun hasani evropaSi gasagzavn diplomatebs Soris upiratesobas qristian vaWrebs aniWebda6, radgan maT qristian xelmwifeebTan urTierTobis meti saSualeba hqondaT. isic cnobilia, rom 1460 w. aRmosavleTidan
1 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 21
2 cnobilia Zenos poloneTidan Tavrizamde mogzaurobis marSruti: poloneTidan mefis mier gatanebuli mcvelTa razmiT, Zeno kafamde mivida, kafidan
sebastolisamde (soxumi) gemiT imgzavra. aqedan Zeno saqarTvelos mefis mier
gamoyofili gamyolebis TanxlebiT gaivlis saqarTvelos, somxeTs, azerbaijans
da uzun hasanis karamde miaRwevs. tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba,
gv. 23-24.
3 l. tardi, Zenosave cnobaze dayrdnobiT ambobs, rom èbraeli eqimi
isaaki paps ewvia, Semdeg – ungrel da neapolitanel mefeebs~, rac simarTles
ar Seefereba. Zenos mixedviT azimameti veneciaSi darCa, xolo sami elCi ki
dasaxelebul qveynebs ewvia.
4 iqve.
5 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме, c. 246-247.
6 Петрушевский И.П., Aзербайджан в XVI-XVII веках. «Сборник статей по
истории Азербайджана», вып. I, Баку, 1949, с. 173.
74
gagzavnil im elCebs Soris, romlebic paps eaxlnen, uzun
hasanis elCi `Turqmeni mahumutic~ imyofeboda1.
dabolos, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom dasaxelebuli oTxi
elCidan erTi, nikolo, is nikoloz Tbileli xom ar iyo iyo,
romelmac 1460-1461 wlebSi evropa moiara, rogorc giorgi
VIII-is elCma? aseTi varaudis daSveba sruliad samarTliania, radgan uzun hasans evropaSi qristian qarTvelebTan
kargi urTierTobis demonstrireba sWirdeboda.
1471 wlis aprilSi Casuli elCebi, rogorc imave wlis
25 oqtombris werilidan Cans (igi neapolitaniis mefis
karze veneciis respublikis elCisTvisaa gagzvnili), seqtembris dasawyisamde iq darCenilan2. werilidan yuradRebas
gansakuTrebiT iqcevs erTi garemoeba: paps Tavisi kaci gaugzavnia ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifosa da saqarTveloSi. saerTod, papi, rogorc sxva werilebidanac Cans, kargad iyo
informirebuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. isic Cans, rogor did
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen evropelebi antiosmalur koaliciaSi saqarTvelos monawileobis sakiTxs.
1471 w. 10 seqtembers pap siqstus IV-isaTvis gagzavnili anonimuri weriliT (misi avtori venecieli unda iyos)
dasturdeba, rom saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandre3 da uzun
hasani osmaleTs ebrZodnen. maTi brZola imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom, rogorc werilSia naTqvami, qristianebisaTvis
xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna osmalebis winaaRmdeg saerTo
laSqrobis dasawyebad. paps saqarTvelosa da ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifoSi Tavisi elCic gaugzavnia erToblivi moqmedebis SesaTanxmeblad .
`1471 wlis 10 seqtemberi.
pap sisto IV-s.
didad saxelovani da ubrwyinvalesi saqarTvelos mefis
1 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, # 1053, gv. 30
2 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 31
3 unda iyos konstantine II, aleqsandre I didis SviliSvili.
75
aleqsandres (Alexsandri regis) uzun hasanTan molaparakebis
Sesaxeb, Cven gavigeT Tqveni uwmindesobis mowerilobidan.
cnoba mogvawoda sapatio keTilSobilma Cvenma morCilma Zmam,
ufrosma betruCio kontarinim (Betrucius Contarenum priorem)
da sxv. yvelaferi es Cven Zalian gvesiamovna. aseTi cnobis gamo saukuno madlobas mogiZRvniT Tqvens unetaresobas,
Tqven, romelmac elCi gaagzavneT winadadebiT maT mefeebTan.
Cven gvgonia, rom es Zalian Wkvianuri da metad sasargeblo
sakiTxia qristianebisaTvis. did saqmes gaakeTebdiT mefeebisadmi mowodebiT, imedisa da dapirebebis gazrdiT da urjulo sulTnis winaaRmdeg Zalian gamamxnevebeli sityvebiT.
Tumca isini Zlierni arian da xalxic iaraRasxmulia, Zalian
mamaci cxenosnebi arian, ibrZvian Turquli cbierebiT, magram
did saqmes gaakeTebs ymebis Sinagani siZulvili Turqebis
imperatoris cbieri niWis mimarT. eWvi araa, rom im mxridan
maT arToben da Tavs arideben, rogorc es SeuZlia barbarosebis Zalian mrisxane xalxs, ise, rom didad Semwynarebeli
qristianebisaTvis gaadvilebulia saerTo laSqroba mterze
Tavdasxmisa da dasamorCileblad. uzun hasanis mier CvenTan
warmogzavnili kaci1, romelic CvenTan movida, am [seqtembris]
Tves gavistumreT da mas mis xelmwife [uzun hasanTan] gavayoleT erTi Cveni keTilSobili elCi sruli davalebiT, rom
man am sakiTxze urCios da gaamxnevos igi da sxv. rac Tqvens
uwmindesobis wargzavnils advilad SeeZleba mis Sesaferisad
imoqmedos da saerTo saqmezec izrunos Tqveni uwmindesobis
umaRlesi avtoritetis saxeliT, romelic im mefeebSi metad
Rirseul pativiscemas iwvevs...~2
moyvanili werilis zogierTi bundovani adgilis gaxsnasa da ganmartebaSi gvexmareba imave wlis 25 oqtombriT
daTariRebuli werili, romelic gagzavnilia neapolis mefe
ferdinandis karze veneciis elCisaTvis. masSi gadmocemulia
1 igulisxmeba uzun hasanis elCi bei isaki.
2 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 30.
76
ay-yoiunlus, poloneTis, saqarTvelos elCebis veneciaSi
yofnisa da dasaxelebul qveynebSi veneciis elCis _ katerino Zenos da papis elCis gagzavnis Sesaxeb.
`1471 wlis 25 oqtomberi.
Cvens elCs mefe ferdinandTan.
Tqveni meoxebiT, batono viqtor, meored vacnobeT mis mefur umaRlesobas, rom CvenTan movida xelmwife uzun hasanis
elCi sir laZaro kvirinosTan erTad. es ukanaskneli Cveni
jaris mTavarsardalia da igi zemoxsenebul uzun hasanTan
gavagzvneT. mere monkastros gziT poloneTze da germaniaze
gavliT modian orni: erTi zemoxsenebuli xelmwife [uzun
hasanis] saxeliT da meore saqarTvelos mefis saxeliT da
es oric romSi midian. romis umaRlesma mRvdelmTavarma
maT Caacva, Zalian kargad miiRo, aqedan xelaxla gaagzavna
da Tavisi elCi morCili Zma san franCesko, Zalian Wkviani
kaci, zemoaRniSnuli siniorebs gaayola. aseve Cven avirCieT
elCad zemoxsenebul sinior uzun hasanTan gasagzavnaT sir
katerino Zeno. aRniSnuli elCebi wavidnen Cveni katarRebiT
aleqsandriidan kviprosis gavliT da aqedan yaramaniis qveyanaze, romlis gasavlelad droze gaveciT brZaneba. iq gagzavnili winadadebis formaSi farTedaa ganxiluli sakiTxi,
romlis mizania daarwmunon, gaamxnevon da daiTanxmon zemoxsenebuli siniorebi sulTnis sawinaaRmdegod. es ase moxdeba kidec, rogorc amas gaigebT Tqven da Cvenc. drodadro
SeatyobineT xolme mis samefo umaRlesobas da sxv~1.
1471 w. 10 seqtembrisa da 25 oqtombris werilebSi xsenebuli elCi, romelic paps saqarTvelosa da iranSi gaugzavnia da, romelic 25 oqtombris werilSi moxseniebulia
`Zalian Wkvian~ franciskanel berad, vfiqrob, ludoviko
bolonieli iyo. igi dauRalavad mimodioda aRmosavleTis
mefe-mTavrebisa da saqarTvelos mesveurTa antiosmalur
koaliciaSi gaerTianebisaTvis.
1 Ibidem, p. 31.
77
10 seqtembris werilidan isic Cans, rom uzun hasansa da
qarTvel mefes Soris molaparakeba mimdinareobda, romelic
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli italielebisaTvis sasurveli SedegiT damTavrebula. samwuxarod, cnobili ar aris
konkretulad raze moilaparakes. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erTobliv moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen. isini, rogorc werilSia naTqvami, manamdec ebrZodnen osmalebs.
maTi brZola imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom evropelebis
mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi, rogorc imave evropaSi fiqrobdnen,
warmatebis mopoveba gaadvildeboda. magram veneciis diplomatebi cdilobdnen rac SeiZleboda maqsimalurad gamoeyenebinaT aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri Zalebi da maTi saSualebiT
ganexorcielebinaT TavianTi saxelmwifos interesebi. venecia
aseT taqtikas iyenebda osmaleTTan mTeli omis (1463-1479)
dros, am omis gadamwyvet momentebSic ki.
veneciis respublikis amgvari politikis ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda katerino Zenos diplomatiuri saqmianobac1.
mas evaleboda yoveli Rone exmara, raTa saqarTvelos da
ay-yoiunlus meTaurebs male daewyoT SeiaraRebuli brZola
osmalebis winaaRmdeg. Zenos saSualebiT veneciis respublika
uzun hasans acnobebda, rom `sinioria mas saCuqrad ugzavnida
100 galeras da sxva mraval did da mcire xomalds, romliTac zRvidan unda ewarmoebina brZola sulTnis saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg, xolo uzun hasani mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT aRmosavleTidan Seutevda mas~2. uzun hasans saomari moqmedeba
kidev ufro gauadvildeboda, Tu saqarTveloc daexmareboda.
veneciis senatis 1471 w. 10 seqtembris instruqciaSi
doJi qristefore moro pirdapir miuTiTebda Zenos, rom
igi valdebuli iyo piradad xleboda saqarTvelos mefes,
gadaeca misTvis werilebi da saerTo mtris, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad waeqezebina1.
Zenos rom namdvilad Tan hqonda sinioriis mier saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gagzavnili werilebi, amaze naTqvamia mis
mier 1472 w. 9 oqtombers kviprosis bailo andrea korerisadmi gagzavnil werilSi. masSi sxvadasxva ambebTan erTad
aRniSnulia, rom Zenom uzun hasanis meuRles Teodoras
(kira katerina) saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gankuTvnili werili aCvena2.
ucnobia, garda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mowodebisa, veneciis xelisufleba qarTvelebisagan kidev ras
iTxovda an ras pirdeboda sanacvlod maT. arc is aris cnobili werilma adresatamde miaRwia Tu ara.
Zenom saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gadasacemi werili kira
katerinas uCvena garkveuli mosazrebiT: mas surda meuRlis
CagonebiT uzun hasans gavlena moexdina saqarTveloze da
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Caeba. sxvaTaSoris, pirveli
SexvedrisTanave `[dedofalma] gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT
moismina misi misvlis mizezis Sesaxeb da dahpirda yovelgvar Sewevnasa da keTilganwyobas... dedofali mSvenieri saSualeba iyo, romliTac batonma katerinom SeZlo aemxedrebina
uzun hasani sulTnis winaaRmdeg saomrad~3. aseve kira katerinas CagonebiT, uzun hasanma sakuTari xeliT miswera
werili yvaryvare aTabags, `raTa mas im mxridan daewyo omi
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg~4.
1 katerino Zeno veneciis savaWro aristokratiis cnobili ojaxidan iyo.
mas colad hyavda arqi pelagis hercogis nikolo krespos qaliSvili violante,
romelic trapizonis imperatoris daviTis SviliSvili iyo. daviTis meore
qaliSvili, kira katerina, colad hyavda uzun hasans. amgvarad katerino Zeno
da uzun hasani moyvrebi iyvnen. katerino Zenos Sesaxeb dawvr. ix. XV saukunis
italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 17-19.
2 iqve, gv. 22.
2 Archivio storico Italiano, p. 82-83.
3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 23. Sdr. A
narrative of italian travels in Persia in the fifteend and sixteend centuries. Translated and edited by Charles Grey, London, 1873, p. 14.
4 iqve. Zenos Canawerebis mixedviT, l. tardi daaskvnida, rom osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg òmi sparselebma ki ar daiwyes, aramed yvaryvare aTabagma gaaCaRa~
78
79
XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi samcxe-saaTabago ori
didi dampyroblis _ osamleTisa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoebs Soris moeqca, romelTa dapyrobiTi interesebi erTnairad saSiSi iyo samcxe-saaTabagosaTvis da misgan frTxili
sagareo politikis warmoebas moiTxovda.
safiqrebelia, gaerTianebuli ZalebiT osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis ideisadmi yvaryvare aTabagis damokidebuleba
Seicvala. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo is aRar iyo, rasac igi 50-iani wlebis dasasruls
warmoadgenda. igi erT-erT Zlier saxelmwifod gadaiqca. is
metoqeobas uwevda osmaleTs da savaWro-saqaravno gzebis
xelSi CagdebisaTvis ebrZoda. aseTi gzebi gadioda aTabagis
samflobeloebzec, romlebzec kontrolis daweseba, an misi
mflobelis sakuTari interesebisaTvis damorCileba didad
macdunebeli iyo rogorc mehmed II-is, ise uzun hasanisaTvis.
osmaleTze gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi uzun hasani, romlis
mtacebluri mada cnobili iyo yvela qarTvelisaTvis, ufro
mkacri dampyrobeli iqneboda, vidre sulTani. osmalebs am
droisaTvis mTeli Tavisi yuradReba evropis kontinentze
hqonda gadatanili da aRmosavleTSi, jerjerobiT, yoveli
sadavo sakiTxis mogvarebas mSvidobiani gziT cdilobda. es
gasagebic aris: mas surda erTdroulad or frontze _ aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT _ saomari moqmedeba ar hqonoda.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo, aTabagis damokidebuleba
uzun hasanisadmi icvleboda. magram, vidre osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZola seriozul saxes miiRebda, aTabagi, rogorc
Cans, uzun hasans daxmarebis Taobaze dapirebas ar aklebda.
roca 1472 wels brZolis sakiTxi mTeli simwvaviT daisva,
uzun hasanis mier `sakuTari xeliT~ miwerilma werilebmac
ki veRar aRuZra aTabags misadmi daxmarebis survili, risT(tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba, g. 24). aseTi ram Zenos komentarebSi arsad weria da, rogorc vnaxavT aTabagi yvaryvare am dros uzun hasans
mxars aRar uWerda.
80
visac igi `SemdegSi dasjili iqna hasanis mier~1.
katerino Zenom SemTxveviT ar gaamaxvila yuradReba uzun
hasanis mier yvaryvaresaTvis werilebis gagzavnaze. savaraudoa, rom TviTon Zenoc did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am `meryevi~ mTavris osmaleTis winaaRmdeg gadabirebas. uzun hasans
samcxis darbeva da misi aTabagisaTvis Wkuis swavleba adreve
ganuzraxavs, magram sxvadasxva Sidapolitikurma garTulebebma xeli SeuSala. mas am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba mxolod 1472 wels mieca2.
osmalo istorikosis munejim-baSis mixedviT, uzun hasanis
laSqari saqarTvelos Tavdasxmia 1472 wlis gazafxulze
(?)3. savaraudoa, `saqarTveloSi~ saaTabago igulisxmebodes,
romlisTvisac ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebels xarki Seuweria4.
uzun hasanis samcxe-saaTabagoSi SeWrisa da moqmedebis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSi.
momxdari ambavi 1476 wliT aris daTariRebuli. masSi vkiTxulobT: `qoronikonsa r%d (164): kualad Seikriba eri uricxB
da warmoemarTa uzun-asan ZaliTa didiTa samcxesa zeda. esma
ese yuaryuares da orTa ZeTa misTa, rameTu pirispir ganwyoba
ver Zal-edvaT simravlisagan uricxvobisa spaTa maTTasa, da
hqmnes ganzraxva, raTa samTagan erTi warsul iyo da daecxro
guliswyroma mZlavrisa mis, raTa arRara mosrul iyvnes queyanasa samcxisasa. movida samcxes da merme moiwivnes awyuers
da mosrnes mravalni qristeaneni, mRdelni da monazonni da
eriskacni, da wartyuevnnes sruliad samcxe.
1 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, München,
1827, S. 247.
2 Minorsky V. Tiflis, Uzun Hassan. Ènziklopedie des Islam~, IV, 1934, S. 280.
3 Ibidem, S. 1159
4 kiknaZe r., dasax. naSr., gv. 122. munejim-baSis mixedviT, uzun hasani
saqarTvelos samjer Semoesia _ 1466, 1472 da osmaleTTan damarcxebis, e.i.
1473 wlis Semdeg. sxva istorikosis jahan-aras gadmocemiT, uzun hasanis ukanaskneli laSqroba saqarTveloSi moewyo 1476-1477 wels (Minorsky V. Tiflis,
Uzun Hassan, S. 1159).
81
aiyara yaeni da warvida sayaenosa TBssa da tyue hyves
xati awyuerisa RmrTismSobeli, da wariyvanes queyanasa maTsa. da iqmna didi glova da mwuxareba miuTxrobeli sruliad
mesxTa zeda. aRdges yoveli da STavides qarTls vidremdis mwirobden mun SBd wel~1. m. brose savsebiT sworad
fiqrobda, rom qarTuli wyaros cnoba 1472 wlis Semosevas
asaxavda.
amonaridi, rom 1477 wlis ambebs ar unda gadmogvcemdes, amaze, pirvel rigSi, laSqrobis gavrcelebis are miuTiTebs. rogorc mematiane gadmogvcems, uzun hasani samcxes
ar gascilebia da misi darbevis Semdeg ukan gabrunebula.
saqarTvelos sxva adgilebsac, kerZod qarTls rom Sexeboda
igi (qarTlsa da imereTSi Turqmanebis SeWris Sesaxeb sakmaod sando cnobebi dagvitoves josafat barbarom da jovani maria anjolelom), ar SeiZleboda qarTvel mematianes
mxedvelobidan gamorCenoda da oriode sityviT mainc ar
moexsenebina, rom samcxeSi SeWris an iqidan uzun hasanis
wasvlis Semdeg saqarTvelos romel nawils ewia ubedureba.
davuSvaT, uzun hasani samcxidan qarTlSi gadasuliyo, an
piriqiT, qarTlidan samcxeSi SeWriliyo, maSin xom uazroba iqneboda mesxebs qarTlSi eZebnaT TavSesafari, rasac
istorikosi gvamcnobs. igi garkveviT gveubneba, uzun hasani
Tavisi samflobeloebidan pirdapir samcxeSi movida da aqedanve `warvida sayaenosa TBssa~.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osmaleTTan gadamwyveti brZolis
dawyebis win (1472 w.), uzun hasanma aTabagis dasja ganizraxa. magram misi RonisZiebani saqmes ver Sveloda. rogorc
Cans, saaTabagosa da osmaleTs Soris urTierToba jerjerobiT mogvarebuli iyo. kontarinis mixedviT, aTabagi sulTans xarks uxdida2. vfiqrob, kontarinis es cnoba hqonda
mxedvelobaSi n. berZeniSvils, rodesac igi samcxis Sesaxeb
1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 478-479.
2 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119r-119v.
82
aRniSnavda: àm qveynis aTabagi ukve Turq-osmalebis suverinetets cnobda~-o1. magram ucnobia ra viTarebaSi da rogor
moxda samcxis moxvedra osmaleTis gavlenis qveS.
samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri koaliciis sazianod
imdenad Secvlila mdgomareoba, rom 1474 wels mis teritoriaze gavla ay-yoiunluSi mimaval veneciis elCs, kontarins,
saxifaTodac ki miuCnevia2.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
antiosmalur koaliciaSi monawileobis survils, sityvierad mainc, gamoxatavda qarTlis, kaxeTis da imereTis samefoebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdroindel evropul wyaroebSi,
romlebsac ukve gavecaniT, qarTuli samefoebis mefeebi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZoliT dainteresebulni Canan.
amgvarad, saqarTvelos is nawili, romelsac, evropeli
diplomatebis mixedviT Zorzania, Iberia an Giorgiania erqva
da romelSic isini imereTs da mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos moiazrebdnen, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda da amis
gamo veneciasTan da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifosTan urTierTobac hqonda. magram Rrma kvlevas moiTxovs imis dadgena, am
droisaTvis qarTuli samefoebisaTvis osmaleTi ukve seriozul problemas warmoadgenda Tu isini iZulebulni iyvnen
sxvisi (am SemTxvevaSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos) interesebis Sesabamisad osmaleTi TavianT dauZinebel mtrad gamoecxadebinaT, maSin, rodesac ufro saSiSi mteri ufro axlos
hyavdaT. movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTareba sarwmunos xdis,
rom uzun hasani da misi saxelmwifo am droisaTvis ufro
saSiSi iyo saqarTvelosaTvis vidre osmaleTi. uzun hasani
qarTvelebs aiZulebda misi `TanamebrZolebi~ yofiliyvnen.
1472 w. gazafxulze koaliciis aRmosavlelma wevrebma
osmalTis winaaRmdeg omi daiwyes. maisSi sabrZolo moqmedeba
1 berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII
saukuneTa mijnaze. `saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi~, IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 90.
2 Ramusio., Op. cit., p. 119v.
83
daiwyo trapizonis imperatoris daviTis Zmiswulma, romelic
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uzun hasanis karze afarebda Tavs. is
qarTvelebis daxmarebiT SeiWra komnenosebis yofil samflobeloebSi da trapizonisaken wavida. osmalebs qalaqi sakmaod
gaumagrebiaT. damcvelebi zRvidanac iRebdnen daxmarebas da
imperatoris Zmiswuli da masTan erTad qarTvelTa razmebi
iZulebuli Seiqmna ukan daexia1. male omSi Caeba ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifo. imave wlis agvistoSi uzun hasanma aiRo TuyaTi da daikava yaramaniac, romlis sanapiroze venecielebs
iaraRi unda gadaecaT, magram venecielebma dapireba ar Sesrules. osmalebma isargebles Seqmnili viTarebiT, daiwyes
kontrSeteva da yaramania daibrunes.
uzun hasanisaTvis, iseve, rogorc misi aRmosavleli
mokavSireebisaTvis iaraRs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda.
sxvanairad is ver gaumklavdeboda artileriiT aRWurvil
sulTnis jars. bolos da bolos, veneciaSi myofma elCebma,
romlebic aq 1472 w. agvistoSi movidnen, xangrZlivi molaparakebis Semdeg, miaRwies imas, rom 1473 wlis 11 ianvars
veneciis senatma miiRo dadgenoleba, daxmareba gaewiaT uzun
hasanisaTvis21.
dadgenilebis mixedviT uzun hasanis karze veneciis elCad
dainiSna josafat barbaro, romelsac iaraRi unda mietana
veneciis gemebiT yaramaniis sanapiroze da uzun hasanisaTvis
gadaeca. barbaro uzun hasans unda SeTanxmeboda, agreTve,
rom gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis aRmosavleTi provinciebi, dardanelis CaTvliT, ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos
SeuerTdeboda, samagierod venecias aRniSnul teritoriebze
Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba eqneboda.
1473 wlis 29 marts barbaro kviprosze mivida, sadac
Seityo, rom yaramania ukve osmalebis xelSi iyo. man werili
1 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490. `Monumenta Hungaria Historia~, t. II, Budapest, 1877, p. 239.
2 Berchet G. Op. cit., p. 9.
84
gaugzavna uzun hasans da acnoba, rom igi veneciis flotiTa
da iaraRiT yaramaniis sanapirosTan idga da saWiro iyo misi
misvla iaraRis Casabareblad. barbarom icoda, rom uzun
hasani yaramaniis sanapirosTan osmalebTan Sejaxebis gareSe
ver mividoda, xolo maT Soris omis dawyebiT gansakuTrebiT
dainteresebuli venecia iyo.
uzun hasans barbaros werilis miRebamde veneciidan daxmarebis imedi ukve dakarguli hqonda. Zenos gadmocemiT,
barbaros SenaTvalma igi gaamxiarula da imedi misca1. igi
maSinve jariT daiZra yaramaniisaken, `romelic parTelebis, sparselebis, qarTvelebis, qurTebisa da TaTrebisagan
Sedgeboda~2.
uzun hasanisa da mehmed II-is jarebi erTmaneTis pirispir
dadgnen md. evfratis napiras malaTiasTan. brZola moxda 1
agvistos. ay-yoiunlus laSqarma Tavdapirvelad, imdenad seriozul warmatebas miaRwia, rom sulTani iZulebuli gaxda
zavi eTxova. magram uzun hasanma brZolis gagrZeleba arCia,
raTa warmateba saboloo gamarjvebamde mieyvana. man gadalaxa evfrati da didi siswrafiT daedevna ukandaxeul mters,
`Tavisi ufrosi vaJi kaluli yvela qarTveliT, TaTriTa da
sxva mravali mebrZoliT aRalis dasacavad datova mdinaris
meore napirze~3.
Zenos mixedviT, ganmeorebiTi brZola moxda 10 agvistos
md. TerjanasTan, sadac ay-yoiunlus laSqarma sruli marcxi
ganicada.
uzun hasani evropidan daxmarebis miRebis da osmalebis
dajabnis imeds mainc ar kargavda. rogorc igi veneciis xelisuflebas acnobebda, maSinve surda xelaxali brZolisaTvis mzadebas Sesdgomoda4. man daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTa
1 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 27-28; Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 132.
3 iqve, gv. 31; Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 137.
85
evropis saxelmwifoebs da katerino Zeno gagzavna evropaSi,
rogorc Tavisi ndobiT aRWurvili piri.
1474 wlis gazafxulze Zenom datova Tavrizi. amjerad
mas saqarTveloze mouxda gavla. mas Tan axldnen poloneTisa da ungreTis elCebi. man jer samcxeSi gaiara da, savaraudoa, uzun hasanis `xeliT dawerili~ werili gadasca. Zenos
aucileblad eqneboda aTabagTan molaparakeba ay-yoiunlus
mbrZaneblisadmi daxmarebis Taobaze. katerinos iqve dautovia
ungreTisa da poloneTis elCebi, rac man, albaT, garkveuli
politikuri mosazrebiT gaakeTa, TviTon ki sevastopolisisaken aiRo gezi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zenos bedianTanac
hqonda molaparakeba. am mosazrebis damadastureblad is faqti gamodgeba, rom poloneTSi Casulma Zenom uzun hasanis
karze Tavis Semcvlel elCs, paolo onibenes yvaryvaresa da
bedianTan werilebi gaatana1. safiqrebelia, werilebi veneciasa da qarTvel mTavrebs Soris mimdinare molaparakebis
gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. magram cnobili ar aris, SeZlo
Tu ara onibenem werilebis mitana daniSnulebis adgilamde
an ra gavlena moaxdina am werilebma saqarTvelos mTavrebze2.
aRiniSna, rom 1474 w. yvaryvare xarks aZlevda osmalebs.
magram es, ra Tqma unda, srulebiTac ar niSnavda, TiTqos
samcxe-saaTabagos sabolood Sewyvita damoukideblobisaTvis
brZola.
TerjanasTan damarcxebis Semdeg, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
warmatebuli brZolis safuZveli aRar arsebobda. magram
uzun hasani da bagrat VI mainc ar kargavdnen evropis
qveynebis antiosmalur ligaSi Cabmis imeds. 1474 wels maT
axali elCoba gagzavnes evropaSi. elCebi kafaze gavliT,
1 iqve, gv. 34-35.
2 onibene sxva drosac, kerZod 1480 wels, yofila saqarTveloSi (tardi
l., dasax.naSr., gv. 25), magram misi am mogzaurobis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili.
86
imave wlis 19 ivliss veneciaSi mividnen, sadac isini didi
zeimiT miiRes1. venaciaSi molaparakebis Sinaarsi cnobili ar
aris.
1474 w. agvistoSi veneciaSi mivida katerino Zenoc,
romelsac mSobliur qalaqSi dabrunebamde molaparakeba
hqonda poloneTis mefe kazimeJ IV-sTan da ungreTis mbrZanebel matiaS korvinTan2.
qarTveli da Turqmeni elCebi ZenosTan erTad romsa da
neapols estumrnen3. elCebis arc am qalaqebSi molaparakebebze aris raime cnoba. maTi mogzaurobis saerTo Sedegi
is iyo, rom evropaSi raime realuri daxmarebis miReba ver
moxerxda. Zenom miatova Tu ara Tavrizi, veneciis respublikam maSinve gagzavna misi Semcvleli paolo onibene, romlis moRvaweobam is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom saqarTvelom da
ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifom xelaxla scades bedi da evropaSi
TavianTi elCebi gaagzavnes, romelTa Sesaxeb ukve iTqva.
1474 wels TavrizSi mivida respublikis kidev erTi
elCi josafat barbaro, romelic Seqmnili situaciis Seswavlas da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad uzun hasanis
aCqarebas fiqrobda4. paolo onibenem Tavisi misia daasrula
SeTanxmebiT, romlis ZaliTac uzun hasani osmaleTTan oms
1475 wels daiwyebda. onibene veneciaSi dabrunda 1475 w. 17
Tebervals5.
imave wlis ivnisSi uzun hasanis karze imyofeboda antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis erT-erTi Tavgamodebuli
1 Jorga N., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Nach den Quelen dargestelt.
II, Gotha, 1909, S. 168; Авалов З. Забитая вариация об одной исторической
теме, с. 248.
2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 34-35.
3 Jorga N., Op. cit., S. 168; Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме, с. 248.
4 Lettre al senato di Giosafat Barbaro ambasciatore ad Ussuncassan di Persia.
Tratte da un codice original del J.R. Bibliotheka di vienna. É anottate per Enrico
Cornet, Vienna, 1852, 81.
5 Махмудов Я., Ук. труд, с. 22.
87
mqadagebeli, dauRalavi ludoviko bolonieli. kontarinis
gadmocemiT, igi, amjerad, molaparakebas burgonis hercogis
saxeliT awarmoebda1. is TavrizSi didxans ar darCenila.
gamoTxovebisas uzun hasans daubarebia, rom mas Tavisi batonisaTvis moexsenebina ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb. saubars
kontarini eswreboda. evropaSi gabrunebul ludovikos, kontarinis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi gauvlia. mas Tan mihyavda
uzun hasanis elCi. imave dros saqarTveloSi gavliT imyofeboda ruseTis elCi marko rosi. isic uzun hasanisagan
brundeboda samSobloSi da Tan mihyavda sapasuxo elCic2.
rogorc Cans, ay-yoiunlus da saqarTvelos urTierToba evropis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT veneciasTan, Terjanas
marcxis Semdegac intensiuri iyo. isini dRiTidRe rwmundebodnen, rom osmaleTis daZlevas dasavleTidan daxmarebis gareSe ver SeZlebdnen. afasebda ra Seqmnil viTarebas, veneciis
senatic TvalnaTliv xedavda osmaleTis aSkara upiratesobas. amitom igi daJinebiT cdilobda Tavisi interesebisaTvis
gamoeyenebina ay-yoiunlus samxedro potenciali. 1474 wlis
11 Tebervals veneciis senati Tavisi instruqciiT josafat
barbaros pirdapir avalebda: `Cveni erTaderTi survilia brwyinvale uzun hasanma an am weliwads, an rac SeiZleba male,
daiwyos omi osmaleTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg, es aris Seni,
sxva elCebis da werilebis gagzavnis mizezi~3.
ambrojo kontarini veneciis respublikis saxeliT yovelgvar daxmarebas aRuTqvamda uzun hasans zRvasa da xmeleTze4. magram uzun hasanma kargad icoda veneciis daxmarebis
fasi, rac umTavresad dapirebebSi gamoixateboda. is axla
frTxilobda. man kontarinis ganucxada, rom im SemTxvevaSi
1 Ramusio, p. 118r
3 Ibidem.
4 Mахмудов Я. Взаимоотношения государства Ак-коюнлу с Венецией, c. 23.
88
Tu daxmareba realuri iqneboda, oms daiwyebda 1475 wlis
gazafxulze. uzun hasanma Semdgomi molaparakebis dros es
vada 1476 wlis gazfxulamde gadaswia1.
uzun hasanis am dapirebas asruleba aRar ewera. misi
sicocxlis bolo periodSi qveynis SigniT dawyebuli
feodaluri aSliloba da, rac mTavaria, osmalebis mier miyenebuli dartymis Sedegad ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos omis
ganaxlebis unari aRar Seswevda.
axla davubrundeT uzun hasanis Tavdasxmas saqarTveloze
1477 wels, rodesac man isedac dasustebul saqarTvelos
kidev ufro meti ziani miayena. uzun hasanis amgvari moqmedeba yofili `mokavSiris~ mimarT, dResac gamocanad rCeba.
erTxel mec vcade, italielTa cnobebis analiziT gamerkvia
uzun hasanis saqarTveloSi Semosevis mizezi da laSqrobis
gavrcelebis are2.
sainteresoa, rogor aisaxa qarTul wyaroebSi uzun
hasanis 1477 wlis Semoseva. winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi uzun hasanis laSqris
saqarTveloSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb metad Zunwia da daTariRebac mcdaria.
`Zilispiri ikorTisa~ gvamcnobs: `qoronikonsa rBd: aqa
uzun hasan saqarTvelo amoswyBda~3. vaxuStis `saqarTvelos
qronikaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `1478. rÁv. uzunasan yeeni movida,
qarTli da erwo-TianeTi moswyvita~4. saqmis mTeli viTarebis warmodgenis saSualebas arc es qronika gvaZlevs, qronologia aqac mcdaria.
àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirveli teqsti mogviTxrobs
1 ix. XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 83-84,
Sen. 6.
2 iqve.
3 qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa,
Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili T. Jordanias mier, II, tf.,
1897, gv. 365.
4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 897.
89
uzun hasanis, saqarTveloSi Semosevis Sesaxeb, magram TariRis
gareSe: `Seiyara yaeni uzun asan movida somxiTs, da mefe
lixT iqiT iyo, qarTvelni Tan iaxlnen. moadges baraTianTa
da orbeTis Zirsa. didad kargad daxudes baraTianni. damadgrden da vera uyves ra. movides tfilissa aRiRes. da TBT
yaeni muxrans dadga. aRivso qarTli laSqriTa, moaoPres
sruliad qarTlis adgili. iPmna yaenman baraTianni, miindvna,
naxna da Seiwyalna, moscna mravalni da aRavsna pirTamdin.
amas zedan RmerTman ipriana, iwyina amowyueta saqristianosa, Seedva yaensa seni sasikudene, aiyara da warvida~. Semdeg moTxrobilia konstantines wasvla uzun hasanis karze,
baraTaSvilebis Tan xleba da uzun hasanis sikvdili1. igive
ambavi àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ mesame teqstSi daTariRebulia 1456 wliT, magram masSi rom 1477 wlis Semosevazea
gadmocemuli, amaze Semdeg iTqmeva.
uzun hasanis 1477 wlis saqarTveloSi SemoWraze mniSvnelovani cnobebi dagvitoves barbarom da anjolelom,
Tumca arc eseni iZlevian laSqrobis dawvrilmanebiT gagebis saSualebas. im SemTxvevaSi Tu maTs monaTxrobs vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobebs mivaSvelebT, suraTi TiTqmis
naTeli gaxdeba. laSqrobis dawyebis win, rogorc barbaro
gadmogvcems, uzun hasans xmis gavrceleba ubrZanebia, viTom is osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad wasvlas apirebda.
roca barbaro laSqris samzadiss daakvirda, gavrcelebuli
xma saeWvod CaTvala. laSqari 20-24 aTasi mxedrisa, 4-5
aTasi (anjolelos mixedviT 11 aTasi) qveiTi jariskacisagan
Sedgeboda. garda mebrZolebisa, kidev iyo 6 aTasi damxmare
(molaSqreTa colebi, bavSvebi, msaxurebi da sxv.)2. anjolelos TqmiT, uzun hasans cbiereba uxmaria da laSqari
jer dasavleTisaken wauyvania, viTomda marTla osmaleTze
midioda, Semdeg ki saqarTvelosaken Semobrunebula. Tavisi
1 iqve, gv. 478.
2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 60-61, 77-78.
90
laSqrobis saidumloeba rom ar gaemxila, mas arc axla
wauyvania laSqari wesieri gziT _ mTebze da tyeebSi utarebia, sadac gansakuTrebiT gamoyofili 5 aTasi kaci laSqars
cecxliT ukafavda gzas.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, Turqmenebi jer somxeTs Sesevian, Semdeg `qarTlis somxiTSi~ gadmosulan, orbeTTan maT mefe konstantine daxvda da didi winaaRmdegoba
gauwia. roca uzun hasanma konstantines swrafad damarcxeba
ver SeZlo, Tavi mianeba da Tbilisisaken wavida.
rogorc laSqrobis mTeli msvlelobidan Cans, uzun
hasanis mizani iyo moulodnelad dasxmoda Tbiliss. konstantinesTan brZolis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi moulodnelad wamowyebuli omis yvela savaraudo Sedegs dakargavda,
qarTvelebi Tbilisisa da misi misadgomebis gamagrebas moaswrebdnen da hasanis mcirericxovan laSqars Tbilisis aReba
gauZneldeboda. uzun hasanis taqtika swori aRmoCnda: mtris
moulodneli gamoCenis gamo, qarTvelebs isRa darCenodaT,
qalaqi mietovebinaT da, rogorc barbaro da anjolelo gadmogvcemen, uzun hasani Tbiliss ubrZolvelad daeufla1.
mefe konstantine mosvenebas ar aZlevda `marbielTa
yeenisaTa~. amitom uzun hasans ar SeeZlo zurgSi misi yofna
daeSva da masTan isev morigeba arCia. imave dros man ganizraxa mefe konstantine da mefe bagrati erTmaneTisaTvis
daepirispirebina: `maSin yeeni ezraxa konstantine mefesa, _
wers vaxuSti, _ raTa mivides masTan da mianiWos yoveli
qveyana misi da daicvas uvneblad~. konstantinem miiRo es
winadadeba. igi yaenTan gamocxadda. yaenma is didi pativiT
miiRo2 da Tbilisi Caabara, riTac mefe bagrats iq dabrunebis saSualeba mouspo3. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, uzun
1 iqve, gv. 61, 78.
2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 385; Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 139.
3 Minorsky V. Tiflis, Uzun Hassan. Ènziklopedie des Islam~, IV, 1934, S.
802.
91
hasani bolomde arc konstantines miendo da Tbilisis cixeSi Tavisi garnizoni Caayena, TviTon ki muxranSi dabanakda.
iqidan agzavnida Tavis razmebs qarTlisa da kaxeTis dasarbevad. mefe bagrats winaaRmdegobis Zala ar Seswevda da raWas
Seafara Tavi1.
qarTlis dakavebis Semdeg uzun hasans mefe bagratTan,
samcxis aTabagTan2 da sxva Svid didebulTan3 molaparakeba
gaumarTavs dazavebis Taobaze da Tbilisis gamoklebiT qarTlis dacla aRuTqvams, Tu isini xarkis saxiT 16 aTas dukats gadaixdidnen4.
sparsulenovani wyaroebidan irkveva, rom qarTvelebi
uzun hasans yovelwliurad xarks uxdidnen da xarkis dagvianeba gamxdara ay-yoiunlus mbrZaneblis saqarTveloSi ramdenjerme laSqrobis mizezi5.
damatebiTi cnobebi uzun hasanis saqarTveloSi Semdgomi
moqmedebis Sesaxeb dagvitova barbarom. es cnobebi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom roca qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs 16
aTasi dukati gadauxdiaT da Turqmenebs 4-5 aTasamde tyvec
xelT ugdiaT, amis Semdeg imereTi daurbeviaT6. barbaro,
rogorc TviTmxilveli gadmogvcems, rom quTaisis aklebis
Semdeg isini ukan gabrundnen, mividnen skandaSi da Semdeg
gorSi gadavidnen. goridan Turqmenebi Tbilisisken ki ar
wavidnen (maT misi sakiTxi ukve mogvarebulad miaCndaT),
aramed mTebze gadavidnen da sami dRis Semdeg loreSi, e.i.
uzun hasanis samflobeloSi mividnen.
3 iqve, gv. 78.
4 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, gv. 118-122; kiknaZe r.
saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis istoriidan XV saukunis meore naxevarSi.
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi, VI, Tb., 1964, gv.
119-120, 122.
92
amgvarad, barbaros cnobebis mixedviT, uzun hasanma aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da imereTi aiklo. samcxe-saaTabagos
da sabedianos igi ar Sexebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is amis
Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnobs. magram imis gamo, rom aTabagi
da dadiani sazavo molaparakebaSi monawileobdnen, es mafiqrebinebs, rom isini konfliqtis seriozuli monawileni
iyvnen. isini uars ambobdnen uzun hasanTan erTad osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg brZolaze. imave barbaros cnobebze dayrdnobiT,
iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda: ìmitom, rom qarTvelebma uzun
hasanis es moTxovna (16 aTasi dukatis gadaxdis Sesaxeb
_ e.m.) ver aasrules Tu sxva raime mizezis gamo mxolod
ios. barbaros sityviT amis Semdgom sparseTis batonis jari
swrafad daZrula da mxarmarcxniv wasula yuaryuare aTabagis qveynis winaaRmdeg. rogor mimdinareobda aq samxedro
moqmedeba, amaze italiel mogzaurs araferi aqvs naTqvami~1.
magram, rogorc vnaxeT, barbaro sul sxva rames gveubneba.
uzun hasani samcxeSi ar SeWrila.
uzun hasanis jaris moZraobis mimarTuleba aseve aqvs
gagebuli s. filipos. igi j. barbaros biografiaSi aRniSnavs: `Sahs saqarTveloSi SeWris dros, rodesac sparselebma
saSinlad aaoxres igi, (barbaro – e.m.) mudam Tan axlda.
iyo TbilisSi, gorSi, quTaisSi, skandaSi da sxva qalaqebSi
saqarTvelos mefisa, romelmac bolos mSvidoba 16 aTasi
dukatis gadaxdiT moipova~2. s. filiposTan uzustoba mxolod imaSia, rom uzun hasanma imereTi xarkis aRebamde ki
ar daarbia, aramed mis Semdeg3.
ase tragikulad dasrulda saqarTvelos monawileoba
antiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis moZraobaSi XV s. 5070-ian wlebSi.
1 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 110
2 Filippo S., Biographia dei viaggiatori italiani, v. I, Roma, 1882, p. 43
3 ix. agreTve, mamisTvaliSvili e., goris istoria, I (1801 wlamde), Tb.,
1994, gv. 40
93
antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmna ver moxerxda, igi ideis doneze darCa. kaTolikuri qveynebis didi umravlesobis
mier osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mowodebebi, rogorc
Cans, ufro am popularuli Temis winaSe sityvieri xarkis
moxda iyo. evropis liderebs wina planze TavianTi saxelmwifoebis interesebi hqondaT dayenebuli, mezobel qveynebTan
urTierTobis mogvareba maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo.
rogorc maTi werilebidan Cans isini aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT, qarTul saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis
dros, qarTvelebis mier kaTolikobis aRiarebiT ufro iyvnen
dainteresebulni. maTi es interesi wiTel xazad gasdevs
saqarTvelo-dasavleT evropis urTierTobas XV-XVIII saukuneebSi.
4. qarTuli diplomatia evropaSi
mokavSiris ZiebaSi (XV s. 90 wlebi).
antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis iseTma cdam, romelSic
gaerTiandebodnen, rogorc dasavleTis ise aRmosavleTis
saxelmwifoebi, axlo aRmosavleTisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebi, marcxi ganicada. antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis sakiTxs gansakuTrebiT gulgrilad evropaSi moekidnen. mizezi
mdgomareobda maSindeli evropis qveynebis ekonomikur da
politikur ganviTarebaSi. im qveynebma, romlebic uSualod
ar ganicdidnen osmaleTisagan Tavdasxmis saSiSroebas, an
romelTa ekonomikuri interesebi aRmosavleTTan vaWrobaSi ar ilaxeboda (safrangeTi, epaneTi, germania), osmalebis
winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis dawyebas mxari ar dauWires.
arsebobda erTi sayuradRebo momentic: XV saukunis evropaSi jer kidev ar dasrulebuliyo erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis procesi. amitom maTi sagareo politika,
ZiriTadad, sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda.
94
aRmosavleTis im qveynebma, romlebic sisxlxorceulad
iyvnen dainteresebulni osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saerTo omiT,
evropidan daxmarebis miRebis molodinSi is moimkes, rom
zogi maTgani (bizantiis da trapizonis imperiebi, yaramaniis
saamiro) osmalebma mospes, xolo zogi ki (mag.: ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifo) imdenad dasustda, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
brZolis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo.
rogorc vnaxeT, uSedegod arc saqarTvelosTvis damTavrda antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis RonisZiebebSi misi
monawileoba. isedac daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo amis Semdeg kidev ufro daqveiTda. misi optimisturad ganwyobili
mbrZaneblebi ar kargavdnen qristianuli saxelmwifoebisgan
daxmarebis miRebis imeds. am mizniT isini mimarTavdnen xan
dasavleT evropas da xan moskovis saxelmwifos, magram realuri mxardaWera versad hpoves.
uzun hasanis sikvdilis Semdeg, qarTvelebma Tbilisi
daibrunes, magram qveyanas arc amis Semdeg ewera mosvenebiT
cxovreba. TiTqmis gauTaveblad mimdinareobda SinabrZolebi
da gareSe mtrebis Tavdasxmebi. marTalia, Zleuli iqna gareSe
mteri, uzun hasanis memkvidrem iayub-yaenma marcxi ganicada
saqarTvelos damorCilebis saqmeSi, magram qveynis daSlis
procesi kidev ufro gaRrmavda. 1489 wels qarTlisa da
kaxeTis samefoebis gverdiT Seiqmna kidev erTi _ imereTis
samefo.
qarTlis mefe konstantine ar kargavda qveynis erTianobis aRdgenis imeds. 1490 w. man darbazi moiwvia, mgram feodalebma mxari ar dauWires da iZulebuli gaxda arsebul
mdgomareobasA Segueboda
qveynis daSlis Sedegad bolo moeRo erTiani sagareo
politikis gatarebasac, rac gamokveTilad gamoCnda XV s.
90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi: kaxeTis samefo Tavis gadarCenis
saSualebas moskovis saxelmwifoSi xedavs, qarTli ki _
dasavleT evropaSi.
95
1483 da 1491 wlebSi kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre I-ma (14761511) elCebi gagzavna moskovis mTavar ivane III-is (14621505) karze da amiT safuZveli Cauyara kaxeTis samefosa
da moskovis saxelmwifos Soris politikur urTierTobas,
romelmac xangrZlivi da tradiciuli xasiaTi SeiZina.
saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, kaxeTSi mxedvelobidan ar
gamorCeniaT moskovis samTavros warmatebebi. 1491 wels
kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m moskovSi gaagzavna elCi murati, romelic 1492 wels mivida moskovSi1 da ivane III-s
kaxeTis samefosTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyareba
SesTavaza. samwuxarod, ucnobia molaparakebis msvleloba
da misi Sedegic.
qarTlis mefe konstantinem politikuri orientacia aiRo
im qveynebze, romlebic gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen
osmaleTis dasustebiT. igi upirveles yovlisa daukavSirda
egviptis mamluq mbrZanebel al-aSraf said ad-din kaitbeis
(1468-1496). rogorc Cans konstantine iTvaliswinebda im
garemoebas, rom mamluqebs TavianT umTavres mtrad osmaleTis saxelmwifo miaCdaT da maTTan antiosmaluri kavSiris
damyarebis mizniT 1493-1494 wlebSi Tavisi karis eklesiis
moZRvari kir-nilosi miavlina2. kairoSi warmoebuli molaparakebis Sesaxebac araviTari cnoba ar gagavaCnia. magram
kir-nilosis misia rogori SedegiTac ar unda damTavrebuliyo, mas mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTlis samefosa da mamluqTa egviptes Soris
diplomatiuri urTierToba, aRniSnuli droidan moyolebuli, orive saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare, ar unda
Sewyvetiliyo osmalebis mier egviptis dapyrobamde.
1 Тивадзе Т. Г., Об использовании армянских купцов на дипломатической
службе грузинскими царями. amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1991,
gv. 239.
2 am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT ix. cincaZe i. masalebi poloneTisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1965.
96
kairodan wamosulma kir-nilom ierusalimSi gaiara, sadac espaneTis elCebs Sexvda da man isini saqarTveloSi
wamoiyvana. espaneTis elCebis amgvari gabeduli moqmedeba
(isini TavianTi mefis daukiTxavad saqarTveloSi wamovidnen)
miuTiTebs espaneTis samefo karis aRmosavleTSi arsebuli
politikuri viTarebisadmi did interesze. roca maT qarTvelma diplomatma antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis perspeqtiva gadauSala, rogorc Cans, isini iolad daTanxmdnen
saqarTveloSi mipatiJebaze.
espaneTis elCebi saqarTveloSi didxans ar darCenilan.
konstantine mefem maT kir-niloc gaayola Tavisi weriliT
espaneTis mefesTan. kir-nilos sxva sagangebo davalebac mieca:
espaneTidan wamosuli moZRvari romis paps unda xleboda da
konstantines werili da sityvierad danabarebi unda gadaeca.
masve gaatanes papisaTvis gadasacemi saCuqrebi. elCebma gadacures Savi zRva, ahyvnen md. dneprs da litva-poloneTis
samflobeloebze gavliT espaneTisaken gaeSurnen.
litva-poloneTSi qarTvelma elCma mTavrobas osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg brZolis qarTuli gegma gaacno. am sakiTxze poloneTSi TaTbiri rom yofila, amis damamtkiceblad i. cincaZes, savsebiT samarTlianad, miaCnda qarTlis mefe konstantines mier espaneTis mefisaTvis gagzavnili werilis
Targmanis Setana `litvis metrikaSi~1.
konstantine mefis werili espaneTis mefisadmi muslimanTa gaZlierebiT axlo aRmosavleTSi Sqmnili mdgomareobis Wkvianurad mofiqrebuli analizia. qarTlis mefe iseT
STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos mas umTavresad saerTo saqristianos saqmeebi awuxebs da mouwodebs dasavleT evropis
gaerTianebuli ZalebiT aRadginon bizantiisa da trapizonis
saxelmwifoebi. konstantinem da misma kariskacebma kargad
icodnen, rom dasaxelebuli saxelmwifoebis aRdgena osmaleTis mospobis gareSe ar SeiZleboda. Tuki es moxde1 iqve, gv. 39.
97
boda, saqarTvelosac TavisTavad eSveleboda. werilSi gakvriT naTqvamia maSindeli saqarTvelos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
dawvrilebiT ki elCi sityvierad gadascemda espaneTis xelisufalT. `werilebs garda sxva sityvier Cven gulis nadebsac gaigonebT misgan, radganac gzaze mravali mteria,
rogorc Tqvenma meufebamac icis. uRvTo sparsTagan marad
Jams wamebulni varT da mravali boroteba mogvages Cven.
sam rames iTxoven isini Cvengan: an uzomo didi xarki
gvaZlieTo, an Cven gvebrZoleTo, anda Cven sarwmuneobaze
moeqeciTo. isini mravali arian. konstantinopolisa, trapizonisa da sxva qristianul qveyanaTagan xom marto davrCiT,
Zalian mcireni varT. amJamad mTeli simravle agarianTa,
TurqTa da arabTa SeZrwunebuli da SeSinebulia1. axla dro
dagvidga RvTis meoxebiT da gTxovT Sen konstantinopolze
gaemarTo, ar daizaro...
xolo me, Cemi vaJiSviliT da Cemi laSqriT, ramdenic
SemeZleba, rogorc ki Tqveni meufebis mier gamogzavnili
despani Cemamde moaRwevs, dauzarelad am saqmeze Tqven mowyalebas Tan gamogyvebiT~2.
konstantines werilidan, Tavisi paTosiTa da sakiTxebis
dayenebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamovyoT ori mniSvnelovani
momenti: 1. qarTveli mefe adresats acnobs Tavis damokidebulebas osmaleTis mier, saerTod, saqristianosTvis Seqmnil problemebze, romlis mogvarebaSi Tavisi wvlilis
Setanas patara saqarTvelo mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobebis mobilizebiT pirdeba da sxvebTan erTad sabrZolvelad
mzadyofnas gamoxatavs. 2. qarTveli mefe espaneTis kars
Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis satkivarzec acnobebs: Tqven erTi
mteri gyavT osmaleTis saxiT, maSin, rodesac CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi da Semaviwroebeli mteri iraniao. kon1 igulisxmeba 1492 wels espaneTis jarebis mier grenadis ganTavisufleba
arabTa batonobisagan, riTac sabolood dasrulda espaneTis gaerTianeba.
2 iqve, gv. 83.
98
stantinem kargad icis, rom irani dasavleT evropaSi moiazreba rogorc potenciuri mokavSire osmalebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi, amitom is pirdapir ver iTxovs iranis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebul daxmarebas. adresats agebinebs ra Tavisi
qveynis ubedurebas, iqve gaismis misi mudara, Cveni mdgomareobac gaiTvaliswineT da iqneb raimeTi dagvexmaroTo.
konstantines mimarTvas espaneTis samefo karisadmi sasurveli Sedegi ar eqneboda. maSindeli espaneTis interesebi
axlo aRmosavleTSi mcire iyo. mxolod saqristianos siyvarulis gamo ki aseT sapasuxismgeblo nabijs imdroindeli
arc erTi qristianuli saxelmwifo ar gadadgamda.
ferdinandma da izabelam, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
qarTvel elCs mxolod gaurkveveli dapirebebi mices: espanelebi mzad arian afrikaSi ebrZolon kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis mtrebs da rom isini maRal Sefasebas aZleven
mefe konstantines winadadebas damyardes urTierToba espaneT-saqarTvelos Soris da saqarTvelos mefes materialur
daxmarebasac dapirdnen1.
espaneTidan wamosuli nilo romis paps aleqsandre VI-s
(1492-1503) ewvia da masac Tavisi mefis werili da sityvierad danabarebic gadasca. konstantines werilma Cvenamde ar
moaRwia, magram misi Sinaarsi nawilobriv mainc cnobilia papis sapasuxo werilis wyalobiT. paps moswons qarTveli mefis gulmodgineba qristes sarwmunoebis mterTa winaaRmdeg
gasalaSqreblad. magram papi ver malavs, rom evropis saxelmwifoebisgan daxmarebis miReba amJamad SeuZlebelia, radgan
maT Soris ganxeTqilebaa. roca isini erTmaneTs Seurigdebian
da dairazmebian saerTo mterTan sabrZolvelad, gamarjveba
Cven dagvrCeba. `Tumca Cven yovelTvis viRwodiT aseTi sur1 espaneTis mefe-dedoflis sapasuxo werils miakvlia l. tardim burgosas xelnawerTsacavSi, magram, samwuxarod, man Tavis wignSi saqarTvelos
istoriisaTvis am friadmniSvnelovani dokumentis mxolod mokle Sinaarsi
gadmosca. tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, Tb., gv.
33-34
99
viliT, magram axla Seni mzadyofna da qristes didebisaken
Seni keTilsindisieri miswrafebiT darwmuneba Cven gvaiZulebs, es saqme davaCqaroT~. amasobaSi Tqveni qveSevrdomni
darazmeT da mzad iyaviTo.
papis werilidan erTi garemoeba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs. rogorc Cans, mefe konstantinem qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis kaTolikuri eklesiisaTvis daqvemdebareba da ferara-florenciis krebis (1437-1439) gadawyvetilebaTa aRiareba SesTavaza, ris gamoc papma upasuxa:
`Cven uaRresad moxaruli varT, rom Seni udidebulesoba miiswrafis namdvil marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas Caswvdes
da Cveni saxiT sTxovs Cvens uwmindes samociqulo taxts,
mTeli qristianobis meTaurs, Camoayalibos yvelaferi rac
ki Seexeba am sarwmunoebis swor dacvas~. amitom konstantines papisaTvis uTxovia nilos xeliT gaegzvna florenciis
saeklesio krebis gadawyvetileba. papma mefes es Txovna daukmayofila: àmitom Cven axla gigzavniT krebis dadgenilebas,
werilSi Cadebuls da Cveni beWdiT daluquls, da vTavazobT
Sens Tavdadebulobas, ubrZanoT: gaavrcelon da miiRon igi
Seni qveynis yvela provinciaSi, rogorc qristeze, uflis
WeSmarit Svilze, miTiTebebi da dadgenilebebi... maSin Cven
yvelani viqnebiT erTianni da axlobelni... maSin verc erTi
mtruli iaraRi veraviTar zians ver mogvayenebs, vinaidan
mjera, rom maTze gaimarjvebs meufeba~.
papi qarTvel mefes did madlobas uxdis saCuqrebisaTvis
da imasac acnobebs, rom man mis elCs, Tavisi mefis saxeliT
dasmul yvela kiTxvaze amomwuravi pasuxi zepirad gasca1.
ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba iTvleba romis kaTolikuri da berZnul-marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis gamaerTianeblad. am krebis muSaobaSi sxva marTlmadidebeli
1 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI
ss.), Tb., 1984, gv. 217-219. ix. agreTve, TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv.64-66;
cincaZe i., dasax. naSr., gv. 83.
100
saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad saqarTvelos ori
warmomadgeneli monawileobda. uniis aqts xeli moawera yvelam, garda qarTvelebisa1. qarTvelebis amgvari damokidebuleba aRniSnuli saeklesio krebisadmi mSvenivrad moexseneboda, rogorc paps aleqsandre VI-s, ise mefe konstantines.
qarTveli mefis es nabiji (qarTuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis romis kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi daqvemdebareba da
ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebaTa aRiareba) politikuri mosazrebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. misma elCma
nilom romSive miiRo kaTolikoba da samSobloSi dabrunda,
rogorc wminda basilis wesis monazoni. amiT qarTvel politikosebs surdaT mieqciaT kaTolikuri evropis yuradReba.
magram xom cnobilia, rom imave ferara-florenciis krebis
gadawyvetilebas aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebis
gaerTianebis Sesaxeb bizantiis keisarma ioane VIII paleologma imitom moawera xeli, rom osmaleTisagan Tavdasacavad dasavleTisgan daxmareba mieRo. sinamdvileSi man am mizans ver miaRwia. es ki sagulisxmo magaliTi unda yofiliyo
konstantinesaTvis, magram sxvagvarad rogor moqceuliyo?2
konstantine II-m dasavleTidan mxolod florenciis krebis gadawyvetileba miiRo papis tyviiT dabeWdil werilTan
erTad.
1 dawvr. ix. JuJunaZe o., XV saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos
sagareo politikis istoriisaTvis. `qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo
politikis istoriidan~, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 5-28.
2 erTi ram aucileblad unda iTqvas: qarTvel politikur moRvaweebs
mamapapuri rwmenis Secvla seriozulad arasodes ar ufiqriaT. kaTolikobaze
qveynis moqcevis dapireba mxolod politikuri xasiaTis fandi iyo. qarTvel
politikosTa amgvar moqmedebaze specialurad da vrclad ix. mamisTvaliSvili
e., saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebis cdebi da qarTvelTa diplomatia.
`qarTuli diplomatia~, weliwdeuli, #8, Tb., 2001, gv. 33-64.
101
5. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo
urTierTobani da diplomatia XVI s.
dasawyisidan _ 70-ian wlebamde
XV s. 90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos feodaluri saxelmwufo sabolood daiSala. misi mdgomareoba kidev ufro
damZimda ori Zlieri saxelmwifos _ osmaleTisa da yizilbaSuri iranis mezoblobiT.
osmalebma ukve XV saukeneSi mravalricxovani da Zlevamosili omebis wyalobiT Seqmnes samxedro feodaluri
saxelmwifo, romlis arsebobisa da Zlierebis mTavar wyaros
mezobeli qveynebis dapyroba da maTi Zarcva Seadgenda. ise
Canda, rom osmaleTis mtacebluri madis amlagmveli Zala ar
arsebobda da misi yvela mezobeli dasaRupavad ganwiruli
iyo. osmalebis mier ganxorcielebul dapyrobiT omebs aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis mxolod politikuri
xasiaTis garTulebebi ar axlda, gauaresda maTi ekonomikuri
mdgomareobac. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebel
gzebze osmalebis gabatonebam, evropis saxelmwifoebi aiZula daewyoT axali da uxifaTo gzebis Zieba, rasac Sedegad mohyva e. w. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi. am procesma
Zirfesvianad Secvala msoflio kavSir-urTierTobis mTeli
sistema. axalma saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebma da kavSirurTierTobam didi gavlena moaxdina mravali qveynis, maT
Soris, saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaze1.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT dros misadmi vasalur
damokidebulebaSi myofi, axla ukve gamuslimanebuli ori
saxelmwifo _ Saqi da Sirvani emezobleboda. oriveSi ganviTarebuli iyo abreSumis warmoeba, romlis produqtebic
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sagans warmoadgenda. XV s. dasasrulsa da XVI s. dasawyisSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos same-
foebs _ qarTlsa da kaxeTs, keTilmezobluri urTierToba
aRar hqondaT dasaxelebul saxelmwifoebTan.
mokled aseTi iyo saqarTvelos mdgomareoba, rodesac
samxreT azerbaijanSi, ardebilSi, asparezze pirvelobis
pretenziiT gamovida sefianebis dinastia, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara sefianebis, anu yizilbaSebis Zlier saxelmwifos. am dinastiis pirveli warmomadgeneli iyo Sah ismail
I. man gaiTvaliswina iranisa da azerbaijanis mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva fenebis interesebi da male moipova maTi mxardaWera. igi cdilobda Seeqmna iseTi Zlieri centralizebuli
saxelmwifo, romelic win aRudgeboda osmalTa agresias. mezobelTa miwebis dapyrobiT dainteresebulma samxreT azerbaijanis didkacobam, ismails maSinve mxari dauWira da misi
ZiriTadi dasayrdeni gaxda. xalxis farTo masebis gulis
mogebis miznT ismailma Siitoba saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada. am RonisZiebiT man Tavis qveSevrdomebi daarwmuna,
rom sunituri osmaleTis mteri iqneboda. ismails mxari
dauWires, agreTve, vaWar-xelosnebma. maTi savaWro saqmianoba
da gasaRebis bazari feodaluri aSlilobis da osmalebis
mier savaWro-saqaravno gzebis gadaketviT uaRresad Seikveca. amitom isinic gamosavals mxolod Zlieri xelisuflebis
damyarebaSi xedavdnen.
ismailma, vidre osmaleTTan oms daiwyebda, iaraRi jer
Tavisi uaxloesi mezoblebis winaaRmdeg mimarTa. 1499 wels
Zlieri da mdidari Sirvanis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli omi, 1501
wels gamarjvebiT daasrula. ismailis Sirvanis sataxto SamaxiaSi yofnis droidan Cndeba italielTa pirveli cnobebi
saqarTvelosa da yizilbaSebs Soris urTierTobis damyarebis Sesaxeb.
garkveul warmatebas miaRwia Tu ara, Sah ismailma, paolo
jovios gadmocemiT, maSinve `daiwyo omi albanebis1, ibere-
1 Jordania g., ucxoel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb XVII
saukuneSi, `mnaTobi~, #2, 1962, gv. 174.
1 jovio albanebSi kaxelebs unda gulisxmobdes. amis maCvenebelia is, rom
igi Tavisi Txzulebis meore nawilSi erTgan ambobs: ìberebi da albanebi dRes
102
103
bisa da SiTebis1 winaaRmdeg, romlebic baqos zRvis2 napiras
cxovroben. isini winaT sparseTis mefis moxakeni iyvnen...
ukve oTxi weli gavida, rac xarki ar gadauxdiaT, elCobac
ki ar gaugzavniaT gamarjvebaTa misalocad~3.
jovios cnobis mixedviT, ismaili saqarTveloze laSqrobisas miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos (qarTlis, kaxeTis da
samcxe-saaTabagos) iranisadmi vasalur mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas, kerZod: maT mier ismailis xelisuflebis cnobas,
yovelwliuri gadasaxadis gadaxdas da jaris garkveuli
kontigentis miwodebas misi farTo dapyrobiTi gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad.
maSasadame, ismailis pirveli kontaqti saqarTvelosTan
mniSvnelovani politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro interesebiT ganpirobebuli iyo da ara stiqiuri, mxolod nadavlis xelSi CagdebiT nakarnaxevi. hasan rumlu gadmogvcems:
àleqsandres sadarma xayanma (ismail I – e. m.) zogierTi didebuli moixmo da ubrZana, erTmaneTSi moeTaTbiraT,
romel mxares ufro Sesaferisi iqneboda, rom gavemarToT.
zogma Tqva, saWiroa erzinjanSi gavataroT zamTari... zogma
ki moaxsena, yvaryvares saqarTvelos urwmunoebze gavilaSqroTo. sxva jgufma kidev Coxur-saadi (erevnis olqi –
e.m.) scno Sesaferisad... dadgenil iqna, rom droSebis Sirvanisaken mimarTva swori iqnebao. roca basians miaRwies,
mizanSewonili moqmedebisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna, rom xolefabegi saqarTvelosken gaegzavnaT. brZanebis Tanaxmad, xolefabegma mamacebis razmiT saqarTveloze gailaSqra, uzomo nadiberebad wodebulni~. Giovio P., La seconda parte dell’Historie del suo tempo,
Firenze, 1553, p. 478.
1 albaT, Sirvanelebi.
2 kaspiis zRva.
3 Giovio P., La prima parte dell’Historie del suo tempo, Firenze, 1551, p. 483;
Spandugino T., La vita di Sach Ismael et de Tamas re di Persia chiamati Sofi. `Historia universale del origine et imperio de Turchi, raccolta da M. Francesco Sansovino~, Venezia, 1568, p. 374r.
104
avli aiRo da uavgustoes urdoSi dabrunda~1.
saqarTveloSi SemoWrilma xolefa-begma, ismailis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, garkveuli moTxovnebi wauyena qarTlis,
kaxeTisa da samcxe-saaTbagos mbrZaneblebs. rogorc qvemoT gamoCndeba, ismailis moTxovnebidan gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eTmoboda qarTvelebis mier jaris gayvanas mis
dasaxmareblad2. yovel moTxovnaze dasaxelebul qarTul
politikur erTeulebs 3-3 aTasi mxedari gahyavdaT.
anonimi venecielisa da katerino `Zenos mogzaurobis
komentarebis~ gadmocemis Tanaxmad, 1501 wels ismailma Samaxiidan elCi gaugzavna qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs da ay-yoiunlus sulTnis alvendis winaaRmdeg daxmareba sTxova. radgan
`sakuTari ZalebiT omSi warmateba eeWveboda, amitom [ismailma] elCi gagzavna iberiaSi, romelic Samaxiidan sami, an
ufro zustad, oTxi dRis savalzea. es iberia didi provinciaa, mTeli mosaxleoba marTlmorwmune qristiania da
mbrZaneblobs Svidi siniori. maT Soris arian orni, an ufro
zustad samni, romlebic sparseTis, e.i. Tavrizis qveyanas esazRvrebian. erTs hqvia aleqsandros beki, meores gurgurambeki, mesames mirza beki~3.
TiTqmis igives gveubneba Zenoc, magram mokled, `siniorebis~ saxelebic mcired Secvlilia (aleqsandro beki, gurgurambeki, mirabeti), Tanac maT `jorjanebs~ uwodebs4.
rogorc Cans, orive avtorisaTvis cnobili iyo saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samefo-samTavroebad danawileba, magram mas
1 hasan-rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsuli teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniTa da SesavliT gamosca v. fuTuriZem. SeniSvnebi daurTo r. kiknaZem,
Tb., 1965, gv. 19.
2 sainteresoa, rom arc Turquli da arc sparsuli wyaroebi ar aRniSnaven
sefianTa saxelmwifos an osmaleTis mier qarTuli samefoebidan damxmare
jaris gayvanas.
3 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 87 r.
4 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa, gv. 37. evropaSi gagzavnil werilebsa
da italiur dokumentur Tu naratiul wyaroebSi yvaryvare II yovelTvis
`gurguras~, `gorgoras~ saxeliT moixsenieba.
105
mainc erTi saerTo saxeliT ìberiad~ da `jorjaniad~ moixseniebdnen.
zemoT dasaxelebuli qarTveli `siniorebis~ vinaobis
dadgena, garda pirvelisa (aleqsandros beki), advilad ver
xerxdeba. eWvi ar aris rom pirveli kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre
pirvelia (1476-1511). `gurgurambeki~ samcxis aTbag yvaryvare meoreze (1451-1498) migvaniSnebs1. magram, cnobilia, rom
1500-1515 wlebSi aTabagobda yvaryvare II-is Svili mzeWabuki. maS anonimi venecieli da Zenos mogzaurobis komentatori ratom unda asaxelebdnen yvaryvares. savaraudoa,
rom yvaryvare II-is didxans aTabagobam da popularobam misi
saxeli yvaryvare (gurgura, gorgora) samcxis mmarTveli
aTabagis zogad saxelad aqcia. amitom SeiZleba davuSvaT,
rom `gurgura~-Si dasaxelebuli avtorebi aTabag mzeWabuks
gulisxmoben.
vin aris `mirabeti~? am SemTxvevaSic mxolod varaudis
daSveba SeiZleba. radgan `mirza~ ufliswuls niSnavs, SeiZleba masSi qarTlis mefe konstantine II-is romelime vaJi
an Zma vivaraudoT. katerino Zenos `mogzaurobis komentarebSi~ naTqvamia, rom zemoaRniSnul `siniorebs~ `Zveli mtroba
hqondaT alamurTan da surdaT misi Zlierebis damxoba,
isargebles ismailis mier micemuli SemTxveviT da gadwyvites daxmarebodnen mas alamuris winaaRmdeg~2.
ismaili qarTvelebs hpirdeboda, `Tu isini daexmarebodnen [alvendis winaaRmdeg], darCebodnen kmayofili da
mdidrebi~. ismaili mokavSireebs acnobebda Tavis ganzraxvis
Sesaxebac: alvendis damarcxebis Semdeg Tavrizs sataxto
qalaqad gadaaqcevda da, rodesac Zlieri, centralizebuli
saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxdeboda, maSin
1 evropaSi gagzavnil werilebsa da italiur dokumentur Tu naratiul
wyaroebSi yvaryvare II yovelTvis `gurguras~, `gorgoras~ saxeliT moixsenieba.
2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 37-38.
106
qarTvelebi ganTavisufldebodnen im xarkisagan, romelsac
isini `sparseTis mefes~, e.i. alvendis uxdidnen1.
mocemul etapze ismailisaTvis daxmareba qarTvelebs
politikurad da ekonomikuradac xelsayrelad miuCneviaT.
marTlac, maT, TiToeulma sam-sami aTasi (sul 9 aTasi)
mxedari gagzavnes2. anonimi venecieli iqve dasZens, rom ès
iberebi umamacesi mxedrebi da brZolaSi mrisxaneni arian~3.
qarTvelebi imiTac saxelganTqmulni yofilan, rom trapizonis sazRvrebTan mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen osmalebs4.
ismails qarTveli mxedrebi didi sixaruliTa da pativiT
miuRia. ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo ismailisaTvis qarTvelebis mier gaweuli daxmareba, iqidan Cans, rom maT misvlamde ismails mxolod 7 aTasi mebrZoli hyavda, amis Semdeg
ki, misi laSqari 16 aTas kacamde gaizarda. qarTvelebis
misvliT nasiamovnebma ismailma dapireba Seasrula da isini
SamaxiaSi moxveWili didZali ganZiT daasaCuqra5.
1501 wels naxWevanis maxloblad, sof. SarurTan, gamarTul brZolaSi ismailis laSqarma sastikad daamarcxa alvendis 30 aTasiani kavaleria. rogorc anonimi venecielis cnobidan irkveva, brZolis dros gadamwyveti roli qarTvelTa
razmebs SeusrulebiaT. isini alvendis banakSi SeWrilan da
mouspiaT. sulTanma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. gamarjvebulebi
didi zeimiT Sevidnen TavrizSi. marTalia alvendma SeZlo
Zalebis mokreba da mcire xniT Tavrizic daibruna, magram
1502 w. igi sabolood gandevnes. ismaili iranis Sahin-Sahad
1 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 87 r.
2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 38; Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 87r.
3 Èt questi Hiberi sono huomini valentissimi a cavallo, et terribili in bataglia~. Ramusio, p., Op. cit., 87r.
4 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 38.
5 Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 87r-v. sruliad sawinaaRmdego cnoba aqvs sefianTa
xanis (XVI s.) istorikoss hasan-beg rumlus. Sirvanze galaSqrebamde ismails
qarTvelebisaTvis daxmareba ki ar uTxovia, aramed saqarTvelo daulaSqria.
sparseli da italieli avtorebi erTmaneTs erTSi eTanxmebian: Sirvanze
laSqrobis win ismails 7 aTasi mebrZoli hyavda. hasan-beg rumlu, gv. 19.
107
(mefeT-mefe, 1502-1524) gamocxadda. 1502 weli yizilbaSTa
saxelmwifos daarsebis welad iTvleba1.
ismail I-is sagareo politika dapyrobiT omebs iTvaliswinebda. ukve 1502 wels is samxedro moqmedebas iwyebs ayyoiunlus ukanaskneli sulTnis, uzun hasanis SviliSvilis
muradis winaaRmdeg. murads azerbaijanSi ay-yoiunlus Zalauflebis aRdgena surda da yizilbaSTa dauZinebeli mteri iyo.
anonimi venecielis gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ismail I TavrizSi imyofeboda, roca muradis 30 aTasiani jariT Tavrizze wamosvlis ambavi acnobes. ismailma didebulebi TavianTi jarebiT Sekriba da muradis Sesaxvedrad Tavrizidan
gavida. muradi swrafad midioda raTa moulodneli Tavdasxma ganexorcielebina. ismailis mdgomareoba kritikuli
iyo. amitom man `yvela Tavis didebulsa da meomars mimarTa,
rom TiToeulma maTganma ibrZolos vaJkacurad. iberTa siniorebsac sTxova, rom waaqezon TavianTi meomrebi, gaaxsenon,
rogor moiqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, roca alumutis (alvendi)
mTeli banaki gaanadgures. amgvarad Sepirda TiToeuli iberieli mas da maT erTi saaTi as welad moeCvenaT, sanam xelCarTul brZolaSi Caebmebodnen~2.
muradi Tavisi jariT mivida Tavrizis dablobze da ismailis banakidan mcire manZilze, erT patara mdinaresTan
gaCerda. ismailis jaric, romlis did nawils qarTvelebi
Seadgendnen, mdinaris meore napirTan mivida da iqve dabanakda. pirispir mdgomi mowinaRmdegeebi brZolaSi iwvevdnen
da uxeSi sityvebiT umaspinZldebodnen erTmaneTs. SuadRisas
(1503 w. 19 ivnisi) ismaili da muradi jarebis gamxnevebas
Seudgnen. saRamos ki muradma Tavisi jari sam nawilad gahyo.
misi mibaZviT, ismailmac jari or nawilad gahyo: erTSi 9
aTasi qarTveli iyo, meoreSi _ yizilbaSebi. 20 ivniss gaimarTa brZola, romelic Sah ismailis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.
1 Петрушевский И.П., Ук. труд, с. 233.
2 Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 88r.
108
sulTan muradi brZolis velidan gaiqca1. man Sirazs Seafara
Tavi, magram ismaili daedevna da Sirazsac daeufla.
azerbaijanSi ganmtkicebis Semdeg sefianebma ay-yoiunlu
gaanadgures da iranis mniSvnelovani nawili daimorCiles.
1507-1508 wlebSi yizilbaSebma daipyres erayis didi nawili
baRdadiTurT. amis Semdeg maTi saxelmwifo aRmosavleTiT
gaumezoblda uzbekebis saxelmwifos, dasavleTiT ki – osmalebisas.
iwyeba brZola xorasnisaTvis ismail I-sa da uzbekebis
mbrZanebel Seiban-xans Soris. xorasanze gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi. Seiban-xanma idrova Sah ismailis mcire
aziaSi saomari moqmedebiT da xorasani daipyro. ismaili didi
jariT daiZra xorasnisaken. brZola moxda q. mervis maxloblad, sof. mahmudTan 1510 wlis 1 dekembers. araviTari cnoba
gvaqvs am brZolaSi qarTvelebis monawileobis Sesaxeb, magram
is ki viciT, rom ismailma qarTuli faqtori SesaniSnavad gamoiyena brZolis warmatebiT dasasruleblad. ai ras gvamcnobs
Teodoro spandujino: `mervidan erTi dRis savalze aris md.
sakijani, romelzec gadebulia merqiopes xidi. aqedan surda
[Seiban-xans] gadasuliyo mdinareze. Sahma mdinareze gadasasvlelebi daikava. brZola gagrZelda SuadRemde. maSin Sahma
[ismailma] xma gaavrcela, viTom erTimeoreze miyolebiT eqvsi
Sikriki mouvida, romlebmac acnobes, rom qarTvelebi erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT Tavrizis dasalaSqrad wamovidnen~2. amis
Semdeg Sah ismailma xidis dacva miatova da ukan daixia. samagierod Seiban-xanma mTeli Tavisi jariT, romelic 30 aTasi
meomrisagan Sedgeboda, xidze gadasvla daiwyo. Sah ismaili ki,
naxevari dRis savalze gaCerda da xelsayrel moments eloda.
roca mosaRamovda, igi moulodnelad Tavsdaesxa mters da
1 Ibidem. ismail I-isa da murads Soris brZolis sruliad gansxvavebuli,
istoriul sinamdviles daSorebuli versia ix. giorgaZe b., venecieli avtoris
marino sanutos cnobebi saqarTveloze (XV-XVI ss. mijna). krebulSi: evropis
istoriis problemebi, II, Tb., 1978, gv. 188-189.
2 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 106v.
109
sastikad gaanadgura. Seiban-xani brZolaSi daiRupa1.
amgvarad, Tu SevajamebT Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis
monacemebs, SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom qarTvelebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules sefianebis yizilbaSuri
saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. magram
qarTvelebis wvlili Sah ismailis sagareo politikaSi amiT
ar dasrulebula. isini kvlavac aqtiurad monawileobdnen
Sahis mTel rig samxedro RonisZiebebSi.
safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelebis ismailisadmi daxmareba, pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo, imiT, rom
qarTveli politikosebi sefianTa saxelmwifos gaZlierebaSi
xedavdnen osmaleTis sapirispiro Zalas. yizilbaSTa Zlieri
saxelmwifo ZalTa wonasworobas Seqmnida axlo aRmosavleTSi. qarTveli politikosebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, Zneli
misaxvedri ar iqneboda, rom Zlieri mezobeli maTi qveynis
arsebobas xifaTs Seuqmnida. magram istoriuli gamocdileba
imasac ukarnaxebdaT, rom erT Zlier mezobelTan pirispir
darCena ufro saxifaTo iyo vidre, orTan, romlebic mudmivad dapirispirebulni iqnebodnen Tundac saqarTveloze
batonobisaTvis. maT Soris winaaRmdegobis gamoyeneba gadarCenis mniSvnelovani saSualeba iqneboda.
* * *
Sah ismail I-is karze kargad icodnen, evropelebis
daintereseba aRmosavleTSi osmaleTis sapirispiro Zalis
moZebnis Sesaxeb. amitom man veneciis respublikas maSinve
SesTavaza uzun hasanis droindeli kavSiris ganaxleba da
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad artileria da artileristebi sTxova2. venecielebma ar daayovnes da ukve 1502
1 Ibidem.
2 Epistolarum Turcicarum variarum et diversarum authorum, Francfurt am
Main, 1598, S. 59.
110
wels scades Sah ismailTan kontaqtis damyareba. iranSi
elCad gaigzavna konstantine laskarisi. 1502 wlis 15 oqtombers laskarisi yaramaniidan veneciaSi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi aRniSnavs Sah ismailis osmaleTTan momaval brZolaSi, kerZod, trapizonis imperiis ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi,
saqarTvelos did mniSvnelobaze1.
sefianTa saxelmwifom, jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi, Taviseburi urTierToba daamyara samcxe-saaTabagosTan.
ismail I saaTabagos samflobeloebs, aTabagisave nebarTviT,
placdarmad iyenebda osmaleTis teritoriaze SesaWrelad.
xSirad, roca wyaroebSi laparakia saqarTveloze, miTiTebulicaa, rom igi esazRvreba trapizons. amiT surT xazi
gausvan saqarTvelos strategiul mniSvnelobas osmaleTTan
omis SemTxvevaSi. spandujinos erTi dauTariRebeli cnobidan vigebT, rom ismailma `gagzavna satofbei 14 aTasi kaciT trapizonis mxares. saqarTvelos mTavarma guagura beim,
romelic Sah-iakubis bebiis Zmis (Sah-iakubis biZis) simamri
iyo, gza misca. igi SeiWra trapizonis samefoSi, mravali adgili gadawva, gaZarcva da misianebi, nadavliT datvirTulni,
ukan dabrundnen~2.
Znelia imis dadgena, rodis moxda spandujinos mier gadmocemuli ambavi, magram, radgan masSi naTqvamia, rom ismailis samxedro eqspedicia baiazid II-is (1481-1512) winaaRmdeg
iyo gagzavnili, amitom miaxloebiT SeiZleba Tqma, rom es
moxda 1512 wlamde, selim pirvelis gamefebamde. selim I-is
gamefebis Semdeg aTabagis damokidebuleba Sah ismailisadmi
Seicvala.
yvaryvare II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg samcxe-saaTabagoSi
daiwyo brZola taxtis pretendentebs Soris, sabolood
gaimarjva mzeWabukma (1500-1515). am dros iwyeba osmalebis
Seteva samxreeT-dasavleT saqarTveloze. aTabagma Seqmnili
1 Sanuto M. I diarri, t. IV, Venezia, 1880, p. 357.
2 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 110.
111
mdgomareobiT isargebla, jer qarTlis mefe konstantine IIsTan daamyara mSvidoba da misadmi morCileba ikisra, Semdeg
Tavisi samflobeloebis gafarToebis mizniT, osmaleTTan
kavSiri gaaba. roca gurieli osmalebs ebrZoda, mzeWabuki
mtris mxares dadga da aWara da WaneTi daipyro1. osmaluri
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mzeWabukma daikava artaani, kola (patara artaani), olTisi, TorTumi da ispiri2
osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebi jerovnad afasebdnen
saqarTvelos strategiul mniSvnelobas aRmosavleTze SetevisaTvis, magram vidre mSvidobiani baizid II qveyanas marTavda, saqme omamde ar mivida.
baiazid II-is mSvidobiani aRmosavluri politikis
winaaRmdeg gamovida ufliswuli selimi. igi trapizonis
valad yofnisas TviTneburad, sulTnis survilis winaaRmdeg ebrZoda yizilbaSebs. selimma garkveul warmatebasac
miaRwia: 1510 w. man xelT igdo yizilbaSebis mier dakavebuli erzinjani da baiburTi, riTac sefianTa saxelmwifosTan
omis dawyebis saSiSroeba Seqmna. Svilis aseTi moqmedebis
gamo baiazidi iZulebuli gaxda ismailTan elCi da saCuqrebi
gaegzavna da bodiSic moexada3.
selimis moqmedeba yizilbaSebis dasavleTisaken winsvlis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad. paolo jovios gadmocemiT,
selimma aiZula baiazidi, rom iberebTan da megrelebTan
saqmis mogvareba misTvis miendo4, radgan samxreTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelo selims osmaleTis gavlenis sferod miaCnda. XVII saukunis Turqi istorikosis solaq-zades TqmiT:
`cnobilia da gulebSi xsovnadaa darCenili, rom, rodesac misi udidebulesoba Sah-zade selim-xani trapizonis
vilaieTSi mivida, did dros andomebda im mxareSi saqarTve1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv, 710-711.
2 Jan-lui bake gramoni, osmalebi da saqarTvelo XVI saukunis pirvel
meoTxedSi. `macne~, istoriis seria, #3,, 1978, gv. 99.
3 Fisher S., The foreign relaTions of Turkey 1481-1512, Urbana, 1948.
4 Giovio P., Op. cit., I, p. 509.
112
los mtrebTan brZolasa da saRvTo oms~1. imave periodis
sxva Turqi istorikosis munejim-baSis gadmocemiT, trapizonis valad yofnis periodSi `selimi drois did nawils saqarTvelos rbeva-aoxrebasa da yizilbaSebTan omebs
andomebda. erzinjani da baiburTi man (yizilbaSebs) xelidan
gamostaca... (samefo karis) morCilebidan selimis gamosvlis,
davisa da damoukideblobis mopovebis mizniT Cadenil danaSaulad da pretenziad imowmebdnen (mamis) nebadaurTvelad
saqarTveloze Catarebul laSqrobebs2 da maRal saxelmwifosTan mSvidobian urTierTobaSi myof yizilbaSebTan gamarTul omebs~3. es moxda 1510 wels4.
1512 wels ufliswulma selimma, osmaleTis feodalTa
yvelaze agresiuli wreebis mxardaWeriT, baiazid II taxtidan
Camoagdo da TviTon daikava selim I-is saxeliT (1512-1520).
is maSinve Seudga Tavisi ZiriTadi gegmis ganxorcielebas
_ sefianebis mospobas da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
damorCilebas.
mezoblebis _ yizilbaSebis da osmalebis _ mier saqarTvelos mimarT agresiuli politikis gatarebas xels uwyobda
samcxe-saaTabagoSi Seqmnili viTareba. jer yvaryvare II-m,
Semdeg misma memkvidreebma, viwro feodaluri interesebidan
gamomdinare, meryevi, uprincipo politikis gatarebiT, mrav1 Sengelia n. solaq-zade saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, IV, Tb., 1873, gv. 58.
2 amave periodis sxva Turqi istorikosis koja huseinis TqmiT, 1509 w.
selimma jer somxeTSi erzinjani daipyro, Semdeg saqarTvelo aiklo, saidanac
didZali nadavliTa da tyveebiT dabrunda. Новосельцев А., П. Освободительная
борьба народов Закавказья в XVI-XVII веках. «Вопросы истории», М., 1969,
№9, с. 115; Sengelia n. XV-XIX saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis osmaluri
wyaroebi, Tb., 1974, gv. 31.
3 CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVIXVII saukuneebSi (iran-osmaleTis sazavo xelSekrulebebis mixedviT). (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1972, gv. 54-55.
4 m. svaniZem Turqul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gamoikvlia, rom selimis
saqarTveloze Tavdasxma 1510 wels unda momxdariyo. svaniZe m., saqarTveloosmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, XVI-XVII ss., Tb., 1971, gv. 44.
113
aljer misces sababi dasaxelebul mezoblebs maT saSinao
saqmeebSi Careuliyvnen, zogjer ki, maTi mxardaWeriT danarCen saqarTvelos iklebdnen an dapyrobas lamobdnen.
ismail II-is dapyrobiTma omebma, misma warmatebebma didi
saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba hpova. osmalebisagan Seviwroebuli da SeSinebuli evropelebi yizilbaSTa saxelmwifoSi
xedavdnen Zalas, romlis dapirispireba SeiZleboda osmalebis imperiisaTvis. Sah ismailis pirovnebis, rogorc saqristianos megobris gandideba xdeboda iseve, rogorc erT dros
Temurlengisa da uzun hasanis.
selim I-s farTo dapyrobiTi gegmebi hqonda, magram maTi
ganxorcieleba yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos ganadgurebis gareSe
SeuZlebeli iyo. Sahsa da sulTans Soris urTierToba sul
ufro iZabeboda da orive mxare gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis
emzadeboda.
1514 wlis gazafxulze selim I-ma q. edirneSi moiwvia
divani, romelzec gamocxadda, rom Siiti yizilbaSebis
winaaRmdeg brZola yvela muslimis wminda movaleoba iyo.
amis Semdeg selimma samxedro moqmedebac daiwyo da iranis
samflobeloebSi SeiWra. Sahis brZanebiT yizilbaSTa razmebma ukan daixies qveynis siRrmeSi, Tanac spobdnen xidebs,
gzebs, sursaT-sanovagis marags. es RonisZieba mtrisaTvis
swrafi winsvlis saSualebis mospobas isaxavda miznad. osmalTa laSqari, marTlac did gasaWirSi aRmoCnda. jaris
momarageba gaZnelda. osmalebs qaravnebiT uxdebodaT sursaTisa da iaraRis gadazidava. gzis siSoris garda, momaragebas
isic arTulebda, rom qaravnebs Tavs esxmodnen Sah ismailTan dakavSirebuli qarTvelTa razmebi da TurqTa tomebi1.
rac dro gadioda osmalTa mdgomareoba miT ufro
rTuldeboda, magram, rogorc donado da leZes 1514 wlis
14 seqtembris werilidan vigebT (donado da leZes, cnobebi
1 Эфендиев О. А., Образование Азербайджанского государства Сефевидов
в начале XVI века, Баку, 1961, с. 114.
114
miawoda jovani maria anjolelom) gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil
osmalebs seriozulad daexmarnen qarTvelebi. selimis banakSi 14 aTasi qarTveli mxedari misula da sursaTic miutania1. sxva cnobiT, romelic konstantinopolis veneciel
bailos nikolo justinians ekuTvnis, sulTnis laSqarSi 13
aTasi qarTveli mxedari yofila2.
sainteresoa, vin iyvnen italiur wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli qarTvelebi, romlebic selim I-s Sah ismailis winaaRmdeg exmarebodnen? vfiqrob, isini samcxe-saaTabagodan unda
yofiliyvnen.
m. svaniZe ar iziarebs Cems mier moxmobil italiuri
wyaroebis cnobebs da aRniSnavs, rom àm dros samcxis aTabags, rogorc osmaleTis moxarkes, ar evaleboda laSqris
gamoyvana~3. vfiqrob, moyvanili cnobebi aTabagis osmalebTan
mokavSireobaze da ara moxarkeobaze miuTiTebs. amgvari varauds safuZvels umagrebs i. hameris wignSi moyvanili erTi
Turquli cnobac, romlis mixedviTac, yizilbaSebze mimavali
selimi sogmenSi gaCerda da elCi gaugzavna aTabag mzeWabuks
(qarTveli princi janiki). aTabagma ar daayovna da Tavisi elCis
xeliT sulTans sursaT-sanovage da Sah ismailis Zmis, hadir
oRlus, ori vaJic mihgvara. isini Sahs gaeqcnen da mzeWabukis
(janiki) karze Seafares Tavi. didad nasiamovnebma sulTanma
aTabags meore elCi gaugzavna, romelmac sulTnis madloba
da sapatio xalaTi gadasca4. sogmenSi mzeWabukis elCis mier
sursaT-sanovagis mitana, momxdara 1514 w. 10 agvistos5.
imis Tqma, romeli cnoba _ italiuri Tu Turquli _
ufro zustad asaxavs sinamdviles, Znelia. is ki naTlad
Cans, rom aTabagi mzeWabuki osmalebs umniSvnelo daxmarebas
1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 269; Sanuto M. I diarri, t. XIX, Venezia, 1887, p. 57.
2 Sanuto M., I diarri, t. XIX, p. 24.
3 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 159.
4 Hammer J., Geschichte des osmaniSchen Reiches, II B. , Pest, 1834, S. 715;
svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 48-49.
5 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 48.
115
ar uwevda. selimma daxmareba gadamwyveti brZolis win ramdenime dRiT adre miiRo. 1514 wlis 23 agvistos Caldiranis
velze osmalebma Sah ismailis laSqari daamarcxes. Sahma
gaqceviT uSvela Tavs.
mzeWabukisa da selimis urTierTobaze saubrisas yuradReba
unda mieqces erT mniSvnelovan moments. rogorc Cans, aTabagi osmalebs sakuTari iniciativiT ki ar daexmara, aramad
sulTnisagan `SexsenebiT~, ufro sworad, ZaldatanebiT. sxvaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoTdasaxelebul bailo
nikolo justiniansac ar gamohparvia mxedvelobidan is garemoebam rom qarTvelebi, Tu ki SesaZlebeli iqneboda, sulTanTan araviTar SeTanxmebaze ar wavidodne1. vimeoreb aTabagi
mzeWabuki, miuxedavad imisa, rogori fsiqologiuri zewolis qveS imyofeboda, misi daxmareba osmalebisadmi SinaarsiT mokavSireobis elfers atarebda.
yizilbaSebTan omis dawyebis win, rogorc jakomo julianis mier raguzadan gagzavnili erTi werilidan Cans,
sulTan selims qarTvelebisagan (albaT saaTabagoelebi
igulisxmebian) damxmare jarisa da sursaT-sanovavagis miRebis imedi hqonda, magram maT dapireba ar SeusrulebiaT2.
mgonia es cnoba asaxavs osmalebisa da yizilbaSebis brZolis
meore etaps, razec qvemoT iTqmeva.
1514 w. 6 seqtembers gamarjvebuli selim I yizilbaSTa sataxto TavrizSi Sevida da 15 seqtembramde darCa.
Tavrizis swrafad datovebis mizezi jaris SimSilobisagan gadarCena iyo. osmalebs, yizilbaSebis mier gadabugul
adgilebze unda gaevloT da zamTris dasawyisSi sursaTis
Sovnis araviTari perspeqtiva ar arsebobda. sulTnis gadawyvetilebas Tavrizis swrafad datovebis Sesaxeb, ismailis
Semdgomi brZolisaTvis mzadebac aCqarebda. ismailis jars
1 Sanuto M. I diarri, t. XIX, p. 24.
2 Ibidem, p. 386.
116
qarTvel mxedarTa didi razmic SeuerTda1. osmalebi amasiisaken gaeSurnen. maTi varaudi, rom sursaTis naklebobas
Tavidan ver aicilebdnen, gamarTlda. mdgomareobas kidev
ufro arTulebda isic, rom Tavrizidan gasul osmalebs
mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen qarTvelTa razmebi. qarTvelebis
amgvari moqmedeba vrclad aris aRwerili katerino Zenos
`mogzaurobis komentarebSi~2.
1515 w. 25 marts hanibal malipieros mier niqoziidan veneciaSi gagzavnil werilSi moTxrobilia osmalTa mier Tavrizis
aRebisa da gaZarcvis Sesaxeb. Semdeg vigebT, rom sulTanma Tavrizi datova, amasiisaken wavida da md. evfrats miadga. misi
jaris ori mesamedi mdinaris meore napirze gadasuli iyo,
roca zurgidan Tavs daesxnen qarTvelebi, romlebmac amowyvites 15 aTasamde kaci da xelT igdes 11 qvemexi3.
Tavrizidan wasuli osmalebis qarTvelebisagan (iberebi)
Seviwroebasa da didi zaralis miyenebas aRniSnavs anjoleloc4.
suraTis ufro naTlad warmodgenis mizniT, zemoaRniSnuls unda davumatoT, spandujinos oriode cnobac: miuxedavad mTeli im siswrafisa, rac selimma gamoiCina, qarTveli
cxenosnebis mosvlam md. evfratTan iseTi SiSi da areuloba
gamoiwvia, rom 2 aTasi Turqi, romlebic mdinareze gadsvlas lamobda, daixrCo. qarTvelma myvinTavebma daaxroves
talaxSi Cafluli saWurveli da mdinaris mier waRebuli
avla-dideba. nadavliT kmayofilma qarTvelebma Sors aRar
gasdies Turqebs. ismaili gansakuTrebiT imiT darCa kmayofili, rom xelT igdo mtris artileria, romlis nakleboba
misi damarcxebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo.
1 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 400r.
2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 42; Spandugino T., Op.
cit., p. 400r-v.
3 Sanuto M., I diarri, t. XX, Venezia, 1887, p. 244; Jovii P., Warhaftige Beschreibunge chronik-wirdiger Historien, Frankfurt, 1570, S. 303
117
isev dgeba kiTxva: vin iyvnen is qarTvelebi, romeli
samefo-samTavros warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac amgvar saSinel mdgomareobaSi Caayenes osmalebi? dReisaTvis cnobili
naratiuli da dokumenturi wyaroebi am kiTxvaze amomwurav pasuxs ar iZleva. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTlisa
da kaxeTis samefoebi am dros Sah ismailis siuzerenobas
aRiarebdnen da mzad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli ZaliT da sxva
saSualebebiTac daxmarebodnen mas. amgvari mxardaWeriT ismaili jer-jerobiT kmayofili iqneboda. mas sabolood ar
hyavda CamoSorebuli taxtis pretendentebi da osmalebis
saxiT gareSe mteric emuqreboda.
rac Seexeba samcxe-saaTabagos, misi selimis winaaRmdeg
gamosvla gamoricxulia. rogorc iTqva, Caldiranis velze
osmalebisa da yizilbaSebis Serkinebamde samcxis aTabagi
sulTanTan kavSirSi iyo (vimeoreb, SeiZleba Tavisi survilis winaaRmdegac) da garkveuli movaleobac Seasrula
mis winaSe. rogorc iTqva, aTabag mzeWabukis osmalebisadmi
damokidebuleba selim I-is gamefebis Semdeg mkveTrad Seicvala. selimi maSinve yizilbaSebTan brZolis samzadiss Seudga
da mTeli rigi RonisZiebebic gaatara, romlebic, albaT,
saaTabagosac Seexo. mzeWabukis orientaciis Secvla mxolod
osmalebis winaSe SiSiT ar unda yofiliyo gamowveuli. am
saqmeSi didi roli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam. zeWabuks osmalebze dayrdnobiT samcxis
sruli damoukideblobis mopoveba (mis saeklesio politikaze calke iTqmeva) da mezobeli qarTuli teritoriebis damorCileba surda, rac nawilobriv SeZlo kidec11.
Turquli da italiuri cnobebis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva, mzeWabukis elCma sulTans sogmenSi sursaTi miarTva,
ismailis Zmiswulebi mihgvara da 14 aTasi mebrZolic daaxmara. amgvarad, naTlad Cans aTabagis pozicia: igi daufaravad
gamodioda ismailis winaaRmdeg, rac iranSi manamdec cnobi1 javaxiSvili iv., dasx. naSr., gv. 167.
118
li iyo (Tu ara ismailis mier Serisxuli Zmiswulebi ratom
gaiqceodnen aTabagTan?) da sulTans erTgulebas uimtkicebda (Sahis mowinaaRmdegeni, Sahis Zmiswulebi, Sahis mters,
sulTans mihgvara, riTac selimi didad kmayofili darCa).
Tu yvelaferi ise moxda, rogorc zemoT iTqva, maSin riT avxsnaT Tavrizidan wamosuli selim I-is moqmedeba
saaTabagos winaaRmdeg 1514 wlis seqtembris bolos. osmalebi Tavrizidan gamovidnen 15 seqtembers. roca sulTani yarsSi movida, gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, Tavis jars
mzeWabukis (janiki) dasasjelad saqarTvelos, e.i. samcxis
sazRvrebisken wasvla ubrZana. aTabagi sulTans dapirda, rom
mis banakSi mividoda, magram SeeSinda da dapireba aRar Seasrula. am ambavTan dakavSirebiT saintereso cnobebia daculi
leunklaviusis `muslim TurqTa istoriaSi~. masSi kerZod
naTqvamia, rom gamZvinvarebul sulTans mTeli saqarTvelos
akleba surda, magram xangrZlivi da rTuli laSqrobiT gawamebulma jarma uari sTqva brZanebis Sesrulebaze. rogorc
meomrebi acxadebdnen, qarTvelebisa da mkacri zamTris SiSi
hqondaT. sulTani jiutad moiTxovda qarTvelebis dasjas,
magram iZulebuli gaxda SurisZieba Semdgomi wlis martisaTvis gadaedo. is Tavis jars sursaTiT, iaraRiTa da sxva
mravali sikeTiT avsebas dapirda1.
Semdeg wels selim I-ma muqara Seasrula2. man, Tavdapirvelad, win gagzavna yafijebi da ianiCrebis ufrosebi sami
aTasi meomriT, romlebsac gzis gakafva daevalaT. maT ukan
mihyveboda jaris ZiriTadi nawilebi. osmalebi sastikad iklebdnen da anadgurebdnen dasaxlebul adgilebs, mosaxleo1 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 702.
2 zogierTi qarTveli da Turqi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom osmalebs saqarTveloze laSqroba aRar ganuxorcielebiaT, `rom saqarTvelos dalaSqvraze
brZanebis gacema mxolod diplomatiuri nabiji iyo sulTnisa~ (Turquli
wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem,
Tb., 1983, gv. 8).
119
bas Jletdnen. mtris TareSs sazRvari daudo qarTveli didebulebis laSqarma1. maT mtris winsvla SeaCeres. amis Semdeg
selimi iZulebuli gaxda molaparakeba daewyo saqarTvelos
mTavarTan, romlis elCebma sulTans moaxsenes: `saqarTvelos mTavars araviTari brali ar miuZRvoda am omSi da amis
Setyobineba ineba sulTnisaTvis. amisaTvis gagzavna masTan
Tavisi elCebi, romelTac SeeZloT misi saxeliT gadawyvetilebis miReba. rasakvirvelia, elCebma sulTans gadasces
saqarTvelos mTavris danabarebi: TurqTa xelmwifes, umaRles
sulTans osmaleTis samefosi! mTavari mzadaa aRiaros, rom
ar axsovs, Tu odesme masa da selims Soris raime mtroba
an winaaRmdegoba yofiliyos. Cemi kacebisagan gamovikvlie da
sworad davadgine, rom momxdari brZola Cvenebs ar wamouwyiaT. sulTan selimis gamarjvebul jars Cemi Zalian mcire
jari gzaze mimavals xom ar SeebrZoleboda2. aravisTvis
saeWvo ar aris, rom didi, uZlieresi da bednieri imperatori brZandebi, selimo! sruliadac advili ar aris gind
qarTvelisaTvis da gind sxvisTvis, rom saomari provokacia
gamoiwvios. amitom SeiZleboda Tavdapirvelad Segetyobinebina CvenTvis, ra gsurs, rom gavakeToT, ras gvibrZaneb,
ras moiTxov. umciresi momavali samsaxuris movaleobis Semsrulebelma qarTvelma mTavarma sulTan selimis survili
axlaxan gavige, Sens moTxovnas yvelaferSi vemorCilebi~3.
rogorc werilis dasasrulidan Cans, sulTani ufro
mets moiTxovda. mas aTabagis zomieri morCileba ar akmayofilebda. arc imis imedi gaumarTlda, rom aTabagi piradad
eaxleboda. magram selimi iZulebuli gaxda imiT dakmayofilebuliyo, rasac qarTvelebi TviTon sTavazobdnen: aTabagis kacebma sulTnis banakSi 800 Zroxa da 4 aTasi cxvari
mirekes, fqvili da qeri miitanes. am dros osmalebi sursa1 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 703.
2 igulisxmeba qarTvelTa Tavdasxma osmaleTis laSqarze md, evfratTan.
3 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 703
120
Tis iseT naklebobas ganicdidnen, rom xorblis fqvili 1500
asperad fasobda1.
aTabagis mier gagzavnili pirutyviTa da sanovagiT kmayofil sulTans ubrZanebia: `sakuTrebis uflebiT isargeblos
qarTvelebis mTavarma, misma ojaxma, misma megobrebis megobrebma da mtris mtrebma~. es man werilobiTac daadastura,
ris Semdeg saaTabagos gaecala da amasiisaken wavida2.
amgvarad, sulTnis cdam, Tavisi politikuri gavlena
gaevrcelebina samcxe-saaTabagoSi, jerjerobiT, Sedegi ar
gamoiRo. aTabagisaTvis micemuli sigeliT sulTanma aTabagis
ganuyofeli ufleba aRiara samcxeSi.
* * *
datoves Tu ara osmalebma yizilbaSTa samflobeloebi,
ismaili TavrizSi dabrunda da Semdgomi brZolisaTvis samzadiss Seudga. magram osmalebis dasaZlevad aucilebeli
iyo koliciis Seqmna. ismail I-ma daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTa
osmaleTis aRmosavlel mezoblebs. man 1514 wlis oqtomberSi3 Tavrizidan egviptis sulTanTan da saqarTveloSi4 Tavisi
elCebi gagzavna.
daniSnulebis adgilze misul elCebs, rogorc naTqvamia
`Zenos mogzaurobis komentarebSi~, mouxsenebiaT im saSiSroebaze, romelic qarTvelebsa da egviptelebs emuqrebodaT, Tu isini selimis winaaRmdeg saomrad iaraRs xels ar
mohkidebdnen. osmalebis mier sparseTis dapyrobis Semdeg,
Tqvenc igive bedi geliTo5.
1 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 721-722.
2 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 704.
4 `Zenos mogzaurobis komentarebis~ mixedviT `mefe gorgorasTan~ anu
samcxis aTabagTan. anjolelos TqmiT ki _ iberebTan. iqve, gv. 42, 81
5 iqve, gv. 42.
121
osmaleTis gaZlierebiT Seqmnili saSiSroeba naTili iyo
misi yvela mezoblisaTvis. amitom ismailis elCebs dasaxelebul qveynebTan samokavSireo xelSekrulebebis gasaformeblad
didi siZneleebis gadalaxva ar dasWirdaT. mokavSireebi pirobas sdebdnen, rom erTad ibrZolebdnen osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. xelSekrulebaSi, Sahis surviliT, xazgasmuli iyo, rom
mokavSireebi ar Seecdebodnen sulTanTan raime kontaqtis
damyarebas, arc sajarod da arc saidumlod ar miiRerbdnen
mis elCebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba Zalas
dakargavda da mokavSireebs Soris urTierToba gawydeboda.
mxareebma piroba dades, rom Sahis am moTxovnas gansakuTrebiT
daicavdnen. anjolelos mixedviT, ìberebma damatebiT ikisres
imdeni jaris micema, ramdenic SesaZlebeli iqneboda, yovelTvis, roca ki Sahi moisurvebda [sulTan] selimis wanaaRmdeg galaSqrebas~1. rogorc Cans, qarTvelebi osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis surviliT aRvsilni iyvnen da Zal-Rones
ar zogavdnen am mniSvnelovani saqmis warmatebiT dasasruleblad. maT mier damatebiT nakisri valdebuleba samagaliTo
unda gamxdariyo da koaliciis sxva wevrebsac mTeli TavianTi
SesaZleblobebiT unda ebrZolaT saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierToba
grZeldeboda, manamde vidre osmaleTi bolos ar mouRebda
am ukanasknelis damoukideblobas. saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierToba, CemTvis cnobili wyaroebis mixedviT, ZiriTadad,
ierusalimis qarTuli monastrebis sakiTxis daregulirebiT
Semoifargleboda.
warmoSobiT Cerqezma sulTanma al-adil saif ad-din
tuman-baim (1500-1501) 1501 wlis 19 dekembers ierusalimis
jvris monastris berebis dasacavad gamosca brZanebuleba.
sulTani ubrZanebs nacvlebs, mosamarTleebs da gamgeblebs:
`Cvens samefo karavSi, RvTisagan dacul RazaSi, Semovida peticia wminda ierusalimis jvris monastris berebis jgufis
1 iqve, gv. 82.
122
saxeliT, romelSic ityobinebian: wminda ierusalimis jvris
monasterSi mcxovreb [berebis] jgufs akisria yoveldRiurad
gamokveba xuTi Raribi muslimisa da sxvebisa, romlebic modian maTTan. maTi wesia, Zveli droidan bolo xanebamde, [miarTvan] ZRveni aRdgomas da xuTSabaTis dResaswaulze wminda
ierusalimis nacvals, zedamxedvels, mosamarTles da wminda ierusalimis sxva mcxovrebT~1. sulTani krZalavs jvris monastris berebis Seviwroebas ZRvenis dagvianebis gamo
da monasterSi misuli qarTveli piligrimebisaTvis wesiT
gauTvaliswinebeli gadasaxadis moTxovnas da sxv.2
rac ufro Zlierdeboda saqarTvelosa da egviptis mimarT
osmalebis gamo saSiSroeba, miT ufro intensiuri xdeboda
maTi urTierToba. 1504 wlis dasasruls Seiqmna osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli samTa kavSiri: qarTlis samefo – sefianTa irani – mamluqTa egvipte3. evropis saxelmwifoebis
mniSvnelovani nawili mxars uWerda an uTanagrZnobda koalicias. safrangeTi Tavs ikavebda antiosmaluri politikis gatarebaze. osmaleTi evropis am umsxviles saxelmwifos Tavis
mokavSired varaudobda. marTlac, imave saukunis 20-ian wlebSi maT Soris mokavSireoba oficialurad gaformda4. aseT viTarebaSi, egviptel mamluqTa morCilebaSi myof ierusalimSi
antifranguli ganwyobilebis gaRviveba da am ganwyobilebis
garkveuli mizniT gamoyeneba Zneli ar unda yofiliyo.
vfiqrob, qarTlis samefo – egviptis urTierTobis
fonze unda ganvixiloT beena ColoyaSvilis mier golgoTidan franciskanelebis gaZeveba XVI s. 10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (zustad daTariReba Wirs).
1 jafariZe g., buaCiZe g., mamluqi sulTnebis ori brZanebuleba ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri saatriarqos koleqciidan. `qarTuli
diplomatia~, weliwdeuli, 8, Tb., 2001, gv. 235.
2 iqve, gv. 235-236.
3 mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani
XV saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi, gv. 121-122.
4 iqve, gv. 135, 304.
123
qarTuli cnobebiT beena ierusalims mivida 15111 an 15122
wels. jvris monastris erT-erT xelnawerSi beena gvamcnobs:
`nebiTa RmrTisaTa aqa frangTa golgoTa davagdebine da maTi
yuela gareT gamouyare – kandeli da raca maTi iyo me codvilma been. amin~3.
franciskanelebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa, kerZod, beena
ColoyaSvilis moqmedeba, rom maSin egviptesa da palestinaSi
Seqmnil antifranguli ganwyobilebis konteqstSi jdeba, amas
frangebic aRniSnavdnen: `1510 wels qarTvelebma isargebles
ra im garemoebiT, rom Cveni morwmuneni (franciskanelebi-e.
m.) kairos cixeebSi iyvnen gamomwyvdeulni, Cven wagvarTves
jvarcmis eklesia (kapela), daamsxvries sakurTxeveli da
lampebi da ierusalimSi darCenil im mcire (franciskanel
_ e.m.) morwmuneTac ar akarebdnen axlos. magram 4 wlis Semdeg, 1514 wels (eklesia) gamoisyida sionis mTis damcvelma
francisko surianom, rogorc TviTon laparakobs amaze~4.
axladCamoyalibebuli antiosmaluri liga sicocxlisunariani ver aRmoCnda. ganxeTqilebis mizezi egviptis sulTnis windauxedavi moqmedeba gamxdara. mas xelSekrulebis
umTavresi piroba, rom mokavSireebs saqmiani urTierToba
ar unda daemyarebinaT sulTanTan, daurRvevia da misi elCebi miuRia. amis sapasuxod Sah ismailma kavSiri gawyvita
egviptis sulTanTan da roca am ukanasknels, 1516 wels,
osmalebi Tavs daesxnen, daxmareba aRar gauwia5.
1 metreveli e., masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis
(XI-XVII ss.), Tb., 1962, gv. 37.
2 Цагарели А. А., Сведения о памятниках грузинской письменности, I,
3, СПб., 1894, с. 40; mari n., ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqo wignsacavis
qarTuli xelnawerebis mokle aRweriloba. dasabeWdad moamzada e. metrevelma,
Tb., 1955, gv. 86; qronikebi, I, gv. 362; menabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis
kerebi II, gv, 113; SaraSiZe q., saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, XV_XVIII ss.,
mski, nakv, 30, Tb., 1954, 24.
3 Цагарели А. А., Ук. труд, c. 49.
4 Suriano Franc, Il tratato di Terra Sancta, Milano, 1900, 34, nota 1216.
5 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 43.
124
didad saeWvoa, rom aTabags mxari daeWira antiosmaluri ZalebisaTvis. qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli samefo ki, rogorc Tanamedrove dokumenturi wyaroebidan Cans,
SeTanxmebis erTguli iyo. albaT, es unda igulisxmebodes
1517 wlis erT dokumentSi, romelSic naTqvamia: `qarTvelebsa da sinior Sahs Soris SeTanxmeba arsebobso~1.
* * *
osmaleTi sul ufro Zlierdeboda. misi gavlenis qveS
moeqca qurTistani, rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosa da sefianTa saxelmwifosaTvis. qurTebi selims exmarebodnen Caldiranis brZolaSi. maTive mxardaWeriT
1516 wels osmalebma meored daamarcxes ismail I qoChisarTan da yizilbaSebi TiTqmis mTeli qurTistanidan gandevnes.
osmalebma qurTistani sanjayebad daanawiles da adgilobriv
feodalebs Caabares2.
ismail I cdilobda osmalebis SeWris SeCerebas siriaSi,
raSic mxars uWerdnen qarTvelebi. magram, amjerad, mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris seriozuli Sejaxeba ar momxdara.
siriaSi moqmed osmaleTis jaris siaxloves Sahis jaris
manevrebi ufro politikuri da fsiqologiuri zegavlenisaTvis xdeboda.
1518 wlis ianvarSi tripolidan da damaskodan veneciaSi gagzavnili werilebidan irkveva, rom Sahma didi jari
Seiyvana siriaSi da alepodan ori dRis savalze dabanakda.
Sahis jarSi iyvnen qarTvelTa razmebic3. konstantinopolis
bailo leonardo bembo imave wlis 24 Tebervlis weriliT
veneciaSi acnobebda, rom Sah ismaili `40 aTasi mxedriT da
1 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, Venezia, 1892, p. 13.
2 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси., Шараф-наме, II. Перевод, предисловие, примечания и приложения У. И. Васильевой, М., 1976, с. 53.
3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, p. 272.
125
15 aTasi qarTveliT~ alepos misadgomebTan idga1. Sahis winsvlis SeCerebis mizezad veneciis kviproseli elCi bartolo
kontarini did Tovls asaxelebs. amave werilidan imasac
vigebT, rom sulTanmac didi jari Sehyara da misi mzadyofna brZana gazafxulze Sahis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis
dawyebisaTvis. SahTan dakavSirebulni yofilan mwvanedolbandianebi, e.i. avRanelebi da qarTvelebi2. Sahis laSqarSi
qarTvelebis yofnaze miuTiTebs 1518 wels konstantinopolidan veneciaSi gagzavnili cnobebi, romlebSic naTqvamia:
àmJamad konstantinopolSi ukve saxalxod laparakoben, rom
Sahma Tavis laSqari gazarda 15 aTasi umamacesi qarTveliT~3.
aseve sayuradReboa franCesko zaqarias niqoziidan gagzavnili werilic, romelic dawrilia siriidan miRebul cnobebze
dayrdnobiT. masSi ufro dawvrilebiTaa moTxrobili Sah
ismailis jaris Sesaxeb: `[franCesko zaqarias mier] siriidan
gamogzavnil 18 maisis werilSi, naTqvamia, rogor moamzades TurqeTis mTeli jari, romelic amanze Tavdasasxmelad
wavida. rac Seexeba Sahis jars, isic uZlieresia, Sedgeba 50
aTasi saukeTesod gawvrTnili mxedrisagan, 2 aTasi Tofosanisa, uremze dadgmuli 100 qvemexisagan... xsenebul sinior
Sahs baRdadis mxares hyavs sxva uZlieresi jaric da zavi
aqvs dadebuli mwvane dolbandianebTan, romlebmac 15 aTasi
mxedari daaxmares. garda amisa, mas exmareba qarTvelebis 10
aTasi mxedari~4.
Sah ismail I axlo aRmosavleTSi osmalebis winsvlas
realur winaaRmdegobas ar uwevda, arc maSin, rodesc isini
mamluqebs ebrZodnen. irani, faqtobrivad, neitralitets
1 Ibidem.
2 f. babingeris TqmiT, sanutos `dRiurebSi~ Savdolabandianebad iwodebian
qarTvelebi. Babinger Fr. Die Früh osmanische Jahrbücher der Urudsch nach des
Handschriften zu Oqsford und Cambridge. Erstmal herausgegeben und eingeleitet
von Franz Babinger, Hannover, 1925, S. 46
126
icavda. magram radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyo Sahis pozicia kavkasiis da, kerZod, saqarTvelos mimarT. Sah ismaili
arc erT xelsayrel SemTxvevas gauSvebda am regionSi iranis
poziciis ganmtkicebisaTvis.
gansakuTrebiT rTuli politikuri situacia Seiqmna
samcxe-saaTabagoSi gaCaRebuli dinastiuri brZolis gamo.
TavianTi interesebidan gamomdinare, konfliqtSi met-naklebad CarTuli aRmoCnda irani da osmaleTi. samcxeSi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen axlad gaaTabagebuli yvaryvare III (mzeWabukis Zmiswuli) da yvaryvare II didis vaJi manuCari (yvaryvare
III-is biZa). metoqeebma, Tavdapirvelad, sxvebis Carevis gareSe scades urTierTobis garkveva. pirvelive brZolaSi
yvaryvare III damarcxda. dasaSvebia, am dros osmaleTis xelisuflebas ganzraxuli hqonda samcxis saqmeebSi SeiaraRebuli Careva, razec unda miuTiTebdaes selim I-is 1515 wlis
21-30 agvistos brZaneba, romelic gaegzavna zul-yadries
begs Sehsuvar-ojlis. sulTanma mas ubrZana Tavis sagamgebloSi jari Seekriba da didvazir sinan-faSasTan gaegzavna,
romelsac davalebuli hqonda saqarTveloze Tavdasxma1. magram es brZaneba ar Sesrulda. unda vifiqroT, rom sulTnis
mier ganzraxvaze xelis aReba gamowveuli iyo siriaSi farTo masStabiani sabrZolo operaciebis dawyebiT. imis varaudic SeiZleba, rom sulTans Tavidanve ar hqonda ganzraxuli
Tavisive brZanebis ganxorcieleba da igi (brZaneba) mxolod
imitom gamoica, rom manuCaris mowinaaRmdegeebs muqarad
aReqvaT. manuCarma yvaryvares sZlia. 1515 wlis 18 dekembers
stambolSi acnobes, rom `serasqeri manuCari gaxda saqarTvelos damoukidebeli fadiSahi~2.
1516 wlis dasawyisSi yvaryvare iranSi gaiqca, Sah ismails eaxla da daxmareba sTxova. Sahma yvaryvaresaTvis dax1 Jan-lui bake gramoni, dasax. naSr., gv. 103.
2 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, gv. 11.
127
mareba xelsayrelad CaTvala, div-sulTan rumlusa da sxva
sardlebs ubrZana, saswrafod samcxeSi wasuliyvnen da yvaryvares daxmarebodnen. yizilbaSTa jari samcxeSi Sevida da
manuCarisa da misi momxreebis mamulebis akleba daiwyo. manuCarma jer div-sulTanTan morigeba scada, kacebic miugzavna,
magram yizilbaSebma isini amoxoces da manuCaris Sepyrobac
scades. manuCari iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTSi gaqceuliyo1.
yvaryvarem aTabagoba aRidgina. manuCari jer baiburTSi mivida da adgilobriv begs yizil-ahmed oRli mirzas sulTanTan
Suamdgomloba sTxova. misi daxmarebiT 1516 wlis 16 marts
manuCaris Txovna stambolSi miiRes. magram osmaleTis maSindeli sagareo mdgomareoba sulTans saSualebas ar aZlevda
dauyovnebliv Careuliyo samcxe-saaTabagos saqmeebSi. selim
I mamluqebis winaaRmdeg saomrad midioda. mas arc iranTan
mdgomareobis garTuleba surda da arc jaris mniSvnelovani
kontigentis gamoyofa SeeZlo.
manuCars sxva araferi darCenoda garda imisa, rom sulTanis jars gahyoloda mamluqebis winaaRmdeg omSi2. siriis
mamluqTa ganadgurebisa da maTi sataxto damaskos aRebis
Semdeg, selim I-ma yuradReba miaqcia samcxe-saaTabagoSi
mimdinare ambebs. man axladdapyrobil damaskoSi, 1516 wlis
23 noembers, `miiRo saqarTvelos begi manuCari da saqarTvelos sxva warCinebulebi~. manuCarma sruli morCileba
aRuTqva, sulTans Tu igi samcxis dapyrobaSi daexmareboda.
osmaleTis mTavrobam manuCari kanonier aTabagad scno.
Turquli ànonimuri qronikis~ mixedviT, imave wlis 10 dekembers osmaleTis divanma manuCar begs saqarTvelos begoba uboZa3.
sulTani jer isev mamluqebTan brZoliT iyo dakavebuli.
1
2
3
gv. 12;
128
hasan-rumlu, gv. 20.
CoCievi v., dasax. naSr., gv. 75.
Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis.
Jan-lui bake gramoni, dasax. naSr., gv. 101
man manuCarisaTvis daxmareba daavala samcxe-saaTabagos mezobeli baiburTis gamgebels yizil-ahmed oRlis (= mehmed mirza begi1). raTa davalebis Sesruleba gaadvileboda, sulTanma
mas beglarbegoba uboZa, masve dauqvemdebara Terjanisa da
erzinjanis mxareebi. yizil-ahmed oRlis adgilobriv jarze
dayrdnobiT unda ebrZola yvaryvare III-is winaaRmdeg.
yizil-ahmed oRlis Tavisi gafarToebuli sagamgeblos
saqmeebis mogvarebisaTvis, albaT, garkveuli dro dasWirda.
man manuCarisaTvis mxolod 1518 wels moicala. manamde ki,
mowinaaRmdegeni saomrad emzadebodnen da damxmareebs saqarTveloSive poulobdnen. erT-erT uTariRo Turqul moxsenebaSi, romelic am periodSi unda iyos dawerili, naTqvamia:
`Tu yvaryvares ambavs ikiTxaven, manuCarTan brZolaSia.
saqarTveloSi zogierTi, magaliTad mefe daviTi manuCaris
mxarezea, zogierTi ki _ imerTis mefiTurT yvaryvares mxarezea. erTmaneTTan brZolaSi da erTimeoris xocva-JletaSi
arian gamudmebiT. amgvarad erTsac mtkiced SekavSirebuli
jamaaTi hyavs da meoresac. TiToeli Tadarigs iWers uaxloesi brZolisaTvis~2.
ori dapirispirebuli Zalis gaCenisTanave, rogorc Cveulebriv feodalur qveyanaSi (da ara mxolod feodalurSi)
xdeba, SedarebiT dabali rangis miwaTmflobelebi xan erTis
xan meoris mxares dgebian, imisda mixedviT visgan ra sargebels moelian. amgvari suraTi Cans samcxeSi, romelic danawilebuli iyo 25 didi feodaluri saxlis mravalricxovan
feodalebs Soris, romlebic zogjer damoukideblad cdilobdnen osamaleTTan an iranTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas.
aseTi `moRvaweni~ samcxeSi iSviTobas ar warmoadgendnen am
samTavros arsebobis arc erT periodSi.
Sahi da sulTani Tvalyurs adevnebdnen samcxeSi da1 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis.
gv. 12
2 iqve, gv. 48.
129
pirispirebuli Zalebis samzadiss da imasac, rogor viTardeboda iq movlenebi. is zamTari Sahma naxWevanSi gaatara.
saaTabagoSi Sesul manuCarsa da osmalebs yvaryvare momzadebuli daxvda. brZola moxda yaraja-ardahanSi. manuCari da
osmalebi damarcxdnen. yizil-ahmed oRlu daiRupa1.
yuradRebas ipyrobs hasan-rumlus erTi cnoba, romelic
zemoT gadmocemul ambavs mosdevs. masSi naTqvamia, rom `divsulTanma, romelic Coxur-saadis2 mmarTveli iyo, dad-eli
daarbia da ukan dabrunda~3. aqedan Cans, rom yvaryvares yizilbaSebi exmarebodnen da mis mxardasWerad jaric SemouyvaniaT saqarTveloSi. unda vifiqroT, rom `dad-elis~ anu
taos4 mflobeli yvaryvares winaaRmdeg gamodioda da divsulTnis mier dad-elis dalaSqvris mizezi es unda yofiliyo.
hasan-rumlus TqmiT, imave 1518 wels yvaryvare III isev
Sahs eaxla da daxmareba sTxova. Sahma mas kvlav saqarTvelos saqmeebSi kargad garkveuli div-sulTan rumlu gamoayola, romelmac qarTlis umTavresi strategiuli cixeqalaqebi _ gori da surami daipyro5. Znelia am cnobidan
raime konkretlis garkveva. gaugebaria riT iyo gamowveuli
yvaryvares kvlav SahTan misvla da yizilbaSebis ZaliT qarTlis akleba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom gaZlierebuli qarTlis mefe daviT X cdilobda samcxe-saaTabagoze Tavisi
gavlenis gavrcelebas da amis gamo dinastiur brZolaSi Caeria. is manuCars uWerda mxars da erTi piroba, rogorc
hasan-rumlus sityvebidan Cans, yvaryvare gaudevniaT. yvaryvare, ukve iTqva, Sahs eaxla da xelisufleba misi jariT
aRidgina. mefe daviTma roca yizilbaSebis qarTlSi SemoWris
1 hasan-rumlu, gv. 20-21.
2 erevnis olqi.
3 hasan-rumlu, gv. 21.
4 dad-elis axsna-ganmarteba ix. Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis
samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, gv. 34-40.
130
ambavi gaigo, winaaRmdegobis gaweva uazrobad CaTvala, Tavisi vaJi ramazi didi ZRvniT Sahs gaugzavna da morCileba
aRuTqva1. manuCari ki, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi kidev
agrZelebda brZolas aTabagis taxtisaTvis, magram, rodesac
brZolis uperspeqtivobaSi darwmunda, berad Sedga2.
yvaryvare III-is mier yizilbaSebis qarTlSi Semoyvanas is
gansakuTrebuli Sedegi mohyva, rom gaerTianebuli qarTlkaxeTis samefo kvlav gaiTiSa. kaxelma Tavadebma isargebles
daviT mefis gaWirvebuli mdgomareobiT da kaxeTSi levan
avgiorgis Ze gaamefes. daviT X-isaTvis es didi dartyma iyo,
magram is Tavs ikavebda kaxeTSi samxedro moqmedebaze, vidre
ramazi ar dabrundeboda da SahTan misi urTierToba ar
gairkveoda.
Sah ismailma ramazi kargad miiRo da didad daasaCuqra.
Sahi daviTis morCilebiT dakmayofilda da zavic dasdo masTan. sefianTa irani am dros osmaleTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi iyo da àse hyo yeenman, rameTu brZolad mividoda
xonTqarisa, raTa ara qarTvelni mierTunen mas~3.
iranTan urTierToba mtkiced mogvarebuli rom yofiliyo, qarTlis mefe daviT X-s, kaxeTis mefe levans da yvaryvare III-s umjobesad CauTvliaT SahTan wasuliyvnen. dasaxelebuli mefeebis da aTabagis SaxTan yofnis Sesaxeb XVI
saukunis sami sparseli istorikosis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli cnobebi da wlebi gvaqvs: 1518 (xondemiri), 1519
(Saraf-xan biTlisi) da 1520/1521 (buday yazvini). gansa1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 395.
2 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, gv. 14, 56. bake-gramonis gamokvleviT manuCaris berad Sedgoma unda
momxdariyo 1515-1517 wlebSi, rac manuCarTan dakavSirebuli zemoT gadmocemuli ambebis Semdeg naklebad dasajerebelia. imave mkvlevris mier moxmobili
erTi sparsuli qronikis mixedviT, manuCars Siituri islami miuRia 1521 wels.
am wyaros sisworeSi eWvi TviT bake-gramons epareba. Jan-lui bake-gramon, osmalebi da saqarTvelo, gv. 102, Sen. 22.
3 iqve.
131
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is gansxvaveba rac gamoixateba
qarTvelebis mier nakisri movaleobis saxeobaSi. Saraf-xan
biTlisiT SahTan misul qarTvelebs didi saCuqrebi da misarTmevi miutaniaT da miwaze dawesebuli gadasaxadis (xaraja) da aramuslimanebze gawerili gadasaxadis (jizia) gadaxda ukisriaT1. xondemiriT saqarTvelos mefe mTavrebma
iranis samefo karis winaSe `baj o xaraji~ ikisres. k. tabataZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom maSin qarTvelebs ar SeiZleboda xarajis da jizias gadaxda ekisraT, radgan isini upirobo politikur damokidebulebas gulisxmobda. àseTi
damokidebuleba ki iransa da saqarTvelos Soris XVI s.
damdegs ar yofila da arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo~2. `baj o
xaraja~ (rogorc vaWroba-xelosnobaze, ise soflis meurneobaze dawesebuli gadasaxadi) ki, iranis karTan vasaluri
damokidebulebis maCvenebeli unda yofiliyo, rac realobas
asaxavda3.
yizilbaSTa jariT saaTabagoSi dabrunebuli yvaryvare
III-s arc osmalebTan urTierTobis daregulirebis aucilebloba aviwydeba. igi maTi daxmarebiT aTabagis urCi Tavadaznaurebis damorCilebas cdilobs. yvaryvares mociqulma
(rogorc Cans, mociquls kargi urTierToba hqonda osmalebTan da aTabagma mas daavala sulTanTan misi Serigeba),
sulTnis kars acnoba: `yvaryvare sruliad Semobrunda Cvensken. SecodebisaTvis patiebas gvevedreba da xonTqars Txovs,
rom igi Tavis gulwrfel monad miiCnios da danaSaulis
Sendoba surs. mTeli arsebiT SeiZula yizilbaSebi... amasTanave misi survili is aris, rom iyos igi Sewynarebuli da
Sendobili, xolo mowinaaRmdege aznaurebi damorCilebuli
1 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 168.
2 tabataZe k. Seref-xan biTlisis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. `kavkasiuraxloaRmosavluri krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962, gv. 164.
3 iqve, gv. 163-166. yizilbaSebis am laSqrobis amsaxveli sparsuli wyaroebis analizi ix. gelaSvili n. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan,
T., 1995, gv. 66-71.
132
da daqvemdebarebuli. aznaurebis kuTvnili cixeebi da mamulebi daipyron (osmalebma – e.m.), raTa yvelaferi xonTqris
sagamgeblo gaxdes. Tu cixeebis garda, maTi sagamgebloebic
gadaecema, dae ase iyos, isic xonTqarma daicvas da marTos!
yvaryvares erTaderTi survilia, rom misi mtrebi iyvnen
damarcxebuli...~ werilSi naTqvamia, agreTve, rom gamoricxuli ar iyo yvaryvare sulTansac xleboda. yvaryvares sulTnisadmi gaerTgulebiT mTeli saqarTvelos damorCilebis
perspeqtiva Cndeboda. `SesaZloa TviTon yvaryvarec eaxlos
samefo kars. erTi sityviT, roca yvaryvares daiqvemdebarebT,
mTeli saqarTvelo iqneba dapyrobili, radgan misi begebis
STamomavalia. roca damorCildeba, winaaRmdegobis gawevas
veravin gabedavs. qveynis Semamkobeli naTeli azri is aris,
rom mxolod misi daqvemdebareba ufro mets niSnavs vidre
100 aznauris damorCileba~ _ ase ambobda mociquli (savaraudoa, yvaryvaresTan SeTanxmebiT) da iqve erT rCevasac
aZlevda moxsenebis adresats: `Tu xsenebuli yvaryvares
damorCilebis survili gaCndeba, mis mosamxrobad unda gaigzavnos uavgustoesi brZaneba. brZaneba, rasac ar unda exebodes, yvela SemTxvevaSi gamocda iqneba da [Semdeg] imis
mixedviT imoqmedebT mis erTgulebaSi darwmundebiT Tu
orpirobaSi~1.
XVI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi osmaleTs amasiis zaviT
mikuTvnebul Tavis `saqarTveloebTan~ urTierToba `rbilad~
mowesrigebuli hqonda. osmaleTi maT Sinaur saqmeebSi ar
ereoda, Tavis wil samcxidan saur-xarajas iRebda. guriidan
da odiSidan ki, osmaleTi xarajas miRebiT kmayofildeboda,
rac imas niSnavda, rom isini damoukidebel sagareo politikas atarebdnen da aRar iTvlebodnen imereTis mefis vasalebad. rac Seexeba imereTis samefos, igi jer kidev 1510 wlis
Tavdasxmis Semdeg òjaqliq huqumeTad~ e. i. iseT politi1 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, gv. 52-53.
133
kur erTeulad scno, romelsac imereTis mefeni ganagebdnen
da xaraja ar moeTxovebodaT1.
ismailTan dazavebis Semdeg, daviT X kaxeTis SemoerTebas kvlav Seecada. man alya Semoartya maRranis cixeSi Caketil levans. gamarjveba TiTqmis miRweuli iyo, magram
osmalebis qarTlSi SemoWrisa da amilaxorisa da mTavarepiskoposis gamcemlobis Sedegad mefe iZulebuli gaxda
qarTlSi dabrunebuliyo da Semoseuli mteri ganedevna. daviTi kvlav kaxeTSi gadavida, magram pirvelsave brZolaSi
damarcxda da ukan gabrunda2.
daviT mefis marcxiT isargebla saqarTvelos decentralizaciis mosurne yvela Zalam. levanis dasaxmareblad wamovida guriis mTavari `mweobiTa aTabagisaTa... raTa Semwe
eyos levans daviTsa zeda anu brZoliTa~3. rogorc Cans, daviT mefes levanisa da misi momxreebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
mxari ar dauWires arc qarTlis kaTalikosma, episkoposebma,
saero feodalebma da igi aiZules zavi daedo saqarTvelos
erTianobis mowinaaRmdegeebTan. vaxuStis TqmiT, àmisaTvis
saTno iyo mefemanca da hyves zavi da ganaCines sazRvari~4.
amgvarad saqarTvelos gaerTianebis kidev erTi cda marcxiT
damTavrda.
yizilbaSebis poziciebis ganmtkicebas kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi, xeli Seuwyo axlad gamefebuli sulTan
suleiman I-is (1520-1565) mier osmaleTis agresiis mimarTulebis Secvlam. roca yizilbaSma didkacobam dainaxa,
rom `soleimanma gamefebis pirvel xanebSi rusisa da frangis qveynebisaken gailaSqra da am omiT iyo dakavebuli... amitom im solomonis sadarma xayanma (Sah ismail I _ e.m.)
Zlevamosili meomrebi saqarTveloze saRvTo laSqrobisaTvis
1
2
3
4
134
iqve, gv. 15, 50.
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 352, 490-491; IV, gv. 395-396.
qarTlis cxovreba , IV, gv. 396.
iqve, gv, 397.
daniSna...~1 es laSqroba ismail I-s 1520 wlis seqtemberSi
mouwyia2.
Sah ismailis es ukanaskneli Semoseva sakmaod dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili. mis Sedegebs didi mniSvneloba hqonda
mTeli aRmosavleTi saqarTvelosaTvis. qarTlis da kaxeTis
samefoebma da samcxe-saaTabagom Sahis siuzerenoba scnes.
marTalia, Tanamedrove wyaroebidan ar Cans, rom saqarTvelos politikuri erTeulebsa da sefianTa saxelmwifos
Soris SeTanxmeba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg moxda, magram igi
osmaleTSi Sefasebuli iqna swored amgvarad. sulTnis karze
Seqmnili ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb italieli diplomati romSi
acnobebda. igi 1520 w. 24 marts werda: `sulTani apirebs
gailaSqros Sahis winaaRmdeg, radgan qarTvelebi Sahs
emxrobian~3.
rogorc Cans, osmaleTis dasustebis mosurne dasavleT
evropis saxelmwifoebi aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri Zalebis
SekavSirebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. am ambiT aRfrTovanebuli bartolomio da mosto kviprosidan 1520 wlis 20
seqtembers werda: `rogorc amboben, Sahi kavSirSia qarTvelebTan da SavizRvispiras mosaxle sxva xalxebTan~4. 1521 wlis
26 marts ki, alvize filareto alepodan kviprosze gagzavnil werilSi werda, rom Tavrizis maxloblad Carata – Si
1 isqander munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da SesavliTurT gamosca v. fuTuriZem, Tb., 1969, gv. 11.
2 A Cronicle of The carmelites in Persia and the Papal Mission of the XVII the
and XVIII the centuries, I, London, 1939. yizilbaSTa saqarTveloSi am Semosevis
TariRi sabolood dadgenili ar aris. d. kacitaZis gamokvleviT es moxda
1520-1521 wlebSi (kacitaZe d., iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan.
Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964, gv. 108), 1521 weli miaCnia r. kiknaZes (hasan-rumlu,
gv. 55), v. CoCievis varaudiT, es laSqroba 1521 wlis gazafxulze an ufro
gvian unda Catarebuliyo (CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso
urTierToba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, gv. 83-84), v. guCuas mixedviT ki 1518 wels
(saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, gv. 98).
3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXVIII, Venezia, 1889, p. 481.
4 Ibidem, t. XXIX, Venezia, 1890, p. 368.
135
Tavisi laSqriT idga Sahi, romelTanac `movida qarTvelebis,
anu iberebis mravalricxovani damxmare jari~1.
1521 wlis 16 marts konstantinopolis bailo sier toma
kontarini, qarTvelebis mier osmalebisaTvis miyenebuli
didi zaralis Sesaxeb acnobebda2. xolo ucnobi avtoris
1521 wlis 26 martis werilSi, romelic aseve konstantinopolidan aris gagzavnili, laparakia qarTvelebis mier
osmalebisaTvis miyenebul zianze da iqve damatebulia cnoba,
rom osmaleTis sataxtoSi qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg
jaris gagzavna gadauwyvetiaT3. igive avtori 9 aprils werda, rom `Sahma qarTvelebTan erTad aiklo osmaleTis sazRvrebi siriaSi~4. imave wlis maisSi konstantinopolSi xma
gavrcelebula sulTnis gadawyvetilebaze saqarTveloSi
laSqrobis mowyobis Sesaxeb5.
rogorc evropuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTlis samefo
sefianTa iranis mxardamxar ebrZvis osmalebs, rac, sulTnis
risxvas iwvevda. bunebrivia, daviT X-is sagareo politikis
mniSvnelovan problemas osmaleTTan urTierTobis daregulirebac Seadgenda. mas diplomatiuri saSualebebiT sulTnisTvis unda aexsna, rom qarTlelebis monawileoba yizilbaSTa antiosmalur samxedro aqciebSi Sahisagan zewoliT
xdeboda. qarTlis mefem, imisaTvis raTa osmaleTis da iranis
saxelmwifos mimarT Tavisi loialoba daemtkicebina, maTdami Tavisi amgvari damokidebulebis gamoxatulebad man
qarTlSi datyvevebuli osmaleTis jaSuSis sakiTxi gadaaqcia. savaraudoa, rom osmaleTis mTavrobam daviT mefes SirvanSi mimavali Tavisi jaSuSis, vinme ahmedis saqarTvelos
teritoriaze uxifaTod gatareba sTxova, rac 1520 wels
unda momxdariyo. jaSuSi jer isev TbilisSi imyofeboda,
1 Ibidem, t. XXX, Venezia, 1891, p. 286
2 Ibidem, p. 281.
3 Ibidem, p. 397.
4 Ibidem, t. XXX, Venezia, 1893, p. 220.
5 Ibidem, p. 446..
136
roca amis Sesaxeb Seityo aTabagma yvaryvare III-m da maSinve
Sah ismails acnoba. Sahi daviT mefes qarTlis ganadgurebiT
daemuqra Tu jaSuSs ar gadascemda. qarTvelma mefem aseTi
gamosavali monaxa: man saqarTvelo–iranis sazRvarze ahmedis
msgavsi yizilbaSi Seapyrobina, Tavi moakveTina da igi tansacmelTan erTad Sahs gaugzavna, xolo ahmedi osmaleTSi
daabruna. qarTlis samefo karis moqmedeba osmalo jaSuSis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gadmocemulia daviT mefis mier osmaleTis xelisuflebisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi1.
Tu gavaanalizebT XVI saukunis pirveli meoTxedis
qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis monacemebs davinaxavT Semdeg gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan momentebs: 1. qarTveli
mTavrebi da didkacoba (aTabagi, gurieli, kaxeTis Tavadebi
garsevan ColoyaSvilis meTaurobiT, qarTlis kaTalikosi da
amiraxori) ver iTmenda qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianebas, radgan igi mTeli saqarTvelos gaerTianebis perspeqtivas qmnida; 2. sefianTa saxelmwifosTvis miuRebeli
iyo qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba da yvelafers akeTebda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kvlav dasanawileblad; 3. osmaleTTan BbrZolis dros Sahs mokavSired gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelo ki ar undoda, aramed daqucmacebuli, romlis
mefe-mTavrebi mxolod Sahis mxardaWeriT SeZlebdnen Zalauflebis SenarCunebas.
saqarTvelos didkacobisa da Sahis CareviT, mefe daviT
X iZulebuli gaxda zavi daedo kaxeTSi gamefebul levanTan.
Sahma maSinve scno igi kaxeTis mefed da daviTisa da aTabagis Tanabrad misgan morCilebis piroba miiRo.
n. berZeniSvilis SefasebiT, daviTsa da levans Soris
dadebuli zavis pirobebi moaswavebda feodaluri saqarTvelos ganviTarebis axal etaps: saqarTvelo gaiyo sam Tanasworuflebian samefod, romlebic gare samyarosaTvis erT
kulturul mTlianobas warmoadgendnen. gansakuTrebuli
1 Jan-lui bake gramoni, dasax. naSr., gv. 105.
137
politikuri arseboba warmoSobda sxvadasxva saSinao da sagareo politikur interesebs1. sagareo politikaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba ukve naTlad gamoCda XVI saukuneSi iranTan
da osmaleTTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi.
daviT X qeds ar uxrida yizilbaSebs. 1522 wels ismail
I didi jariT wamovida saqarTveloze. rogorc qarTuli wyaroebidan Cans, Sahs qarTlis samefos damorCileba surda.
Semosul mters daviTma mSvidoba SesTavaza. ismaili zavze im
pirobiT daTanaxmdeboda, Tu daviTi piradad mividoda masTan
da islams miiRebda. samagierod `mogce niWi didi, qveyana da
gagiteo mSBdobiT~, _ uTvlida ismaili daviTs2. qarTlis
mefe ar damorCilda Sahis moTxovnas da omisaTvis mzadebas
Seudga. man daxmareba sTxova aTabagsa da levan kaxTa mefes.
amaT garda `kualad gamoiyvana kavkasni da mTiulni, ganamtkica Tfilisi da yovelni cixeni da simagreni qarTlisani~3.
pirveli brZola moxda TeleTTan, sadac qarTvelebma
gaimarjves. isini daedevnen gaqceul mters, magram iaRlujis
mTis erT ReleSi Casafrebul ismails da mis jars waawydnen
da damarcxdnen. yizilbaSebma moRalate cixisTavis meSveobiT Tbilisi aiRes da gadawves. Sahma Tbilisidan marbieli
Seusia samcxes da aiklo. amis Semdeg yizilbaSebi aiyarnen
da wavidnen, Tbilissa da qvemo qarTlis simagreebSi mecixovne jari datoves4. erT-erTi sparsuli wyaros mixedviT,
ismail I-s, gardacvalebamde mcire xnis win, kaxeTi daulaSqravs, rac levan mefis iranisadmi daumorCileblobiT yofila gamowveuli5.
1 Бердзенишвили Н. Очерк из истории развития феодальных отношений в
Грузии (XIII-XVI вв.). saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1965, gv. 101.
3 iqve, gv. 398; II, gv. 355-356, 494-496.
4 iqve, IV, gv. 398. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom ismaili arasodes yofila saqarTveloSi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. kacitaZe d., dasax. naSrimi,
gv. 389-391; hasan-rumlu, gv. 54-55.
5 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 73.
138
1524 wels gardaicvala ismail I da taxtze avida misi
10 wlis vaJi Sah Tamaz I (1524-1576). Sahis mcirewlovanebiT
isargebles yizilbaSma amirebma da Sinafeodaluri omi gaaCaRes. yizilbaSTa Tavdasxmebi saqarTveloze 40-iani wlebis
dasawyisamde Sewyda1.
iranSi Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla daviT mefem, Tbilisi daibruna da Sahis vasalobidanac ganTavisuflda. saqarTvelos karga xans arc osmaleTi awuxebda, radgan 20-an
wlebSi sulTan suleiman II kanunis (1520-1566) agresia evropisaken, kerZod, ungreTisaken iyo mimarTuli. 1521 wels
osmalebma ungreTs waarTves belgradi, 1529 wels maT alya
Semoartyes avstriis dedaqalaq venas, 1536 wels ki aiRes
ungreTis dedaqalaqi buda.
saRvTo romis imperiis amgvari SeWirvebis Jams karl V-m
(1519-1556) sefianTa saxelmwifoSi gagzavna Tavisi elCi Jan
de balbi da Sah ismailTan werilic gaatana2. werils darTuli aqvs ìnstruqciebi~, romlebSic naTqvamia, rom imperators sxva araviTari cnoba ar gaaCnda Sah ismailisa da misi
1 zemoT ganxiluli wyaroebi da damowmebuli literatura ar iZleva
saSualebas imis Tqmisa, rom `1520-ian wlebSi unda momxdariyo sparseTis
mier ierusalimis dapyroba~ (RvaberiZe c., 1527 wels ierusalimSi qarTvelTa
laSqrobis Sesaxeb. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, Tb.,
2008, gv. 122) da amis Semdeg unda eTxova sulTans qarTveli mefeebisaTvis
osmalebTan erTad gaelaSqraT ierusalimis gasanTavisuflebad, razec gadmogvcems timoTe gabaSvili Tavis `mimoslvaSi~. es laSqroba c. RvaberiZis
azriT, unda ganxorcielebuliyo 1527 wels (iqve). is `wyaroebi~, romelsac
mkvlevari eyrdnoba, ar iZleva amgvari daskvnis gamotanis safuZvels. mis mier
damowmebuli wyaroebi (gv. 122-123), gamoxataven mxolod qarTveli mefeebis
damsaxurebas ierusalimis monastrebis mSvidobianad aRdgena-ganaxlebis saqmeSi. aRniSnul periodSi ierusalimeli qarTvelebis adgilobriv Turqul administraciasTan urTierTobaze ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo-ierusalimis
urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 16-17.
2 Lanz K. Correspodenz des Kaisers Karl V, Bd. I, Leipzig, 1844, S. 292-293.
werilis gagzavnis TariRTan dakavSirebiT ix. Чочиев В. Г., Относительно
письма иранского шаха Исмаила I императору Карлу V. aRmosavluri filologia, V, Tb., gv. 187-188.
139
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, garda misgan 1525 wels miRebuli werilisa. aRniSnul wels imperatorma toledoSi miiRo Sah
ismailis elCi beri petre maroniti, romelmac mas Sahiis
werili gadasca. ismaili imperators antiosmaluri ligis
Seqmnas sTavazobda. elCma aseTive Sinaarsis werili gadasca
imperatoris umcros Zmas, ungreTis mefe ferdinands I-s1
(SemdegSi saRvTo romis imperiis imperatori 1526-1564).
elCma da werilebma adresatebamde dagvianebiT miaRwia. ismaili 1524 w. gardaicvala. irkveva, rom, rodesac imperatori da ungreTis mefe ismails werilebs ugzavnian, 1529
wels, maT ismaili isev cocxali hgoniaT.
imperatori Sahs acnobebda, rom 1525 wels daamarcxa da
daatyveva safrangeTis mefe fransua I (1515-1547), magram
roca is tyveobidan ganTavisuflda (1526 w.), venecielebTan
erTad kavSiri daamyara osmaleTTan, amitom imperatori
iZulebuli gaxda, mTeli Tavisi jari italiaSi Seeyvana,
raTa Tavisi samflobeloebidan osmalebi ganedevna. axla mas
SesaZlebloba aqvs ungreTis mefesTan erTad daiwyos Seteva
osmaleTze, rac sefianebs saSualebas miscems Seutios saerTo mters2.
karl V-is werilidan isic Cans, rom misi mizani iyo
Sahs osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedeba daewyo da amiT
habsburgebis imperias mdgomareoba Semsubuqeboda. sulTani
iZulebuli gaxdeboda imperiisa da ungreTis sazRvrebidan
jaris nawili mainc aRmosavleTSi gadaeyvana.
radgan imperatoris cdam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, ungreTis
mefe ferdinandma imave wels sefianTa saxelmwifoSi gagzavna Tavisi elCebi _ petro de negro da svimon de lili.
maT daevalaT molaparakeba ewarmoebinaT Sah TamazTan da
`saqarTvelos mefe~ levanTan.
Sah Tamazs maSin osmaleTTan omis ganzraxva ar hqonda,
1 Lanz K., Op. cit., S. 52, 168.
2 Charrière E., Op. cit., t. I, Paris, 1848, p. 173-174.
140
radgan osmalebi evropaSi ibrZodnen da is araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ganaaxlebda brZolas osmaleTTan. Sahis mizani iyo
xelis Sewyoba osmaleTis agresiisaTvis evropaSi. Sahi ungreTis mefis elCebs mainc dapirda, rom Tavisi mamis, Sah
ismailis msgavsad, mzad iyo saqmiani daxmareba gaewia osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ungreTisaTvis1.
ferdinand I-is elCebi kaxeTis mefe levansac ewvivnen.
mefem kargad miiRo isini da roca Seityo ungrelebis osmaleTTan omisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb, imanac `Tavis mxriv aRuTqva mTeli trapizonis fexze dayeneba~2. savaraudoa levan
mefe `trapizonSi~ dasavleT saqarTvelos gulisxmobda. amas
mafiqrebinebs is faqti, rom dokumentSi levani `georgiis
mefed~, e. i. qarTl-kaxeTis mefed iwodeba. maSasadame, levan
mefis naTqvami ungreTis mefis elCebs unda gaegoT ase: ara
mxolod qarTli da kaxeTi, aramed osmaleTis gavlenis qveS
myofi dasavleTi saqarTveloc mis winaaRmdeg ibrZolebso.
imave periodSi evropaSi kvlav, TandaTanobiT, SemuSavda
azri aRmosavlaTis ori qristianuli qveynis _ moskovis
saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis _ antiosmalur koaliciaSi Cabmis Sesaxeb, radgan maT interesebsac Seesabameboda aseTi koaliciis Sqmna. magram is, rac
osmaleTis agresiis sferoSi myof saxelmwifoebs TavianTTvis sasurvelad miaCndaT, sxvebi (inglisi, espaneTi,
portugalia) amis gamo Tavs ar iwuxebdnen. avstriis imperiasa da safrangeTs Soris imdenad seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi arsebobda, rom isini garkveul gavlenas axdenda osmaleTis agresiis mimarTulebis gansazRvraze.
1 Neck R., Diplomatische Beziehungen zum Vordern Orients unter Karl V.
`Mitteilungen des Ősterreichischen Staatsarchivs~, 1952, S. 83-86; Tardy L., Beyond the Ottoman Empire 14th-16th centuri. Hungarian diplomacy in the East. `Studia Uralo-Altaica~, 13, Szeged, 1978, p. 135-136; tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos
urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 45.
2 Neck R., Op. cit., S. 86; tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI
saukuneSi, gv. 45-46.
141
XVI saukunis 20-iani wlebidan safrangeTi osmaleTTan
TanamSromlobda. igi osmaleTTan politikur urTierTobas
levantSi Tavisi vaWrobis gasafarToeblad iyenebda. safrangeTis samefo kari cdilobda aRmosavleT evropaSi SenarCunebuli yofiliyo patar-patara politikuri erTeulebi, romlebic safrangeTis monarqiis gavlenis qveS iqnebodnen,
habsburgebis imperia ki maT dapyrobas lamobda. 1526 wlis
maisSi Seiqmna koniakis liga, romelSic Sevida safrangeTi,
romis papi da venecia. liga mimarTuli iyo habsburgebis winaaRmdeg. osmalebisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom habsburgebs ar
SeeZloT Tavisi mokavSire ungreTis samefos dacva. ungreTis
mefe laioS II-m daxmareba sTxova inglisis mefes, paps,
veneciis respublikas, magram amaod. 1526 wlis 29 agvistos
osmalebma sastikad gaanadgures ungreTis jari moxaCTan brZolaSi. amis Semdeg iwyeba ungreTis saxelmwifos dacema,
rac safrangeT-habsburgTa Soris winaaRmdegobis Sedegi iyo.
XVI s. 20-iani wlebidan sefianTa irani iaraRiT aRar
ebrZoda osmaleTs da amiT xels uwyobda osmaleTis agresiis dasavleTisaken warmarTvas. aRmosavleTis saqmeebisgan osmaleTis yuradRebis CamoSoreba irans awyobda.
1532 wels osmaleTsa da avstrias Soris daido zavi.
osmaleTis winsvla evropaSi SeCerda da axla misi mTeli
yuradReba aRmosavleTisken gadmovida. osmaleTi iranis winaaRmdeg saomrad emzadeboda. 1534 wlis zafxulSi osmalebma daipyres saqarTvelos mezobeli vani, avniki, ahlaTi, arzrumi, yarsi, mTeli azerbaijani da baRdadi.
rodesac Tvals gadavavlebT ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi osmalebis warmatebas, naTelia, rom saqarTvelos
mTel samxreT sazRvarze gamezoblebuli osmaleTis saxelmwifo, SedarebiT patara da susti saqarTvelos dapyrobasac
Seecdeboda. amitom savsebiT logikuri iqneboda momxdariyo
qvynis mTeli Zalebis konsolidacia. moxda ki piriqiT. 1535
wels imereTis mefe bagrat III-m da qarTlis mefe luarsab
142
I-ma, dadianisa da gurielis daxmarebiT, saaTabagos teritoriebi daipyres. roca yvaryvare III imereTSi tyveobaSi gardaicvala, bagratma aWara da WaneTi guriels gadasca, riTac
levan dadianis guliwyroma gamoiwvia. amiT daiwyo odiSis
mTavris imereTis mefisadmi mtroba. saaTabagos umsxvilesma
feodalma oTar SalikaSvilma yvaryvares mcirewlovani memkvidre qaixosro sulTan suleiman II-sTan waiyvana da misi
gaaTabageba sTxova1. SemTxveviT isargebla osmaleTma da arzrumis beglarbegma mehmed-xanma 1536 wels taosa da klarjeTis teritoriebi daipyro. osmalebma aq oTxi sanjayi daaarses. amiT daiwyo osmaleTis mier samcxis dapyroba da
osmaluri mmarTvelobisa da wesebis danergva.
amis Semdeg irani da osmaleTi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen
vin ufro mets wahglejda saqarTvelos. iranma miiRo Tu
ara mcireodeni Sesveneba osmaleTTan omSi, maSinve daiwyo
samxedro aqciebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. 1540 wels Sah
Tamazi qarTlis samefos damorCilebisaTvis mzadebas Seudga
(kaxeTis mefe levanma Sahs morCileba gamoucxada). qarTlis
mefe luarsab I (1534-1556) fxizlad adevnebda Tvals Sahis
saqmianobas da saWiroebis SemTxvevisaTvis cdilobda sapirispiro Zalis gamonaxvas. maSin aseTi seriozuli Zala
SeiZleboda osmaleTi yofiliyo. albaT qarTlis mefe luarsabi igulisxmeba ungreTis mefe ferdinandis elCis ieronim
laskis 1540 wlis 5 dekembris werilSi, romelSic naTqvamia: konstantinopolSi `Camovida sarwmunoebiT qristiani
qarTveli mefe, raTa daxmareba sTxovos TurqeTs iranis Sahis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. magram misi erTgulebisa aq
ar sjeraT~2.
1 samcxidan konstantinopolSi Casul aTabagobis kandidats da SalikaSvilebs unda gulisxmobdes m. sanuto, rodesac ambobs, TurqebTan kavSiris
dasamyareblad qarTveli didebulebi Camovidneno. Sanuto M., I diarii, v. 57, p.
633.
2 venis arqivSi moZiebuli sabuTis fragmenti gamoaqveyna l. tardim. ix.
misi ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 51.
143
qarTulma istoriografiam icis luarsab I-is mefobis
ZiriTadi momentebi, magram arsad miTiTebuli ar aris, rom
igi rodesme wasuliyos sulTnis karze. savaraudoa, sulTans qarTlis mefe ki ar eaxla, aramed misi romelime didebuli da Tavisi mefis saxeliT yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg daxmareba iTxova. sulTanma uari sTqva qarTlis samefos
daxmarebaze, rac motivirebuli unda yofiliyo iranTan xelaxla Sejaxebis Tavidan acilebiT.
qarTlis samefos imave elCobaze unda iyos saubari safrangeTis venecieli elCis monpelies mier mefe fransua
pirvelisaTvis gagzavnil 1541 wlis 31 martiT daTariRebul
werilSi. masSi naTqvamia, rom Sahs ganuzraxavs saqarTvelos
erT-erTi mbrZaneblis samflobeloze Tavdasxma. amitom
qarTvelma mbrZanebelma Tavisi elCi gagzavna sulTanTan
daxmarebis saTxovnelad1. ar gasula didi dro da aprilis
werili ukve qarTvelTa da yizilbaSTa Soris momxdar omsa
da Sahis mier gancdil did zaralze gvamcnobs2. Znelia Tqma
imisa, qrTvel-sparselTa Setakebis es epizodi Sah Tamazis
saqarTveloSi pirvel laSqrobas asaxavs Tu am laSqrobis
romelime epizodia qarTvelebis yizilbaSebTan gamarTuli
brZolisa.
imave wlis 4 ivlisis werilSi monpelie safrangeTis
mefes acnobebda, rom didvaziri suleiman faSa iranis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad wavida. monpelies ise gamohyavs,
TiTqos osmalebi Sahisagan awiokebuli qarTvelebis Suris
saZieblad wavidnen3.
31 martisa da 4 ivlisis werilebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
davadginoT, rom Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqro1 Charrière E., Op. cit., I, p. 473. am cnobis analizi ix. CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierTobani XVI saukunis pirveli
naxevris franguli di plomatiuri korespondeciis mixedviT. Tsu Sromebi, t.
186, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tb., 1978, gv. 122.
2 Charrière E., Op. cit., I, p. 473.
3 Ibidem, p. 499.
144
ba moxda dasaxelebul ricxvebs Soris. 31 martis werilSi
jer mxolod Sahis saqarTvelos mimarT muqarazea saubari,
maSin rodesac 4 ivliss masSi laparakia, rogorc aprilSi
momxdari faqtze. amdenad, sxva qarTul wyaroebTan SedarebiT, Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis Sesaxeb
rom gadmogvcems, yvelaze zust TariRs (1541 w.) gvaZlevs
ìkorTis Jamngulani~ da èrisTavianT daujdomeli~1. yizilbaSebisaTvis didi zarali ki Seupovar luarsab I-s unda
mieyenebina.
qarTvelTa brZolam dampyroblebisagan Tavis dasacavad,
sakmaod seriozulad miipyro evropis meTaurTa yuradReba.
zogs (mag. safrangeTis samefo kars) iranis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli saqarTvelos mdgomareoba ainteresebda, radgan masTan
brZolaSi Cabmuli irani osmaleTs seriozulad veRar uSlida xels Tavisi agresia samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropisken
da safrangeTis metoqe habsburgebis imperiisken waremarTa.
habsburgebis saxelmwifo, ungreTi da osmalebisagan jer
kidev daupyrobel balkaneTis xalxebi dainteresebuli
iyvnenen im saqarTveloTi, romelic iranTan erTad ebrZoda
osmaleTs da garkveuli gagebiT mdgomareobas umsumuqebda
dasaxelebul qveynebsa da xalxebs.
amgvari dainteresebis gamoxatuleba iyo romis pap pavle
III-is mier 1545 wlis 17 ivliss qarTlis mefe luarsabisaTvis naxWevanSi moRvawe wm. dominikes wesis mRvdlebis _
dominikesa da batistis xeliT gamogzavnili epistole. batisti qarTlis mefesTan daaxloebuli yofila. mefe icnobda wm. dominikes ordenis im wevrebsac, romlebic qarTlis samefoSi imyofebodnen.
epistoles adresati, marTalia qarTlis mefea, magram
masSi gamosWvivis kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauris damokidebuleba da ganwyobileba mTeli saqarTvelos mimarT. papis
umTavresi mizani da mowodeba aris kaTolicizmis gavrcele1 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 243.
145
ba da papis uzenaesobis aRiareba saqarTveloSi. romis agentebisa da qarTveli politikosebis mier miwodebul
informaciaze dayrdnobiT, papi darwmunebuli iyo, rom luarsab I `RvTismosaobis erTgulebiTa da aRfrTovanebiT~
Tayvans scemda romis wminda eklesias da yvela eklesiis
meTaurad mas aRiarebda. Turme luarsabis kaTolikobisadmi
ganwyobilebas iziarebdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos (kokatis/
quTaisis) patriarqi, kaxeTis (zagesis/zagemis) mefe levani,
samcxis (kelsekis/axalcixis) mTavari yvaryvare1 da `saqarTvelos qalaqebisa da samefoebis warCinebuli mefeebi. paps,
savaraudoa, TiToeuli maTganisTvisac analogiuri Sinaarsis
werilebi gamougzavnia.
papi qarTvel mbrZaneblebTan dakavSirebis survils ayalibebs Semdegnairad: `qristes am erTaderT samwysoSi gvsurs Seni da sxva qarTveli mefeebis Semosvla, yvela maTi
da mTeli xalxis sulis sacxoneblad. amitom, ramdenadac
Cven es SegviZlia, uflis mier mogiwodebT, raTa, rogorc
erTia RmerTi da erTia naTlisReba, aseve yvela CvenTvis
erTi iyos sarwmunoeba qristes samwysosi da viyoT wm. deda
kaTolike eklesiis erTobaSi, raTa Tqvenc, CvenTan erTad da
Cveni SemweobiT, advilad ewioT am bednierebas~2.
papi luarsab mefes sTxovs romSi gagzavnos Tavisi
despanebi, raTa maTi saSualebiT mefis qveSevrdomni romis
eklesiisa da misi meTauris romis papis Svilebad gamocxaddnen. papi luarsabs mouwodebs: àseve Seaguliane zemoxsenebuli Seni mezobeli sami qarTveli mefec3, raTa Sens
despanebTan erTad gamogzavnon TavianTi despanebic da maTi
saSualebiT morCileba aRuTqvan romis wm. msoflio eklesias da Cven, romelic mas ganvagebT. Tu Sen saWirod dain1 igulisxmeba yvaryvare III (1516-1535), magram am dros aTabagia qaixosro
II.
2 tabaRua, dasax. naSr., I, gv. 232.
3 papi aTabagsac mefes uwodebs.
146
axav, sxva mefeebsac gaugzavne am werilebis TiTo piri~1.
darwmunebuli var, qarTvel politikosebi iTvaliswinebdnen romis dainteresebas saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. amitom maT mier romSi gagzavnil werilebSi (ar gamovricxav kaTolike patrebi samefo karis karnaxiTac werdnen) iyo Txovna, mezobeli muslimi mezoblebisagan TavdacvaSi daxmarebis Sesaxeb da iqve aRniSnuli iyo
qarTvelTa simpaTiebze kaTolikuri eklesiisa da papis mimarT. magram papebi, TavianTi SesaZleblobebidan da interesidan gamomdinare, qarTvelebs exmianebodnen mxolod
TavianTvis saintereso erT sakiTxze _ kaTolicizmis gavrcelebaSi daxmarebaze.
1547 wels osmaleTma zavi dasdo habsburgebis saxelmwifosTan da ungreTTan da maSinve ganaaxla omi iranTan.
1548 wlis 27 ivliss osmalebi TavrizSi Sevidnen, sadac
mxolod xuTi dRe dahyves, radgan qalaqi mTlianad daclili iyo. jari sursaT-sanovagis naklebobas ganicdida. kontrSetevaze gadasulma Sahis laSqarma imave wlis seqtemberSi marcxi ganicada somxeTSi.
1549 wlis gazafxulze osmalebma iaraRi samcxisaken
warmarTes, romlis aTabag qaixosros iranis mxare eWira.
ibrahim feCevis gadmocemiT am dros samcxeSi saxalxo
ajanyeba mimdinareobda2. osmalebma am ajanyebis CaxSobasTan
erTad saaTabagos mniSvnelovani nawilic daipyres da osmaleTis imperias SeuerTes3.
1551 wels SaqSi Sah TamazTan mividnen aTabag qaixosros
elCebi da moaxsenes, rom qarTlis mefe luarsabi da Tavadebi samcxeSi SemoiWrnen da maviwroebeno, `Cemi vilaieTis
dapyrobas lamoben, zogi olqic wamarTves. isqander faSac
1 tabaRua, dasax. naSr., I, gv. 233.
2 ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo s. jiqiam, Tb.,
1964, gv. 27-28.
3 svaniZe m. dasax. naSr., gv. 63-67.
147
arzrumidan movida am mxareSi da artanujis cixe daikavao~1.
Sah Tamazi didi jariT Sevida samcxeSi da saSinlad aiklo qaixosros mowinaaRmdegeTa samflobeloebi. sparselTa
jaris mier samcxeSi Cadenil saSinelebaTa Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT mogviTxroben hasan rumlu da isqander munSi. maTive
gadmocemiT, yizilbaSebi samcxidan qarTlSi (hasan rumlus mixedviT, mxolod sabaraTianoSi) SeiWrnen, aikles da gamosazamTreblad yarabaRisaken gaeSurnen. aTabagi axla sparselTa
jariT cdilobda Tavisi samflobeloebis aRdgenas2.
saqarTveloSi Sahis warmatebam osmaleTi SeaSfoTa. sulTani ver urigdeboda saaTabagos iranis gavlenis qveS moqcevas. 1553 wels sulTani kvlav wavida Sahis winaaRmdeg saomrad. vidre igi iranis samflobeloebSi SeiWreboda, manamde
Seecada mSvidobiani zurgis uzrunvelyofis mizniT saaTabagosTan urTierToba gaerkvia. rogorc Tanamedrove anonimi
venecielis cnobebidan irkveva, sulTanma ganizraxa aTabagis
iZuleba, raTa am omis dros neitraliteti daecva, ar
daebrkolebina osmaleTis jaris mosamarageblad anatoliidan wamosuli aRali. anonimi wers: `[sulTans] surda, rom
banakSi gagzavnil sursaT-sanovages dabrkoleba ar Sexvedroda qarTvelebisa da qurTebis mxriv, romlebsac, roca
jari arzrumidan iranisken wavidoda, yovelTvis advilad
SeeZloT daebrkolebinaT sursaT-sanovagis gadazidva, riTac
Seiqmneboda jaris damarcxebis didi xifaTi, an [jari]
swrafad unda dabrunebuliyo ukan. amitom [sulTans] erTaderT saSualebad miaCnda im mxareSi jaris nawilis datoveba. iq unda daetovebinaT ramdenime sanjay-begi didi
eskadroniT. amas garda, misi azriT, ukeTesi iqneboda, mSvidoba daemyarebina qurTebTan. [qurTebTan] gagzavnilma misianebma erTguleba da fici miiRes. aseTive mizniT gaagzavnes
qarTvelebTan erTi cnobili pirovneba sakmaod mravalricx1 isqander munSi gv. 18; hasan-rumlu, gv. 29.
148
ovani mxedrobiT, raTa STabeWdileba moexdina [qarTvelebze]~1.
imave wyarodan vigebT, rom sulTans qurTebTan sakiTxi
sasurve lad mougvarebia da imedi hqonda, rom aseve moxdeboda qarTvelebTanac. is `cnobili pirovnebis~ dabrunebas arc ki daeloda, ise gaagrZela gza iranis sazRvrebisaken.
Sah Tamazma axlac osmalebTan brZolis Zveli nacadi
meTodi gamoiyena. iranis saazRvrebSi SeWril osmalebs `gadabuguli miwebis~ gavla uxdebodaT da ramdenime dRis Semdeg sagrZnobi gaxda sursaTis nakleboba. cxenis erTi jeri
sakvebi 20 aspri, xolo erTi patara puri erTi marketi
Rirda. fasebis sul ufro zrdis gamo meomrebi Relavdnen.
zogs imis imedi hqonda, rom male movidoda sursaTi anatoliidan da, miuxedavad brZanebisa, sursaTis momWirneobiT
xarjvis Sesaxeb, marags ar ufrTxildebodnen. urCni, SemdegSi, sulTnis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT dasajes2.
rac Seexeba sulTnis mier saqarTveloSi gagzavnil `cnobil pirovnebas~, mis Sesaxeb imave wyarodan vigebT Semdegs:
`kacma, romelic qarTvelebTan gagzavnili iyo, raTa isini
erTguli gaexada, sulTnis saxeliT, rogorc zemoT iTqva,
miaRwia kidec amas. magram ukan dabrunebisas sazRvarTan
misuls, tyeSi Tavs daesxa ormoci ucnobi da mokles. misi
TanamgzavrebisaTvis sxva ziani ar miuyenebiaT, mxolod is
werilebi waarTves, romlebic qarTvelma mTavarma sulTans
miswera~3.
savaraudoa, sulTnis warmomadgenels isini moklavdnen,
vinc dainteresebulni iyvnen aTabagsa da sulTans Soris
urTierTobis gauaresebiT. antiosmaluri ganwyobilebis
mqone mniSvnelovani Zala rom arsebobda saaTabagoSi, es kar1 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 256.
2 Ibidem, p. 257.
3 Ibidem, p. 259.
149
gad gamomJRavnda Tundac 1549 wlis ajanyebis dros. imis
Tqmac SeiZleba, rom Tavdamsxmelebis zurgs ukan qarTlisa
da imereTis mefeebic idgnen. aTabagis avtoritetis SelaxviT (is xom osmaleTis jarze dayrdnobiT soxoistas brZolis Semdeg, 1545 wels, gaaTabagda) isinic dainteresebulni
iyvnen. amgvar mosazrebas, Cemi azriT, adasturebs, sulTnis
Semdgomi moqmedeba samcxis mimarT. albaT, sulTnisTvisac
gasagebi iyo TavdamsxmelTa mizani da amis gamo Tavi Seikava
samcxeSi mtruli aqciebisagan. ra Tqma unda, arc imis gamoricxva SeiZleba, rom iranTan gaWianurebuli omis dros sulTani saaTabagosTan urTierTobis kidev ufro garTulebas
moerida da mxolod TavdacviTi RonisZieba gaatara: `roca
sulTanma es axali ambavi gaigo, eWvi daebada, rom kapadokiidan momaval aRals qarTvelebi dabrkolebas Seuqmnidnen,
amitom man sxva beglarbegi gagzavna qarTvelebis qveyanaSi
ramdenime sanjay-begiTa da mravalricxovani mxedrobiT da
daavala, rom raime ziani ki ar miayenon qarTvelebs, aramed
isini mxolod SeaCeron TavianT sazRvrebSi. qarTvelebi imis
SiSiT, rom is jari gaanadgurebs maT qveyanas ver gabedaven
raime axali aqciis mowyobas~1.
sursaTis nakleboba katastrofas uqadda osmaleTis
jars. amitom sulTanma gadawyvita, xeli aeRo Sahis jarebis
devnaze, raTa SemdegSi isini generalur brZolaSi gaenadgurebina da anatoliaSi dabruneba gadawyvita, magram mas kvlav
axali samwuxaro anbavi acnobes: `Sahis vaJi ismaili qarTvelTa mravalricxovani jariT Tavs daesxa kapadokiidan momaval sursaTiT datvirTul sam aTas aqlems. waiRes yvelaferi, mcvelni daatyvevs. es axali cnoba yvelaze mware
iyo TurqebisaTvis, romlebic am sursaTiT fiqrobdnen sulis moTqmas. sulTani am siaxlis gamo ganrisxda da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Sebruneba brZana, radgan zaralis mimyen1 Ibidem. svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 74.
150
ebeli ismailis1 jari mTlianad an umetes wilad qarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda. magram man am ganzraxvaze xeli aiRo,
radgan male zamTari dadgeboda, romelic am mxareSi Zalian
civia. man ukeTesad miiCnia gamosazamTreblad kapadokiaSi
dabrunebuliyo, xolo qarTvelebis dasja gazafxulamde,
omis ganaxlebis dromde, gadado~2.
qarTvelebi da sparselebi rom erToblivad ebrZodnen
sparselebs, Cans sxva werilobiTi cnobebidanac3.
xangrZlivma omma irani da osmaleTi moqanca. orive mxares
omis damTavreba surda. zavis dadebis iniciativa Sah Tamazma
gamoiCina. magram, vidre sazavo molaparakeba daiwyeboda, manamde Sahma saqarTveloSi Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkiceba ganizraxa da am mizniT 1554 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelos meoTxed
Semoesia. rogori seriozuli ziani moutana qveyanas sparselTa am laSqrobam, Tundac iqidan Cans, rom wayvanili iqna 30
aTasi tyve, sxva ubedureba, rom aRar gavixsenoT.
yizilbaSTa es ukanaskneli Semoseva asaxuli unda iyos
sparsul dokumentSi, romelic warmoadgens ori sparseli
didebulis sevinduq begisa da ustajlu Sah yulu bin
hamza mirzas mier arzrumis gamgeblis aias faSasadmi gagzavnil werils4. igi dawerili unda iyos 1554 wlis ag1 ismail-mirza cnobili iyo osmalebisadmi Seurigebeli mtrobiT. igi
SemdegSi dadebul amasiis zavsac ar scnobda da yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi
Tavs esxmoda osmaleTis samflobeloebs, rac zavis darRvevis saSiSroebas
qmnida. amis gamo ise gamwvavda urTierToba Sah Tamazsa da ismail-mirzas Soris, rom Sahis brZanebiT is alamuTis cixeSi Casves, sadac TiTqmis oci weli
gaatara. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT iTqmeva sxvagan.
2 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 262-263; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 72-73.
3 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi. Targmani ungrulidan
v. imerliSvilisa, `kldekari~, goris saliteraturo Jurnali, `lomisi~,
Tb., 1997, gv. 137-138. ix. aqve, òdiSis samTavros sagareo urTierTobis
istoriidan~.
4 Fekete L., Zur Geschixte der Grusiner des 16 Jahrhunderts. Àcta Orient.
Hung~., t. I, fasc. I, 1950, S. 93-137; kacitaZe d., XVI-XVII saukuneTa sparsuli
dokumenturi wyaroebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962, gv. 214-213.
151
vistos1 an 30 oqtombris Semdeg2. werilidan vigebT, rom
yizilbaSebTan omSi damarcxebuli luarsabi imereTSi gadasula. imereTis mefe bagrat III-s ara mxolod Seufarebia
devnili qarTlis mefe, aramed misTvis dasaxmareblad osmaleTSic ki wasula. sparseli didebulebis mizans (safiqrebelia, isini Sah Tamazis miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen) warmoadgens, daumtkicon osmaleTis sulTans, rom misi Careva
qarTlis saqmeebSi kidev ufro daZabavs iran-osmaleTis urTierTobas. es rom ar moxdes, osmaleTma Tavisi gavlena unda
gamoiyenos imereTis mefeze, raTa man yizilbaSebs gadasces
luarsab mefe. imave werilidan vigebT, rom luarsabis mier
imereTSi TavSefareba pirveli SemTxveva ar yofila. igi yovelTvis ase iqceoda, roca yizilbaSebi dajabnidnen xolme.
yizilbaSebi imereTis mimarT samxedro aqciebidan Tavs
ikavebdnen, radgan imereTis mefe sulTnis qveSevrdomi iyo.
amiT sparseli didebulebi osmalebs agrZnobinebdnen, rom
maTac Tavi unda SeekavebinaT yizilbaSebis xeldebuli qarTlis samefos saqmeebSi Carevaze.
werilis avtorebi yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT amaxvileben
im garmoebaze, rom imereTisa da qarTlis mefeebi sargebloben iran-osmaleTis metoqeobiTa da omiT da cdiloben kidev
ufro gaaRvivon maT Soris winaaRmdegoba, raTa erTmaneTi
amowyviton. werilis avtorebis azriT, imisaTvis raTa gadwydes `gurjistanis sakiTxi~, aucilebelia or musliman
saxelmwifos Soris omi Sewydes.
werili naTels xdis, rogor dainteresebuli iyo irani
omis damTavrebiT da zavis dadebiT. amave dros Sahis kari
cdilobda gaerkvia osmaleTis pozicia saqarTvelos mimarT.
imave wels daiwyo sazavo molaparakeba, romlis drosac
Sahis warmomadgeneli gansakuTrebiT gamohyofda saqarTvelos sakiTxs. anonimi venecielis TqmiT, `SeTanxmdnen im
1 kacitaZe d., dasax. naSr., gv.132
2 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77.
152
pirobiT, rom erTis yvela qveSevrdomi da moxarke pativcemuli iqneboda meores mier. sulTanma suleimanma sityva
misca Sah Tamazs, rom arc exla da arc zavis dadebis Semdeg araviTar zians ar miayenebda saqarTvelos~1. maSasadame,
Sahs saqarTvelo Tavis qveSevrdom da moxarke qveynad miaCnda da sulTnisganac moiTxovda am Tavisi uflebis aRiarebas.
Uungrel diplomats anTal veranCiCs mxedvelobidan ar
gamorCa qarTveli politikosebis saqmianoba iran-osmaleTs
Soris sazavo molaparakebis CasaSlelad. 1554 wlis 19 dekembris angariSSi igi werda: `qarTveli mmarTvelni sparselTa mxareze gadavidnen da yovelmxriv iRwvian rom CaSalon
zavis dadebis saqme. amitomac sulTanma miiRo gadawyvetileba daiwyos omi qarTvelT winaaRmdeg, Tuki qarTvelebi xels
ar aiReben TavianT Tavxedur ganzraxvaze da maT mxares ar
gadavlen~2.
1555 w. 29 maiss amasiaSi daido sazavo xelSekruleba,
romliTac dasrulda iran-osmaleTis xangrZlivi omi. magram
zavma bolo ar mouRo `Serigebul~ saxelmwifoebs Soris
winaaRmdegobas da maT agresias kavkasias qveynebSi. amasiis
zavi gadaiqca am ori agresoris dapyrobiTi politikis axali etapis amosaval punqtad3. iran-osmaleTis agresiis morigi etapi gamoixateboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobis
cdebSi. òsmalebi da iranis jarebi drodadro Tavs esxmodnen qarTul miwebs, raTa `SeexsenebinaT~ 1555 wlis
xelSekrulebis pirobebi~4. irani amis ganxorcielebas cdilobda amasiis zavis pirobebis dacviT, osmaleTi _ misi
gauqmebis gziT.
1 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 265.
2 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi, gv. 139.
3 CoCievi v., kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikis istoriidan XVI s. 60ian wlebSi. Tsu Sromebi, t. 118, 1967, gv. 243.
4 Новосельцев А. П., Ук. труд, c. 118.
153
amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebam karga xniT gansazRvra
saqarTvelos bedi. amasiis zavis Semdeg amierkavkasiaSi da,
kerZod, saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTarebis amsaxveli werilobiTi wyaroebi sakmaod mravladaa moRweuli. magram maTi
avtorebisaTvis yovelTvis gasagebi ar aris saqarTveloSi
mimdinare movlenebi. wyaroebSi umetesad `saqarTveloa~ naxsenebi, rac aZnelebs imis garkvevas, masSi romeli samefo an
samTavroa nagulisxmevi. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobis SenarCunebis an aRdgenis mizniT ucxoel damkvirveblebs xSirad sworad ar
esmiT: Tu qarTvelebi Sahs ebrZvian, maSin maT miiCneven osmaleTis sulTnis qveSevrdomebad an mokavSireebad, xolo
Tu piriqiT xdeba, maSin Sahis momxreebi hgoniaT. wyaroebis
amgvari tendencia arTulebs sinamdvilis dadgenas.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefoebisa da saTavadoebis
damokidebuleba amasiis zavisadmi erTnairi ar iyo. saTavadoebis didi nawili, savaraudoa, zavis momxreni iyvnen, radgan zavis Sedegad qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iran-osmaleTis mxardaWeris imedi
hqondaT. rac Seexeba qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebs, maTTvis
amasiis zavi miuRebeli iyo, radgan amieridan maT naklebad
SeeZloT iran-osmaleTis winaaRmdegobebis gamoyeneba TavianTi damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad. roca iran-osmaleTi
erTmaneTTan brZolas Sewyvetdnen, maSin qarTvelebis saSinao saqmeebSi ufro energiulad Caereodnen.
qarTveli politikosebisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom
sparseTi da osmaleTi erTmaneTs saqarTveloSi gabatonebisTvisac ebrZodnen. amitom isini yvelafers akeTebdnen, raTa
ori dampyrobeli erTmaneTs ar morigeboda saqarTvelos
xarjze, SenarCunebuli yofiliyo maT Soris dapirispireba.
osmaleTTan brZolaSi damarcxebuli da dasustebuli
sparseTi myarad ver grZnobda Tavis poziciebs aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi, amitom misi sagareo politikis mTavar ubnad
154
aq arsebuli ori qarTuli saxelmwifo rCeboda. radgan sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia, Sahs xSirad uxdeboda SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyeneba yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg amxedrebul
qarTlis samefos dasamorCileblad. aRmosavleT saqarTveloze iranis Setevis saqmeSi gansakuTrerbiT aqtiurobda
yarabaxis gamgebeli Sahverdi-sulTani.
osmaleTi fxizlad adevnebda Tvals movlenebis ganviTarebas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da yovel xelsayrel viTarebaSi iseT STabeWdilebas qmnida, TiTqos am regionze
droebiT ambobda uars da misTvis sul erTi ar iyo, Tu ra
xdeboda iq.
1556 w. 18 seqtembers sulTan suleiman II kanunis acnobes,
rom Sah Tamazma TavrizSi gaamzada 70 aTasi meomari da ganzraxuli hqonda saqarTveloze Tavdasxma1. amasTan dakavSirebiT `romis saRmrTo imperiis~ imperators ferdinands, misi
agenti konstantinopolidan werda, rom Sahis saqarTveloze
galaSqrebis mizezi qarTvelebis mier sulTnisaTvis mxardaWeraao. iqve naTqvamia, roca qarTvelebma Sahis samzadisis
Sesaxeb Seityves, maSinve sulTans daxmareba sTxoves. isini
moiTxovdnen, rom sulTans saqarTvelos mezobeli sanjayebi
daexmarebina mTTvis.
imave wlis 21 seqtembers suleiman II-m werilebi gaugzavna iranis mosazRvre yvela sanjays da qarTvelebisaTvis
dauyovnebliv daxmareba ubrZana. sulTnis am gankargulebam
miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. yvelas egona, rom kvlav omi daiwyeboda2.
italiur wyaroSi aRniSnul saparseT-osmaleTis daZabuli viTarebis da sulTnis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis
Sesaxeb unda iyos iabrahim feCevis cnobaSic: `fadiSahs moxsenda, rom gzadabneuli Sahi saqarTveloSi ramdenime fadi1 Tardy L., Rapports diplomatiques sur la Gèorgie entres les annèe 1550 et
1570. `Bedi Kartlisa~, v. 34, Paris, 1976, p.102.
2 Ibidem.
155
Sahiseul cixes Seesia. oTxi aTasi ianiCris da sruliad
rumeliis, anatoliisa da yaramaniis laSqrisa da yvela boluqis jaris sardal-spasalarad dainiSna saxelovani didi
veziri da gaigzavna [saqarTveloSi]... rodesac yizilbaSebma
[Seityves], rom didi veziri islamis laSqriT movida da
Zlevamosili jariT [saqarTvelos] mfarvelobas uwevso, ori
dRis savali erT dRes gairbines da Sin mokurcxles _ didi
veziri ki misdami rwmunebuli laSqriT uavgustoes jars
SeuerTda~1.
saqarTvelos, kerZod, samcxis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
iran-osmaleTs Soris daZabuloba, savaraudoa, aisaxa vaxuStis TxzulebaSi iq, sadac naTqvamia sulTan suleimanis da
Sah Tamazis saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvarTan misvlaze da
daTariRebulia 1556 wliT. `Semdgomad movida sulTani
suleiman, aRaSena kari, mosrna urCni, ukuniqca da dadga
basians q~sa C~fnv qar. s~md. mas moudga SahTamaz da dadga
artans. xolo sulTani suleiman warvida stambols~2.
1556 wlis 25 noembers stambolSi Cavida ori qarTveli
didebuli, romlebsac davalebuli hqondaT, sulTnisTvis
gadaecaT saCivari Sahis moqmedebis gamo. maT ganacxades, rom
yoveldRiurad Sahisagan Seviwroebas ganicdian da mas mzad
hyavs didi armia saqarTveloze Tavdasasxmelad.
savaraudoa, zemoT dasaxelebuli despanebi svimon I-is
mier iyvnen gagzavnilni.
svimon I saqarTvelos erT-erTi gamorCeul mefeTagania.
mis saxelTan dakavSirebulia XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi
qarTveli xalxis dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg gmiruli brZolis araerTi saintereso epizodi. igi uaRresad popularuli iyo dasavleT evropaSi da mis Sesaxeb bevric daiwera.
svimon I, qarTlis gmiri mefe luarsab I-is (1534-1556)
vaJi iyo. qarTveli istorikosis mixedviT, `luarsab mefe
1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 31.
156
mamacobazed naqebia yovels saqarTvelos mefeTa da TavadTa
zedan ZveliT axlebamdisin. TavaT kargi sardari iyo da
merme gulovani, uxvi da uSurveli, msmevel-mWmeveli, samarTliani, yma-morCili. omSi koxta da uSiSari, Tanac magari
qristiani~. aseTi mama zrdida ufliswul svimons1.
svimon I-ma mZime memkvidreoba miiRo. yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi daiRupa mamamisi luarsab I. Sah Tamazma ganizraxa,
Seupovari luarsabis sikvdilis Semdeg mainc, daemorCilebina qarTlis samefo, romelic kavkasiaSi yizilbaSebis yvela
mowinaaRmdegis dasayrdens warmoadgenda. axalgazrda qarTlis mefem, rogorc Cans, sworad Seafasa arsebuli mdgomareoba da Tavisi samefos gadarCenis mizniT osmalebTan
dakavSireba scada2. qarTvel elCebs stambolSi pasuxi ver
gasces3 da, albaT, iqve urCies aseT serizul sakiTxze
mosalaparakeblad adrianopolSi wasuliyvnen.
qarTvel politikosebs gacnobierebuli hqondaT, rom
rodesac osmaleTi yuradRebas dasavleTisken gadaitanda,
maSinve iwyeboda iranis gaaqtiureba amierkavkasiaSi. osmaleTis zraxvebis codna maT saSualebas miscemda sworad da
moxerxebulad waremarTaT TavianTi urTierToba iranTan.
1556 wlis 6 dekembers erTi qarTveli elCi didvazirs
rosTem faSas Sexvda. rogorc molaparakebidan irkveva, elCma icoda osmaleTis jaris marcxi ungreTSi imave wlis
1 mefis dabadebis ori gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs: 1531/1532 (1531/1532
weli gamoangariSebulia is elCis ter-iakobis mier veneciis saxelmwifo sabWoSi 1597 wels naTqvamidan, rom mefe 65 wlisa ariso. dawvr. ix. qvemoT) da
1537 weli (javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 256). radgan gamefebisas (1556 w.)
svimoni 19 wlisa da jerac ucolSvilo iyo, upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT 1537
wels, radgan saqarTveloSi vaJis qorwinebis asakad, rogorc wesi, 18 weli
iyo miCneuli da ufliswuls ucolod didxans ar dastovebdnen. amitom misi
dabadebis welad unda CaiTvalos 1537. svimoni 1559 wels daqorwinda kaxTa
mefe levanis asulze, nestandarejanze.
2 Documents privitoare la istoria Romanilor, v. II, par. II, Bucuresti, 1891,
p. 353
3 Ibidem.
157
gazfxulze. amitom didvazirTan Sexvedrisas man kategoriulad moiTxova ecnobebinaT misTvis, apirebda Tu ara sulTani momaval wels ungreTSi wasvlas. gakvirvebulma vazirma ikiTxa: ratom ainteresebda qarTvel elCs es sakiTxi?
elCma upasuxa: osmaleTTan dakavSirebul yvela qarTvels
afiqrebs sulTnis mosalodneli gamgzavreba ungreTSi da iq
omis gaCaReba. amiT isargeblebs Sahi da brZolas dauwyebs
qarTvelebs1.
didvazirma scada daerwmunebina qarTveli elCi, rom osmaleTis mTavroba cdilobda mSvidobianad moegvarebina urTierToba ungreTTan, magram mefe ferdinandi Tu mainc samxedro moqmedebas daiwyebs da sulTani ungreTSi wava, aseT
SemTxvevaSi is yovel Rones ixmarda, rom qarTvelebma da
osmaleTis sxva mokavSireebma zarali ar ganicadon2.
1557 wlis dasasruls iranis elCi sulTnis kars ewvia
da osmaleTis umaRles moxeleebTan molaparakeba gamarTa.
iranSi dabrunebis win elCi sulTanma da didvazirma miiRes.
maT, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad ganixiles saqarTvelos sakiTxic. elCma ukmayofileba gamosTqva imis gamo, rom sulTani
keTilganwyobilebas iCens im qarTvelebis mimarT, romlebic
irans esazRvrebian, e. i. saqarTvelos im nawilebis (qarTli,
kaxeTi, aRmosavleTi saaTabago) mimarT, romlebic amasiis
sazavo xelSekrulebiT iranis xeldebulad gamocxadda. man
moiTxova, rom maT Sahs Zveleburad xarki gadauxadon. elCis
amgvar moTxovnaze sulTanma upasuxa: radgan qarTvelebi
sulTnis moxarkeni gaxdnen, amitom sulTani valdebulia,
daicvas isini. amasTanave sulTanma elCs imis garantia misca,
rom àr dauSvebda Sahis samflobeloebze qarTvelebis
Tavdasxmebs~3.
sulTanma daufaravad daadastura Tavisi miznebi aR1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p.103.
2 Ibidem, p.104.
3 Ibidem.
158
mosavleT saqarTvelos mimarT. amgvarad, molaparakeba uSedegod damTavrda da Sahma gadawyvita Tavisi interesebi iaraRiT daecva. ukve 1557 wlis dekemberSi sparselebi
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moqmedeben. italiur wyaroSi, ar
Cans, konkretulad, sad SeiWrnen yizilbaSebi. amis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba hasan rumlus erTi cnoba, saidanac vigebT,
rom Sahverdi sulTan ziad oRli da suleiman-beg baiaTi
qarTlSi SeiWrnen. mtris simravlisa Tu moulodneli Tavdasxmis gamo mefem mTebs Seafara Tavi. `Raziebma goris,
suramisa da sabaraTianos velaieTi daarbies, soflebi da
mxareebi aaoxres. yanebi da xeebi mwife xiliT Zirianad amoglijes [miwidan] da gamarjvebulni uamravi nadavliT ganjaSi dabrundnen~1.
qarTlisa da kaxeTis mesveurebs kargad esmodaT, rom
sakuTari ZaliT yizilbaSebis mogeriebas ver SesZlebdnen.
osmaleTi mxolod bundovan dapirebas iZleoda. realuri
daxmareba arsaidan Canda. amitom maT ganizraxes, iranis sapirispirod iseTi Zala gamoeZebnaT, romelic Sahs aiZulebda, SeeCerebina an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seesustebina agresia
qarTuli samefoebis mimarT. qarTvelma diplomatebma aseT
Zalad ruseTi miiCnies da kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis
politikaSi misi Cabma scades.
XVI s. 50-ian wlebSi ruseTis mefe ivane IV-m did warmatebas miaRwia. man daipyro jer yazanis (1552 w.), Semdeg
astraxanis (1556 w.) saxanoebi. faqtobrivad, mTeli volgispireTi kaspiis zRvamde moskovis samefos xelSi aRmoCnda.
man Crdilo kavkasiaSic moikida fexi. qarTvelebi cdilobdnen kontaqti daemyarebinaT gaZlierebul moskovis saxelmwifosTan.
1557 wels moskovSi Cavida yabardos gavleniani mTavrebis elCoba da ivane IV-s yirimis saxanosa da osmaleTisagan
dasacavad mfarveloba sTxoves. Cans, qarTvelebi Tvals ad1 hasan rumlu, gv. 35.
159
evnebdnen Crdilo kavkasieli mTavrebis moskovTan urTierTobis dawyebas da am saqmeSi xelsac uwyobdnen. kavkasiaSi
da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mesame Zalis, Tanac marTlmadidebeli qristianulis, gamoCena, maTi varaudiT, gaadvilebda yizilbaSebTan da osmalebTan brZolas. albaT, qarTlis
mefisagan uflebamosilni iyvnen yabardos mTavarTa elCebi,
rodesac ivane IV-s ganucxades, rom CvenTan erTad aris
saqarTvelos mTavari da mTeli saqarTvelo da moskovis
mTavarma mis mimarTac mowyaleba gamoiCinoso1.
ruseTis poziciebis kavkasiaSi gantkicebisaTvis farTe
asparezi iSleboda. amitom iyo, rom, rogorc wyaroebidan
Cans, yabardos mTavrebi saqarTvelos mbrZaneblebTan, TavianT
samxreT mezoblebTan erTad wyvetdnen aseT sapasuxismgeblo
sakiTxs. `yabardoelTa da qarTvelTa es moqmedeba, _ aRniSnavda T. bocvaZe, _ rasakvirvelia, saSamxlo-daRestnis yuradRebas ar SeiZleboda gamoparvoda, ramdenadac igi mis winaaRmdeg reseT-yabardo-saqarTvelos bloks gulisxmobda,
rac rasakvirvelia, misTvis ar iyo xelsayreli. jer erTi,
aRniSnuli bloki barierad imarTeboda amxanad daaxloebul
Turq-yirimxansa da saSamxlo-daRestans Soris, meore, aSkarad aZlierebda mis metoqeebs da mezoblebs saqarTvelo-yabardosa da, mesame, am bloks ar SeiZleboda ar emoqmeda
saSamxlos ekonomikur interesebze, mis vaWrobaze volgaastraxanis did magistralze~2. sainteresoa, ratom cdilobdnen qarTveli politikosebi TavianTi survili moskovis mefisaTvis sxvaTa piriT ecnobebinaT da ratom ar
agzavnidnen sakuTar warmomadgenlebs?
1 Сношения России с Кавказом. Материалы, извлеченные из Московского Главного Архива Министерства иностранных дел Сергеем А. Белокуровым, вып. I (1578-1613), М., 1889, с. 4; Полное собрание русских летописей, т.
XIII, I-я половина, СПб., 1904, с. 284.
2 bocvaZe T., Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi (XVI-XVII ss.). `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi~, II,
Tb., 1972, gv. 32-33.
160
qarTveli politikosebi frTxilobdnen. isini darwmunebuli ar iyvnen Seswevda Tu ara ruseTs Zala, aqtiurad
Careuliyo kavkasiis saqmeebSi. vai Tu moskovTan urTierToba unayofo aRmoCeniliyo, daxmareba ver SesZleboda da
yizilbaSebi kidev ufro gaRizianebuliyvnen. am sakiTxis
awondawonisas mxedvelobaSi imasac miiRebdnen, rom qarTlkaxeTis aseTi moqmedebiT ukmayofilo darCeboda osmaleTic
(osmaleTi xom mtrulad Sexvda moskovis saxelmwifos warmatebebs volgispireTSi), romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva,
qarTlsa da kaxeTs Tavs mfarvelad aCvenebda da yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad aqezebda. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo iyo, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi jerjerobiT niadagis mosinjviT kmayofildebodnen.
Sah Tamazi I darwmunda, rom osmaleTi saqarTveloSi
iranis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, magram sulTani zavis
darRvevas ar fiqrobda. osmaleTis amgvari orWofuli mdgomareobiT isargebla Sah Tamazma da daiwyo brZola saqarTveloze ucilobeli batonobisaTvis.
TanamedroveTa mixedviT, 1558 wlis martSi qarTvelebi
uTanasworo brZolas awarmoebdnen yizilbaSebTan.. amis gamo
maT TavianTi elCebi gaugzavnes sulTans da daxmareba sTxoves. Sah Tamazis varaudi gamarTlda: sulTanma qarTvelebs
uari uTxra jariT daxmarebaze1, ramac qarTlis samefosa da
osmaleTs Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia.
1559 w. osmaleTSi daiwyo dinastiuri brZola: sulTani
suleimani da ufliswuli selimi (SemdegSi selim II, 15661574) ufliswul baiazids ebrZodnen. am brZolaSi aqtiurobdnen qarTvelebic, savarudoa, qarTlis samefodan, radgan mefe svimoni suleimanis politikiT ukmayofilo iyo. man,
mravalgzis Txovnis miuxedavad, yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sulTnisgan daxmareba ver miiRo. ufliswuli bai1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 104-105.
161
azidi ki cnobili iyo Tavisi daudegari xasiTiT da, savaraudo iyo, rom gamefebis Semdeg igi amasiis zavs
daarRvevda. mefem, maSindeli mravali damkvirveblis msgavsad,
baiazidis SesaZleblobebi sworad ver Seafasa da mas dauWira mxari. erTi wyaros mixedviT, baiazids qarTvelebis
mxridan daxmarebis imedi hqonda. iqidanve vigebT, rom sulTanma baiazidis dasaSineblad da misTvis daxmarebis gawevis
mosaspobad, jari mzadyofnaSi moiyvana da saqarTveloze
galaSqreba brZana1.
1559 w. 1 marts konstantinopolidan venaSi gagzavnil
moxsenebaSi naTqvamia baiazidsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierTobaze. sulTans ufliswul baiazidze Tavdasxma gaunazraxavs, magram xma gauvrcelebiaT, rom qarTvelebze salaSqrod
midiso2. amgvari xmebis gavrceleba usafuZvlo ar iyo da
daijerebdnen kidec, radgan yvelam icoda, rom baiazidis
dasaxmareblad midiodnen qarTvelebisa da qurTebis razmebi,
romlebic sursaT-sanovagiTac amaragebdnen taxtis pretendentis jars3.
vidre baiazidi Zalebs moikrebda, mas ufliswuli selimi uzarmazari jariT Tavs daesxa da daamarcxa. baiazidma
aRmosavleTisaken, yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos sazRvrebisaken
daixia4. igi basianSi mivida da Sahs mociquli gaugzavna,
romelmac ganacxada: `sulTan-baiazidi basians movida da gamomgzavna imis gasagebad, SahTan rom mivide Seminaxavs Tu
arao~5. Sahma es momenti sulTanze politikuri zewolis
karg saSualebad CaTvala. Sah Tamazis amgvari ganzraxvis
Sesaxeb sulTnis kars acnoba èrTma qarTvelma batonma,
1 Ibidem, p. 105.
2 Ibidem, p. 105.
3 Ibidem, p. 106.
4 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 204.
5 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan. sparsuli teqsti gamosacemad
moamzada, Targmna, SeniSvnebi da winasityvaoba daurTo k. tabataZem, Tb., 1976,
gv.54.
162
sulTnis megobarma~, romelsac miuweria, rom Sahma baiazidi
mxolod mzakvruli mizniT Seifarao1.
Sah Tamazma baiazids yazvinSi misvlis neba misca. igi
didi zeimiTa da saCuqrebiT miiRes. male devnili ufliswuli da misi mxleblebi mixvdnen, rom Sahs mxolod Tavisi
interesebi hqonda da xelsayrel momentSi `stumrebs~ sulTan suleimans gadascemda. maT ganizraxes Sahze Tavdasxma
moewyoT da baRdadSi, SirvanSi an saqarTveloSi gaqceuliyvnen2. magram SeTqmuleba gamJRavnda da yvela, daaxloebiT
10 aTasi kaci Seipyres, maTi nawili gawyvites, nawili Seiwyales da Sahis samsaxurSi Seiyvanes, xolo baiazidi da
misi oTxi vaJi daatusaRes.
1560 w. Sah Tamazs sulTnis mociqulebi exlnen, romlebmac didZali saCuqrebis sanacvlod baiazidi da misi
Svilebi moiTxoves. Sahi amaze ar dasTanxmda. man ufliswuli heidarisaTvis sagamgeblod baRdadis gadacema moiTxova.
sulTani am moTxovnas ar dasTanxmda. Sahs ar surda osmaleTTan urTierToba gaerTulebina da 30 aTasi erayuli
Tumnis Rirebulebis saCuqrebis sanacvlod osmaleTidan
Camosul jalaTebs ufliswuli baiazidi da misi vaJebi gadasca3. 1562 wlis 21 seqtembers isini yazvinSi sikvdiliT
dasajes.
moRweuli cnobebi uflebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom
qarTvelebi baiazidTan iyvnen Sahis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi. Saraf-xan bidlisis mixedviT, baiazidi xom saqarTveloSi apirebda gaqcevas. kidev ufro sayuradReboa 1561
wlis 4 noembris moxseneba, romelic vanidan miRebul informaciaze dayrdnobiTaa dawerili, saidanac vigebT, rom
Sahma did jars mouyara Tavi da ganzraxuli hqonda saqarT1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 106.
2 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan, gv. 205.
3 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 206-208.
163
veloSi (albaT, qarTlSi) SeWra, radgan qarTvelebma baiazids mxari dauWires1.
svimon I da misi TanamebrZolebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen
yizilbaSebs arc qarTlSi da arc mis gareT. rogorc Tanamedrove evropuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTlis samefos brZolas garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda maSindeli axlo aRmosavleTis did politikaSi.
svimon mefis mTavari amocana iyo ganTavisufleba Tbilisisa, sadac yizilbaSTa garnizoni idga. magram am miznis
ganxorcieleba sxva qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis daxmarebis
gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba gaumjobesda 1559 wels, roca svimon I kaxTa mefe levanis asulze
daqorwinda. es faqti mianiSnebda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
ori qarTuli samefos antiiranuli koaliciis Seqmnaze.
svimon I iaraRiT xelSi ebrZoda yizilbaSebs, mefe levani ki, oficialurad Sahis vasalad iTvleboda. albaT kaxeTis mefe levans gulisxmobda romis papisa da veneciis
respublikis elCi Sah Tamazis karze, vinCenco deli alesandri, roca ambobda, rom Sahze `damokidebulia erTi qristiani mefe, qarTvelebis batoni, mas yovelwliurad uxdis
ociaTas dukats. misi saxelmwifo kaspiis zRvis maxlobladaa. es mefe osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevavSi Sahs unda
emsaxuros aTi aTasi axalgazrda da mamaci cxenosniT~2.
rogor mZime tvirTad awva kaxeTis samefos sefianTa saxelmwifosadmi morCileba, kargad Cans isqander munSis Txzulebidan3. marTalia, isqanderi XVI s. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis arsebul mdgomareobaze laparakobs, magram
maSin kaxeTis yizilbaSebisadmi damokidebulebaSi imave saukunis 50-iani wlebidan bevri araferi Seicvleboda.
1 Charrière, II, Op. cit., p. 679.
2 Alberi, II, Op. cit., p. 126.
3 isqander munSi, gv. 37.
164
mefe levans Sahisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqonda.
garda zemoaRnisnuli mZime gadasaxadisa da valdebulebisa,
rac qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas aqveiTebda, Sah Tamazi
Tavisi politikuri zegavleniTac aSfoTebda kaxeTis samefo
kars. ai, rogoraa Camoyalibebuli sulTnis mier levan IsaTvis gagzavnil sapasuxo werilSi (1564 w.) kaxeTis mefis
Sahisadmi wayenebuli braldebebi: `SevityveT, rom Seni
Svilebidan erT-erTi RviZli Svili, mouklavs udanaSaulod1, xolo meore vaJi, saxelad iese, romelmac islami
miiRo, dapatimrebulia2 da Zveli droidan momdinare Cveulebisa da azris sawinaaRmdegod SemoRebuli gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Rone dahkargeT, xolo tanjvis moTmena autaneli
gaxda. ambob, rom maTi ganzraxvaa saqarTvelos mospoba, Semdeg ki islamis qveynebSi SeWra da Tavdasxma, ris gamoc
samyaros Rirsebamosili Cveni zRurblisagan daxmarebas da
Semweobas iTxovT~3.
sulTnis werilSi gadmocemuls isic unda davumatoT,
rom kaxeTis samefom XVI s. 60-ian wlebSi Sahis `wyalobiT~
teritoriuli danaklisic ganicada. yizilbaSebma kxeTis
samefos Camoaciles md. samuris zemo welze waxuris qristianuli qveyana, romlis mflobeli Sahis mfarvelobis qveS
gamocxadda. Sah Tamazma kargad icoda Tu ra didi mniS1 1554 w. osmalebis azerbaijanSi SeWrisas levan mefis erTi vaJi, romelic Sahs axlda, gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa (Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis
elCebTan, gv. 50). kaxTa mefes, albaT safuZveli hqonda, rom Tavisi Svili Sah
Tamazis mier ùdanaSaulod moklulad~ CaeTvala.
2 levan mefem, qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros (1556
w.) Sahs daxmareba ar gauwia da SiSobda, rom Sahi amis gamo Surs iZiebda.
SurisZiebis Tavidan asacileblad man, 1558 wels, Tavisi vaJi iese didi saCuqrebiT yazvins gagzavna (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 575). igi Sahma gaamahmadiana
1559 wels da levan mefis taxtis mociled amzadebda. magram iesem Sahs imedi
ver gaumarTla. man 1562 wels islami uaryo da gaqceva scada, magram Sei pyres
da imave wlis 23 dekembers alamutis cixeSi Casves (hasan rumlu, gv. 35).
3 CoCievi v., kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikis istoriidan XVI s. 60ian wlebSi, gv. 257-258.
165
vneloba hqonda kaxeTisaTvis dasaxelebul olqs. albaT, amitom afrTxilebda Sahi 1562 wels kaxeTis mefes, rom waxuris batoni aravin Seawuxoso1.
amgvarad, zemoaRniSnul mizezTa gamo, kaxeTis samefoc
iseve ukmayofilo iyo iranisa, rogorc qarTlis samefo. am
ori qarTuli samefos erTmaneTTan dakavSireba ganpirobebuli iyo garTulebuli sagareo viTarebiT.
iv. javaxiSvilma levan I-sa da svimon I-is damoyvreba
dadebiTad Seafasa: `kaxT batonis leon mefis siZobam svimon
mefes saSualeba misca, aramc Tu mtris Semosevisagan kaxeTis mxriT uzrunvelyofiliyo, aramed Tavisi ganzraxvis
(Tbilisis ganTvisufleba – e. m.) gansaxorcieleblad meSveli jaric mieRo~2.
svimon mefe didi omisaTvis emzadeboda. isqander munSisa
da hasan rumlus gadmocemiT, mefes mravali damxmare razmi
miuvida3.
kaxTa mefem, misTvis Cveuli sifrTxiliT, piradad ki ar
miiRo monawileoba yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg qarTlis omSi,
aramed Tavisi ufrosi vaJi giorgi gagzavna kaxelTa razmiT.
amiT mas saSualeba eqneboda, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SahTan
Tavi emarTlebina. niSndoblivia, rom isqander munSis ver
gaurkvevia giorgi `mamis nebarTviT Tu TviTneburad~ mivida
mefis dasaxmareblad4.
rogorc isqander munSi werda svimoni „mamis^wesisamebr,
urCobisa da winaaRmdegobis gzas daadga da cxraas samocda
rva (1560/1561) wels Tbilisis dasapyrobad Tavisi samyofeli adgilidan (goridan) daiZra5. magram qarTvelTa brZola Tbilisis ganTavisuflebisaTvis marcxiT damTavrda. 1561
1
2
3
4
5
166
dumbaZe m., aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilo) istoriidan, Tb., 1953, gv. 8.
javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 257.
isqander munSi, gv. 23; hasan rumlu, gv. 36.
isqander munSi, gv. 23.
iqve
w. 6 aprils muxaTgverdTan mraval qarTvelTan erTad daiRupa giorgi ufliswulic. gancdil marcxs isic daemata, rom
svimon mefes Tavisi Zma daviTi (SemdgomSi dauT-xani) ganudga da qarTlis taxtis dapyroba isurva. igi 1562 wels
yazvinSi Cavida, gamahmadianda da Sah Tamazis `Svilis~ wodebuleba miiRo. isqander munSis mixedviT, `samoTxeSi damkvidrebulma Sahma (Sah Tamazi _ e.m.) mas (dauT-xans _ e. m.)
miualersa, wvrTna, Svilobis wodebis pativiT gamoarCia da
Tbilisis velaieTi da is adgilebi, romlebic maRali divanis mflobelobaSi iyo, mas uwyalobes. da Tumca erTxans
sasaxlis erTi amiri Tbilisis cixis quTvali da dauT-xanis
lala da saxelmwifo saqmeebis gamge iyo~1.
Zvelma qarTvelma istorikosebma mkacri Sefaseba misces
dauT-xanis Ralats: „da ra ixila Zmaman mefis svimonisaman
daviT saqme ese (marcxi mefisa _ e.m.) ... da aman gansca Zma
da queyana TÕsi da warvida yaenTan, da mivida Sah-TamasTan
yazmins, da gahyvnes ramdenime Tavadni, aznaurni da msaxurni,
gaTaTrda da uwodes dauTxan. da mun didad pativsca Sah
Tamaz da uwoda Zmad TÕsad da aswavla rjuli mahmadisa, da
gagzavna Tfilissa da raodeni adgili epyra saqarTvelosani,
da moumcno sulTansa ganZisasa Semweoba misi, da movida
dauTxan tfilissa, da daipyra tfilisi“2. dauT-xanis moqmedeba da misi Sedegebi, ufro vrclad da isqander munSis
naTqvamTan ufro miaxloebuli, mocemulia axali qarTlis
cxovrebis mesame teqstSi: „xolo iyo urwmesi Zma mefisa
svimonisi, saxeliT daviT, da Semoswyra Zmasa TÕssa svimons,
da warvida Sah Tamaz yaenis karsa, yaeni yazmins iyo... didad
pativ-ces da Svilobis rayami uboZes... da cota xans ukan
hgmo RmerTi da gaTaTrda, da uwodes saxelad dauTxan... da
qalaqisa da somxiT-sabaraTianos mefoba misces, da rayamSi
SvilobiT Caweres, da mestumre Tan gaatanes, da didis pa1 iqve
2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 367.
167
tiviTa da morWmiT gaistumres. da weliwadSi TÕTos napiris
xans mefis daviTis mcvelad Tavisis laSqriT mouyenebdnen
qalaqis cixeSi“1.
farsadan gorgijaniZe ramdenime damatebiT cnobas gvawvdis,
rogorc daviTis ise misi Tanmxlebebisadmi Sahis karze mopyrobis Sesaxeb: yaeni yazvins iyo roca batoniSvili daviTis
mosvla moaxsenes. am ambavma yaeni didad gaaxara da karis
didebulebi miageba. daviTis amalaSi baraTaSvilebi Warbobdnen. „viTamz [daviTi] mefis svimonisagan Semamwyrali iyo,
amisTvis ufro didi pativni dasdves da Svilobis rayami
uboZes. mejlisSigan yaenman axlos moisva da viTac âemwifes
qveS moufines da sasTauli daudves da misi Tavadni mejlisSig msxdomT alag alag Sva da Sva Causxes. cotas xans ukan
daaTaTres da saâemwifo iaraRi yovlia risimeTgan uboZes
samefos da miss TavadebTa da aznaurTa cxeni, iaraRi, xalaTi da saâarjo uboZes, batonymianaT rac miecaT cxra
aTasis Tumnisa yofiliyo. qalaqi [Tbilisi] da somxiT sabaraTianos mefobac misces da rayamSi Sviloba Cauweres da
mestumre gaatanes da didis morWmiTa da pativiT
gaistumres“2.
sainteresoa, rom isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahma daviTi
`Svilobis wodebis pativiT gamoarCia~. `Svilis~ wodebis
miniWeba niSnavda, rom daviTi Sahis moxele gaxda `xanis~
(dauT-xani) saxelwodebiT, e.i. daviTi Sahis moxele da ara
qarTlis mefe gaxda. qarTul wyaroebSi, kerZod, qarTlis
cxovrebis pirvel teqstSi sweria, rom Sah Tamazma daviTs
Tavisi Zma uwoda. amasve aRniSnavs isqander munSi3, romlis
1 iqve, gv. 512. ix, agreTve, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 407.
2 farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria. s. kakabaZis gamocema. `saistorio moambe~, nakv. II, 1925, gv 218. hasan rumlus cnobnebze dayrdnobiT dadgenilia,
rom daviTi yazvinSi mivida 1561 wlis 25 dekembers, TbilisSi dabrunda 1562
wlis 30 agvistomde. hasan rumlu, gv. 64, Sen. 92.
168
cnobasac unda emyarebodes beri egnataSvili. Tavisi SinaaresiT `Zmoba~ `Svilobisagan~ mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba samoxeleo aparatis ierarqiaSi. `Zmoba~ `Svilobaze~ maRla idga.
Cvens istoriografiaSi kargad Seswavlilia svimon I-sa
da dauT-xanis erTmaneTTan brZola. svimoni ar scnobda Sahis marionetis uflebas qvemo qarTlsa da Tbilisze da
yizilbaSebs ebrZoda yvelgan. dauT-xanis yizilbaSebTan
mimxroba arc sulTnis karisaTvis iyo misaRebi. dauT-xanis
gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi Sahis poziciebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ganmtkicdeboda. sulTani Sahis `kuTvnili~ saqarTvelos saqmeebSi aqtiurad ar ereoda, magram, rogorc wyaroebidan ikveTeba, sulTnis agentura yvelafers akeTebda,
raTa qarTlis mefes yizilbaSebisa da maTi momxre Tavadebis
winaaRmdeg brZola ar Seenelebina. 1562 wlis 5 noembers
konstantinopolSi mivida Sah Tamazis elCi, romelic sulTanma 9 noembers miiRo. elCis vizitis oficialuri mizani
yazvinSi dasjili ufliswul baiazidis piradi nivTebisa da
iaraRis sulTnisaTvis gadacema iyo. imave dros, elCs samduravi unda eTqva, radgan misi waqezebiT qarTvelebi Tavs
daesxnen Sahis qveSevrdomebs da brZolis dros didi zarali
miayenes1.
aseTive ukmayofileba gamosTqva yizilbaSTa axalma elCobam qarTvelebis moqmedebis gamo 1563 wlis aprilSic.
werilis mixedviT, `babilonis [baRdadis] sanjayma iCivla
qarTvelebisa da Turqmanebis mier sparselebisadmi Cadenili
usamarTlobis Sesaxeb da im zaralis anazRaureba moiTxova,
romelic maT sparseTis samefos miayenes~2.
amave periodSi qarTveli politikosebi kvlav Seecadnen
urTierToba daemyarebinaT moskovis saxelmwifosTan da am
saqmeSi, savaraudoa aqtiurad Caeba svimon mefec. maT mosk1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 106.
2 Ibidem.
169
ovTan dakavSireba moindomes inglisis `moskovis kompaniis~
agentis entoni jenkinsonis saSualebiT. saqarTvelosTan
urTierTobis dmyarebis iniciativa jenkinsonisgan wamovida,
rasac biZgi misca Semdgomma garemoebam. jenkinsonis yazvinSi
yofnis dros Sahis karze imyofeboda qarTveli ufliswuli,
romlis saxels ingliseli negocianti ar gvamcnobs. masTan
gacnobis Semdeg jenkinsoni saqarTvelosTan kavSiris damyarebiT dainteresda. igi arc imas aRniSnavs, qarTveli
ufliswuli romeli samefodan iyo. mkvlevarTa erT nawils
igi svimon I-is Zma daviTi hgonia, me ki ueWvelad mimaCnia,
rom igi aleqsandere II kaxTa mefis vaJi iese iyo. am istoriul pirovnebaze SeiZleba ufro vrclad iTqvas.
* * *
iv. javaxiSvilma 1548 wlis mcxeTis sigelze dayrdnobiT daadgina, rom, kaxTa mefes da mamia gurilis asuls
TinaTins yoliaT (CamoTvlilia ufros-umcrosobis mixedviT): giorgi, iese, aleqsandre, elimirza1. giorgis cixedidTan brZolaSi (1561 w.) daRupvis Semdeg, iese, levanis Svilebs Soris „uxucesad“ Seiqmna.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, iese Sahs pirvelad mamasTan erTad SirvanSi ewvia. Sahma levan mefe male ukan
gaistumra, iese ki samcxes waiyvana. samcxis dalaSqvris
Semdeg, Sahma „warmouvlina iesec levans niWiTa“2. levan mefis da ieses SahTan stumroba unda momxdariyo 1554
wels3.
1 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 231. levan mefis saxlobis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix. iqve, gv. 226-235. vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, levanis
pirveli vaJi iyo aleqsandre (SemdegSi kaxTa mefe aleqsandre II). mefisa da
dedofal TinaTinis gayris Semdeg Zmebi dedasTan izrdebodnen. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv, 570, 572.
2 iqve, gv. 575.
170
qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros (1556
w.) levan kaxTa mefe Sahs ar daexmara da SiSobda, rom Sahi
amis gamo Surs iZiebda. konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad
levan mefem „waravlina Ze TÕsi iese winaSe yeenisa ZRuniTa
da tyÕTa qal-yrmiTa da auwya TÕsi ara risa Secodeba“. levan mefem iese yazvins gagzavna 1558 wels1. sparseli istorikosis hasan rumlus mixedviT, Sah Tamazma iese gaamahmadiana 1559 wels: „amave wels isa-xani, saqarTvelos mmarTvelis levanis Svili, islamis miRebiT gabednierda da qveynis
safarvelma Sahma mas wyalobis TvaliT dauwyo cqera“2. yazi
ahmed Rafaris da buda’yazvinis cnobiT, ieses islami miuRia
1560 wels.3 Saraf-xan bidlisi ufro konkretulia da ambobs, rom gamuslimanebis Semdeg Sahis divanma sagamgeblod
gadasca Saqis vilaieTi da mas ewoda isa-xani4.
XVI s. sxva sparseli istorikosis buda’yazvinis cnobiT, iese mamas gadaudga, Sahis karze mivida da islami miiRo, rac aseve 1560 wels momxdara5.
iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, 1561 wels mosalodneli iyo,
rom levan mefes cixedidis brZolisa da giorgi ufliswulis daRupvis Semdeg, iese yazvinSi gaegzavna. levanis mier
gagzavnil mZevalsa da saCuqrebs Sahis guliswyroma unda
daecxro. iv. javaxiSvils saeWvod miaCnda ieses gamuslimaneba
Sah Tamazis dros6.
1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv, 575.
2 hasan rumlu, gv. 35.
3 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 102-103.
4 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 205.
5 hasan rumlu, gv. 64, Sen. 88.
6 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., 233. cixedidis brZolaSi yizilbaSebis
tyveobaSi Cavarda msxvili Tavadi zaza-begi („saqarTvelos erTi pativcemul
amiraTagani“), ramdenime aznaurTan erTad da Sahis karze gagzavnes (hasan
rumlu, gv. 36). brZolaSi datyvevebul qarTvel didebuls isqander munSi
jajana-begad moixseniebs (isqander munSi, gv 23). eWvs gareSea, rom jajana-begi
igive zaza-begia. v. fuTuriZis varaudiT, es unda iyos saxlTuxucesi zaza
fanaskertel-ciciSvili (iqve, gv. 151, Sen. 34.)
171
Sahi cdilobda levan mefisaTvis taxtis mocile
Seemzadebina da ieses did pativSi amyofebda. don xuan de
persias mixedviT, Sah Tamazma gadawyvita aleqsandres nacvlad kaxeTis taxtze aeyvana aleqsandres Zma, gamuslimanebuli iese, `magram es aqti sparseTis mefis mxridan Tavidanve
ganwiruli gamodga~1. hasan rumlus mixedviT, iese saxelmwifos yvela amirasa da didebulTa Soris uwarCinebulesi gaxda. yovelwliur saxarjod 6 aTasi Tumani, samarTavad olqi da sxva mravali wyaloba daumtkices. Saraf-xan
bidlisi ufro vrclad gadmogvcems ieses aRzevebasa da
Sahis mimarT gamoCenil mis ùmadurebaze~. misi TqmiT, eSmakisagan cdunebulma, qarTveli aznaurebis STagonebiT, iesem
ganizraxa yazvinidan saqarTveloSi gaqceuliyo, maSin, roca
is gandidda yizilbaS amirebsa da didebulebze metad mejlissa da sakrebuloebSi, roca xelmwife mas SvilobiT
moixseniebda, roca is Caricxes did SaxzadeebSi, yovelwliurad Saqis olqidan, sxva adgilebidan da saxelmwifo
xazinidan fulisa da naturis saxiT iRebda 7 aTas Tumans.
magram iesem Sahs ver gaumarTla. misi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb
Sahis kars acnoba misma axlo megobarma alah-Tay Cerqezma2.
hasan rumlus TqmiTac, `zogierTi matyuara da urwmuno
SfoTis amtexis mier motyuebulma da SecdomaSi Seyvanilma,
man moulodnelad uaryo islamis rjuli da gaqceva daapira~3.
1 Relaciones Don Juan de Persia. Dirigidas a la Magestad Catholica de Don
Philippe III. Rey de las Espaňas, y seňor nuestro. Divididas en tres libros, donde se
tratan las cosas notables de persia, la genealogia de sus Reys, guerras de persianos,
Turcas, y Tartaros, y las que vido en el viaje qve hizo àEspaňy su conuersion, y la
otros dos Cavalleros Persianos. Aňo 1604. Con privilegio. En Valladolid por Juan
de Bestillo: en la calle de Samano, p. 68 r. uluR beg baiaTi, sparseli didebuli,
Sah abasma 1599 wels daniSna espaneTSi gagzavnili elCobis mdivnad. man
qristianoba miiRo, dairqva don xuan de persia (misi naTlia iyo dedofali
margarita avstrieli) da espaneTSi darCa. don xuanis dRiurebis safuZvelze
daiwera misi `relacioni~, romelSic sayuradRebo cnobebia saqarTvelozec.
2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 208-209.
172
iese ufliswulis aseTi moqmedeba uaryofs buday’ yazvinis
naTqvams, TiTqos iese nebayoflobiT mivida Sahis karze da
Tavisi surviliT gamuslimanda. imave dros istorikoss imis
Cvenebac unda, rom iese Sahsac atyuebda: marTalia islams
eziara, magram guliT mainc qristiani darCa. amis gamo igi
daasmines. Sahma misi gaCxreka brZana. ieses ubeSi jvari da
xati upovnes, risTvisac Sahis brZanebiT is Seipyres da
alamuTis cixeSi Casves1. is alamuTis cixeSi CausvamT 1562
wlis 26 dekembers2.
1562 wlis 20 noembers jenkinsoni Sah TamazTan audienciis dros gaecno qarTvel ufliswuls, „romelis vinaobis
dadgena _ rogorc v. gabaSvili fiqrobda _ Zneli araa. esaa
iese ufliswuli, levan kaxTa mefis Ze“3. sawinaaRmdego
mosazreba gamosTqva j. stefnaZem. misi azriT, ufliswuli
iese Sah TamazTan jenkinsonis audiencias 1562 wlis 20
noembers ver daeswreboda, radgan iese 1562 wels alamuTis
cixeSi daamwyvdies4. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, j. stefnaZe
cdilobs daamtkicos, rom Sahisa da jenkinsonis Sexvedras
svimon I-is Zma daviTi (SemdgomSi qarTlis gamgebeli dauTxani) unda daswreboda5. ase fiqrobs i. tabaRuac.
sakiTxis daviT XI-is sasargeblod gadasawyvetad es argumenti, iese rom maSin alamuTis cixeSi iyo gamomwyvdeuli,
ver gamodgeba. sakiTxavia, iese 20 noembramde (Sah Tamazisa
da jenkinsonis Sexvedris dRe) daapatimres Tu mis Semdeg?
Cemi azriT, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes hasan rumlus
1 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCTan, gv 85.
3 gabaSvili v., qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan (saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri koaliciebi XV-XVII ss.). „masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTRvis“, nakv. 31, Tb. 1964, gv. 71.
4 stefnaZe j., anton jenkinsonis mier moxseniebuli qarTveli ufliswulis vinaobisaTvis. „saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis
istoriis sakiTxebi“, Tb., 1968, gv. 207.
5 iqve, gv. 211.
173
erTi cnoba, romelidanac vigebT: „am wels (1561/62), rabi
os-sanis Tvis Cvidmets daviT-begi (qarTlis mefe – e.m.)
luarsabis Svili, ramdenime aznauriT saqarTvelodan yazvins
movida [da] muslimani gaxda. rjulis safarvelma Sahma
Tbilisis gamgebloba mas uwyaloba“1. hasan rumlus am cnobaze dayrdnobiT r. kiknaZem gamoikvlia, rom daviTi 1561 wlis
25 dekembers mivida yazvins da TbilisSi dabrunda 1562
wlis 30 agvistos2. amgvarad daviTi, romelic 30 agvistos
TbilisSi iyo, 20 noembers Sahis sasaxleSi ver iqneboda.
iese ki dapatimrebmde (26 dekemberi) sasaxleSi iyo da qarTvel ufliswulTagan mxolod mas SeeZlo jenkinsons
Sexvedroda. swored ieses unda ecnobebina saqarTveloSi
jenkisonis da misi kompaniis interesebisa da misi mogzaurobis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb3.
davubrundeT ieses dapatimrebis sakiTxs. sainteresoa
Sahis karze aRzevebuli iese ratom cdilobda samSobloSi
dabrunebas da is kvlav, marTalia farulad, mainc qristianad rCeboda, ra Tqma unda, aseT rames Tu marTla hqonda
adgili? ieses amgvari moqmedebis axsna scada zogierTma
mkvlevarma.
k. tabataZis azriT, iesem samSobloSi gaqceva mas Semdeg
ganizraxa, roca Seityo, rom yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi daiRupa misi Zma giorgi. mas Sahis SurisZiebisa SeeSinda da
yazvinidan gaqceva scada4.
n. gelaSvili iziarebs k. tabataZis mosazrebas da Tavis
mxriv damatebiT varaudobs, rom SeiZleba mas surda „saqarTveloSi Tavis moZmeTa mxardamxar ebrZola yizilbaSebis
winaaRmdeg“1.
me ki mgonia, rom ieses saqarTveloSi gaqcevis survili
ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo ufrosi Zmis _ giorgis
daRupvis ambis gagagebiT. amis Semdeg taxtis memkvidre,
wesiT, is unda yofiliyo. magram, savaraudoa, Sahi sul
sxvagvarad fiqrobda: iese manamde hyoloda iranSi, vidre
ufro xelsayreli dro ar iqneboda misi kaxeTSi gasamefeblad. isic savaraudoa, rom iranSi, Sahis karTan axlos
myofi ieseTi yovelTvis SeiZleboda kaxeTis samefo karze
zemoqmedeba.
iesem TiTqmis 15 weli tyveobaSi gaatara. is 1576 wels
svimon I-Tan erTad gaaTavisufla Sah ismail II-m da didi
pativic miago, rac kargad gamoCnda ismailis xeldasxmis
zeimze maTTvis miCenili sapatio adgilebis mixedviT2.
isqander munSis cnobiT, „samoTxeSi damkvidrebuli Sahis
Zmis saam-mirzas asuli sulTan-mohamed-xudabendem isa-xans
(iese batoniSvili – e. m.) misca da Saqis mmarTvelad
ganawesa“3. amgvarad, xudabende aleqsandres sawinaaRmdego
tradiciul politikas atarebs. SaqSi, kaxeTis sazRvarTan
myof ieses yovelTvis SeeZlo aleqsandre II-is sawinaaRmdego saqmianobis gaCaReba.
Tomazo minadoi iransa da kaxeTis samefos Soris urTierTobis gafuWebis umTavres mizezad, Sahis mier aleqsan-
2 iqve, gv. 64-65, Sen. 92-93.
3 am bolo dros gamoqveynda l. uruSaZis statia, romelSic `qarTvel
ufliswulSi~ kvlav daviT luarsabis Zea danaxuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom mkvlevari ar gascnobia zemoT dasaxelebul arc erT wyaros da gamokvlevas da
iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos is pirveli dainteresda jenkinsonis cnobiT.
ix. uruSaZe l., entoni jenkinsonis `sparseTSi mogzaurobis~ cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, XI, Tb., 2006, gv. 155-157.
2 Morley W. H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscripts… preserved in the librari of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1854, #136, p. 335; Alves
P. Fr. M., Catalogo des Manuscritos de Simancas respeitantes a Histori Portuguesa.
In: O Instituto, v. 82, serie 4, Coimbra, 1931. Fr. M., Catalogo des Manuscritos de
Simancas respeitantes a Histori Portuguesa. In: O Instituto, v. 82, serie 4, Coimbra,
1931~ , p. 479; Hinz W ., Schah Esmail II. Ein Beitrage zur Gescichte der Safaviden,
Berlin, 1933, S. 62.
174
175
dre mefis winaaRmdeg ieses gamoyenebis mcdelobas miiCnevda:
aleqsandre „odesRac sparseTis gvirgvinis Zalian Tavdadebuli msaxuri iyo, magram im droidan, rodesac Tamazi
araswori gzebiT Seecada misi samflobeloebis CamorTmevas
da mis adgilas misi Zmis ieses dayenebas, romelic SeuerTda
ra sparselebs, Tamazsa da satanas, gaZlierebuli usindisobiT cdilobda amis miRwevas. [aleqsandrem] sparseTis imedze
yofnas Tavi mianeba, gaxda orpiri da neitraluri, gamarjvebuli iaraRisadmi daTmoba da Zlieri sulis winaSe modreka
daiwyo“1.
iran-osmaleTis meore omis dawyebisTanave aleqsandre
II-m saerTo ena gamonaxa osmaleTis jarebis sardal lala
mustafa faSasTan da mas cxenosanTa razmi sTxova Tavisi
mtris, Saqis gamgeblisaTvis angariSis gasasworeblad. osmalo mxedarTmTavarma daakmayofila aleqsandres Txovna da
1200 mxedari misca. iesem gaqceviT uSvela Tavs2.
1582 wels, mohamed xudabendesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebis
Sedegad, rodesac qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma Sahis yvela
moTxovna daakmayofiles, ,,TviTonac moiTxoves Sahis mfarvelobis qveS myofi TavianTi Zmebis (aleqsandrem ieses, svi1 Minadoi T., Historia della guerra fra Turchi et Persiani. Descritto in qvatro
libro da Gio. Tomaso Minadoi: Caminciando dall’anno MDLXXVII, nel qvale furo
li primi muomenti di lei, freqvendo per tutto l’anno MDLXXXV. Alla Santita di N.
S. Sisto V. Pontifice Ottimo Massimo. Con privilegio. In Roma. Nella Stamperia di
Jacomo Tornerio, et Bernardino Donangeli. MDLXXXVII, p. 53. jovani tomazo
minadoi, veneciis saelCos eqimi konstantinopolSi XVI s. meore naxevarSi.
man dagvitova uZvirfasesi cnobebi 1578-1590 wlebSi sparseT-osmaleTs Soris
mimdinare omisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb.
omis msvlelobis dros is alepoSi cxovrobda da mas Tavisi profesia saSualebas aZlevda, gascnoboda mraval iseT pirovnebas, maT Soris qarTvelebsac
(erTgan is aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi momxdari erT-erTi ambis siswore
àra erTma, aramed CemTan axlos myofma da samkurnalod mosulma ramdenime
qarTvelma damimowma~. p. 100), romlebic kargad erkveodnen mimdinare omis
ambebSi. t. minadois naSromSi didi adgili daeTmo saqarTvelos politikur
mdgomareobas, qarTveli xalxis yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg brZolas.
2 Alberi E., Op. cit.,. p. 444.
176
monma ki _ dauT-xanis) saqarTveloSi datoveba da piroba
dades, rom „Zmebs Cinebulad moepyrobodnen, veragobas ar
Caidendnen da orive TavianTi samflobeloebidan TavianT
Zmebs garkveul adgils miuCenda, raTa mosvenebiT ecxovraT
da arseboba ar gaZnelebodaT“1. SemdegSi isqander munSi
aRniSnavs, rom Zmebis Taobaze nakisri valdebuleba arc svimon I-ma da arc aleqsandre II-m ar Seasrules „orive maTi
daRupvis saqmes Seudga da Cqara maTi sikvdilis ambavi mTel
qveyanas gaagebines. raki Sesaferisi dro ar iyo, amitom
aseTi moqmedebisaTvis isini aravin gakicxa“2.
ieses (isa-xani) Sesaxeb amis Semdeg araferia cnobili. is,
savaraudoa, mokluli iqna, magram osmaleTTan omis pirobebSi, rodesac iranisaTvis mniSvneloba hqonda Tu vis mxares
iqneboda kaxeTis samefo, Sahis karma aleqsandre mefis moqmedebis Sefasebisagan Tavi Seikava. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
viTarebiT isargebla aleqsandre II-m da Tavidan moiSora
Sahis karis „mudmivi“ kandidati kaxeTis taxtze _ iese,
romlsac moralurad da adaT-wesebiTac ufleba hqonda pretenzia gamoeTqva kaxeTis taxtze. is xom ufrosi Zmis giorgis daRupvis Semdeg ufrosi gaxda Tavis Zmebs Soris. iese,
rom Ddidi xnis ganmavlobaSi tyveobaSi ar yofiliyo taxti
masze gadavidoda. aleqsandreze zemoqmedebis am mniSvnelovan
saSualebas Sahis kari moxerxebulad iyenebda. ase rom,
SeiZleba marTali iyos aleqsandres mier ieses mokvdineba.
2 iqve. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, iese kaxeTSi dabrunda 1580 wels.
is qristianad gamouSvia mohamed xudabendes, magram mcire xnis Semdeg gardacvlila. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 579.
177
* * *
davubrundeT entoni jenkisonis cnobebis ganxilvas.
1563 wlis 10-16 aprils jenkinsoni SamaxiaSi imyofeboda, roca masTan mivida `saqarTvelos mefis~ warmomadgeneli. `SamaxiaSi mewvia saqarTvelos mefis warmomadgeneli
erTi somexi, romelmac aRmiwera [qarTveli] mefis saSineli
mdgomareoba, rom igi moqceulia or mrisxane tiransa da
Zlier xelmwifes Soris, sulTansa da Sahs Soris, romlebsac ganuwyvetliv ebrZvis~1.
sainteresoa, romeli samefodan iyo somexi vaWari. am
sakiTxiT Tavis droze dainteresdnen i. cincaZe da v. gabaSvili da ivaraudes, rom jenkinsonis mier dasaxelebuli
`saqarTvelos mefe~ kaxeTis mefe levani iyo2.
jenkinsonis cnobebs rodesac vukvirdebi, vrwmundebi,
rom `saqarTvelos mefe~ unda iyos svimon I3. im dros mxolod svimoni awarmoebda ganuwyvetel brZolebs yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg, rac ar iTqmis levanze, romelic TanamedroveebSi cnobili iyo rogorc mSvidobismoyvare (Znelia
mis mier gadaxdili brZolis dasaxeleba 50-60-ian wlebSi)
da frTxili diplomati. am sakiTxze saubrisas unda gavixsenoT i. cincaZis mosazreba: àr SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom
qarTlis politikosebs ruseTTan kaxeTis urTierToba gamoeparaT, isini, udavod, saqmis kursSi iyvnen, magram ufro
lodinis taqtikas adgnen. SesaZlebelia, ruseTis Zlierebas,
rogorc TurqeT-iranis damTrgunav Zalas, skeptikurad uc1 Hacluyt R., Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II. Introduction by John Masefeld,
New York, 1962, p. 24-25; Английские путешественники в Мoсковском государстве. Перевод с английского Ю. В. Готье, Л., 1937, с. 211.
2 gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 71-72; cincaZe i., dasax. naSr., gv. 278282;
3 jenkinsonis `mogzaurobis~ rusul enaze mTargmnels i. v. goties miaCnda, rom jenkinsoni `saqarTvelos mefe solomons~ gulisxmobda. Tu gotie
qarTlis mefe svimon varaudobs, maSin misi mosazreba misaRebia.
178
qerodnen im periodSi. aseT Zalaze dayrdnobas arsebuli
mdgomareobis gauareseba rom mohyveboda, maTTvis aSkara
unda yofiliyo~1.
moyvanil mosazrebas ver gaviziareb. qarTlis politikosebs, rogorc ukve gacnobili wyaroebidan kargad Cans, amasiis zavis Semdeg arc dro da arc saSualeba hqondaT `lodinis
taqtikas~ dasdgomodnen. amgvari politika kaxeTis samefosagan ufro mosalodneli iyo. kaxeTis mefes, rom iranisadmi
ukmayofilebis mizezi hqonda, amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva, magram
mtrobas jer axdilad ver amJRavnebda. ase rom, kaxeTis politikosebs ufro unda ezrunaT, rom moufiqrebeli nabijis
gadadgmiT mdgomareoba ar gaerTulebinaT, risi Sedegi levan
kaxTa mefes SeeZlo iolad warmoedgina. magram ar gamovricxav, rom kaxeTis mefe ar monawileobda amgvar diplomatiur
dazvervaSi. Cemi azriT, svimoni da levani SeTanxmebulad moqmedebdnen, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac isini damoyvrdnen.
isini erTmaneTs uziarebdnen mopovebul informacias (am
SemTxvevaSi iese batoniSvilis mier gamogzavnils jenkinsonisa
da misi interesebis Sesaxeb). sad hqonda levan mefes imis garantia, rom Sahi ver gaigebda qarTveli mefis mociqulis
jenkinsonTan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb? am ingliselis cnobebidanve viciT, rogori eWviT ucqerodnen Sahi da aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiis saxanoebis mbrZaneblebi evropeli qristianebis
saqarTvelosTan urTierTobas. es garemoeba, ra Tqma unda,
icoda `saqarTvelos mefemac~, romelic bodiSs uxdida jenkinsons imis gamo, rom werilobiT da specialuri warmomadgenlis xeliT ar acnoba Tavisi survilis Sesaxeb, radgan
saeWvo iyo, rom mis mier gagzavnili kaci mSvidobianad miaRwevda daniSnulebis adgilamde. sifrTxilis mizniT da
garTulebebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis, jenkinsonmac Tavisi
mosazrebebi `saqarTvelos mefes~ zepirad SeuTvala2.
1 cincaZe i., dasax. naSr., gv. 325.
2 Hacluyt R., Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II, p. 25.
179
qarTvelebi usafuZvlod rom ar frTxilobdnen, amaSi
jenkinsoni TviTonac male darwmunda, roca `saqarTvelos
mefisaTvis~ saWiro rCevis misacemad saqarTveloSi eduard
klarki gaagzavna. magram saqarTvelos sazRvarTan misuli
klarkis qristianoba roca gairkva, igi iZulebuli gaxda
ukan gabrunebuliyo1.
savaraudoa, rom saqarTveloSi kaxeTis ufliswulis
ieses meSveobiT dawvrilebiT informirebulni iyvnen entoni
jenkinsonis Sesaxeb, romelic kargad erkveoda ruseTis
mdgomareobasa da iteresebSi. ase rom, qarTvelebma mas
SemTxveviT ar mimarTes.
qarTvel mefes, upirveles yovlisa, ainteresebda jenkinsonis azri: SeeZlo Tu ara ruseTis mefes saqarTvelosaTvis
daxmareba gaewia gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi da arsebobda Tu
ara amgvari mxardaWeris imedi. Tu daxmarebis imedi arsebobda, maSin romeli gziT SeiZleboda elCis gagzavna moskovSi. jenkinsonma mociquli daarwmuna, rom moskovis xelmwife saqarTvelos aucileblad daexmareboda da elCi
Cerqezebis qveyanaze gavliT gaegzavnaT, radgan ivane IV maTi
mefis asulze daqorwinda2.
jenkinsonis naTqvamSi uzustobaa. 1561 wels ivane IV-m
colad SeirTo yabardos mbrZaneblis (jenkinsonis TqmiT,
CerqezeTis mefis) temriuk idaroviCis asuli kuCena, romelsac
moskovSi maria daarqves3. es qorwineba didi politikuri mniSvmelobis aqti iyo. yabardos mniSvneloba ruseTis kavkasiur
politikaSi gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, yabardos mbrZanebeli
dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos ruseTTan dakavSirebiT.
saqarTvelos ruseTTan dakavSireba `moskovis kompaniis~
interesebSic Sedioda. kompania kaxuri nedli abreSumis bazris dauflebas cdilobda. aRniSnuli kompaniis agentis
1 Ibidem.
2 Ibidem.
3 Смирнов Н. А., Политика России на Кавказе в XVI-XIX, М., 1958, с 13.
180
artur eduardsis mier 1566 wlis 26 aprils Semaxiidan
gagzavnil moxsenebaSi naTqvamia, rom gazafxulze SemaxiaSi
nedli abrereSumis Sovna mxolod mcire raodenobiT SeiZleboda. `misi Sovna SeiZleba saqarTveloSi, magram mis
Sesasyidad xalxis gagzavna ver SevZeliT, _ swers eduardsi, _ radgan Tavidanve davkargeT dro. roca Cven gveyoleba warmomadgenlebi, romlebic SeZleben mTeli gazafxulis ganmavlobaSi aq darCenas, maSin SesaZlebloba gveqneba
SevisyidoT pirveli xelidan, uSualod soflelebisgan,
romlebsac moaqvT gasayidi aqac da sxva adgilebSic~1.
jenkinsons, Tavisi kompaniis interesebidan gamomdinare,
miznad hqonda uSualod daemyarebina kavSiri saqarTvelos
abreSumiT mdidar raionebTan. mas amis ganxorcieleba ganzraxuli hqonda maSin, roca eduard klarki gagzavna `saqarTvelos mefis dasaxmareblad~. jenkinsonma mas pirdapir daavala, rom mefesTan molaparakebisas mieRwia, rom mis samflobeloebSi inglisel vaWrebs Tavisufali saqmianobis
ufleba hqonebodaT2. magram, rogorc iTqva, klarkma, misgan
damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo, saqarTveloSi ver SeaRwia.
qarTuli nedli abreSumis dauflebis erT yvelaze saimedo
saSualebad Canda saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla.
Tu es ase moxdeboda, maSin `moskovis kompaniis~ agentebs,
romlebic moskovis saxelmwifoSi vaWrobis monopoliuri
uflebiT sargeblobdnen, win veraferi daudgebodaT. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, savaraudoa, jenkinsonma saqarTvelos
mefis warmomadgenels ruseTisagan seriozuli daxmarebis
imedi misca da iqve ar SeiZleboda gadakvriT mainc ar eTqva
`moskovis kompaniis~ interesebzec. imis varaudic SeiZleba,
rom jenkinsonma moskovSi dabrunebis Semdeg `moskovis kompaniis~ mesveurebma zegavlena moaxdines rusTa mefeze da
saqarTvelosTan kavSiris saWiroebaSi daarwmunes.
1 Hacluyt R. Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II, p. 38.
2 Ibidem, p. 25.
181
jenkinsonTan gagzavnili mociquli mefesTan dabrunda da
moaxsena ingliselebis qarTuli abreSumiT dainteresebisa
da maTi azris mniSvnelobaze ivane IV-is kavkasiur politikaSi. isic cxadi gaxda, rom ingliselebi mzad iyvnen
qarTvelebisaTvis garkveuli mxardWera gaewiaT moskovis
karze. amis Semdeg svimon da levan mefeebi unda
SeTanxmdebuliyvnen, moskovSi kaxeTis mefis elCi wasuliyo.
kaxeTi xom abreSumiT yvelaze mdidari samefo iyo saqarTveloSi.
1563 wels moskovSi gaigzavna kaxeTis samefos elCoba,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen iakobi, dionise da viRac
somexi. elCoba moskovSi darCa 1564 wlis noemberamde1. elCebs moskovSi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen da kaxeTs mfarveloba
aRuTqves. mfarvelobis gamoxatulebis niSnad kaxeTSi gamogzvnes damxmare razmi, romlis nawilebi kaxeTis cixeebSi
idga 1565-1572 wlebSi da daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebisagan
icavda. amaze metis gakeTeba maSin moskovis mTavrobas ar
SeeZlo, radgan TviT ruseTs uaRresad garTulebuli saSinao
da sagareo mdgomareoba hqonda. amiT isargebles iranma da
osmaleTma da ruseTs Seuties. osmalebma rusebis garnizoni
CerqezeTidan gandevnes, xolo iranisagan Tavdasxmis muqaram
aiZula levan mefe rusTa razmi kaxeTidan daeTxova.
svimon mefe ebrZoda qarTlSi iranis dasayrdens dauTxans. man 1567-1568 wlebSi diRomTan da samadlosTan brZolebSi dauT-xani daamarcxa, magram Tbilisis ganTavisufleba
mainc ver SesZlo, radagan dauT-xans mezobeli yizilbaSuri
saxanoebi exmarebodnen.
qarTlis samefos brZola svimonis meTaurobiT mosvenebas ar aZlevda iranis Sahs. man am problemis erTxel da
samudamod gadawyveta ganizraxa. 1569 wels Sahma Saqisa da
yarabaRis laSqars Tavi mouyara ganjaSi, saSamxlos razmebi
daiqirava da qarTls Seusia. qarTlis mefes uRalata aznau1 Тивадзе Т. Г., Ук. труд, с. 243.
182
rma kaxaber yorRanaSvilma da mters megzuroba gauwia. algeTis xeobaSi farcxisTan qarTvelTa laSqarma Seutia aTjer
met mters da gaaqcia. mefe daedevna gaqceulT, mcire razmiT
sakmaod gaSorda ZiriTad laSqars da mtris garemocvaSi
aRmoCnda. moRalate yorRanaSvilma, romelic piradad icnobda mefes, yizilbaSebs masze miuTiTa. am dros erT-erTma
moRalatem mefes Subi hkra da cxenidan Camoagdo. mteri
miesia TavganwirulTa mcire gunds da svimonis TanamebrZolebi
amowyvita, mefe ki daatyveva. mefe yazvinSi gagzavnes. 10
wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTlis gamgebeli dauT-xani iyo.
osmaleTi iranis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis
emzadeboda da mTeli amierkavkasiis dapyrobas fiqrobda. osmaleTs amis miRweva xelsayreli komunikaciebis gareSe ar
SeeZlo. mas sakmao gamocdileba hqonda imisa, iranTan omis
dros, rogor gasaWirSi aRmoCndeboda xolme osmalTa jari.
Zneldeboda misi gadayvana da sursaT-sanovagiTa da iaraRiT
momarageba.
amgvari mdgomareobis mowesrigebas sulTani selim II
iranTan meore omis dawyebamde karga xniT adre, 1567 wlis
dasasrulidan Seudga. sulTanma TavisTan mosalaparakeblad
miiwvia dadianis vaJi, raTa mas SeTanxmeboda osmaleTis
jaris samegrelos teritoriaze gatarebis Sesaxeb iranTan
omis dros. am gegmis ganxorcieleba sulTans esaxeboda
Semdegnairad: jars osmaleTidan samegrelos Savi zRvis sanapiromde xomaldebiT gadaiyvandnen, Semdeg odiSis samTavros teritoriaze gavliT Crdilo-dasavleTidan daartyamda
yizilbaSebs1. sinamdvileSi, aRniSnuli gegmis ganxorcielebisas pirvel dartyma odiSis samTavrosa da imereTis samefos
unda ganecada. amitom dadianma, albaT, yvelaferi iRona,
raTa Tavi daeRwia am saxifaTo wamowyebidan. Cans osmaleTma
garkveul dromde moTmineba arCia da am gegmis ganxorcieleba SemdegisaTvis gadasdo.
1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 110.
183
amgvarad, amasiis zavis Semdeg irani da osmaleTi yovel
Rones xmarobdnen, raTa poziciebi ganemtkicebinaT TavianT
wilxvedril saqarTveloSi. magram iranis mdgomareoba
sruliad sxvagvari iyo, vidre osmaleTisa. irans Seupovar
winaaRmdegobas uwevda qarTlis samefo. irans arc kaxeTis
samefo uerTgulebda.
osmaleTs dasavleT saqarTveloSi raime seriozuli dabrkolebis gadalaxva ar uxdeboda. iranTan zavs osmaleTi
dasavleTis saqmeebis mosagvareblad iyenebda. igi xeldebuli
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisagan xarkisa da jaris garkveuli kontigentebis miRebiT kmayofildeboda. zavis periodSi
iranTan diplomatiuri urTierTobisas, osmaleTi yovelTvis
xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom misTvis axlobeli iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sakiTxi da zogjer iq Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebis mizniT mis damcveldac ki gamodioda.
qarTl-kaxeTis politikosebi kargad xedavdnen, rogori
winaaRmdegobebi darCa iransa da osmaleTs Sori dazavebis
Semdegac imave saqarTvelos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, iTvaliswinebdnen saerTaSoriso viTarebas (samxreT-aRmosavleT
evropaSi osmaleTi avstriasa da ungreTs ebrZoda) da
Crdilo kavkasiaSi (ruseTis gasvla kaspiis zRvaze da misi
kavkasiisaken waweva) da sakuTari politikuri kursi
SeimuSaves. am etapze orive dampyrobeli (iran-osmaleTi)
erTnairad miuRebeli iyo. Tumca isic naTelia, rom iranosmaleTis meore omis dawyebamde qarTveli politikosebi
osmaleTisaken ufro ixrebodnen, osmaleTis iranTan dapirispirebas lamobdnen.
6. iran_osmaleTis omi da saqarTvelo
(1578-1590 ww.)
Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1576 w.) sefianTa
saxelmwifoSi daiwyo brZola sxvadasxva feodalur dajgufebebs Soris xelisuflebis xelSi CagdebisaTvis. TiToeuli
dajgufeba Tavisi miznis miRwevis saSualebas sasurveli kandidatis (ufliswulis) gamefebaSi xedavda1. iranis saSinao
garTulebani xelsayrelad CaTvala osmaleTis karma.
1577 wlis bolos sulTanma murad III-m gadawyvita daewyo omi iranis winaaRmdeg. 1578 wlis 2 ianvars man jaris
sardloba miando lala mustafa faSas da arzrumis gziT
galaSqreba ubrZana. anonimi venecielis TqmiT, sardals daevala `Sirvanis samefo da sparseTis megobari qarTvelebis
provinciebi daepyro~2. osmaleTis laSqris Semadgenlobasa
da raodenobaze gansxvavebuli cnobebia. sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyves zemoxsenebuli anonimi venecielis cnobebi.
igi, marTalia, pirdapir ar asaxelebs osmalTa jaris raodenobas, magram imdenad dawvrilebiT CamoTvlis jaris nawilebs, rom advilad xerxdeba miaxloebiTi raodenobis (110
aTasi) dadgena3.
italiuri wyarodan irkveva, rom lala mustafa faSis
umTavres amocanas amierkavkasiis dapyroba Seadgenda da igi
ar moerideboda 1555 wlis amasiis darRvevas. osmalTa jari
jer isev arzrumSi idga, roca iranis elCebi osmalo sardalTan mividnen da molaparakeba gamarTes zavis pirobebis dacvisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb. magram amasiis zavis
pirobebi osmalebs aRar akmayofilebda, radgan am zaviT orad
gayofili saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilze irani formalurad
1 ix. Sesabamisi Tavi.
2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581. italiuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma,
Tb. 1987, gv. 18.
3 iqve.
184
185
scnobda osmaleTis uflebas, osmaleTi ki iranis uflebas
aRmosavleT saqarTveloze. maT samcxe-saaTabago gavlenis sferoebad gainawiles. axla osmaleTs mTeli saqarTvelos
dapyroba surda. Tavisi moqmedebis gasamarTleblad sulTnis
kari sxvadasxva mizezs asaxelebda. ibrahim feCavis TqmiT,
`jer kidev dazavebasa da mSvidobaze iyo laparaki, magram _
ambobdnen isini (osmalebi), _ saqarTvelos begTagan zogierTebi urCoben; amitom Cven maT dasamorCileblad mivdivarTo~. rogorc Cans, osmalebis saqarTveloSi SemoWra aRniSnuli mizeziT yizilbaSebs zavis darRvevad miaCndaT.
osmalebma maSinve kontrbraldeba wauyenes: yizilbaSebi TurqmenTa tomebis cxvarsa da aqlemebs itacebeno1.
imave ibrahim feCeviT, roca sazavo molaparakebidan
araferi gamovida, yizilbaSebma gadawyvites iaraRiT daecvaT
TavianTi gavlenis sferoSi arsebuli qarTuli olqebi. osmalebma es miiCnies `zavisa da mSvidobis~ darRvevad. frangi
diplomati Juie Tavis mefe anri III-saTvis gagzavnil moxsenebaSi SeniSnavda, miuxedavad imisa riT dasruldeba es
molaparakeba, `mustafa faSa mainc wava qarTvelebis
dasamoneblad~2. anonimi venecielis TqmiT ki, Tu irani ar
miiRebs osmalebis mier wayenebul pirobebs, maSin saqarTvelo dapyrobili iqneba3.
Oomis dawyebis win sulTnis karma werilebi daugzavna
yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos yvela, didsa Tu patara mbrZaneblebs, osmaleTisadmi morCileba gamoecxadebinaT. maT Soris
visac werilebi daegzavnaT, iyvnen qarTveli mefe-mTavrebic:
imereTis mefe giorgi II, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
gamgebeli _ gurieli, samegrelos mTavari _ dadiani, kaxeTis mefe _ aleqsandre II da lipartiani4.
2 Charrière, III, p. 740.
3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 22.
4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Труды Мустафи Али-Эфенди как источник по
истории Азербайджана конца XVI века. Диссертация на сойсканиу ученной
186
saomari moqmedebis dawyebis win, lala faSas mier qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisaTvis gagzavnili werilebidan gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs imereTis mefisaTvis gagzavnili werili. lala faSa imereTis mefes mouwodebs
Seasrulos patronymuri valdebuleba da sulTnisadmi erTguleba Sirvanis, azerbaijanisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg mowyobil laSqrobaSi monawileobiT daamtkicos1.
lala mustafa-faSa aleqsandre kaxTa mefes swerda: `... Cvenma fadiSahma umaRlesi brZanebiT daamtkica laSqroba Sirvanze, gurjistansa2 da azerbaijanze da me, araraobas,
uZleveli armiiT magzavnis am qveynebSi. ramdenadac Tqven
xarT Cveni fadiSahis morCili msaxuri, saWiroa xeli SeuwyoT gurjistanis begebs, varazas Svilebs3 (varaza ogullari), levans, gansakuTrebiT qaixosros Ze yvaryvares
damjereblobas da morCilebas... roca maTgan miviRebT morCilebis werilebs, Cvenc Cvenis mxriv vTxovT fadiSahs maTs
Sewyalebasa da mfarvelobas... sardalma aseTive werili
gaugzavna aleqsandres siZes, arzrumis vilaieTis SavSeTis
sanjaybegs aTabag ahmed-begs~ _ naTqvamia ali-efendis `nusreT-nameSi~4.
Llala mustafa-faSa rom seriozulad iyo dainteresebuli saqarTveloTi da aq seriozuli samxedro operaciebis
warmoebas apirebda, Cans pasinis (?) begis, mirza ali-beis
vaJisaTvis gagzavnili werilidan. osmaleTis jarebis mTavarsardali adresats sTxovda, rom Tu is osmalTa jarTan
степени кандидата ист. наук, Тб., 1985, с. 51-52. am sadisertacio naSromze mimiTiTa cnobilma Turqologma, qalbatonma cisana abulaZem, risTvisac did
madlobas movaxseneb.
1 iqve, gv, 176.
2 rogorc werilis Sinaarsidan Cans, gurjistanSi samcxe-saaTabago igulisxmeba.
3 Uunda igulisxmebodes varaza SalikaSvilis vaJi kokola, romelic
aTabagis winaaRmdeg gamodis, radgan misi mama varaza dedisimedma moakvlevina.
dawvr. ix. aqve, gv. 390-392.
4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 52-53.
187
SesaerTeblad saqarTvelos gziT wavidoda, maSin mas dawvrilebiT aewera yvela punqti sadac mas gavla mouxdeboda da
werilobiT ecnobebina mTavarsardlisaTvis1.
osmalebma ganizraxes kavkasiaSi omis warmoebis placdarmad yarsi gadaeqciaT. magram es strategiuli mniSvnelobis
qalaqi wina omis dros nangrevebad iqca. amasiis zavis mixedviT, misi aRdgena orive mxares ekrZaleboda. axla ki osmalebma didi siswrafiT daiwyes yarsis aRdgena. rogorc
savaraudoa, osmaleTis sardlis mowodebebs zogierTi qarTveli mmarTveli maSinve gamoexmaura da kars momdgar mters
garkveuli daxmarebac aRmouCina. Aamas aRniSnavda 1578 wlis
20 maisis werilSi safrangeTis mefe anri III-saTvis gagzavnil werilSi Juie. lala faSas qarTveli elCebi ewvivnen da
Tan miiyvanes 5 aTasi kaci yarsis simagris aRdgenisas osmalebis dasaxmareblad2. savaraudoa, isini SavSeTis da basianis gamahmadianebuli qarTveli feodalebis3 an imereTis
mefis mier gagzavnili xalxi iyo. don xuan de persias TqmiT,
guriis mTavari da misi vaJi osmalebis jarSi imyofebodnen4.
Mmustafa-faSam sivasSi miiRo dadianisa da gurielis
morCilebis sigelebi da aqedanve upasuxa maT5. 1578 wlis 2
ivliss ki, roca mustafa-faSa Cermikis sadgoms (arzrumidan
17 km-ze) uaxlovdeboda, miiRo Tormeti morCilebis sigeli,
maT Soris iyo sigelebi daRestnidan da saqarTvelodan6.
imave dReebSi sardalma miiRo kidev erTi sasiamovno Setyobineba yarsis sanjay-begis qurTi iusuf-begisagan. iusufbegi Tavis razmiT Tavs daesxa sofel janbaz Cukuris7, daa1 Тамже, с. 54.
3 CoCievi v. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVIXVII saukuneebSi, gv. 174.
4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 67.
5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 58.
7 Migive Cildir Cukuru, mdebareobs Cildiris tbis CrdiloeTiT.
188
marcxa am mxaris brZanebeli mahmud-xani varazas Ze,
gaanadgura misi jaris didi nawili, aTasze meti ki daatyveva. man qarTveli tyveebi gaagzavna CermikSi, sadac im dros
imyofeboda lala Mmustafa-faSa1. Aarzrumis beglarbegi
bexrem-faSam, erevnisa da naxWevnis gamgeblis Toqmak-xanis
braldebaze, rom osmalebma janbaz Cukurze TavdasxmiT daarRvies amasiis sazavo xelSekruleba, aseTi ganmarteba misca:
janbaz Cukurze Tavdasxma moxda mas Semdeg rac qarTvelebma
ulus-TurqmenTa cxvris fara gaitaces. amas garda sxva msgavsi incidentebic xdeboda am mxridan, amitom sardali
mustafa-faSa gurjistanis vilaieTis dasapyrobad movida2.
baxram-faSa im qarTvelebis dasjas moiTxovda, romlebmac
mehmed-aRa da misi amxanagebi aiZules eWamaT Roris xorci.
damnaSaveebis dasjisa da gatacebuli cxvris faris dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi faSa Tanaxma iyo Suamavloba ekisra samSvidobo molaparakebis dasawyebad3. rogorc Cans, osmalebi mzad
iyvnen lokaluri xasiaTis incidenti molaparakebiT moegvarebinaT, maSin rodesac saqarTveloze Tvdasxma sruliad
kanonierad miaCndaT, radgan ìsini (qarTvelebi) urwmunoni
arian da uari sTqves sulTnis mfarvelobaze. Tavidan isini
fadiSahs emorCilebodnen, Semdeg ki, sxvadasxva areulobis
Semdeg, sawinaaRmdego (sefevidebis) mxares gadavidnen. Aamitom isini ganekuTvnebian imaT ricxvs vinc unda moaqcion da
maTi ganadgureba da gaZarcva daSvebulia SariatiT~4
31 ivliss lala faSam arzrumSi samxedro aRlumi gamarTa, romelsac erTi yizilbaSi tyve daaswro, raTa mas sakuTari TvaliT exila osmaleTis jaris siZliere. anonimi
1 Oosmalo sardlis sixaruli gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mahmud–beg
varazas Zes bralad edeboda gasul zamTars osmaleTis sofelze Tavdasxma,
romlis drosac ramdenime muslimani daatyveva da aiZula isini eWamaT Roris
xorci. Тамже.
2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 62-63.
3 Тамже, с. 63
189
venecielis Tanaxmad, aRlumis damTavrebis Semdeg lala
faSam tyve didad daasaCuqra, gaaTavisufla da Tan gaatana
is werili, romelSic saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis aucileblobaze iyo naTqvami1.
meore dRes (1 agvisto) osmaleTis jarma arzrumi datova2 da saqarTvelosken gaemarTa. saqarTvelos sazRvari
gadalaxes oriode dRis Semdeg. 2 an 3 agvistos isini mniSvnelovan simagresTan mividnen, romelic iranisa da saqarTvelos sazRvarze mdebareobda3. Aaqve miiRo sardalma imereTis (baSiaCuki) mefis giorgi II-is elCi saCuqrebiTa da
morCilebis weriliT. manAaqedanve gaugzavna qarTvel mefes
sapasuxo werili, romelSic naTqvami iyo: `yovel dRe vuaxlovdebiT artaans. amitom miiReb Tu ara Cems werils maSinve gamoeSure Cvens mxares Seni kargad aRWurvili qveSevrdomebiTa da TanamzraxvelebiT... Tu dedisimedi da daud-xani,
romelTa miwebi Cvens Soris mdebareoben, Cvens winaaRmdeg
imoqmedeben, maSin Cvenc Cveni mxridan SevutevT da maT miwebs udabnod gadavaqcevT...~4
osmalTa jari saqarTvelos teritoriaze SeiWra. qarTuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom pirveli cixe, romelic osmalebs samcxis teritoriaze SexvdaT, iyo mgelcixe. igi
osmalebma ori dRis brZolis Semdeg 1578 w. 7 agvistos
aiRes. 8 agvistos daipyres kokola SalikaSvilis5 mamulebi,
romlebic òsmaleTis armiis gzaze mdebareobda~6. sinamdvileSi, osmalebis mier kokolas da, saerTod, SalikaSvilebis mamulebisadmi interesi, ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo Sahis karTan maTi siaxloviT, razec SemdgomSi
2 sxva cnobiT, osmalebma arzrumi datoves 23 agvistos ix. svaniZe m.,
dasax. naSr., gv. 103.
5 Turquli wyaros mixedviT, varaza oRlu kaikud-xani.
6 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 68
190
dawvrilebiT iTqmeva. imave dRes maT daipyres da gaZarcves
vale. meore dRes (9 agvisto) osmalebmis xelSi aRmoCnda
axCis qvabis, Tmogvis, xerTvisis, Cildiris, axalqalaqis1 da
eni-kales(?) cixeebi2. samcxis aTabagis da yvela didebulis
mier osmalebisadmi morCilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, lala
mustafa faSa qarTlis samefos dasamorCileblad wavida.
manmade man werili gaugzavna daud-xans da damorCileba
mosTxova, magramM qarTlis gamgebelma osmalo sardals ar
upasuxa3. Tbilisisaken mimaval osmaleTis jars didi daxmareba gauwia aTabagis Zmam manuCarma, romelmac Tavis Tavze
aiRo megzuroba4. osmalebi mosaxleobas iklebdnen, riTac
did ukmayofilebas iwvevdnen. qarTveli xalxi maSinve aRsdga
SemoWrili mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mtris simravle
pirdapir Sebmis saSualebas ar iZleoda, amitom partizanuli
brZola gaCaRda. osmalTa jars fexdafex misdevda qarTvelTa
razmebi da did zians ayenebda. minadois da don xuan sparselis mixedviT, partizanul brZolis meTaurebi iyvnen iusufi5, dauT-xani da aleqsandre6. maT TavianT mamulebSi Sekribes
jari da sadac moixelTebdnen mters musrs avlebdnen.
1578 wels ki, iranTan omis dawyebis Semdeg, roca naTeli Seiqmna amierkavkasiaSi samxedro operaciebis sirTule,
sulTanma angariSi aRar gauwia Tu rogor Sexedavda dadiani
osmalebis daufarav agresias. arqanjelo lambertis mixedviT, sulTanma foTi daipyro da mdinare rionis zRvasTan
SesarTavTan kunZulze cixe aaSena. sainteresoa, rom lamber1 manuCarma, qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, lala faSas Tmogvis cixe da kokola SalikaSvilisaTvis CamorTmeuli axalqalaqi gadasca 17 agvistos. „mesxuri matiane“, gv. 49.
2 Тамже.
4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 68v.
5 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT, iusufi imereTis mefe giorgis (1564-1585) vaJi
iyo. svniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv, 141-142.
6 Mminadois TqmiT, es iyo kaxeTis mefe aleqsandere II, xolo don xuan
sparselis mixedviT ki – manuCaris Zma yvaryvare IV, romelic evropul
wyaroebSi aleqsandred moixsenieba.
191
tis mSvenivrad esmoda osmalebis moqmedebis mizani: àmis
mizezi is iyo _ ambobs lamberti _ rom im xanebSi Turqebis
sulTani amurati omobda iranelebTan. man aiRo Tbilisi da
apirebda mTeli iranis dapyrobas. am saqmis Sesasruleblad
mas undoda saqarTvelos gza gaexsna TavisTvis da daeWira
am gzis gasaRebi _ qalaqi quTaisi, raTa jer zRviT da mere
fazisiT Cqara da naklebi zaraliT gaegzavna Tavisi jarebi
iranisaken~. osmalebi TavianTi galerebiT ahyvnen md. rions
da quTaisisken wavidnen. magram qalaqis maxloblad, mdinaris Seviwrovebis adgilas TofebiT SeiaraRebulma
qarTvelebma iseTi cecxli gauxsnes momxvdurT, rom isini
iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan gabrunebuliyvnen da amis Semdeg
foTSi is cixe aaSenes romelzec lamberti aRniSnavda1.
iranis morCili dauT-xani xedavda, rom Tbilisis dacvas
ver SeZlebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom is kargad gamagrebuli
iyo2. Semdgomi brZolis gagrZelebisa da Tavisi jaris gadarCenis mizniT man mTeli SeiaraReba waiRo da qalaqi datova3. lala faSas ki imedi hqonda, rom daviTsa da mis jars
1 osmalebis mier aSenebuli foTis cixe SemdegSi odiSis mTavar levan
II dadians daungrevia da iqidan 25 zarbazani wauRia. arqanjelo lamberti,
samegrelos aRwera, Targmani italiuridan al. Wyoniasi. meore gamocema l.
asaTianis winasityvaobiT, redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1938, gv, 172.
2 evlia Celebis aRweriT, TbilisSi `cicabo kldeze erTmaneTis pirdapir
ori cixea... maT Soris mdinare mtkvari miedineba. radganac erTi kldidan meore
kldeze didi xidia [gadebuli], erTi cixidan meoremde advilad gadaisvleba.
didi cixe mdinare mtkvris samxreTiTaa da patara cixe _ CrdiloeTiT... didi
cixis garSemoweriloba eqvsi aTasi nabijia, magram Zveli naSenia. kedlis
simaRle samoci wyrTaa. samocdaaTi burji da sami aTasi qonguri aqvs. erTi
xidiani kari aqvs. Txrili ara aqvs. mdinare mtkvars erTi wylisTvis gankuTvnili, xvreliani koSki gadahyurebs; alyis dros iqidan iklaven wyurvils...
patara cixe... erT cicabo gorakze dgas. oTxkuTxa, patara cixea. xidis TavSi
patara karia... patara cixe did zRudeze mtkicea. cixis koSkebs sami aTasi
mecixovne icavs~. (evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna,
komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I, qarTuli Targmani,
Tb., 1971, gv. 295).
3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 69r.
192
TbilisSi moimwyvdevda da mospobda. amitom, mTavarsardalma
Tbilisis alyaSi moqcevis mizniT, win gauSva osman faSa 5
aTasi mxedriT. osman faSas Tbilisi dacarielebuli daxvda,
magram didZali qoneba da sursaT-sanovage moipova. 24 agvistos TviT sardalic mivida da Tbilisidan 3 milis daSorebiT dabanakda, raTa jars qalaqi ar daezianebina. radgan
Tbilisis moqalaqeebs mtkvarze xidi daengriaT, osmalebma
qalaqTan uzarmazari xeebi daWres da xidi aRadgines. lala
faSam SirvanSi wasvlis win Tbilisisa da mTeli qarTlis
(`manuCaris samflobeloebamde~) gamgeblad daniSna vinme mehmed bei, romelic faSas rangSi aiyvana. mas Caabares 10 aTasi
mxedari da qveiTi jariskaci, samasi ianiCari, 36 qvemexi, sabrZolo masala da erTi wlis samyofi sursaT-sanovage1.
29 agvistos, paraskevs, sulTnis brZanebiT, TbilisSi
or adgilas safuZveli Caeyara or meCeTs, xolo sardlis
brZanebiTa da surviliT, md. mtkvris meore napirze safuZveli Caeyara kidev erT meCeTs2.
Sahis karze gasagebi iyo, rom dauT-xans osmalebisadmi
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari ar Seswevda da Sah muhamed
xudabendem qarTlis taxtze svimon mefis dabruneba ganizraxa. igi Sah Tamazs alamuTis cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli hyavda
1569-1576 wlebSi.
1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 24-25. alis gadmocemiT Tbilisis beglarbegad daniSnuli mehmed begi iyo kastomanis sanjaybegi,
romelsac 20 aTasi mebrZoli dautoves da 150 aTasi axCa. Фарзалиев А. М.
оглы, Ук. труд, с. 74-75.
2 i. hameri `nusreT-nameze~ miTiTebiT ambobs, rom osmalebma TbilisSi 2
eklesia meCeTad gadaakeTeso, rac simarTles ar Seefereba. Фарзалиев А. М.
оглы, Ук. труд, с. 75.
193
* * *
XVI saukunis, gansakuTrebiT svimon I-is mefobis droindel saqarTvelosa da piradad mefeze, sakmaod bevri iwereboda dasavleT vropaSi. tyveobidan dabrunebuli mefe, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, gadaiqca osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
brZolis meTaurad. amitom didi iyo mis mimarT interesi
osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolis mosurne evropaSi.
im masalebidan, romelSic aisaxa svimon I-is pirovneba da
misi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva jovani Tomazo
minadois TxzulebaSi Semonaxuli cnobebi, romlebSic sakmaod dawvrilebiT, Tumca qarTuli da sparsuli wyaroebisagan gansxvavebulad da sruliad axali cnobebis damatebiT,
gadmocemuli aqvs svimon mefis cxovrebis saintreso momentebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.
ai rogor agviwers minadoi svimonsa da daviTs Soris
Camovardnil uTanxmoebas, daviTis gamahmadianebas, yizilbaSebis mier svimonis datyvevebas, mis urTierTobas ismailmirzasTan... minadoi, rodesac laparakobs yarsisa da Tbilisis damakavSirebeli gzis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs: „aqedan Tu
gavyvebiT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, movxvdebiT ufro
somxeTSi, vidre iveriaSi, gansvenebuli luarsabis miwebze,
axla rom ekuTvniT or Zmas _ daviTsa da svimons, fizikurad da sulierad Rirseul memkvidreebs mamis saxelis da
samflobeloebisa, Tumca Semdeg maT uxeSi laqa miicxes sarwmunoebis gamocvliT da SeibRales qebis Rirsi saxeli.
gansakuTrebiT es exeba svimons, romelmac samxedro saqmis
codniT, poeziaSi gacnobilma1 da Tavisi filosofiuri
1 Mminadois naTqvami, rom svimoni poezias icnobda, dasturdeba osmalo istorikosis mustafa na’ima-s (1655-1715) erTi cnobiT. ufro metic,
na’imas mixedviT, svimoni sakmaod kargi poeti yofila (jiqia s., epizodi XVI
saukunis erTi cnobis ganmarteba (na’ima-s erTi cnobis ganmarteba). masalebi
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 31, Tb., 1954, gv. 56, 58). is
daxelovnebula robaiebis TxzvaSi. robai sparsul klasikur saleqso formaTa
194
ganaTlebiT Tamazis Svilis [ismailis] wyaloba da masTan
siaxlove daimsaxura iranSi tyved yofnis dros, romlis
Sesaxebac vilaparakebT. magram rogori gmiri unda iyos adamiani, rom SesZlos SeinarCunos brwyinvaleba da ar Caqres
im codvebiT dacemis Semdeg, orivem rom Caidines, rac gaxda
mizezi imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani darCa qonebas, samflobelos da pativs moklebuli. maT dakarges qristes uwmindes saxelTan urTierTobis ufleba.
luarsabma, anderZiT, samefoSi Tavis memkvidred svimoni
daniSna mxolod imitom ki ara, rom is wlovanebiT ufrosi
iyo, aramed imis gamoc, rom ufro Rirseuli iyo Tavis am
Zma daviTze. es ukanaskneli ver urigdeboda aseT gadawyvetilebas, swyuroda dideba da batonoba, ar miaCnda svimoni memkvidred da cdilobda igi qveynidan ganedevna, iaraRiT mieRwia imisTvis, rac mamis survilma ar arguna... roca
svimoni darwmunda Zmis borot ganzraxvaSi, raki ver xedavda winaaRmdegobis daZlevis sxva saSualebas, [Sah] Tamazs
mouTxro saqmis viTareba da Sewevna da dacva sTxova. Tamazma
uyuradRebod ar dastova [is Txovna] da gadawyvita svimonisaTvis esiamovnebina. man 4 aTasi cxenosani gagzavna da
maTs meTaurs ubrZana, daviTi cocxali Seepyro da iranSi
moeyvana. Tu is sarwmuneobis Secvlaze ar daTanxmda, maSin
Soris erT-erTi uZvelesi da saintereso saxeobaa. es aris oTxstriqoniani
miniaturuli leqsi, mtkiced gansazRvruli saleqso sazomiTa da gariTmvis
normebiT (kotetiSvili v., robais struqtura. Tsu Sromebi, t. 250, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tb., 1985, gv. 5). na’ima-s moyvanili aqvs mefis mier iedikuleSi
patimrobisas gamoTqmuli erTi robai, romelSic mefe Tavis uiRblo ganvlil
cxovrebaze mosTqvams:
`gamanadgura bedma, romelsac vemduri;
amisaTvis damcireba ganmvicade xalxis TvalSi,
Tumca [saqme] wamivida Zlier cudad (mZimed),
madloba gamCens, [rom axla mdgomareoba] Semimsubuqda~
mefis am robaize mis Tanamedrove heqim Celebis aseTnairad upasuxia:
èrTi goris cixis aRebisaTvis Sen,
axla, uyure, mecixovne gaxdi ÁedikuleSi~. jiqia s., dasax. naSr., gv. 56, 58.
195
mas scnoben Tavisi samflobeloebis uflebebSi, rogorc
aRiarebul qveSevrdoms da ara rogorc Tavisufal moxarkes.
Tu igi amaze daTanxmda, maSin svimoni gadaayeneT, sarwmunoebis gamocvlas nu daaZalebT da mis adgilas daviT dasviTo.
xolo Tu ki svimonic mzadyofnas gamosTqvams Tavis ZmasaviT,
maSin is Tavis uflebaSi datoveT, daviTi ki yazvins wamoiyvaneTo. meTauri saqarTveloSi wavida, daviTi swrafad Seipyro, iaraRic ki ar gamouyenebia, moTxovna wauyena Tamazis
saxeliT. is maSinve daTanxmda: sarwmunoeba gamoicvala, wminda naTloba windacveTiT Secvala, Tavisi Tavi cru winaswarmetyvel muhameds usindisod miarTva nebayoflobiT
saCuqrad da uaryo (saTqmeladac ki SemaZrwunebelia) qveynis
mxsneli. Semdeg sparseli meTauri svimonTan mivida, uTxra,
rom mis dasaxmareblad movida da dapatimrebuli hyavs misi
mteri, magram svimons qveynis mfarveli Tamazis imedi nu
eqneba, Tu sarwmuneobas ar gamoicvlis. ase rom igi unda
gaxdes imave winaswarmetyvelisa da kanonis msaxuri, romelsac emsaxureba da emorCileba Sah Tamazi. Tu igi ase ar
moiqceva, maSin mis adgils misi Zma daikavebs, romelmac maSinve miiRo es winadadeba. svimoni mwared atirda Zmis dacemaze da Zveleburi didi simtkiciT qristes uwmindesi
saxelisadmi erTguli darCa. man daTmo amqveyniuri samefo,
rom ar daekarga ciuri samefo da gaxda Sahis patimari...
sabralo svimoni waiyvanes TamazTan, romelic didxans
uCiCinebda mas, mieRo sparsuli wesebi. man ar uaryo mSobliuri sarwmunoeba da gagzavnes kahkahes cixeSi, sadac gadasaxlebaSi cxovrobda Tamazis Svili ismaili, romelic,
rogorc iTqva, [SemdegSi] Sahi gaxda. [svimonma] irCia droebiT cixeSi cxovreba, vidre gamoecvala Tavisi odindeli
qristes sarwmunoeba (Tumca cxovrobda masSi rogorc sqizmatikosi1) da TavisTvis moemzadebina maradiuli borkilebi,
1 sqizmatikosi – berZn. ganxeTqilebis Semomtani kaTolicizmsa da marTlmadideblobas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli marTlmadideblobis mimdevari.
196
usasrulod da Savbnelad Caketiliyo cecxlovan jojoxeTSi. svimonis es Tavgadasavali Wkuis saswavlebeli unda
iyos imisaTvis, Tu ra saxifaToa dasaxmareblad an dasacavad
mosuli ucxoelis Careva sakuTar saqmeSi“1.
„kahkahaSi tusaRad yofnis dros svimons axlo urTierToba hqonda Tamazis Svil ismailTan, romelic misma xsenebulma mamam iq gadaasaxla da maTi [svimonisa da ismailis]
megobroba nel-nela mtkice savaldebulo siyvarulSi ganmtkicda. ase rom ramdenadac ismails uyvarda svimonis cxovrebis wesebi, imdenad svimoni ismailis sulis sidiadis aRtacebuli pativismcemeli xdeboda da am araCveulebrivma
urTierT siyvarulma [svimoni] bolos miiyvana iqamde, rom
svimoni (ar vici romeliRac sofizmiT motyuebuli Tu raRac alersiT moxibluli) Tavis sarwmunoebaSi ver gamagrda
da Tavisi megobris barbarosul crurwmenaSi gadavida2.
romelma mizezebma warmoSves svimonis sulSi es mosabruni,
1 Minadoi, p. 54-57. saintresoa, rom MMminadois Txzuleba gaxda mTavari
wyaro saqarTveloTi daintresebuli mravali evropeli avtorisaTvis. mag.
Mminadois monaTxrobs sityva-sityviT imeorebs petro biZaro Tavis 1601 wels
gamoqveynebul wignSi (Rerum Persicarum Historia, initia, Gentis, Mores, Instituta,
resque gestas ad hoc usque tempora complectens. Auctore Petro Bizaro Santinate,
Francofurti, 1601, p. 534). Mminadois Txzulebis im adgils, sadac svimonisa da
daviTis dapirispirebis, Sah Tamzis mier maTi datyvevebis ambavia moTxrobili,
don xuan de persia, minadois Txzulebaze dayrdnobiT, mokled gadmogvcems
Semdegnairad: `mTavarma luarsabma Tavisi [samTavro] ufros Svils svimons
dautova, xolo umcrosi Zma daviTi Sah Tamazis daxmarebiT, romelmac 4 aTasi
kaci miaSvela, samTavros dauyovnebliv daeufla. man sparseTis xelmwifis
ymadnaficad gamoacxada Tavi, qristianoba uaryo, gamahmadianda da dairqva
daudxani. Sah Tamazma igi maSinve Tbilisis batonad daniSna, misi ufrosi
Zma svimoni ki, romelmac im periodSi qristianoba ar miatova, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis daatyveva da kahkahahis cixeSi Caamwyvdia~ (Don Juan de Persia, p.
67v). minadois Txzulebis seriozuli gavlena emCneva Jan Sardenis Txzulebis
Sesabamis pasaJsac. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva
qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb). frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da
komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1975, gv. 301.
2 gamuslimanebul svimons sulTan-mahmud-xani daarqves (isqander munSi,
gv. 28).
197
religiurad Zalian ganaTlebulis da Zalian mtkicesi,
romelsac ukve Sewiruli hqonda qoneba da Tavisufleba,
raTa SeenarCunebina berZnuli rjuli, es Zneli asaxsnelia.
magram samma mZlavrma biZgma gansazRvra es gardatexa: gamudmebulma patimrobam, romlidanac Tavis daRweva albaT ar
SeiZleboda Tu qristianad darCeboda; megobroba ismailTan,
megobroba, vityvi, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos adamianis
bunebac, aramcTu mokvdavis rwmena; umaRlesi pativi, romelsac mas yoveldRe hpirdeboda ismaili misi taxtze asvlisas.
aseTnair ganwyobilebaSi iyvnen, roca Sah Tamazi gardaicvala da ismaili didi zeimiT miiyvanes yazvinSi, sadac aseve
sazeimod gamoacxades Tavisi mamis mTeli samflobeloebis
mefed. imaT Soris vinc Zvirfasni darCnen xsenebuli mefis
mexsierebaSi, Tavisi RirsebebiT darCa svimoni, romelic misi
xaTriT ukve windacveTili da mahmadiani gaxda. ase CarCa
[ismails] svimoni mexsierebaSi, rom surda misi avseba pativiTa da saCuqrebiT, bevrad gadametebuli imaze, ramdenadac [svimons] SeeZlo evarauda. xolo ismailis naadrevma da
moulodnelma sikvdilma is moitana, rom svimoni darCa
yovelgvari warCinebis gareSe da mxolod imiTi iyo kmayofili, rom didad sasixarulo Tavisufleba moipova.
ismailis sikvdiliT svimoni sagonebelSi Cavarda da TavisTvis fiqrobda: ra iqneboda misTvis ukeTesi, yazvinSi darCeniliyo da moecada axali mefis taxtze asvlisaTvis, Tu
gamgzavrebuliyo da dabruneboda mitovebul sarwmunoebas
da qveyanas. bolos, bevri fiqris Semdeg man gadawyvita da
umjobesad miiCnia, xelsayreli da ukeTesi uSiSroebisaTvis
dalodeboda axal xelmwifes da misi dacvisa da mfarvelobis qveS gamoenaxa saSualeba Tavisi warTmeuli Rirsebis
dasabruneblad, vidre gaqceuliyo yovelgvari mxardaWeris
gareSe, Sejaxeboda mtrulad ganwyobili Zmis winaaRmdegobas da naadrevad daRupuliyo. amgvarad, man arCia darCeniliyo yazvinSi, imeds amyarebda imaze, rom sarwmunoebis
198
gamocvla, sworad rom vTqvaT, [mahmadianuri] rwmenis aRiareba, gamovlili patimroba da Tavisuflebis dabruneba, mamaci [kacis] saxeli, Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, axali mefis
winaSe erTgulebisa da morCilebis gamoCeniT is pativsa da
Rirsebas daimsaxurebda, Tu ki mudmivi da mtkice mxardaWeriT saqarTveloSi [osmalebis winaaRmdeg] omis gaZRolas
mas miandobdnen.
amgvarad, rodesac mahmadi1 gamefda da darwmunda Tbilisis dakargvaSi, [svimonma] sTxova neba mieca Sahis mfarvelobis qveS dabrunebuliyo Tavis cudad dacul qveyanaSi. hpirdeboda yovelgvari riskisa da gansacdelis miuxedavad ar
SeSindeboda da ar iTakilebda wvrilman [saqmeebs], Tu ki
amiT sargebels moutanda mahmads. axali xelmwife udidesi
siamovnebiT daTanxmda svimonis Txovnaze da igi daniSna xanad
mTeli im samefosi, romelsac qristianad yofnisas flobda.
[svimoni] saswrafod gaigzavna saqarTveloSi, aliyuli-xanTan
erTad, Turqebis jaris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad...“2
svimon mefis dauT-xanTan dapirispirebis, sparselTagan
misi datyvevebis da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ambavs don xuan
de persia mokled, magram ZiriTadad iseve gadmogvcems,
rogorc Tomazo minadoi. misi TqmiT, sparselebSi didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia osmaleTis mier wamowyebulma omma. „aseTi
mdgomareoba rom iyo, kidev erTi ram moxda, ramac yvela
sparsels imedi gaucrua. dauT-xani, mas Semdeg rac gamahmadianda sparseTis momxre iyo, exla mas gadaudga da SemTxveva
mieca Tuara maSinve [sulTan] muradTan gaiqca. meorec: daviTis Zma svimonic, romelic datyvevebuli iyo da didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi qristianad iTvleboda, cudi sazogadoebis
zemoqmedebiT da sxva borotmoqmed tusaRTa gavleniT, iseT
garemoebaSi Caayenes, rom iZulebuli gaxda uareyo da eRalata qristianobisaTvis, da uRalata kidec. Sahma mas Tav1 Sahi mohamed xudabende.
2 Minadoi, p. 128-130.
199
isufleba uboZa da xanis tituliT Tavis samflobelos
daubrunda. svimons Tavisi samsaxuriT sparselebisaTvis erTguleba rom daemtkicebina, aliyuli-xans SeuerTda da Turqebis mier waRebuli ramdenime qvemexi ukan daibruna. [svimoni]
3 aTasi mxedriT mTel saqarTveloSi danavardobda“1
gansxvavebuli cnobebi gagvaCnia svimon mefis tyveobidan
ganTavisuflebisa da samSobloSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. doroTeoz kaTalikosis itriis eklesiisadmi Sewirulobis sigelSi svimon mefis damatyvevebelic da gamanTavisuflebelic
Sah Tamazia. amis Semdeg „moxeda mowyalebaman RmrTisaman da
movida mefeT-mefe batoni suimion tyuebidaRman“2. farsadan
gorgijaniZe sruliad garkveviT ambobs, rom „sidamdisin Sah
Tamaz yaeni cocxal iyo, mefe [svimoni] alamudis cixeSi iyo
da ra yaeni micvala da misi Svili Sah ismeil gaâemwifda,
maSin mefe alamudiT yazmins moayvanina da kargis pativiT
inaxevda... Sah xudabandam... mefe gaaTaTra da rac masTan
daWirulni Tavadni da aznaurni iyvnen, mousxmevina da yvelas cxeni iaraRi gaukeTes da xalaTi da saâarjo misces da
mefes svimons... saqarTvelos mefoba misces da rayami ZmobiT
misweres da mehmandari gaatanes...“3 beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, „ismailma gamoiyvana mefe sÕmon alamuTis cixidame da
miiyvana misTana“. „parizis qronikis“ mixedviTac, „dasves
yaenaT Sah ismail da mefe sviumon alamutis cixiTgan gamoiyvana, yazmins miayvanina da saqarTvelos batonoba misca“4.
ismail II-is mier svimon mefisa da ufliswul ieses alamuTis cixidan ganTavisuflebas aRniSnavs mahmud naTanzi5.
isqander munSis mixedviT, „isa-xan qarTveli, levan-xanis
Svili da svimon-xani, luarsabis Ze, oriveni alamuTis cixeSi rom iyvnen dapatimrebulebi, ismail-mirzam gamouSva“.
xolo sulTan-mohamed-xudabandem svimons „Zmis“ bednieri
wodebuleba mianiWa da saqarTveloSi daabruna1.
Sah ismail II-is mefobis istoriis mkvlevaris v. hincis
mixedviT, ismailma 1578 wlis Semodgomaze svimoni saqarTveloSi gamoistumra2. germaneli istorikosi amjerad m. broses eyrdnoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoboda vaxuSti
batoniSvilis zemoTmoyvanil cnobas3, romelic simarTles
ar asaxavs. ufro sandoa beri egnataSvilis Txzulebis is
adgili, sadac naTqvamia, rom mefe svimon Sah-mohamed xudabendem daabruna saqarTveloSi da osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZola daavala4. j. T. minadois mixedviTac, svimon mefe isev
iranSi imyofeboda, rodesac ismail II mokvda. minadois sakmaod dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili ismailis sikvdiliT
gamowveuli svimonis gancda, beri egnataSvilis Txzulebis
cnobas kidev ufro amagrebs „karmelitebis arqivis“ is werili osmaleTis jarebis sardalma lala mustafa faSam Sah
mohamed xudabendes rom gaugzavna da daTariRebulia 1578
wlis ivlisiT. am werilis mixedviT, 1578 wlis ivlisSi
ismail II cocxali aRar iyo. gamodis, rom man imefa 1576
wlis maisidan 1578 wlis ivlisamde. maSin ra vuyoT Sarafxan biTlisis cnobas, romlis mixedviT ismaili gardaicvala
seqtemberSi5, xolo islamis enciklopedias Tu davujerebT,
_ noemberSi6.
1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 75 r-v.
2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III. saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi
(XI-XIX ss.) teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem,
Tb., 1970. saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIX ss.) teqstebi gamosca,
SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv 354.
3 farsadan gorgijaniZe, gv. 219
4 parizis qronika, gv. 45.
5 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv 139.
1 isqander munSi, gv, 28.
2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 61
3 Brosset M., Collections d’Historiens, v. I, St. Petersbourg, 1874, St. Pewtersborg, 1874 , p. 555.
5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 233.
6 Enziklpädie des Islam, II, Leiden-Leipzig, 1927, Leiden-Leipzig, 1927, S.
582-583.
200
201
Saraf-xan bidlisi mohamed xudabendas miawers svimonis
tyveobidan ganTavisuflebas, misTvis Tbilisis olqis da
misi mimdebare mxareebis mmarTvelobis boZebas da saqarTveloSi gagzavnas1. aseTive cnoba daculia „mesxur matianeSi“: osmalTa sardali lala mustafa faSa qarTlSia (1578
w.), rodesac sparseTidan brundeba svimon I. „qarTlis mefe
patroni suimon tyuŠ iyo; yaenma [mohamed xudabendem]
gamouSua“2. SedarebiT vrcelia vaxuSti batoniSvilis naTqvami svimon mefis samSobloSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. isic aRniSnavs SalikaSvilebis qalis da svimonis Sexvedras da Semdeg
amatebs: is yvelaferi xom misces, rac daudxanisaTvis gadacemuli hqondaT, „mis zeda daurTes cxra aTasi Tumani da
tyueni yovelni saqarTvelosani, mun datyvevebulni“3 minadoi, rogorc iTqva, svimon mefis patimrobidan ganTavisuflebas ismails, samSobloSi gamoSvebas ki mohamed xudabendes miawerda. don xuan de persiasTan sruliad gaurkvevelia,
romeli Sahi rogor moepyro mefes. Jan Sardeni gvamcnobs,
rom svimoni mohamed xudabendem gaanTavisufla cixidan da
samSobloSic man daabruna, magram TariRs (1582 w.) arasworad gadmogvcems4.
ganxilul wyaroTa cnobebis da zogierTi dokumentis5
monacemebis Sejereba sarwmunos xdis, rom svimon mefis patimrobidan ganTavisufleba ismail II-is, xolo samSobloSi
dabruneba Sah-mohamed xudabendes wyaloba iyo.
zogierTi wyaros mixedviT svimon mefe iranis tyveobaSi
narkotiks mieCvia. mas aseTi midrekileba ismail-mirzasTan
urTierTobisas unda gasCenoda, rasac sacnaurs xdis Tomazo
2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 50.
3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv 411.
4 Sardenis mgzauroba, gv. 302.
5 Morley W.H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscropts… # 136,
p. 335; Francesco Manuel Alves, Catalogo des Manuscritos… p. 479; Hinz W,Op.
cit., S. 62.
202
minadois mier sakmaod maRalfardovnad gadmocemuli alamuTis ori tusaRis urTierToba.
svimon I rom narkotikis momxmarebeli iyo, amas aRniSnavdnen, qarTuli da rusuli wyaroebi. beri egnataSvilis
TqmiT, „raJams daetyuevebina yaensa sÕmon mefe cixesa alamutisasa, maSin gaswyoboda Triaqis Wamasa da Rvinis smasa
da mieriTgan ewyoboda Triaqsa. da maSinca, gorisjuars rom
mivida, Wama Triaqi da gamxiarulda. gaixeda gorisaken da
naxa, rome axali mwuanili amosuliyo da gazafxulis piric
iyo. odes gamxiarulda, mounda afioni, viTarca wesia afionisd mWamelTagan mohndomeba saWmlisa risame“1.Õ vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiTac svimon mefe Triaqs „daCueul iyo
patimrobasa Sina“2.
kaxTa mefe aleqsandres, imisaTvis raTa xeli SeeSala
ruseTis mier qarTlis samefosTan kavSiris damyarebisaTvis,
yovelTvis cdilobda svimon mefe ruseTis elCebis TvalSi
daemcirebina, mas mefis tituliT arasodes moixseniebda,
cdilobda daesabuTebina, rom svimoni beci politikosia,
osmalebTan gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad qveyana daRupvamde
miiyvana da, amasTan erTad, afionsac eweva da aseT kacTan
urTierTobas azri ara aqvso3.
kahkahes Tu alamuTis cixeSi xangrZlivma patimrobam
svimon mefisaTvis ukvalod arc sxva mxriv Caiara.
isqander munSis mixedviT, rodesac svimon mefe saqarTvelodan yazvinSi miiyvanes, „ramdenime xans uavgustoes
sasaxleSi hyavdaT, rom iqneb islamis didebiT Seimososo“.
magram svimonma Sahis imedi ver gaamarTla, qristianobas ar
Tmobda da amis gamo alamuTis cixeSi gamoketes, sadac im1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 378. afioni da Triaqi _ orive opiumia. berZnulad opiumi niSnavs yayaCos wvens.
3 Cношения России с Кавказом. Матерялы, извлеченные из Московского Главного Архива Министерства иностранных дел Сергеем Белокуровым,
вып. I, M., 1889, c. 221-222.
203
yofeboda Sah Tamazis sikvdilamde. ismail-mirzam is cixidan
gamoiyvana. mxolod mohamed xudabendes dros „islamis bedniereba moipova... survilebSesrulebuli saqarTveloSi
wavida“1. farsadan gorgijaniZe TiTqmis sityvasityviT imeorebs isqander munSis naTqvams da svimonis gamuslimanebas
mohamed-xudabendes damsaxurebad Tvlis2.
Tomazo minadoi svimon mefis gamuslimanebas, rogorc iTqva, kahkahes cixeSi ismailTan siaxloviT xsnis3. es rom marTla ase yofiliyo, maSin Sah Tamazi mas cixeSi ratom datovebda. Sahi xom misgan mxolod sarwmunoebis Secvlas
moiTxovda. amdenad marTali unda iyos isqander munSi, romelic svimon mefis gamuslimaneba Sah-mohamed xudabendes miawers,
romelmac mxolod amis Semdeg gamouSva mefe saqarTveloSi4.
safuZvliani ar meCveneba eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom SeiZleba svimoni islamis miRebis gareSe daabrunes Tavis samefoSi da
osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTaurobac mas miandes.
Zalze sainteresoa v. hincis naSromSi daculi ramdenime
cnoba, romlebic svimon mefis samSobloSi dabrunebas da misi
rwmenis sakiTxs asaxavs. v. hincis mixeviT ismail II-is saqarTvelos mimarT damokidebuleba Semoifargla svimonisa da
ufliswuli ieses ganTavisuflebiT, romlebsac osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg brZola daavala. maTi ganTavisufleba da samSobloSi dabruneba moxda im pirobiT, rom isini SeinarCunebdnen
Siitur rwmenas, romelic Sah-Tamzis dros miiRes. mogvianebiT,
iesem colad SeirTo `sefevidi princesa~ (Sahis Zmis saam-mirzas asuli), rac misi Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari gaxda.
svimon mefes, romelsac, v. hincis TqmiT, islamis miRebis Semdeg mahmuds eZaxdnen, 9 aTasi Tumani da iranSi myofi
yvela qarTveli tyve gamotanes da 1578 wlis Semodgomaze
2 farsadan gorgijaniZe, gv. 219.
3 Minadoi, p. 128.
204
samSobloSi gamouSves. Tavis samefoSi dabrunebul svimons
seriozuli winaaRmdegoba Sexvda samRvdeloebisa da kariskacebis mxridan. maT mefes mosTxoves dabruneboda qristianobas. svimonma daakmayofila es moTxovna. roca mefis
mier islamis uaryofis ambavi iranSi Seityves, mis am moqmedebaze reagireba ar moaxdines im pirobiT, rom qarTlis
mefe kvlav Sahis vasalad darCeboda1.
v. hincis naTqvamidan eWvs iwvevs ismail II-is mier svimon
mefis saqarTveloSi gamoSveba. svimonis uflebebSi aRdgena
dakavSirebuli iyo osmalebis mier amierkavkasiaSi didi omis
gaCaRebasTan. es ki Sah mohamed xudabendes mefobis dasawyisSi moxda.
safiqralia, rom svimon mefem muslimanoba moCvenebiT
miiRo, samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave uaryo da kvlav qristianoba aRiara. man kargad icoda, rom osmaleTTan omis gamo
irans seriozuli problemebi hqonda amierkavkasiaSi da, gansakuTrebiT ki, qarTlis samefoSi, sadac qarTvelebi osmalebs xSirad yizilbaSebTan erTad ebrZodnen. mefes isic
kargad esmoda, Sahis kari mis mimarT pretenziebis da ukmayofilebis gamomJRavnebas moerideboda, radgan igi saqarTveloSi mis Semcvlels ver moZebnida. axlad dabrunebuli
svimonis mimarT arsebuli opoziciis Sesaxeb xmebi ki, ufro
sparselTa gasagonad gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo.
itriis eklesiis gujarSi, romelic e. TayaiSvilma 15781600 wlebiT daaTariRa, naTqvamia: `Sah Tamazis sikvdilis
Semdeg `moxeda mowyalebaman R~Tisaman da movida mefeT-mefe
batoni suimion tyueobidaRman. cotaodeni safase manc gauCina monastersa. mraval-mca arian welni cxovrebisa misisani.
movides kidev urumni da rac Zala hqonda, ganwirulis
laSqriT wina aRudga~2.
1 Hinz W., ., Op. cit., S. 66.
2 TayaiSvili e., saqarTvelos siZveleni, III, tf., 1910, gv. 124,
155.
205
* * *
vidre Sirvanis gzas daadgeboda, lala faSam ganizraxa
kaxeTis samefosTan urTierToba gaerkvia. miRebulia, rom
saqarTveloSi SemoWris win osmalo sardals aleqsandre IIisaTvis werili gaugzavnia da damorCileba da islamis miReba mouTxovia. mefem osmalebs xarkis gadaxda aRuTqva, magram
morCilebis sanacvlod kaxeTis samefos mier winaT dakarguli teritoriebis dabruneba da qristianad darCena isurva. sabolood SeTanxmebisTvis miuRweviaT. osmaleTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris damokidebulebis politikuri forma
moxarkeobis safuZvelze damyarebula: aleqsandre II-s yovelwliuri xarki unda exada da sulTnis mowodebisTanave
monawileoba mieRo osmalTa laSqrobebSi1.
me ki mgonia, rom osmaleTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris
amgvari SeTanxmeba, moxda maSin, roca osmalTa jari kaxeTis
sazRvars miadga, roca lala faSam mTeli simwvaviT igrZno
qarTvelebTan omis warmoebis sirTule da igi iZulebuli
gaxda daTanxmeboda kaxeTis mefis pirobebs. erTi garemoebac:
osmaleTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris marTlac rom yofiliyo
SeTanxmeba iran-osmaleTis meore omis dawyebis win, maSin xom
aleqsandre valdebuli iqneboda Tavisi jariT monawileoba
mieRo osmalebis mier samcxis an qarTlis dapyrobaSi. amgvari moqmedeba maSin mosTxova lala faSam aleqsandre mefes,
roca kaxeTis sazRvarTan SeuTanxmda da misi moTxovnisTanave
Tavisi jariT wahyva Sirvanis laSqrobaSi. kaxeTis mefesa da
lala Mmustafa faSas Soris SeTanxmeba, rom namdvilad im
drosa da kaxeTi samefos sazRvarTan moxda amas adasturebs
alis `nusreT-namec~. kerZod, masSi naTqvamia, rom 30 agvistos osmaleTis jarma Tbilisi dastova da md. iorTan gaCerda. Aiq mivida kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-is veziri ioram
1 svaniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 116-119.
206
begi da mefis morCilebis werili miitana. Oori dRis Semdeg,
1 seqtembers, orSabaTs TviT mefec mivida Tavisi jariT. Mmolaparakebis Semdeg man miiRo Tavisi mamis samflobeloebze
ufleba im pirobiT, rom gadaixdida jizias da monawileobas
miiRebda samxedro laSqrobaSi1.
kaxeTis samefosTan urTierTobis mogvarebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda osmaleTis saxelmwifosaTvis, radgan lala
faSa SiSobda, rom winaaRmdegobas waawydeboda. ai ras gadmogvcems anonimi venecieli: `general [lala faSas] SirvanSi
wasvla hqonda ganzraxuli, magram erTi mefis2 qveyana unda
gaevlo, romelic dabrkolebas uqmnida. amitom gadawyvita
sanjay-begi kaitasi3 gaegzavna elCad. mas [mefe] unda daerwmunebina, rom generlisaTvis morCileba gamoecxadebina. sanacvlod mefobis SenarCunebas hpirdeboda, Tu ki yoveli ojaxi
TiTo cexins gadaixdida, xolo mefe [generals] scnobda
Tavis siniorad. samagierod mas nurafris SiSi eqneboda~4.
minadois da don xuan de persias mixedviT, Tbilisidan
gasul lala faSas kaxeTis mefis mociqulebi Seegebnen da
TavianTi mefis saxeliT morCileba gamoucxades. osmalo
sardalma elCebi kargad miiRo. is didad nasiamovnebi darCa
aseTi morCilebiT, elCebi ukan gaistumra da aleqsandre
mefe TavisTan miiwvia5. don xuan de persia damatebiT
gvacnobebs, rom aleqsandre mefe osmalebs gamyolebis micemasac dahpirda. isini megzurobas gauwevdnen osmalTa jars
kaxeTis mefis samflobeloebze gavlisas. mustafa faSam
aleqsandre mefes sapatio xalaTi gaugzavna damyarebuli
kavSiris niSnad6.
2 alaqsandre II.
3 kaitas faSa sasaxlis samsaxurSi dawinaurda da iyo sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze. daiRupa yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi.
5 Minadoi, p. 85.
207
jovani miqeli, marTalia, aRniSnavs, rom Sirvanisken mimaval lala mustafa faSasTan kaxeTis mefis elCebi mividnen
da uZvirfasesi saCuqrebi miarTveso1, magram molaparakebis
Taobaze arafers ambobs. petro biZaros gadmocemiT, lala
faSasTan misul aleqsandre mefis mociqulebs didZali
saCuqrebi miutaniaT da maSinve morCileba gamoucxadebiaT2.
ibrahim feCevi aRniSnavs, rom mefe aleqsandresTan `sardlisagan gagzavnili rwmunebulebi mividnen da gulis mosanadireblad [Tan moitanes] werilebi~. ibrahim feCevi iqve imasac ambobs, kaxTa mefem ra valdebulebebi ikisra: ìs iRebs
Tavis Tavze ixados weliwadSi xaraja: ocdaaTi iuqi abreSumi, 10 lamazi QWabuki da 10 broltaniani qalwuli, 10
frTa ispiris mimino da [agreTve masSi], rom is iqneba Tavisi qveynis mmarTveli beglarbegis saxelwodebiT~3. vfiqrob,
ibrahim feCevi sworad ar gadmoscems osmaleTsa da kaxeTis
samefos Soris damyarebuli urTierTobis pirobebs. Tu am
osmalo istorikoss davujerebT, gamodis, rom 1578 wels
aleqsandre mefe sulTnis moxele (beglarbegi) gaxda, rac
ar dasturdeba osmaleT-kaxeTis Semdgom urTierTobaSi. kaxeTis mefe, yvelafridan Cans, mxolod moxarke gaxda da ara
moxele. isic saeWvoa, osmaleTis jaris sardals, romelic
amierkavkasiaSi xangrZlivi omisaTvis emzadeboda, moxarke
qveynisagan miminoebi da Savardnebi moeTxova. mas fuli da
sursaTi sWirdeboda. sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyos anonimi venecielisa da alis mier gadmocemuli saxelSekrulebo
pirobebi.
anonimi venecielis mixedviT, osmalTa banakSi kaxeTis
mefis mociqulebi ki ar mividnen, aramed lala faSam gagzavna kaitas-begi, romelsac aleqsandre mefe unda daerwmunebina, rom sxvebis msgavsad masac moexara qedi. lala faSa
1 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 264.
2 Bizarus P., Persicarum rerum historia in XII libres, Antverpiae, 1583, p. 634
208
samagierod aleqsandres hpirdeboda yovelive imas, rac zemoT iTqva.
anonimis gadmocemiT, lala faSam kaxTa mefis mociquli
gaistumra da TviTonac mTeli jariT ukan mihyva. mesame
dRes igi miadga mdinare kaprs1, sadac karvebis dadgma brZana, raTa mefe aleqsandresTan gagzavnili elCs dabrunebas
dalodeboda. imave dRes dabrunda elCi mefe aleqsandresTan
erTad, romelmac mdidruli saCuqrebi miitana da mSvidoba
iTxova2. rogorc Cans, mefe Tanaxma iyo osmalebis mier
wamoyenebul pirobebze da SeTanxmeba gaformda. `zavi daido.
meore dRes generali jarTan da zemoxsenebul mefesTan erTad gaemgzavra da gzad SirvanSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb
eTaTbireboda~3. osmaleT-kaxeTis urTierTobis am moments
ufro naTels xdis alis gadmocema, romlis mixedviT, md.
iorTan aleqsandre mefe4 Tavisi 3 aTasi meomriT mivida da
or sanjaybegTan erTad adidebul mdinareze gadavida Saqisa
1 albaT, md. iori. qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstidan (qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 523) da vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebidan (qarTlis cxovreba,
IV, gv. 578) viciT, rom mefe aleqsandre II lala faSas sarTiWalasTan miegeba,
romelic md. ioris napiras mdebareobs. ibrahim feCevi lala faSas dabanakebis
adgilad md. kafuris napirs asaxelebs. s. jiqias gamokvleviT md. kafuri igive
md. ioria. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 44, 122.
2 yuradRebas imsaxurebs mustafa selianiqis cnobac kaxeTis mefisa da
didebulebis osmalTa banakSi misvlis Sesaxeb. `gzaSi saqarTvelos SeZlebuli da saxelovani aznaurebi da qristianTa xalxis aleqsandre levanis
Zed wodebuli xani Tavisi qveSevrdomebiT movida. Rirseuli sardlis cxenis
Cliqebis mtvers emTxvivnen da mis keTilganwyobas miaRwies. Semdeg maT islamis
laSqrisaTvis uxvi sursaTi mozides da sruli samsaxuri gaswies. fuTuriZe
g. mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, t. 91, Tb., 1960, gv.
263-264.
4 `zagemisa da geremis (Weremi-e. m.) gamgebeli levend-xani~, ra Tqma unda,
kaxTa mefe aleqsandre II levanisZea. rogorc g. fuTuriZe aRniSnavda, osmalo
avtorebi kaxeTis mefeebs levan-xanis Zes an aleqsandre-xanis Zes uwodeben.
evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi da
gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. II, gamokvleva, komentarebi, Tb., 1973,
gv. 103, Sen. 16.
209
da misi olqis dasapyrobad, mTavarsardali da mTeli jariT
adidebul mdinares moerida da Siraqis velze dabanakda1.
arasworia minadois naTqvami, TiTqos: 1. aleqsandre mefem
sxvadasxva mizeziT Tavidan aicila SirvanSi laSqrobaSi
monawileoba da lala faSas dahpirda rom sxvagan yvelgan
eaxleboda. 2. TiTqos kaxeTis mefem lala faSas sTxova,
roca osmalTa laSqri Sirvanidan mobrundeboda da kaxeTis
samefos teritoriaze gaivlida, mefes undoda maTTvis jerovani pativi eca2.
minadois TqmiT, aleqsandre mefisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iyo sisxlis Rvris magier saqmis mogvareba diplomatiis
gziT3. ase gvixasiaTebs aleqsandres isqander munSic:
àleqsandre xani ki, romelic cbieri da windaxeduli kaci
iyo, Tavisi saqmis sikeTes Caukvirda da osmalebisaTvis megobrulad Tavis moCveneba amjobina, lala faSas banakSi
nuzli da saveri gagzavna da morCileba gamoucxada. es garemoeba lala faSas guldajerebis mizezi Seiqmna~4.
anonimi venecielis cnobebs lala mustafa faSas mier
aleqsandre mefesTan elCis gagzvnis Sesaxeb eTanxmebian ibrahim feCevi da vaxuSti batoniSvili, maSin rodesac evropuli
werilobiTi wyaroebi, garda zemoT dasaxelebuli italiurisa, duman. es principuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxia: urTierTobis damyarebis iniciativa aleqsandre mefisgan ki ar modioda, aramed osmaleTis jarebis mTavarsardlisagan,
romelic imave dros sulTnis meore veziric iyo, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom osmalebi angariSs uwevdnen aleqsandres
pozicias amierkavkasiaSi gaCaRebuli omis dros. ibrahim feCevi wers: àleqsandresTan amas winaT sardlisagan gagzavnili rwmunebulebi mividnen da gulis mosanadireblad
1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 75-76
2 Minadoi, p. 86.
3 Ibidem, p. 47.
210
[Tan moitanes] werilebi. movida ambavi, [aleqsandre mefem]
amasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi qveynis warCinebulebi moixmo,
saxelovani aznaurebisagan Seadgina amala da samefo banakSi
wasasvlelad moemzadao. Tanaxmad safadiSaho wesisa, mTeli
islamis jari Tavisi ZlierebiTa da didebiT Semoegeba maT~1.
vaxuSti batoniSvili kidev ufro axlos midis anonimi venecielis naTqvamTan: `Semdgomad gamovida ra lala-faSa...
tfilisidam ezraxa aleqsandres, xolo man aRuTqva misvla
mis Tana da warhyvesca spiTa Sirvans, ukeTu dautoes kaxeTi
uvnod. aman mosca piri mtkice da miegeba saTisWalas aleqsandre spiTa lala-faSas da waruZRua Sirvans, xolo lalafaSam aRiRo Sirvani, Saqi, urCni mosrna da aRaSena cixe
Sirvans, Seayena mcvelni TBsni da dasua faSa...~2
kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres mier osmalebisaTvis gamocxadebuli morCileba mxolod qveynis aoxrebis SiSiT ar iyo
nakarnaxebi. mas iran-osmaleTis omis dawyebamde iranTan ukve
cudi urTierToba hqonda. yizilbaSebs ar moswondaT aleqsandres damoukidebeli sagareo politika. minadois da don
xuan de persias mixedviT, Sah Tamazma gadawyvita aleqsandres nacvlad kaxeTis taxtze misi Zma, gamahmadianebuli
iese aeyvana3. kaxeTis mefem icoda Sahis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb
da radikalurad Secvala iranTan urTierToba. aleqsandres
osmalebTan morigebaze gavlena moaxdina Sah xudabendes mier
ieses aRzevebam. igi Saqis xanad daniSnes da colad SerTes
Sah abasis Zmis saam-mirzas asuli4. SaqSi, kaxeTis sazRvarTan
mjdom ieses yovelTvis SeeZlo aleqsandres sawinaaRmdego
saqmianobis gaCaReba.
aleqsandre mefes arc osmalebi eprianeboda. igi Tavisi
samefos sruli damoukideblobisaTvis iRwvoda. lala faSam
2 qarTlis cxovreba. IV, gv. 578.
3 Minadoi, p. 86; Don Juan de Persia, p. 68r.
4 isqander munSi ieses SecdomiT ali-xans eZaxis. isqander munSi, gv. 28;
Dorn B., Erster Beitrag zur Geschichte der Georgien, St.-Peterburg, 1845, S.20.
211
icoda kaxTa mefis amgvari ganwyobileba. minadois TqmiT,
lala faSam sulTans miswera, rom aleqsandrem sulTnis
jari kargad miiRo Tavis samflobeloebSi da isic acnoba,
xma dadis Turq mefuraJeebsa da jarze TavdasxmebSi misi
xeli unda erioso1.
aleqsandrem, rogorc gamWriaxma politikosma da diplomatma, CaTrevas Cayola amjobina da SirvanSi laSqrobidan
sargeblis miReba ganizraxa. amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs anonimi
venecieli: mefe aleqsandrem oTxi dRis mgzavrobis Semdeg
lala faSas sTxova misTvis mieca cxenosanTa razmi, raTa
angariSi gaesworebina Tavisi mtrisaTvis, Saqis gamgeblisaTvis. lala faSam daakmayofila aleqsandres Txovna da 1200
mxedari misca2. ra Tqma unda, lala faSas ecodineboda, rom
Saqis gamgebeli kaxTa mefis ufrosi Zma, yizilbaSebis mier
aRzevebuli iese _ isa-xani iyo. ibrahim feCevi ise warmogvidgens aleqsandres Saqze galaSqrebas, rogorc lala
faSas davalebis Sesrulebas, Tumca mokled, magram iseve
agviwers osmalTa laSqrobas Saqze (wyaldidoba, gzis
sirTule), rogorc anonimi venecieli3. anonimi damatebiT
gvamcnobs, rom Saqis gamgebelma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs, garnizoni da qalaqi ki bedis anabara miatova4.
igive ambavs sakmaod gansxvavebulad gadmogvcems ali:
aleqsandre mefe da masTan erTad gagzavnili sanjaybegebi
(mirza ali-bei da axmed-bei), roca Saqis misadgomebTan
mividnen, qalaqis gamgebeli ahmed xani (sxva wyaroebiT _
iese, igive isa-xani) azerbaijanSi gaiqca. qarTvel-osmalTa
jarma qalaqi ubrZolvelad daikava. Qqalaqis dapyrobisTanave misi gamgebloba Mmustafa faSam aleqsandres vaJs erekles uboZa. lala faSam Sirvani da areSi daipyro. aRmosav1 Minadoi, p. 105
4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25. sayuradReboa,
rom jovani miqeli arafers ambobs aleqsandres SaqSi laSqrobaze.
212
leT amierkavkasiaSi dapyrobili olqebis gamgebloba osman
faSas Caabara da SaqSi wavida Sesaxvedrad mefe aleqsandresTan, romelmac es qalaqi aiRo. magram lala faSas mefe
iq aRar daxvda. sardals moaxsenes, rom mefe kaxeTSi (zagemSi) dabrunda1. samagierod SaqSi imyofeboda aleqsandres
vaJi erekle (Imrese). lala faSam èrekle daniSna am qalaqis sanjayad da weliwadSi 10 aTasi cexini dauniSna
jamagirad~2. anonimi venecielis es cnoba osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebiTac dasturdeba3. ibrahim feCevic aRniSnavs erekles SaqSi misvlas lala mustafa faSasTan da am
faqtis Semdegnair axsnas iZleva: `mamis (aleqsandres _ e. m.)
mier gaweuli samsaxuris sanuqfod es eÁaleTi eboZa da
daeniSna levanis Zes erekle mirzas. mas Semdeg rac yadi da
cixisTavi daniSna da sxva saWiro masala moamzada, igi (eÁaleTi) safadiSaho saxelmwifos SeuerTes~4.
osmaleTis divanis gadawyvetilebiT, dapyrobil teritoriebze Camoyalibda 4 sabeglarbego: 1. Sirvanis eialeTi
2 milioni axCiT gadaeca ozdemir-oRlu osman-faSas. 2.
Tbilisi 1 milioni axCis wliuri SemosavliT mis beglarbegs ferhjad-faSas. 3. gurjistanis sabeglarbego ojaklikis saxiT gadaeca levan-xanis Zes aleqsandre-xans (aleqsandre II). 4. soxumis sabeglarbego 800 aTasi axCiT gadaeca
haider-faSas5.
Sirvanis sabeglarbego, Tavis mxriv administraciulad
1 iqve, gv. 32. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, aleqsandre mefe lala
faSas axlda SirvanSi laSqrobaSi. lala faSa `merme ukumoiqca, Semovlo
mtkuris piri da mihyva aleqsandre araguamde, mereme gamouteva aleqsandre da
mivida kaxeTs mSBdobiT~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 578). vaxuStis monaTxrobi sinamdviles ar asaxavs.
4 ibrahim feCevi. gv. 44. osmalo istorikoss erekle levan mefis vaJi
hgonia. Oosmalebis mier SaqSi gatarebul RonisZiebebze gadmogvcems alic. ix.
Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 81.
213
daiyo 13 sanjayad. meTerTmete iyo Saqis sanjayi, romelic
gadaeca erekle aleqsandre II-is Zes1.
qarTuli naratiuli literaturidan Cans, rom erekle
ufliswuli Tavidanve osmaluri orientaciisa iyo2 da SemTxveviT ar unda misuliyo SaqSi lala faSasTan. is xom vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT 1574 wels gaqceula stambolSi3. Tu movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas gaviTvaliswinebT,
safiqrebelia, rom erekle mamis survilis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda, magram aleqsandre amas xmamaRla ver ityoda, Svils
imis gamo ver dasZraxavda, rom is osmalebTan karg urTierTobaSi iyo. lala faSas ecodineboda mama-Svilis aseTi urTierT damokidebuleba da, albaT, amitomac ar gahkvirvebia
aleqsandres mier Saqis mitoveba da kaxeTSi dabruneba.
aleqsandres arc is esiamovneboda, rom mis mier dapyrobili
Saqis sanjaybegad lala faSam erekle daniSna, xolo TviT
Saqi ki osmaleTis samflobeloebs SeuerTa. Llala Mmustafa
faSas, rogorc Cans afiqrebda kaxeTis samefos reaqcia Saqis
sanjaybegad erekles daniSvnis gamo.
lala faSam erekles saxiT osmaleTis moxele daniSna,
romelic jamagirs osmaleTis xazinidan iRebda. erekle mamisagan damoukidebeli xdeboda imis gamoc, rom lala faSam
Saqi kaxeTs ki ar daumorCila, aramed Sirvanis sabeglarbegos4. amiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli misi brZaneba,
rom qarTvelebs ekraZalebodaT Sirvanis teritoriaze Tavdasxma, mosaxleobis Zarcva-xocva5. Saqis sanjayi xom Sirvanis sabeglarbegoSi Sedioda. magram ar gauvlia did xans,
rom erekles es Tanamdeboba CamoarTves. Ooficialurad erekles gadayeneba moxdaOimis gamo, rom osmalebs miemxro
1 Тамже, с. 86-87.
2 `xolo Ze misi erekle gauarSivda aleqsandres da warvida stambols~.
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 370; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576.
3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. .576.
4 svaniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 120.
214
Seqis erT-erTi mmarTvelis Svili mirza omari, romelic
daniSnes Seqis sanjaybegad1. savaraudoa, erekles Saqidan
mocileba moxda aleqsandres kaxTa mefis moTxovniT, an
moTxovnis gareSe, magram misi survilis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Tumca aleqsandres osmalebisadmi damokidebulebaSi ukve
aRaraferi Seicvala, razec migvaniSnebs Semdgomi periodis
movlenebi.
Sirvan-azerbaijanis dapyrobis Semdeg (1578 wlis 8 oqtomberi), lala faSam saqarTveloze gavliT arzrumSi dabruneba gadawyvita da kaxeTisaken gamobrunda. man ramdenime
Sikriki gagzavna aleqsandre mefesTan, raTa mas sursaTsanovage moemzadebina osmaleTis jaris saWiroebisaTvis2.
kaxeTis sazRvarTan miaxloebul osmalTa jars aleqsandrem Tavisi xalxi Seageba pirutyviT, puriT, xiliTa da
sxva produqtebiT. kaxelebma TavianTi mefis saxeliT bodiSi
moixades, rom igi avadmyofobis gamo piradad ver miegeba
lala faSas3. albaT, aleqsandres ase surda gamoexata Tavisi ukmayofileba lala faSas mier SaqSi gatarebuli
RonisZiebebis gamo. sardals sxva gza ar hqonda, aleqsandres ZRvniTa da bodiSiT unda dakmayofilebuliyo. raTa
kaxeTis samefosTan urTierToba kidev metad ar gamwvavebuliyo, igi sikvdiliT dasjiT daemuqra Tavis meomrebs:
èkrZalebaT aleqsandres qveyanaSi visime simSvidis darRveva, rom yoveli TqvenTagani Tavaziani da zrdilobiani unda
iyos~4. lala faSam aleqsandres xalxidan gamcileblebi aiyvana, zagems samxreTiT gauara da Tbilisisaken pirdapiri
gziT gaeSura5. miuxedavad mkacri gafrTxilebisa, osmalo
jariskacebma kaxeTis soflebze gavlisas, mainc `generlis
unebarTvod xelT igdes monebi, pirutyvi da gadawves asamde
2 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 454.
3 Minadoi, p. 99.
4 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 455; Minadoi, p. 99.
215
sofeli~. lala faSam mogvianebiT gaigo amis Sesaxeb da brZana mTavari damnaSaveebi moeZebnaT da CamoexrCoT. aleqsandrem lala faSas miswera, momxdaris gamo nu Sewuxdeboda,
radgan oms axlavs amgvari arasasiamovno movlenebi. SemdgomSi aRsdgeba gadamwvari soflebi. `generalma upasuxa,
rom mas aravisTvis miucia amis neba. man mravali saCuqari
gaugzavna mefes, mis colsa da Svilebs _ vaJebsa da qalebs~1.
roca kaxelma megzurebma osmalTa jari mokle da mSvidobiani gziT TbilisTan miiyvanes, lala faSam isinic didad
daasaCuqra da ukan gaistumra2.
* * *
1578 wlis 26 noembers lala faSa TbilisSi dabrunda3.
oasmalTa garnizoni SimSilisagan imdenad ukiduresobamde
iyo misuli, rom ZaRlisa da katis xorciT ikvebeboda. avadmyofobas bevrisaTvis musri gaevlo. rogorc minadois Seutyvia, osmalTa garnizoni aseT mdgomareobaSi imitom aRmoCnda, rom jariskacebi qarTvelebis SiSiT ver bedavdnen
qalaqidan gasvlas da sursaT-sanovagis mopovebas4.
lala faSa TbilisSi oTxi dRe darCa. man jari gausia
Tbilisis axlomdebare soflebs da saSinlad aiklo, garnizoni sursaTiT da fuliT moamaraga5. 24 oqtombers daiwyo
Zlieri grigali, romelmac osmalebis mgzavroba Seaferxa.
didi Tovlis mosvlis miuxedavad, jarma gza gaagrZela. SimSilisa da sicivis gamo Tbilisidan goramde mravali jariskaci daiRupa6. goris sanjaybegma lala faSas SesCivla, rom
1 Minadoi, p. 99.
3 Minadoi, p. 99-100.
4 Ibidem, p. 100.
5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 93; Minadoi, p. 100.
216
qarTlis mefe, Tbilisis adrindeli mflobeli, romelic
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sparseTSi tyveobaSi iyo, exla
Sahma gaanTavisufla, Tavi Sefarebuli aqvs maRal mTebSi,
saidanac did zians ayenebs Turqebsa da maT mokavSireebs1.
lala faSa iZulebuli gaxda mTeli Tavisi jariT sami dRe
gorTan gaCerebuliyo da svimon mefis winaaRmdeg cxenosani
razmebi gaegzavna, magram osmalebma verc mefes da verc mis
razmebs ver miagnes.
ali-efendis TqmiT, gorSi movida imereTis mefe giorgi
II–is Zma mamia da morCileba gamoacxada2. Aaqve movida kaxeTis mefis kaci saxelad emin-aRa3, magram ali-efendi arafers
ambobs am ukanasknelis lala faSasTan vizitis mizanze. savaraudoa, aleqsandre mefes raRac pretenziebi hqonda osmalebis mimarT da amitom unda gaegzavna sardals misTvis
`saamuri~ werili. Llala mustafa faSa kaxeTis mefes miswera, Tbilisis beglarbegis ahmed-faSis razmebis da sifaxiebis, ziamebis da Tbilisis dasacavad datovebuli sxva
jariskacebis razmebis gaerTianebis aucileblobaze. man
aleqsandres sTxova, agreTve, yoveli Rone exmara daudxanis osmalebisadmi morCilebaze dasayolieblad. sardalma
goris sanjaybegad daniSna husein-begi da arzrumisken ganagrZo gza4. osmalTa jaris ariergardi TiTqmis mudmivad ganicdida svimon mefis razmebis Tavdasxmas. osmalebma qarTlSi
didi zarali ganicades. svimon mefem lala faSas 5 aTasze
meti mebrZoli moukla, mostaca arkebuzebiT datvirTuli
mravali aqlemi, fuli, sursaT-sanovage da sxv.5 minadois
gadmocemiTac, Tbilisidan gasuli osmalTa laSqari qarTvelTa razmebis mudmiv Tavdasxmebs ganicdida. minadois, naTq1 iqve.
2 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT mamia giorgi mefis Svili iyo da ara Zma. svaniZe
m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 142.
4 Тамже.
5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33-34.
217
vamis sailustraciod, oriode magaliTic mohyavs. misi
monaTxrobidanac Cans, rom yvela am razmebis moqmedebis
koordinacias svimon mefe axdenda. mefis mier osmalebisaTvis miyenebul did zaralze gadmogvcems alic. misi TqmiT
osmalebis arzrumSi dabruneba, sinamdvileSi uwesrigo ukandaxevaSi gadaizarda. osmaleTis jaris sardali awyurSi gaCerda. Aaq mustafa faSasTan Sesaxvedrad movida yvaryvare
aTabagisa da manuCaris deda dedisimedi1. sardalmaAaqve miiRo svimon mefis werili, romelic acnobebda, rom Tu goris (e. i. Sida qarTlis) mmarTvelad daniSnavda, maSin osmalebis mxares gadavidoda. sardalma uariT upasuxa, im
motiviT, rom goris gamgebeli ukve daniSnuli iyo2.
oqtombris damdegs3 lala faSa manuCaris samflobeloSi
Sevida, jayelTa ojaxis wevrebTan molaparakebis Semdeg,
yvaryvare IV da manuCari, stambolSi gaagzavna da imave wlis
21 dekembers ukve arzrumSi iyo4. Aar vici ramdenad Seefereba ali-efendis es cnoba (svimon mefis werilis Sesaxeb)
sinamdviles, magram Tu es marTla ase iyo, maSin lala faSas
serizul politikur SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme. Mman jerovnad
ver Seafasa iranis tyveobidan axlad dabrunebuli svimon
mefis pirovneba da misi SesaZleblobebi da upiratesoba mis
Zma daud-xanTan urTierTobis mogvvarebas mianiWa, romlis
partizanuli brZola osmalebis winaaRmdeg saxeze iyo.
1578-1579 wlebis mijnaze yizilbaSebma isargebles osmalTa ZiriTadi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis amierkavkasiidan gasvliT da daiwyes umniSvnelovanes qalaqebsa da cixe-simagreebSi Cayenebul osmalTa garnizonebze Tavdasxmebi. maT aiRes
areSi da Sirvanis gamgebel osman faSas Seuties. 25 aTasma
yizilbaSma warmatebas miaRwia5. safrangeTis mefes, rogorc
1M dawvr. ix. qvemoT.
4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 34
5 Sengelia n., osmalo istorikiosis munejim-baSis cnobebi lala mustafa
218
Tavisi agenti 1579 wlis 16 ianvars acnobebda, osman faSam
daxmareba sTxova kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres, romelsac evaleboda, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jerovani daxmareba aRmoeCina SirvanSi myofi osmalebisaTvis. aleqsandres meTaurobiT misulma kaxelTa razmebma saqmes ver uSveles1. mxolod
yirimis xanis mehmed gireis 40 aTasiani jaris misvlam ixsna osman-faSa. yizilbaSebi damarcxdnen da seriozuli danaklisiT ukan daixies2. gamarjvebulebma didi nadavli igdes
xelT. amis Semdeg yirimis xanis jaris erTi nawili ukan
gabrunda, xolo meore nawili ki _ 15 aTasi kaci, xanis Zmebis _ Razi gireisa da adil gireis meTaurobiT, osman faSasTan darCa, magram yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi damarcxdnen3.
lala mustafa faSa Semdegi wlis kampaniis dawyebasTan
dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva gegmebs saxavda. marTalia, man sulTan murad III-s gasul wels amierkavkasiaSi warmoebuli
samxedro operaciebi ise dausaxa, TiTqos iq adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba sabolood damorCilebuli iyo, sinamdvileSi,
saqarTvelosa da SirvanSi Cayenebul garnizonebs qarTvelebi
da yizilbaSebi Zlier aviwroebdnen. viTareba osmalebisaTvis
sul ufro iZabeboda. ali-efendis TqmiT Tbilisis cixeSi
mxolod 500 kaci darCa. damcvelebma daxmarebisaTvis lala
mustafa faSas mimarTes, magram man amis gakeTeba ver SesZlo,
qarTvelebi molaparakebis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. maT gadaketes
Tbilisis cixesTan misasvleli yvela gza. sardlis yvela
cda mirza ali-begis saSualebiT SeetanaT sursaT-sanovage,
warumateblad damTavrda. imave dros imamyuli-xanis 10 aTasiani armia movida qarTvelTa dasaxmareblad da oTxi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi alyaSi hyavdaT Tbilisi. osmalebs daumTavrfaSas amierkavkasiis qveynebSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~,
II, 1968, gv. 139.
2 Ibidem, p. 775; Sengelia n. osmalo istorikiosis munejim-baSis cnobebi,
gv. 139
3 Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 140.
219
daT produqti. maT daiwyes cxenis, aqlemis, joris xorcis
Wama. gamoCndnen iseTebic, vinc qalaqis Cabarebas moiTxovdnen, magram isini mtkvarSi gadayares. oTxi Tvis bolos TbilisSi sursaTi TiTqmis aRar iyo. 1 qila xorbali Rirda
1000 axCa, 1 qila qeri – 500, aqlemi – 20 aTasi, saforane
cxeni – 10 aTasi, viri _ 7 aTasi dirxemi, ZaRli _ 2 aTasi
axCa1.
kritikul mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili Tbilisis dasaxmareblad mustafa faSam 12 aTasiani laSqriTa da didZali
sursaTiT zulyadris beglarbegi Mmustafa faSa gagzavna. man
imdeni SesZlo, rom Tbilisi alyisagan gaanTavisufla da
gardauval daRupvas gadaarCina Tbilisis gamgebeli mehmed
faSa da Tbilisis cixis 500 damcveli. Mman citadelis meTaurad daniSna Cerqezi kasim bei. Mmisi meTaurobis qveS gadavida semender begis, arabkeris mmarTvelis sinan begis,
Corumis begis divane bekir begis razmebi da sifahTa 500
kaci. Mmagram male qarTvel-yizilbaSTa Tavdasxmis SiSiT semender begma Tavisi jariT datova cixe da mcire xanSi Cerqezi kasim begis gankargulebaSi mxolod 50 kaci darCa, roca
lala mustafa faSam amis Sesaxeb Seityo, saswrafod gagzavna ahmed faSa sursaT-sanovagiT. roca ahmed faSam dmanisis
viwrobebs miaRwia, mis jars Tavs daesxnen svimon mefisa da
imam yuli-xanis razmebi. AdaWrilma ahmed faSam gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. Mmisi meomrebis didi nawili daiRupa, xolo sursaTi qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs CauvardaT xelSi2.
Llala Mmustafa faSam ganizraxa Tbilisis damcvelTa
Sevseba da sursaTi gaegzavna. Aamgvari davalebis Sesrulebaze uari sTqves diarbeqris beglarbegma behrem faSam da
sxva faSebma. Bbolos saeqspedicio jaris meTaurad dainiSna
damaskos beglarbegi husein faSa. miuxedavad imisa, rom osmalebs eeWvebodaT alyaSemortymuli Tbilisis SenarCuneba,
2 Тамже, с. 121.
220
mainc gamgeblad dainiSna ahmed faSa. igi cnobili iyo rogorc
haji bin-zade. Bbahram faSa, romelmac uari Tqva Tbilisis
damcvelTa dasaxmareblad wasvlaze, Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da diarbeqiris beglarbegad dainiSna rizvan faSa. igi
husein faSasTan da qurTTa razmebTan erTad wavida saqarTveloSi. qarTvelT ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebis miuxedavad,
osmalTa jari meaTe dRes Tbilisis kedlebTan mivida, datova sursaTi da drois imave monakveTSi yarsSi dabrunda.
iqve miiRes cnoba, rom Mmustafa faSas jari, romelic adre
gaigzavna Tbilisis dasaxmareblad da svimon mefisa da imam
yuli-xanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, ganadgurda. roca igi
TbilisTan mivida da iqve dabanakda, jarma qarTuli soflebis Zarcvas mihyo xeli. Mmustafa faSam ver gabeda qarTvelebTan da yizilbaSebTan Sebma da yarsis mimarTulebiT
gabrunda. osmalebs Tavs daesxnen qarTvelebi da gaanadgures1.
sulTanma yirimis xans mehmed gireis daavala Tavisi
jariT wasuliyo amierkavkasiaSi da osmalTa jars daxmareboda. arsebobda omis ganaxlebis meore gegmac, romelic
Tavrizze Setevas iTvaliswinebda. magram es gegma angariSgasawev dabrkolebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. gzis sirTulesTan
erTad savaraudo iyo jaris xifaTSi Cavardnis saSiSroeba.
am mxriv sulTnis kars gansakuTrebiT afiqrebda saqarTvelos sakiTxi. minadois Tanaxmad, sulTani `Sors iyo im
azrisagan, rom saqarTveloze dayrdnoba SeiZleboda, gansakuTrebiT daudis mzakvreobisa da svimonis mosvlisa eSinoda, radgan xom SeiZleba, rodesac laSqari Tavrizisaken
gaeSureba, maSin mas orive mxridan daartyan qarTvelebma da
sparselebma?~2 sulTanma lala faSas werilobiT daavala,
rom arzrumidan saqarTvelosken mimaval gzaze cixe-simagreebis asaSeneblad yvelaferi moemaragebina, raTa gazafxulze
2 Minadoi, p. 123.
221
daewyo farTo Seteva saqarTveloze1. lala faSam mTeli
mondomebiT mohkida xeli samzadiss da osmalTa yvela samflobeloSi gankargulebebi gagzavna mSeneblobis ostatebis
Sesakrebad, didZali Tanxebis Segrovebac daiwyes2. arzrumSi
Tavs iyrida axal-axali Zalebi. yvelafridan Canda, rom
lala faSa gadamwyveti laSqrobisaTvis emzadeboda.
1579 wlis dasawyisSi, anonimi venecielis relaciis
mixedviT, mTavarsardalma arzrumSi SemaSfoTebeli werili
miiRo. Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa acnobebda, rom 40
aTasma yizilbaSma yaraxanis meTaurobiT, alya Semoartyes
qalaqs da Tu droze ar daexmarebodnen, garnizoni SimSiliT
daiRupeboda3. werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom aseTive mdgomareoba
iyo gorSic, romelic svimonma alyaSi moaqcia4.
lala faSam saswrafod gagzavna ori aTasi mxedari
Tbilisisa da goris dasaxmareblad, magram didi Tovlis
gamo maT ver SesZles daniSnulebis adgilamde misvla da
iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan dabrunebuliyvnen. lala faSam mxolod werilis gagzavna SeZlo, romliTac gansacdelSi Cavardnilebs amxnevebda da simtkicisaken mouwodebda.
bolos da bolos SimSilma da qarTvelebis sistematurma Tavdasxmebma Tavisi gaitana da goris osmalTa garnizoni
danebda. svimon mefis brZanebiT, cixisTavis garda yvela
daxoces, cixisTavi SikrikiviT Semoses, uyurebo da ukudo
1 Ibidem, p. 123-124.
2 Ibidem, p. 124.
3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 36. ibrahim feCevis
mixedviT, yizilbaSTa sardali imamyuli-xani iyo da 10 aTasi meomari hyavda (gv.
54). petro biZaros TqmiT, am dros svimoni dabrunda iranidan, masTan erTad
movida 6-7 aTasiani jari aliyuli-xanis meTaurobiT. maT daevalaT saqrTveloSi Semavali xeobis Caketva, raTa osmalebi iq ar Sesuliyvnen (Bizarus P.,
Op. cit., p. 635).
4 farsadan gorgijaniZiT, Tbilissa da gors svimon mefem Semoartya alya
(farsadan gorgijaniZe, gv. 223). Turqi avtorebis mixedviT, svimonma yizilbaSebTan erTad Semoartya alya Tbiliss 1579 wlis 30 marts (svaniZe m.. dasax.
naSr., gv. 137)
222
jorze Sesves da lala faSasTan gagzavnes momxdari ambis
misatanad. svimonma cixe miwasTan gaaswora. Sida qarTlis
saqmeebis mogvarebis Semdeg, mefe yizilbaSTa dasaxmareblad
gaeSura. mas TbilisTan gautarebia mTeli ivnisis Tve1.
lala faSa sagonebelSi Cavarda. mdgomareoba qarTlSi
uaRresad garTulda. Tbilisi saswrafo daxmarebas iTxovda.
pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo imis gadawyveta, rogori saxiT
daxmarebodnen Tbiliss. lala faSa piradad rom gaZRoloda
jars, maSin aRmoCndeboda, rom man moatyua sulTani murad
III, mTeli saqarTvelo Tqveni erTguli da morCiliao2. amitom man 1579 w. 1 ivliss sakmaod didi jari3 gagzavna Tbilisis dasaxmareblad. jars mihqonda didZali sursaT-sanovage.
3 ivliss lala faSam gaiara hasan-yala da 10-Si yarsSi
mivida, iqve dabanakda da am qalaqis gamagrebas Seudga. mas
gadawyvetili hqonda yarsi saqarTvelosken mimavali gzis
gasaRebad gadaeqcia. yarsi-Tbilisis gzis dacvas, iran-osmaleTis mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
osmalebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda da isini
arafers zogavdnen, raTa am gziT jaris gadayvana da sursaTis gadatana Seuferxeblad ganxorcielebuliyo. magram osmalebma es ver SeZles. qarTlelebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen
gzad mimaval da cixeebSi Seketil osmalebs, ganuwyvetliv
esxmodnen mtris aRals (amis amsxveli cnobebi uxvadaa evropul da aRmosavlur werilobiT wyaroebSi). iSviaTi ar iyo
SimSiliT sikvdilis SemTxvevebi osmalTa jarSi.
1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 36-37.
2 Minadoi, p. 133-134.
3 osmaluri wyaroebiT, lala faSam 12 aTasiani saeqspedicio korpuss
saTaveSi zulyadris beglarbegi mustafa faSa Cauyena (svaniZe m., dasax. naSr.,
gv. 137). osmalo istorikosis munejim baSis mixedviTac, lala faSas 12 aTasiani korpusi gaugzavnia, magram saTaveSi edga maraSis beglarbegi mustafa.
(Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 141). anonimi venecielis TqmiTac, jaris meTauri
yofila maraSis beglarbegi, magram jaris raodenoba 20 aTasi mxedriTa da
1500 ianiCriT ganisazRvreboda (TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 37). 18-20 aTasi meomaria MminadoisTanac (Minadoi, p. 134).
223
mustafa faSam Tbilisis garnizoni did gaWirvebaSi ixila: mxolod 700 mecixovne darCeniliyo1. man garnizoni
Seavso, Cerqez kasim beis meTaurobiT 500 kaci datova da 17
seqtembers yarsisaken gaeSura2.
mcire xnis Semdeg lala faSam Tbilisidan kvlav SemaSfoTebeli cnoba miiRo. garnizoni uars ambobda iq darCenaze3. gairkva, rom mustafa faSas wasvlisTanave qarTvelebma
Tbiliss kvlav alya Semoartyes, ramac qalaqis damcvelebSi
panika gamoiwvia. lala mustafa faSas isic aSfoTebdam rom
araferi ismoda ahmed faSas Sesaxeb da gadawyvita TbilisSi
sursaTi kidev gaegzavna. man moamzada 2 aTasi iuqi sanovage
da misi waReba daavala diarbeqiris valis da qurTebis begebs. magram dasaxelebulma moxeleebma uari sTqves davalebis Sesrulebaze4. ra Tqma unda, maTi uari gamowveuli iyo
saqarTveloSi mosalodneli xifaTiT. amis Semdeg am amocanis Sesruleba lala faSam diarbeqiris beglarbegs _ behrem faSas da didi veziris mehmed sokolus vaJs, maraSis
beglarbegs _ hasan faSas daavala5. yarsidan wamosuli didi
jaris Sesaxeb qarTvelebma da yizilbaSebma 18 seqtembers
Seityves. qarTvelebs svimon mefe meTaurobda, yizilbaSebs _
ali yuli-xani. maTi 8 aTasamde mebrZoli Tbilissa da dmaniss Soris gzas icavda, raTa osmalebisaTvis Tbilisis daxmarebis saSualeba ar miecaT. isini aseve Tvalyurs adevnebdnen SimSiliT Sewuxebuli osmalebis qalaqidan gamosvlas,
raTa maSinve gaenadgurebinaT6.
mzveravebma svimon mefes da ali yuli-xans acnobes, rom
osmaleTis jari dmanisisaken miemarTeboda da maSinve mters
1 ibrahim feCevi, gv 57.
4 Sengelia n., solaq-zade saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. „wyaroTmcodneoba~, IV,
Tb., 1973, gv. 114.
5 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 138
6 Minadoi, p.
224
dmanisis xeobaSi Causafrdnen. mokavSireebma, Tavdapirvelad,
seriozul warmatebas miaRwies, mravali mteri gaanadgures
da didi nadavlic xelT igdes. magram mesame dRes, roca
isini xelaxla Tavs daesxnen mters, garemocvaSi aRmoCndnen
da seriozuli zarali ganicades. osmalebma ali yuli-xani
daatyveves da seqtembris bolos daubrkoleblad Tbiliss
miaRwies, sadac saSineli mdgomareoba daxvdaT: `bevri momkvdariyo. SimSilma isini im zomamde miiyvana, rom sWamdnen
ara mxolod mdare xarisxis cxenis xorcs, aramed cxenebisa
da cxvrebis tyavebsa da ZaRlebs~1.
hasan faSam TbilisSi mdgomareoba moawesriga, garnizonis moTxovniT Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa gadaayena da
mis adgilas daniSna haji begi ziad ahmad faSa. amis Semdeg
igi imave dmanisis gziT yarsisaken wavida. roca dmanisis
xeobas miuaxlovda, mowinave razmebma acnobes, rom svimon
mefes Zlieri artileriiTa da sakmaod didi jariT xeobis
yeli gadauketia. hasan faSam SebrZoleba ver gabeda da ali
yuli-xans Tavisuflebis miniWebas dahpirda Tu is uxifaTo
gzas aswavlida. yizilbaSi sardlis gamcemlobis wyalobiT
osmalTa jaris ZiriTadma nawilma mSvidobianad daaRwia
Tavi. svimon mefe mainc daewia mtris ariergards da gaanadgura. man xelT igdo mravali tyve, cxenebi da Tbilisidan
wamoRebuli mTeli xazina2.
Tvals rom gadavavlebT 1579 wels kavkasiaSi osmalebis
saomar operaciebs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maT gaWirvebiT
SeZles poziciebis SenarCuneba. daiwyo zamTari da sulTnis
karze darwmunebiT aravin icoda, saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT amirkavkasiaSi osmalTa garnizonebi SeZlebdnen Tu ara
Tavis gatanas. rogorc 1578 wlis Semodgomaze, ise axlac,
sulTnis brZanebis Tanaxmad, 1579 wlis oqtomberSi yirimis
xanis mehmed gireis jari SirvanSi SeiWra da daexmara Sir1 Ibidem, p. 137.
2 Ibidem, p. 138-140.
225
vanisa da naxWevnis gamgebels _ osman faSas. aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaSi yirimis xanis jaris Sesvla maSinve acnobes
lala faSas. macnes uTqvams, rom yirimis xani Tavisi oTxi
ZmiT, vaJiSviliTa da 200 aTasi cxenosniT Sirvanis samefoSi mivida. imaTgan 50 aTasi gagzvna kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres samflobeloebSi qalaq zagemis gasaZarcvad. yirimis
xanis amgvari moqmedebis mizezi is yofila, rom roca,
sparselebisagan garemoculma osman faSam kaxTa mefes daxmareba sTxova, man uari SeuTvala da ganucxada: àRar surda Turqebis mokavSireoba, sparselebi ukeTesni ariano~1.
1579 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi yirimis xanis, darubandis gziT, SirvanSi Sesvla, sxva avtorebTanac dasturdeba.
isini yirimis xanis jaris raodenobas 10 aTasi kaciT ganszRvraven2. magram imis msgavsi cnoba, romelic anonimma
venecielma kaxeTis samefosTan dakavSirebiT dagvitova, sxva
wyaroebSi ar gvxvdeba. miuxedavad amisa, anonimis cnoba mainc
seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. Cemi azriT, igi Seicavs
sinamdvilis elements. ar vici sxva SemTxveva, garda erTisa
(1579 w. dasawyisi), rodesac osman faSam aleqsandre kaxTa
mefes sTxova da kidec miiRo daxmareba3. SeiZleba varaudi,
osman faSam SemdegSic mimarTa aleqsandre kaxTa mefes, magram is ise uxalisod da mcired daexmara, rom mas daxmarebaze uaris Tqmad CauTvales. rogorc zemomoyvanili
amonarididan Cans, yirimis xani kaxeTis winaaRmdeg osman
faSas wauqezebia. osman faSa SirvanSi iyo fexmoucvlelad
da, albaT, mas garkveuli cnobebi eqneboda aleqsandre mefis
antiosmalur ganwyobilebaze. axla, roca mas saSualeba
mieca, TaTarTa xanis xeliT Suri eZia, gamoiyena kidec es
momenti. Tavisi mTeli rigi warumateblobis mizezad
kaxelebisgan daxmarebis ar gawevac dasaxeldeboda. lala
2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 57-58; Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 142.
3 Charrière, Op. cit., III, p. 775.
226
mustafa faSam ise daasrula 1579 wlis saomari operaciebi,
rom Zlivs SeZlo qarTlsa da SirvanSi Zveli poziciebis
SenarCuneba. qarTlis samefosa da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis cecxli gizgizebda. amave
periodSi sabolood gamoikveTa svimon mefis saxe, rogorc
ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis meTaurisa. yovelive amis gamo
da mesame veziris xoja sinan faSas mcdelobiT, sulTan murad mesamem 1580 wlis TebervalSi lala mustafa faSa gadaayena da mesame veziri sinan faSa aRmosavleTis jarebis
mTavarsardlad daniSna. Mmale is didvaziric gaxda.
osmalebs esmodaT, rom svimon mefes saqarTvelosa da,
saerTod, amierkavkasiaSi mtkice dasayrdeni hqonda. osmaleTis mTavrobam gadawyvita qarTlSi winaaRmdegobis Sesasusteblad da mefis iranelebisagan Camocilebis mizniT, mis
mimarT daTmobaze wasuliyo. niadagis mosinjva daevala mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsrulebels (sinan faSa jer kidev
ar Sesdgomoda Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas) xusrev faSas. man qarTlis mefes werili gaugzavna, romelSic, sakuTari mTavrobis saxeliT, bodiSs ixdida qarTlis samefos
CamorTmevis gamo. svimon mefe Tu moiTxovda `wyalobis
xelSekrulebas~ da daxmarebas aRmouCenda TbilisSi mdgom
osmaleTis jars, maSin mas qarTli `safadiSaho livas~ saxiT gadaecemoda.
mefe SeTavazebul pirobebze Tu daTanxmdeboda, maSin is
iqneboda ara qarTlis mefe, aramed osmaluri provinciis _
livis moxele, faSa. ufro metic, TbilisSi darCeboda osmalTa garnizoni. maSasadame, osmalebi qarTlSi 1578 wels
gauqmebuli xelisuflebis aRdgenas ar apirebdnen, magram
mzad iyvnen svimoni ecnoT mis gamgeblad òsmaluri wesisamebr~1.
ra Tqma unda, svimon mefe amgvari pirobebiT osmalebs
ver Seurigdeboda da molaparakebis dawyebas azri ar hqonda.
227
1580 wlis 17 Tebervals sinan faSa stambolidan gavida1 da
8 maiss arzrumSi mivida2. iranSi fiqrobdnen, rom osmalTa
jaris axali mTavarsardali Setevis mimarTulebas Secvlida
da Tavrizze wavidoda. movlenebis amgvarad ganviTarebisaTvis
yizilbaSebma mzadeba daiwyes da svimon mefis dasaxmareblad
qarTlSi razmebi gagzavnes, raTa Tavrizisken mimavali mtrisaTvis qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs erToblivad daertyaT.
mokavSireTa laSqari 13 aTas kacs Seadgenda3.
Sahis karze gaiges Tuara sinan faSas arzrumSi misvlis
Sesaxeb, maSinve svimon mefes daukavSirdnen da sTxoves, rom
roca osmalebis yarsSi misvlas gaigebda (es niSnavda, rom
osmalebi saqarTveloze midiodnen), maSinve ganjaSi mdgomi
yizilbaSebisaTvis ecnobebina da isini mis dasaxmareblad
gremze gavliT wavidodnen4.
15 ivniss sinan faSa yarsSi mivida, sadac Sah xudabendes
elCi daxvda. mas Tan hqondaT yofili mTavarsardlisaTvis
gadasacemi werili. elCi uflebamosili iyo Sahis saxeliT
sulTanTan zavi daedo5. Sahis elCs maksud-xans davalebuli
hqonda `mSvidobis Camogdeba suleiman–xanis dros dawesebuli sazRvrebiT~6. sinan faSam elCs mousmina da stambolSi
gaistumra7. gamgzavrebis dRes sinan faSam elCis `pativsacemad~ aRlumi moawyo, romelmac yizilbaSebze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina8. aRlumis Semdeg sinan faSa qarTvelTa
alyaSi moqceuli Tbilisis dasaxmareblad wavida9.
3 Minadoi, p. 158-160.
4 Ibidem.
5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41. ibrahim feCevis
mixedviT, sinan faSam yizilbaSTa elCi maksud-xani diarbeqiris vilaieTSi,
CemriqSi miiRo (ibrahim feCevi, gv. 60).
9 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41
228
1580 wlis 4 agvistos iranis elCi stambolSi mivada,
sadac didi zeimiT miiRes. rogorc ibrahim feCevi ambobs,
Sahs undoda osmalebi daeyoliebina aRdgeniliyo 1555 wlis
amasiis zavis pirobebi, e. i. mowinaaRmdegeebi daubrunebodnen
im sazRvrebs, romelic zavis dadebisas hqondaT. osmaleTi,
romelmac didi saxsrebi da adamianTa resursebi Seswira
amierkavkasiis dapyrobas, ra Tqma unda, iolad ar daTmobda
wlebis ganmavlobaSi didi gaWirvebiT mopovebul teritoriebs. stambolSi maksud-xans ganucxades, rom `miwa, romelsac sulTnis cxenis floqvebi Seexo, mas ekuTvnis~1. maksud–
xani iranSi xelcarieli dabrunda.
svimon mefem, SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, yizilbaSebs acnoba,
rom osmalebi Tbilisisaken miemarTebodnen. yizilbaSebi,
marTlac, movidnen da mis jars SeuerTdnen. qarTlis mefem
osmalebTan pirdapir Setakebas Tavi aarida da musrs avlebda moalafe razmebs. 1580 wlis ivlisSi sinan faSam
dmanisi gaiara da imave Tvis bolos TbilisSi mivida.
Tbilisis garnizoni qalaqgareT gavida da axal sardals
migeba. imave dros mas saCivari warudgines Tbilisis gamgebel ahmed faSaze, romelic meomarTa xelfasebs iTvisebda.
sinan faSam igi gadaayena da mis adgilas daniSna simon I-is
Zma giorgi, romelmac islami miiRo da muslimanuri saxeli
iusufi dairqva2. amis Semdeg sinan faSam Tbilisis midamoebSi moTareSe qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg jari gagzavna safetis sanjaybegisa da damaskos ianiCrebis aRas meTaurobiT. svimon mefe maT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa da ori
aTasamde osmalo gawyvita3.
sinan faSa TbilisSi Tavs mSvidad ver grZnobda. Mmas
acnobes yizilbaSTa jaris Tbilisisken wamosvlis Sesaxeb.
1 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 492.
2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 123. giorgi (iusufi) m. svaniZis
varaudiT, imereTis mefe giorgis Svilia. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis
urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 141-142.
3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 72; Hammer J., Op. cit.,S. 492.
229
igi im faqtmac SeaSfoTa, rom aleqsandre kaxTa mefe, romelic osmalebs TavianT morCil msaxurad miaCndaT, sardalTan
ar gamocxadda1. samagierod TbilisSi sinan faSasTan mividnen
kaxeTis mefis elCebi. sinan faSam isini kargad miiRo, radgan
mas acnobes, rom aleqsandre mefe garnizons daexmara: fuli
da sursaTi gaugzvna.
elCebma TavianTi mefis saxeliT bodiSi moixades, rom
igi avadmyofobis gamo sardals piradad ver eaxla erTgulebis dasamtkiceblad. nasiamovnebma sinan faSam aleqsandres oqroqsovili tanisamosi, kverTxi da Zvirfasi qvebiT
moWedili xmali gaugzavna. aqve iyo megobrobisa da siyvarulis gancxadebiT aRsavse werilic2.
sinan faSas werili mravalmxriv sainteresoa. igi aleqsandre mefes, viTomda sxvaTa Soris, sityvas Camougdebs iranosmaleTs Soris dazavebaze. aqve gamoCnda sinan faSas namdvili damokidebuleba aleqsandresadmi, rogorc osmaleTis
orgulisadmi: radgan Sen orives, iransa da osmaleTs megobrob, naTqvami iyo werilSi, SegiZlia gaugebrobis mowesrigeba da orive xelmwifis morigebao3.
sinan faSasaTvis sruliad naTeli gaxda kaxeTis mefis
pozicia iran-osmaleTis omis am etapze. faSas TbilisSi
yofnis dros osmalebma Seipyres iranis Sahis jaSuSi, romelsac aleqsandresa da svimonisaTvis gadasacemi werilebi aRmoaCnda. Sahi aleqsandres uTvlida, rom is Tavisi jariT
wasuliyo sinan faSas banakisaken, sadac TviTonac mividoda
mTeli Tavisi jariT, osmalebs alyaSi moaqcevdnen da gaanadgurebdnen. Sahi mefes avalebda daekavebina darubandis viwro
gasasvleli, raTa gaqceul mters iq ver gaevlo4.
sinan faSam rodesac werilebi gaxsna, moulodneli Tav1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 125.
2 Minadoi, p. 171-172.
3 Ibidem, p. 172.
230
dasxmis SiSma Seipyro. ra Tqma unda, Znelia imis dadgena,
werilebSi naTqvami sinamdviles Seefereboda Tu sabrZolo
eSmakoba iyo. is ki cnobilia, rom sinan faSam maSinve, SuaRamisas, banakis aSla da yarsisaken wasvla brZana. osmalebma ise iCqares, rom TiTqmis mTeli artileria, daaxloebiT
90 qvemexi, xelT igdes qarTvelebma, romlebic uecrad Tavs
daesxnen aforiaqebul mters1.
sinan faSa dmanisze gavliT mcire xanSi yarsSi mivida.
Tumca osmalebs es gza Zalze Zvirad daujdaT. Aadgilobrivi qarTveli da azerbaijaneli mosaxleoba namdvil partizanul oms awarmoebda2
anonimi venecielis gadmocemas Sahis mier aleqsandre
mefisaTvis werilis gagzavnis Sesaxeb adasturebs XVI saukunis Turqi istorikosi mustafa ali3.
am saintereso sakiTxis garkvevaSi kidev meti sinaTle
Seaqvs ibrahim feCevis. `swored am xanebSi gavarda xma, _
ambobs feCevi, _ gzadabneuli Sahi Tavisi samociaTasiani4
boroti laSqriT emzadeba Tavs daeces [Cvens] jars da islamis jaris Zliereba Seaneloso... Sahs erTi ori werili
hqonda aleqsandre mefisaTvis gagzavnili. gaiZvera reaÁTagans werili rom mihqonda, ramdenime [Cveni] asqeri Semoxvda
win da [werili] samefo banakSi waikiTxes. [werili] dakavSirebuli iyo islamis laSqrisaTvis oinebis mowyobasTan~5.
qarTlidan gaqceuli osmalebi dmanisTan dabanakdnen.
bunebrivia, sursaTi akldaT da maragis Sevsebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaZarcviT fiqrobdnen. magram amis gakeTeba axla ioli ar iyo. patar-patara rzmebis gagzavna maT
srul ganadgurebas niSnavda. qarTvelTa jars terorizire1 iqve.
3 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 492.
4 anonimi venecieli azviadebs yizilbaSTa laSqris raodenobas. misi TqmiT,
Sahs gamzadebuli hyavda 150 aTasi mxedari.
5 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 61-62.
231
buli hyavda osmalebi. gaWirvebam mainc Tavisi gaitana da 10
aTasi cxenosani banakidan saalafod gavida, magram TiTqmis
arc erTi maTgani aRar dabrunda1.
osmalebi dmanisidan yarsSi mividnen 8 seqtembers. sinan
faSam am qalaqSi didi garnizoni da saWurveli datova.
yarsSi mcire xniT Sesvenebis Semdeg, 1580 wlis oqtombers,
igi arzrumSi mivida2.
arzrumSi jari did ukmayofilebas gamosTqvamda gaWianurebuli omis, mudmivi xifaTisa da sursaT-sanovagis naklebobis gamo. oms dasasruli ar uCanda. sinan faSas azriT,
omis damTavreba aucilebeli iyo. amitom man Sahsa da qarTlis mefes acnoba, Tu isini TavianT elCebs stambolSi gagzavnidnen, zavis dadebis SesaZlebloba arsebobda.
sinan FfaSas wamowyebam Sedegi gamoiRo da 1581 wlis 7
Tebervals arzrumSi mividnen Sahisa da qarTlis mefis elCebi. Sahis elCi nabuT-aRa gamocdili diplomati da stambolSi adre namyofic iyo. sinan faSam igi pativiT miiRo.
iranis elCma sinan faSasTan saubarSi ganacxada, rom `mSvidobianobis dasamyareblad ZalaSi unda darCes suleimanxanis [droindeli] xelSekrulebaSi daTqmuli zavi da mSvidoba.
igive
iyo
naTqvami
sulTnisaTvis
gadasacem
werilebSic3.
amgvarad, Sahi araviTar daTmobaze ar midioda. man icoda,
rom omi mZime tvirTad awva osmaleTsac. misi varaudiT,
sulTani daTmobaze wavidoda da omamdeli mdgomareobis aRdgena moxerxdeboda. rac Seexeba qarTlis mefis elCs, igi
svimon I-saTvis Tavis samflobeloebis memkvidreobiT gamgeblobaSi gadacemas moiTxovda, samagierod qarTlis mefe
yovelwliuri xarkis saxiT 100 aTasi dukatis gadaxdas
1 Minadoi, p. 174. i. hameri ganadgurebul jaris meTaurad mustafas anu
samcxis aTabag manuCars Tvlis da imave Mminadois cnobas imowmebs (Hammer J.,
Op. cit., S. 492). sinamdvileSi Mminadoi halabis faSa muyafis asaxelebs.
2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 63-64.
3 iqve, gv. 64-65
232
hpirdeboda da Tavis vaJsac mZevlad aZlevda1.
ar vici Cavida Tu ara svimon mefis elCi stambolSi.
radgan amis Semdeg qarTveli elCi aRar Cans, savaraudoa,
sinan faSam igi uariT gaistumra. qarTvel elCs stambolSi
vxedavT 1582 wlis zafxulSi ufliswul mehmedis (SemdegSi
mehmed III, 1595-1603) windacveTis zeimis misalocad. zeimSi
monawileoba miiRes mravali qveynis wargzavnilebma. maT Soris iyvnen kaxeTis da samegrelos warmomadgenlebic2. magram
qarTlis mefis elCis am zeimSi monawileoba srulebiTac ar
niSnavda qarTlsa da osmaleTs Soris sazavo molaparakebis
gagrZelebas3. mefis elCis wasvla stambolSi sulTnisaTvis
misalocad da saCuqrebis misarTmevad, mxolod feodaluri
eTikis garkveuli normebis dacva iyo. Sahis elCma nabuTaRam stambolSi TiTqmis mTeli weli dahyo.
sinan faSam iranis elCis stambolSi gastumrebis Semdeg
TviTonac iq dabrunebis ufleba iTxova. igi imdenad dainteresebuli iyo iranTan zavis dadebiT, rom saWirod CaTvala Tvalyuri edevnebina molaparakebis msvlelobisaTvis da,
albaT, SeZlebisdagvarad, zegavlenis moxdenasac Seecdeboda.
magram movlenebi sul sxvagvarad ganviTarda. sulTani Sahis
elCTan Sexvedras ar Cqarobda, radgan misTvis cnobili iyo
Sahis moTxovnebi.
sinan faSa frontis xazze wasvlas aRar fiqrobda.
mTavarsardlis uflebamosileba mas nominalurad hqonda. aRmosavleTis jaris sardlad mehmed faSa dainiSna, romelsac
arzrumis faSis tituli mianiWes da masve dauqvemdebares
yaramaniis faSa, aTabagi manuCari, arzrumis mTeli laSqari
da yvela sanjaxi. sul Seikriba 25 aTasi meomari.
svimon I, marTalia, mTeli mondomebiTa da TavdadebiT
ebrZoda osmalebs, magram Sahma icoda, rom qarTvelTa Tav1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с 126; Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 493.
2 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 266.
3 svaniZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 145-146.
233
dadeba Sahis taxtis amaRlebisaTvis ki ar xdeboda, aramed
TavianTi qveynisa da samefos gadarCenisaTvis. Sahis karze,
albaT, imasac fiqrobdnen, rom viTarebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi, svimon mefis pozicia sruliad sxvanairi, iranisaTvis
arasasurveli gaxdeboda. amitom, vidre gvian ar iyo, saWirod CaTvales, svimon mefe mtkiced miejaWvaT Sahis taxtze.
Sahis karze gadawyvites misi asuli colad SeerTo Sah
xudabendes, `rom mis (svimonis – e. m.) megobrobaze guli
savsebiT mSvidad hqonodaT~1. svimon mefem Sahis winadadeba
garegnulad did bednierebad miiCnia, magram yvelafers akeTebda, raTa es qorwineba ar Semdgariyo. mefis amgvar moqmedebas isqander munSi mxolod religiuri motiviT xsnis. iv.
javaxiSvili savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom mefes
Sahis moTxovna mZevlis warTmevad miaCnda, riTac Sahs surda
misTvis momavalSi politikuri moqmedebis Tavisufleba
SeezRuda2. amitom igi Sahis moTxovnis dakmayofilebas ar
Cqarobda. erTxans yizilbaSebi momxdarma ambebma daakaves da
ganzraxuli qorwinebisaTvis ar ecalaT. SirvanSi yirimeli
TaTrebi SeiWrnen, magram yizilbaSebma maTi damarcxeba SeZles, Tumca osmalebis gandvna ki ver moaxerxes. Sirvani
kvlav osmalebs darCaT3.
SirvanSi samxedro operaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg, Sahi
darwmunda, rom svimon mefe moTxovnas nebiT ar asrulebda.
Aamitom, roca saqarTveloSi pirveli veziri mirza salmani
20 aTasi kaciT gaigzavna. mas kaxeTis samefos sakiTxis mogvarebac daevala. aleqsandre II iZulebuli Seiqmna, yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda ganeaxlebina da Tavisi asulis
1 `svimon-xanis qaliSvili misi udidebulesoba qveynierebis gamgebelisaTvis colad moeyvanaT~ (isqander munSi, gv. 34). sxva cnobiTi svimon mefes
qaliSvili mosTxoves hamza mirzaze dasaqorwineblad (javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, gv. 271; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 157).
3 isqander munSi, gv. 34-35.
234
ufliswul hamza mirzasaTvis miTxovebaze daTanxmda1.
isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahis yvela moTxovna svimon
mefesac daukmayofilebia. yizilbaSebma qarTlisa da kaxeTis
mefeebi erTmaneTTan Seariges da jvarze daafices, rom Sahis
erTgulni iqnebodnen da erToblivad ibrZolebdnen osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg qarTvel mefeebs mZevlebi
gamoarTves, aleqsandres _ ufliswuli konstantine, svimons
_ ufliswuli luarsabi2.
roca qarTvelma mefeebma yizilbaSebis yvela moTxovna
daakmayofiles, axla TviTon moiTxoves Sahis mfarvelobaSi
myofi TavianTi Zmebis, aleqsandrem _ ieses (isa-xani), svimonma _ daviTis (dauT-xani) saqarTveloSi dabruneba da
piroba dasdes, rom `Zmebs Cinebulad moepyrobodnen, veragobas ar Caidendnen da orive TavianTi samflobeloebidan TavianT Zmebs garkveul adgils miuCendnen, raTa mosvenebiT ecxovraT da arseboba ar gaZnelebodaT~3. gasagebia aleqsandres
da svimonis survili Sahis xelidan daexsnaT maT sawinaaRmdegod gamiznuli TavianTi Zmebi. isqander munSi Semdeg
qarTvel mefeebs usayvedurebs, rom arc erTma piroba ar
Seasrula, òrive maTi daRupvis saqmes Seudga da Cqara maTi
sikvdilis ambavi mTel qveyanas gaagebines~4.
marTali ar aris isqander munSi, TiTqos am dros (1582
w.) Sah mohamed xudabendes konstantine ufliswuli mZevlad
waeyvanos, radgan qarTuli da rusuli wyaroebi savsebiT
damajereblad gvamcnoben, rom konstantine ufliswuli mZevlad Sah Tamazma waiyvana. arc is cnobaa marTali, sadac
dauT-xanis sikvdilis Sesaxeb laparakobs (isa-xanze, amis
Semdeg, marTlac araferi viciT). dauT-xani kidev karga xans
asparezze Cans. igi osmalebs miemxro.
1
2
3
4
iqve, gv. 36.
iqve.
iqve, gv. 37.
iqve.
235
1581 wlis agvistos bolos arzrumidan wasuli mehmed
faSa axalqalaqSi mustafa (manuCar) faSas Sexvda da sTxova, rom osmalTa laSqari Tbilisisken waeyvana. osmalTa
jars gorTan svimon mefe elodeboda. mis jarSi mravlad
iyvnen qarTulad Cacmuli iranelebi. rogorc iTqva, iranis
elCi nabuT-aRa am dros stambolSi iyo da sulTanTan audiencias eloda. amitom yizilbaSebi osmalebTan pirispir
brZolas eridebodnen da svimon mefes qarTulad Cacmulebi
exmarebodnen1. mefis osmalebTan brZolis es momenti erTxel
kidev adasturebs Cems mier zemoT gamoTqmul azrs, rom
osmaleTsa da qarTlis samefos Soris sazavo molaparakeba
CaSlili iyo da saomari mdgomareoba grZeldeboda. amave
dros, rogorc Cans, yizilbaSebs sulTanTan molaparakebiT
drois mogeba surdaT da, SeZlebisdagvarad, aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi mtkiced fexis mokidebas cdilobdnen.
mehmed faSas qarTvelebTan brZolis gamarTva ar undoda.
mas gorTan mdinare mtkvari unda gadaelaxa da manuCars
rCeva sTxova. manuCarma faSas dilamde dacda urCia. magram
sardalma brZana, saswrafod gadasuliyvnen mdinareze, ris
gamoc osmalebma sastiki marcxi ganicades. svimon mefis
xelSi aRmoCnda mtris mTeli aRali da xazina. gadarCenili
jaris nawilma Tbilisamde miaRwia. TbilisSi, rogorc yovelTvis, didi gaWirveba iyo da xelcariel mehmed faSas sxva
araferi darCenoda rom jariskacebSi 30 aTasi dukati
Seegrovebina da kaxeTis mefesTan garnizonisaTvis puris,
cxvrebis da sxva sanovagis Sesasyidad xalxi gaegzvna2. osmalTa imedebi verc Tbilisis faSam, gamahmadianebulma qarTvelma iusufma, gaamarTla. mehmed faSam igi gadaayena da mis
adgilze omar faSa daniSna3.
1 Minadoi, p. 184 -185.
2 Ibidem, p. 193.
3 Ibidem. svaniZe m., dasax. nasr., gv. 151
236
svimon mefem da aTabagma manuCarma gadawyvites osmalebisaTvis Tbilisis daxmarebis saSualeba ar miecaT1. maT daaxloebas Sahis karze didi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen. yizilbnaSebis azriT, amis Semdeg iranis mdgomareoba amierkavkasiaSi
mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdeboda2. Semdgomma movlenebma naTelyo, rom osmalebTan `Serigeba~ manuCaris xriki iyo3. marTalia, sulTanma manuCars Cildiris beglarbegoba aRudgina,
magram manuCarisaTvis amas raluri mniSvneloba ar hqonda.
mas kargad esmoda sulTnis zraxvebi samcxis mimarT. sulTans saaTabagos nacvlad safaSos daarseba undoda. amitom
osmaleTsa da samcxes Soris `megobroba~ xangrZlivi ver
iqneboda.
osmaleTis agresia samcxeSi mxolod qarTvelebis da
Sirvanelebis damoukideblobas ar emuqreboda. igi kavkasiis
sxva xalxebisTvisac saSiSi iyo. rogorc ibrahim feCevi gadmogvcems, saSamxlosa da daRestnis gamgeblebma kavSiri daamyares qarTvelebTan, raTa erToblivad ebrZolaT osmalebis
winaaRmdeg. kavkasiaSi antiosmalur kavSirs saTaveSi Caudga
iranis Sahi, romelmac samokavSireo jaris sardlad imamyuli-xani daniSna4. stambolSi jerovnad Seafases amierkavkasiaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da gadawyvites Crdilo kavkasiaze gavliT gaegzavnaT laSqari, romelic darubandsa da
baqoSi mdgom osmalTa garnizonebs daexmareboda5. imave dros
Tbilisis dasaxmareblad gagzavnili jari svimon mefem muxranis velze daamarcxa6. osmaleTis jaris darubandSi misvlam 1583 wlis gazafxulze, Sahis karze didi SeSfoTeba
1 Minadoi, p. 204
2 Ibidem, p. 226.
3 manuCar aTabagis osmalebTan urTierTobaze dawvr. ix. qvemoT gv. 399-437.
5 Смирнов И. А. Рoссия и Турция в XVI-XVII вв., в двух томах. «Ученные
записки МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова», вып. 94, М., 1946, т. I, XVI в., с. 126-127.
6 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 150-151.
237
gamoiwvia. Sahma imamyuli-xanis meTaurobiT 50 aTasiani jari
gagzavna. yizilbaSma sardalma maSinve qarTlisa da kaxeTis
mefeebs werilebi gaugzavna da isini laSqrobaSi monawileobis misaRebad miiwvia. ibrahim FfeCevTan ar Cans, mividnen Tu
ara qarTlelebi yizilbaSTa dasaxmareblad. kaxeTis mefes ki
mcire razmi gaugzavnia. maT mTebSi siarulisas gza dabneviaT, gafantulan da adgilobriv mosaxleobas osmalTa SiSiT amouwyvetia, maTi mokveTili Tavebi ki osmalo sardlisaTvis gaugzavnia. ferhad faSam, Tavis mxriv, kaxeTis mefe
aleqsandres misi qveSevrdomebis Tavebi gaugzavna da Tanac
SeuTvala: `bednieri fadiSahis moxarakeebi rom xarT, es ras
niSnavso?~1
amgvarad, osmalebis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi yofna
mxolod iaraRze iyo damyarebuli, rac, rogorc Cans, adgilobriv mosaxleobaze yovelTvis qmediT gavlenas ar axdenda. male osmalebma manuCaris `Semorigebis~ fasic iwvnies.
sulTnis braZanebiT, manuCars daevala TbilisSi 30 aTasi
dukatis mitana. roca manuCari Tbiliss miuaxlovda, minadois TqmiT, is svimon mefes Sexvda da xanmokle TaTbiris
Semdeg, manuCaris Tanmxlebi osmalTa razmi amowyvites,
xazina ki miiTvises2.
ferhad faSam ganizraxa manuCaris samflobeloebze eyara
javri. magram manamde aucilebeli iyo Tbilisis daxmareba.
man am rTuli amocanis Sesruleba qarTvelebTan da yizilbaSebTan brZolebSi gamocdil hasan faSas (es is hasan faSaa,
romelmac yizilbaSTa sardali yuli-xani daatyveva) daavala, mas Caabara 40 aTasi dukati da 15 aTasi rCeuli mebrZoli gaayola3. maT rigebSi iyvnen qurTistanisa da rumeliis amirebi. dmanisis xeobaSi mimaval osmalebs Tavsdaesxa
qarTvelTa 500 kaciani razmi, romelTa Soris ramdenime
1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 73. Sdr. svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 158
2 Minadoi, p. 223-224.
3 Ibidem, p. 224-225.
238
yizilbaSi amirac iyo. qarTvelebma ara mxolod SeaCeres
osmalTa winsvla, aramed, rogorc Saraf-xan bidlisi gadmogvcems (is piradad monawileobda am brZolaSi da gamoCenili simamacisa da erTgulebisaTvis sulTanma daajildova1), daamarcxes kidec. jaris narCenebi, misive TqmiT,
mxolod hasan faSas simtkicem ixsna. gadarCenil jars, meore dRes mxolod yizilbaSebi daesxnen, magram hasan faSam
maT winaaRmdeg Saraf-xan bidlisi gagzavna mcire razmiT,
romelmac mowinaaRmdegeTa meTauri ali-yuli begi daatyveva.
yizilbaSebi gaiqcnen2. marTalia, pirdapir ar aris naTqvami,
vin meTaurobda qarTvelTa im razms, romelmac osmalebi
daamarcxa, magram savaraudoa, rom es iyo manuCari. amis damadasturebeli unda iyos osmalebis mier manuCaris
samflobeloebis sastikad aoxreba, rasac sakmaod dawvrilebiT
agviwers minadoi3.
1584 wlis gazafxulze ferhad faSam miiRo sulTnis
brZaneba naxWevansa da Tavrizze SetevisaTvis momzadebis
Sesaxeb. imave dros, sulTnis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, saWiro
iyo qarTvelebisagan Seviwroebuli Tbilisis daxmareba4.
Sahis kars mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia osmalebis samxedro samzadisi da naxWevanis dasacavad Tavrizis maxloblad
Tavi mouyara 30 aTasamde mebrZols. yizilbaSebis samzadisi
ferhad faSas gegmas arRvevda. man, amis Sesaxeb, saswrafod
acnoba sulTans da Semdgom brZanebas daeloda. sulTanma
ukve icoda, rom svimon mefe da aTabagi manuCari kvlav osmalebis winaaRmdeg aRsdgnen, sastikad aviwroebdnen Tbilisis garnizons da Sahis daxmarebasac apirebdnen5. gaiTval1 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, Шараф-наме, I. Перевод, предисловие, примечания и приложения Е. И. Васильевой, М., 1967, с. 490.
2 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси. Шараф-наме, II. Перевод, предисловие, примечания и приложения У. И. Васильевой, М., 1976, с. 245.
3 Minadoi, p. 225.
4 Alberi, II, p. 285.
5 Ibidem.
239
iswina ra qarTlisa da samcxis pozicia, sulTanma ferhad
faSas ubrZana, `gadasdos yvela saqme da Seudges dmanisze
da loreze gamavali gzebis mowesregebas~1. aseT viTarebaSi,
osmalebis Semdgom moqmedebisaTvis Tbiliss gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
ferhad faSam, yizilbaSTa yuradRebis modunebis mizniT,
xmebi gaavrcela, rom naxWevanze laSqroba energiulad daiwyo da saqarTveloze TavdsxmisaTvisac emzadeba. man jer
lores cixe aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni 200 qvemexiT Caayena2, cixisTavad ki daniSna berZeni ali faSa3. sardalma mas daavala, xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi loredan 10 miliT
daSorebuli SaiTanyala (qajTacixe) gaemagrebina4. TviTon
ferhad faSa mTeli jariT wavida dmanisisaken, romelic
qarTvelebma nangrevebad aqcies, raTa es umniSvnelovanesi
cixe-simagre osmalebs aRar gamoeyenebinaT. ferhad faSam
roca am cixis da dmanisis midamoebi daaTvaliera, gonivrulad ar CaTvala misi aRdgena da mis maxloblad, Zveli
nacixaris adgilas, axali aagebina5. mis kedlebze 200 mcire
zomis qvemexi daadgmevina, beglarbegad ki hasan faSa daniSna6.
dmanisis midamoebSi ferhad faSam kidev erTi cixe daikava,
sadac 10 qvemexi dadga, xolo cixisTavad rustem faSa daniSna7. ferhad faSam Tbilisis dasaxmareblad dmanisidan ridvan faSa 20 aTasi8 rCeuli da saukeTesod SeiaraRebuli
mebrZoliT gagzavna. igi erTi dReSi TbilisSi mivida da
1 Minadoi, p. 226.
2 Minadoi, p. 229. jovani miqelis mixedviT _ 100 qvemexi. Alberi, II, p.
286.
3 `moreas mirliva ali-beg bunavi daniSna lores beglarbegad~. Шараф-хан
Шамсаддин Бидлиси, II, c. 246
4 Minadoi, p. 230.
5 Saraf-xan bidlisis mixedviT, ferhad faSa dmanisis cixis agebas 40 dRe
moandoma. Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, II, c. 246
6 arzrumis amir al-umara hasan faSa. Тамже.
7 Alberi, II, p. 286
8 Minadoi, p. 232. sxva cnobiT 12 aTasi. Alberi, II, p. 286.
240
garnizons saWiro daxmareba aRmouCina. maSin, roca ridvan
faSa TbilisTan idga, mis banakSi svimon mefis damterebuli
Zma dauT-xani mivida da osmalebs samsaxuri SesTavaza1. Tbilisis saqmeebis mogvarebis Semdeg ridvan faSa dmanisSi
gabrunda da dauT-xani Tan waiyvana. svimon mefe, mstovrebis
saSualebiT, Tvalyurs adevnebda osmalTa jaris moZraobas.
don xuan de persias TqmiT, ridvan faSas banakSi Separuli
mefis mstovrebi daud-xans daurwmunebia, rom osmalTa jari
mcire iyo. imave avtoris mixedviT, svimon mefes dauT-xanis
motaceba ganuzraxavs2. mstovrebis mier mefesTan mitanili
cnoba ridvan faSas jaris raodenobis Sesaxeb, swori ar iyo.
sinamdvileSi mas bevrad meti jari hyavda. miuxedavad amisa,
ridvan faSas qarTvelebis SiSi hqonda da ferhad faSas
damatebiT kidev 10 aTasi kaci sTxova3. yalbi informaciiT
waqezebuli svimon mefe manuCarTan da sxva oTx qarTvel
didebulTan erTad4, 4 aTasi mebrZoliT5 osmalebs dauxvda.
Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg 6 aTasi osmalo idga,
magram brZola gaCaRda Tu ara, borcvis ukan Casafrebuli
osmalTa mTavari Zala Tavs daatyda qarTvelebs. mefes cxeni
moukles, magram igi sakuTarma simamacem gadaarCina. qarTvelebi sruli ganadgurebidan ferhad faSas mier ridvan faSas
dasaxmareblad gagzavnili 10 aTasiani jaris gamoCenam ixsana. osmalebma isini qarTvelTa damxmare jarad miiCnies da
daibnen. amiT isargebles qarTvelebma da brZolis vels gaecalnen. ridvan faSam ferhad faSas banakSi sakmaod didi
nadavli miitana, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mis mier
miyvanili dauT-xani. dauT-xanis osmalTa banakSi misvlaze
sainteresod cnoba dagvitova mustafa selianiqma. igi ambobs: dauT-xani èxla Tavisi xuTi begisa da misi erTi
1 Minadoi, p. 232
3 Minadoi, p. 233.
5 Minadoi, p. 233.
241
mamaci Svilis TanxlebiT mis aRmatebuleba sardal ferhad
faSasTan movida. aq mas sTxova, rom momeciT saSualeba mivaRwio bednierebis zRurbls (stambols), radganac saqarTvelos gasaRebi me var da maRali RmerTis wyalobiT aReba
da dapyroba CemiT SeiZlebao~1.
zamTris moaxloebis gamo, ferhad faSa iZulebuli gaxda
yarsSi an arzrumSi dabrunebuliyo. manamde ki manuCaris samflobeloebis akleba undoda da javaxeTisken gaeSura. magram
axalqalaqisa da alTunyalas (oqroscixe) mosaxleoba gaxiznuliyo da sursaTic ver iSova, ris gamoc jari did
gasaWirSi aRmoCnda2. don xuan de persias da minadois mixedviT, amis Semdeg osmalebi axalcixisken wavidnen, magram isic
dacarielebuli daxvdaT. minadois TqmiT, osmalebma axalcixeSi adamianebisa da pirutyvisaTvis sakvebi blomad iSoves3.
don xuani ki sruliad sawinaaRmdegos ambobs: iq igive mdgomareoba daxvdaT, rogoric axalqalaqsa da alTunyalaSi4.
ferhad faSam axalcixeSi cixis ageba ganizraxa, magram
ganawameb jars amis gagonebac ki ar surda da saqme amboxebamde mivida. ferhad faSas mokvliT daemuqrnen. is iZulebuli gaxda artaans wasuliyo5.
don xuan de persias da minadois TqmiT, manuCar aTabagis
razmebma gzad mimaval osmalebs didi zarali miayenes.
qarTvelebma ferhad faSas oTxTvala gaZarcves. mis pirad
nivTebTan (Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili xmlebi, fari, kaparWi
da bewveuli) erTad, gaitaces misi sayvareli mxevali qali6.
minadoi ki fiqrobda, rom es Caidines ukmayofilo ianiCreb-
ma, raTa ferhad faSasTvis saxeli gaetexaT1. manuCaris partizanuli razmebi musrs avlebdnen osmalTa jars, yvelas
xocavdnen, vinc jars mcireodeni manZiliT CamorCeboda. jovani miqelis TqmiT, ase daemarTa 3 aTas Turqs, romlebic
didi Tovlis gamo ZiriTad Zalas CamorCnen da qarTvelebma
amowyvites2.
ferhad faSam gaiTvaliswina saqarTveloSi Seqmnili
mdgomareoba da mizanSewonilad CaTvala dauT-xani swrafad
gaegzvna sulTnis karze. dauT-xanis stambolSi misvlis ori
gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs. mustafa selianiqis mixedviT,
dauT-xani 1584 wlis noemberSi didi zeimiT miiRes stambolSi3, xolo fugeris gazeTis `korespondentis~ informaciiT _ 1585 wlis 20 ianvars4. fugeris gazeTma informacia
dauT-xanis stambolSi misvlis Sesaxeb miiRo 28 ianvars.
masSi naTqvamia: dauT-xani 20 kaciani amaliT stambolSi
mivida da sulTans Tbilisis beglarbegoba sTxova. samagierod igi sulTans dahpirda, rom darwmunebis, motyuebis an
Zalis gamoyenebis gziT qarTvelebs sulTnis qveSevrdomebad
gaxdida. dauTxanma erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, stambolSi Tavisi vaJi dastova. man sulTans gaacno, agreTve
sefianTa saxelmwifos savalalo mdgomareoba da Tavrizze
Seteva urCia.
sulTans awyobda dauT-xanis svimon mefesTan dapirispireba, amitom misi yvela Txovna Seiwynara. `mis Svilsa da
amalas sapatio xalaTebi uboZa, TviT dauT-xans maraSis beglarbegoba eboZa da 992 wlis zul-kadas pirvel ricxveb-
1 fuTuriZe g. mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 268.
3 Minadoi, p. 236.
5 Minadoi, p. 240; Don Juan de Persia, p. 86v; Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, II, c. 246
1 Minadoi, p. 243.
4 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Centrale
contemporaines de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélolodie~,
vol. XXXI, Paris, 1973, p. 188-189. l. tardis qarTul enaze gamocemul wignSi 2
ianvaria. ix. misi, ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 144.
242
243
Si1 sardalTan gagzavnil iqna maRali brZaneba, rom [dauTxani] eaxlos mis aRmatebulebas sardals da ojaklikis
wesiT eboZos saqarTvelos da misi Zmis [svimonis] is miwebi,
romlebic sardalma daipyro~2.
dauT-xanis svimonTan dapirispirebiT sulTani saqarTveloSi antiosmaluri Zalebis gaTiSvas fiqrobda. misi varaudiT momxreebi daud-xansac gamouCndebodnen, magram ganmeorda adrindeli mdgomareoba: dauTxanma verc Sahs
gaumarTla Tavisi proiranuli da verc sulTans Tavisi
proosmaluri politikiT. man dasayrdeni ver hpova qarTlis
TavadaznaurobaSi. osmaleTis mxares misma gadasvlam qarTlSi saxalxo moZraoba ki ar gaxrwna, aramed moxda TviT
dauT-xanis izolacia qarTlis patriotul ZalebSi3.
Znelia imis Tqma, gaiziara Tu ara sulTanma dauT-xanis
rCeva, osmalebs TavrizisTvis SeetiaT. manamdisac rom hqondaT maT aseTi ganzraxva, amaze ramdenjerme iTqva kidec.
erTi ram cxadia, rom osmalebma laSqrobis mimarTuleba
Secvales. 10 aprils osmalTa laSqari didvaziris, osman
faSas meTaurobiT, arzrumisa da erevnis gavliT Tavrizisken
wavida4. imave dros, saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvrebTan mdgom
jars ebrZana, daewyo Seteva saqarTveloze. meTaurobi iyvnen
lores beglarbegi hasan faSa da arzrumis beglarbegi ali
faSa. maTTan erTad iyo daud-xani, romelic umaRlesi mrCevlis movaleobas asrulebda5.
saerTo SetevisaTvis samzadisisas, osmalebma daiwyes
umTavresi strategiuli punqtebis gamagreba, maTi sursaTsanovagiTa da samxedro saWurvliT momarageba. osmalebi
1 1584 wlis noembris pirveli naxevari.
4 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p. 189; Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси,
II, c. 247.
5 Tardy L., Op. cit, p. 189.
244
goris cixis gamagrebas gansakuTrebiT cdilobdnen1. mTavarsardalma ferehad faSam ìm mxares, e. i. saqarTvelos sazRvarze rac cixeebi iyo, saWiroebisda mixedviT, zogs (cixes)
jari daumata, zogSi ki SesakeTebeli adgilebi SeakeTa da
araviTari nakli (cixeebSi) ar dautovebia~2.
1584 wlis adreul gazafxulze saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT gorSi Seqmnili gamwvavebuli mdgomareobis gamo,
ferhad faSam cixis aRdgenisaTvis specialurad gagzavna
Tavdapirvelad 884 jariskaci. rogorc ali-efendi wers,
adre lala Mmustafa faSas dros datovebulma damcvelebma,
qarTvelTa da sefevidebisagan Sewuxebulebma, daxmareba sTxoves sardals. gaiTvaliswina ra goris damcvelTa gaWirveba,
sardalma iq damatebiT kidev gaagzavna 200 jariskaci. amgvari
gadawyvetilebis miReba is aiZula manuCaris yizilbaSebis mxares gadasvlam. cixe aRadgines 27 dReSi. Cans amboxebul manuCars osmalTa mier dapyrobili ramdenime cixe gauTavisuflebia kidec, romlebsac osmalebi kvlav iaraRiT daeuflnen3.
osmalebma lores aRdgenis Semdeg aRadgines damanisi da
amis Semdeg ferhad faSa gorTan mivida. Mman am vilaieTis
dacva Caabara heidar faSas4.
goris cixeSi moiyara Tavi osmaleTis kavkasiis jaris
ZiriTadma Zalebma. aqedan RamiT Tavs esxmodnen da iklebdnen
Sida qarTlis mosaxleobas. osmalebi `Semoesivnen saqarTvelos goridan sami-oTxi manZilis siSoreze. uamravi da
usazRvro nadavli iSoves da tyveebi wamoasxes, ise, rom
xuTi aTasi komli, _ mTeli tomis mosaxleoba, gamoirekes
da Tan wamoyvanes, sxva Zvirfas nivTebs ki dasasruli ar
uCanda~5.
1 m. svaniZe fiqrobs, rom goris cixis gamagreba-aSeneba ferhad faSas meored sardlobis dros (1587 w.) moxda. svaniZe m. dasax. naSr., gv. 160.
4 NТамже, с. 134.
245
osmaleTis jaris goris midamoebSi sastik moqmedebaze
gadmogvcems agreTve ali-efendic. vidre sardali gorSi imyofeboda, misma jarma 5 aTasi adamianis saxli gaZarcva,
mravali daatyveva, mravals Tavi mohkveTa, daungria sacxovrebeli da Zalian bevri naZarcvi waiRo1.
Mmehmed faSa goridan TbilisSi wavida, sadac sami dRe
darCa. Mmas TbilisSi miutanes kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres
xarki, romelic Sedgeboda 30 iuqi abreSumis, ramdenime mona
kacisa da qalisa da sxva sagnebisagan. sardlis brZanebiT
Tbilisis cixe SeakeTes, amis Semdeg waiRo kaxelebis mier
gadaxdili xarki da arzrumSi wavida gamosazamTreblad2.
1585 wlis aprilis dasasruls osman faSam arzrumidan
Sikriki gagzavna sulTanTan da damatebiTi SeiaraRebuli
Zala iTxova3. rogorc Cans, mas qarTvelTa mosalodneli
Tavdasxma Zlier afiqrebda. osman faSa iranis sazRvars uaxlovdeboda da saomari operaciebisaTvis emzadeboda, rodesac
mas acnobes, rom alepos beglarbegma hasan faSam da klisas
sanjaybegma ali begma gasul zamTars brZola gaumarTes
qarTvelebs loresa da dmanisis maxloblad. am brZolaSi
daiRupa osmalTa jaris didi nawili, maT Soris lores begrlarbegi ali faSa, xolo alepos beglarbegma hasan faSam
brZolis velidan erTi muWa jariskacebiT gaqceva SeZlo. am
brZolaSi didi danaklisi qarTvelebmac ganicades4.
1584 wlis zamTarSi, osmalebma qarTvelebTan brZolaSi
sxvaganac ganicades marcxi. veneciis konsulis pietro miqeles mier siriidan gagzavnili relaciidan5 vigebT, rom hasan
2 Тамже. ibrahim feCevis gadmocemiT: `levan xanis Svilis _ aleqsandre
xanis Svilze dadebuli iyo [xaraja] ocdaaTi Áuqi abreSumi da ramdenime
ymawvili da ubadlo [silamazis] mxevali; aiRes da waitanes. Kkidev ramdenime
ispiris mimino da ramdenime balabani waiyvanes~. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77-78.
3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p 190.
4 Ibidem.
5 relacia veneciis senatSi waikiTxes 1584 w. 8 dekembers.
246
faSas Tan axlda 7 sanjaybegi TavianTi jarebiT. xuTi sanjaybegi qarTvelebma mokles, ori ki, daatyveves. hasan faSa
mxolod rva kaciT gaiqca1.
qarTvelTa warmatebulma moqmedebam seriozuli dabrkoleba Seuqmna erevanTan dabanakebul osman faSas did
armias. igi susrsaTis seriozul naklebobas ganicdida da
imedovnebda, rom momaragebis gaumjobesebis Semdeg samxedro
operaciebis gagrZelebas kvlav SeZlebda. man stambolSi
ramdenime kaci gagzavna da sulTans acnoba, rom sursaTis nakleboba jars gaxrwnis saSiSroebas uqmnida. arsebuli
siZneleebis gamo daiwyo dezertiroba, jariskacebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas iklebdnen2. aseTma mdgomareobam osman faSa
aiZula arzrumidan yarsis mimarTulebiT wasuliyo da am
qalaqis Crdilo aRmosavleTiT hasan-kalaSi dabanakebuliyo.
osmalTa jaris gadaadgileba CvenTvis imdenad sainteresoa,
ramdenadac aq mTavarsardalma miiRo iranis Sahisa da qarTlis mefis elCebi, romlebsac samSvidobo molaparakebis
gamarTva evalebodaT3.
molaparakebis dros Tavs iCens erTi gansakuTrebiT saintereso momenti: iranisa da saqarTvelos delegaciebi molaparakebas cal-calke, magram erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad awarmoebdnen. qarTlis samefos elCobas saTaveSi edga `maRali
Tanamdebobis saeklesio piri~, romelmac osman faSas acnoba
qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis survili `mSvidobisa da keTilmezoblobis~ Sesaxeb. sulTnis kari gaWianurebuli omis dasrulebis momxre iyo da osman faSas TviTonac gamouTqvams survili saomari moqmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. igi ara
marto qarTvelebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis, aramed maTi
yvela mtrisagan dacvis imedsac iZleoda. sardlis amgvar
enTuziazms, vfiqrob, qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebi didi six1 Berchet, p. 70.
2 Tardy L, Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p 190
3 Ibidem, p. 191.
247
aruliT ar Sexvdebodnen, radgan osman faSam imis garantiad,
rom qarTvelebi osmalebTan urTierTobaSi mSvidobasa da
keTilmezoblobas daicavdnen, svimon mefes ori vaJis sulTnis karze mZevlad gagzavna mosTxova1. osmalebs mefis vaJebis stambolSi wayvaniT, misi gauvnebelyofa undodaT.
movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebidan irkveva, rom sazavo
molaparakeba, rogorc iranelebTan ise qarTvelebTan uSedegod damTavrda da saomari moqmedeba ganaxlda. osmalebma
Tavrizis mimarTulebiT daiwyes Seteva, magram yizilbaSebis
da qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobas waawydnen da didi danaklisi
ganicades2. miuxedavad amisa, 1585 wlis seqtemberSi osmalebma
Tavrizi mainc aiRes. amis Semdeg yizilbaSebi, marTalia, brZolas ganagrZobdnen, magram maTi roli kavkasiis frontze
uaRresad Sesustda. am garemoebam osmaleebis qarTl-kaxeTis
winaaRmdeg gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia.
osmaleTis moZaleba xifaTs uqmnida kaxeTis samefos,
romlis mesveurebma osmalTa Semosevebi aqamde sxvadasxva
xerxiT aiciles. osmalebi Tvals xuWavdnen aleqsandre II-is
moCvenebiT morCilebaze. igi sargeblobda osmalebis qarTlisa da Sirvanis saqmeebSi CaflobiT da maT xarksac ki
aRar uxdida. axla, rodesac osmalebma SedarebiT myarad
igrZnes Tavi, ibrahim feCevis mixedviT, kaxeTis samefo aiZules 1578 wels dadebuli xelSekrulebiT nakisri xaraja
gadaexada. àleqsandre xanze dadebuli iyo xaraja: ocdaaTi
Áuqi abreSumi da ramdenime ymawvili da ubadlo [silamazis]
mxevali, [aiRes da] waritanes. kidev ramdenime ispiris mimino
da ramdenime kidev balabani waiyvanes~3.
kaxeTis mefem droulad Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba. vidre
osmalebi radikalur RonisZiebas gaatarebdnen, maT manamde
miarTva xarki. magram saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi osmalebs
1 Ibidem.
2 Ibidem.
248
iaraRiT uxdebodaT TavianTi pretenziebis dakmayofileba.
imave ibrahim feCevis Txzulebidan irkveva, rogor Seicvala
osmaleTis damokidebuleba daumorCilebeli saqarTvelos
mimarT. osmalebma, faqtobrivad, xeli aiRes qarTlis mimarT
inkorporaciis politikaze. memkvidreobiTi samflobeloebis
gamgeblebad isini tovebdnen adgilobriv Tvadebs, romlebsac vasaluri damokidebuleba unda eRiarebinaT da xarkis
gadaxda ekisraT.
1586 wels osman faSa mokvda da aRmosavleTis jarebis
mTavarsardlad ferhad faSa meored dainiSna. man `saqarTvelosaken zedized jari gagzavna da adre damorCilebulTagan xaraja da baJi aaRebina. dasturi miecaT mmarTvelobisa~. arasworia am osmalo istorikosis Semdegi gancxadeba:
àgreTve movida simon cbieris gadasaxadi da baJi. maTi
(svimon I da aleqsandre II _ e. m.) morCileba da daqvemdebareba dadginda~1. svimon mefe osmalebs gadasaxads rom ar
miarTmevda da arc morCilebas aRiarebda, es kargad Cans imdroindeli sxva sando wyaroebidan. svimon mefe erTaderTi
iyo, osmalebis winaSe qedi rom ar moixara. osmalebis mier
Tavrizis aRebis miuxedavad, svimon mefe 1585 w. Tavs daesxa
lores da es umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqti daipyro2. 1586 wlis 14 marts fugeris gazeTi Tavis mkiTxvels
acnobebda, rom ferhad faSam marcxi ganicada arzrumsa da
vans Soris. amave dros qarTvelebi Tavs daesxnen Tbiliss,
gors, yarss da osmalebis mier dapyrobil sxva mniSvnelovan cixe-qalaqebs da ise Seaviwroves isini, rom osmalo
jariskacebma dezertiroba daiwyes da vinc axerxebda, arzrumSi garboda3. damowmebuli es oriode cnoba erTxel kidev
adasturebs svimon mefisa da qarTlelebis qedmouxrelobas
osmalebis mier iranze warmatebuli Setevis Semdegac.
1 iqve.
2 qronikebi, II, gv. 423.
3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p. 192.
249
amave dros samcxis aTabagma manuCarma scada osmalebTan
mSvidobis damyareba, magram warumateblad1. misi diplomatiuri kontaqti sulTnis karTan, evropaSi gaiges qarTvelebsa
da osmalebs Soris separatuli zavis dadebad. amgvari azris
warmoSobas, albaT, xels uwyobda qarTvelebis saqmianobac.
safiqrebelia, manuCari da svimoni dainteresebulni imiT Tu
rogori pasuxi movidoda satambolidan da vidre viTarebaSi
ar gaerkveodnen, osmalebTan brZolaze Tavs ikavebdnen. roca
Tavrizis dasaxmareblad mimavali osmaleTis jari yizilbaSTa da qarTvelTa laSqars waawyda, qarTvelebma brZolas
Tavi aarides da ukan daixies2. qarTvelTa amgvari moqmedeba
ki sxvadasxva mosazrebas da varaudss warmoSobda saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobaze.
iTqva, rom svimon mefe, manuCar aTabagi da Sahi dainteresebulni iyvnen osmaleTTan zavis dadebiT. magram qarTvelebi da sparselebi sazavo molaparakebis mimarT sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas iCendnen.
iranTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyebis iniciativa ferhad faSam gamoamJRavna. is iranis taxtis memkvidre hamza mirzas daukavSirda. zavis dadebaze irani mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi daTanxmdeboda, Tu osmaleTi Tavrizze uars
ityoda. samagierod irani scnobda iranis yvela dapyrobas3.
Cans, rogor Seicvala iranis pozicia osmaleTTan zavis
sakiTxSi. aqamde irani yovelTvis amasiis zavis mixedviT
gansazRvruli mdgomareobis aRdgenas moiTxovda, axla igi
mzadaa uari sTqvas TiTqmis mTel amierkavkasiaze da imiTac
kmayofili darCeba, osmalebi Tavrizs Tu mainc dauTmobdnen. magram sulTani arc imaze iyo Tanaxma, rasac Sahis kari
moiTxovda. ferhad faSam hamza mirzas mosTxova mas Tavisi
1 ix. aqve, `samcxe-saaTabago da iaran_osmaleTi~.
2 Ibidem, p. 193.
3 Рахмани А.А. «Тарих-и Алам арай-и Аббаси» как источник по истории
Азербайджана, Баку, 1960, с. 75.
250
vaJi heidar-mirza stambolSi gaegzavna, raTa sulTans misTvis Tavrizi gadaeca1. es ki gulisxmobda, rom marTalia,
sulTani irans daubrunebda Tavrizs, magram misi gamgebeli
sulTnis vasali unda yofiliyo. hamza mirza yizilbaSi
amirebis SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda 1585 wels. sazavo
molaparakeba Sewyda.
qarTvelebi ukmayofilo unda yofiliyvnen iranis mier
warmoebuli sazavo molaparakebis dros wamoyenebuli pirobebiT. irani tovebda qarTlis samefosa da samcxe-saaTabagos bedis anabara. aseT viTarebaSi, ra Tqma unda, qarTvelebi
damoukideblad Seecdebodnen osmaleTTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyebas. irani Tu separatul zavs dadebda osmaleTTan,
es kidev ufro gaarTulebda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos isedac garTulebul mdgomareobas. iaranis warmomadgenlebTan
molaparakebis Semdeg, ferhad faSam sulTans sakuTari xeliT wauRo Sahisa da hamza mirzas werilebi, romlebiTac
isini zavis dadebas moiTxovdnen2.
rogorc iTqva, irani da osmaleTi molaparakebis dros
saqarTvelos sakiTxis ignorirebas axdenda. amitom qarTvelebma isargebles droebiTi simSvidiT da svimon mefem mters
axali dartyma miayena. 1586 wlis dasasruls, rogorc evropuli wyaroebi gvamcnoben, mefem Tbilisi aiRo. svimon mefis
mier Tbilisis aRebis Sesaxeb arsebuli evropuli wyaroebi,
erTi SexedviT Zlier saeWvod Cans, radgan iran-osmaleTis
omis aseTi mniSvnelovani momenti aRmosavlur wyaroebSi ar
aisaxa. magram evropuli wyaroebis sandoobas adasturebs
erTaderTi qarTuli werilobiTi Zegli _ `wigni qronikoni
Zvelisa da axlisa~, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `1586 q. q~ks
sod svimon mefe da qalaqis faSa asan faSa Seibnen tabaxmelas. mefes gaemarjva, da mokla xuTasi urumi da aiRo
1 Тамже.
251
galavani Tbilisis qalaqis ukana cixe~1. svimonma xelT igdo
mravali zarbazani, daangrevina osmalebis mier TbilisSi
daarsebuli zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana, ostatebi ki
Sahs gaugzavna. mefis mier Tbilisis aReba swrafad Seityves
evropaSi. Sarieris krebulis IV tomSi es cnoba daTariRebulia 1587 wlis 27 ianvriT2, magram ufro zustia l. tardis
mier mopovebuli cnoba, romelic 1586 wlis 26 noembriT
TariRdeba3.
rogor did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen evropaSi svimon mefis mier Tbilisis aRebas, amaze metyvelebs is uwyveti informaciis nakadi, romelsac fugeris gazeTi beWdavda. 1586
wlis 7 dekembers gazeTi ityobineboda, rom Tbilisi da mis
midamoebi dakavebuli hqondaT qarTvelebs da rom ferhad
faSam Tbilisis xelaxla dasapyrobad hasan faSa 15 aTasiani
jariT da ori beglarbegiT gagzavna. imave wlis 24 dekembris cnoba damatebiT siaxles Seicavda. Tbilisis aRebisas svimon mefes beglarbegi dautyvevebia4.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1587 wlis 22
ianvris informacia stambolidan. masSi, svimon mefis mier
TbilisTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis aRniSvnasTan erTad naTqvamia, rom stambolSi `mividnen Tbilisidan gaqceulni, romlebic hyvebodnen, Tu ra dRe ayara Turqebs qarTvelebis mefe
svimonma. svimonTan moskovidan mosula 6 aTasi karabineri.
mas gadauketia uReltexilebi da cixe-simagreSi gamoketili
omar faSa Znel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, radgan yvela gza
daxSuli hqonda~5.
1 saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss. teqstebis ganosacemad
moamzada, gamokvlevebi da ganmartebebi daurTo avT. ioselianma, Tb., 1980, gv.
341.
2 Charriére E., Negociations de la France dans le Levant et correspodences,
memoires et actes diplomatiques, IV, Paris, 1853, p. 578.
4 Ibidem.
5 Ibidem, p. 194.
252
qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTs Soris omis damTavreebis
win kavkasiaSi friad angariSgasawevi movlena moxda. 1587
wels kaxeTis samefom moskovis mefis mfarveloba miiRo. osmalebs es faqti seriozul garTulebebs uqadda ara marto
saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasiaSi. amitom osmaleTis mTavrobam gadawyvita, radac ar unda dajdomoda qarTlis samefos da samcxe-saaTabagos winaaRmdegoba gaetexa.
imave dros osmaleTs iranisTvisac unda Seetia. stambolSi
SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT, Seteva warimarTeboda sami mimarTulebiT: Cikali faSa gailaSqrebda yazvinze, jafar faSa
_ Tavrizidan ardebilze, ferhad faSa _ saqarTveloze1.
ferhad faSas SedarebiT mcire jari gamouyves, rac maSindel damkvirveblebSi eWvs iwvevda, rom igi saqarTveloSi
raime warmatebas miaRwevda. osmaluri wyaroebis mixedviT,
ferhad faSam Tavisi jaris nakleboba yarsisa da baTumis
sabeglarbegoebidan gamowveuli jariT Seavso. osmalebs
guriis mTavaric exmareboda2. imave osmaluri wyaroebidan
irkveva, rom ferhad faSam jer aWara daipyro da mTeli
ZaliT daiwyo brZola aTabag manuCaris winaaRmdeg. manuCarma
daxmareba Tavis simamrs, svimon mefes sTxova. igi maSinve
gaeSura, magram osmalebis goris dasapyrobad wasvla gaigo
da iZulebuli gaxda ukan gabrunebuliyo. amis Semdeg osmalebma advilad aiRes axalcixe, romelic kvlav Cildiris
sabeglarbegos SeuerTes.
samcxeSi osmalebis warmatebam aTabagis mowinaaRmdege
feodalebis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. osmalebi maTi daxmarebiT
manuCarisa da misi momxreebis samcxidan gandevnas cdilobdnen3. osmaluri wyaroebis sawinaaRmdego cnobebi Semogvinaxa venis nacionalurma biblioTekam. erT-erT moxsenebaSi
naTqvamia: `didi xani ar aris, rac ferhad faSam ganiz1 Ibidem.
3 ix. qvemoT. gv. 435-436.
253
raxa saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi, cixe-simagris aSeneba, romelic
gamiznuli iyo qarTvelebis mier momzadebuli Semotevis
mosagerieblad. osmalebma daiwyes Tu ara damxmare jarebis
moyvana, qarTvelebma alya Semoartyes maT da mTlianad amowyvites. ramdenime aTasi Turqi brZolis velze darCa~1.
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom, miuxedavad marcxisa,
osmaleTis diplomatebi transilvaniaSi, moldaveTsa da
vlaxeTSi xmas avrcelebdnen _ saqarTvelo damorCilebuliao. osmalebis aseT mtkicebas sruliad ewinaaRmdegeboda
aRmosavleTidan mosuli cnobebi. rogorc fugeris gazeTidan
vigebT, osmaleTis divans ganuxilavs qarTvelebis mier miyenebuli zaralis raodenobis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom osmalebs zemoaRniSnuli marcxis dros daukargavT 15 aTasi mebrZoli, maT Soris daRupulan sinan faSas
vaJi xusrev faSa da arzrumis beglarbegi2.
moyvanili evropuli wyaroebis cnobebi qarTvelebis osmalebTan brZolis epizodebs unda asaxvdes da ara omis
saerTo msvlelobas. erT ram faqtia, ferhad faSam did warmatebas miaRwia. osmaleTma daipyro ganja, daimorCila yarabaxi. qarTlSi da samcxeSi yvela strategiuli mniSvnelobis
cixe-simagre maT xelSi iyo.
osmaleTis warmatebebma aiZula qarTlisa da kaxeTis
mefeebi gadaesinjaT TavianTi politika osmaleTis mimarT.
kaxeTis samefos mdgomareoba Zveleburad myari aRar iyo.
ruseTis imediT yofna aRar SeiZleboda. ruseTs am dros uaRresad garTulebuli sagareo da saSinao mdgomareoba hqonda.
gansakuTrebiT daZabuli iyo misi urTierToba poloneTTan.
marTalia moskovis mTavroba kaxeTis mefes arwmunebda, rom
molaparakebisa da sxva saSualebiT osmalebs kaxeTs ar daaCagvrinebda, magram imave dros (1587 w.), moskovidan aleqsandre mefes mainc urCevdnen gamoenaxa osmaleTTan saerTo
1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, p. 195.
2 Ibidem.
254
ena. aleqsandre mefem osmaleTs xarkis gadaxda ganuaxla
weliwadSi 30 sapalne abreSumis saxiT1. mustafa selianiqis
mixedviT: `kaxTa mbrZanebelma aleqsandre xanmac ikisra
yovelwliurad aTi aTasi oqros Rirebulebis saukeTeso
abreSumis gadaxda gadakveTili fasiT. morCilad Segvatyobina, rom arsebul cixe-simagreebs siZneleebSi daexmareboda
da sakmaris sursaTs miawvdida~2.
am dros moxda erTi saintereso faqti, kerZod, kaxeTis
mefe aleqsandres vaJi erekle, cnobili wyaroebis mixedviT,
osamaleTSi gaiqca. gamoTqmulia eWvi, erekle ki ar gaiqca,
aramed kaxTa mefem, osmaleTTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis
mizniT, erekle sulTanTan gagzavna da mas iran-osmaleTs
Soris zavis dadebis saqmeSi Suamavlis roli unda Seesrulebina3.
* * *
kaxi ufliswulis proosmaluri orientacia cnobili iyo
misi osmaleTSi gaqcevamde da misi amgvari moqmedeba saqarTveloSi, albaT, aravis gaukvirdeboda. jer kidav 1574 w.,
aleqsandre II-is gamefebisTanave, erekle `gaparviT warvida
winaSe sultnisa stambols (ityBan siamayiTa Zmisa TÂsisa
daviTisagan)~4. roca Sah Tamazma gaigo erekles amgvari moqmedebis Sesaxeb, ieWva, SeiZleba igi aleqsandre mefem gagzavna
osmaleTSi. Sahi kaxeTis dasalaSqrad wamovida, magram mefem
SeZlo misi risxvis acileba5. aleqsandrem Sahs ufliswuli
konstantine mdidruli ZRveniT gaugzavna da erekles Sesaxeb acnoba, rom ùrCebiTa CemiTa warvida xvanTqarTana~ _
1 berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII
saukuneTa mijnaze. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb. 1967, gv. 31.
2 fuTuriZe g., dasax. naSr., gv. 270.
3 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 31; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 178.
4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576-577.
5 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 370; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576-577.
255
ibodiSebda kaxTa mefe. Sah Tamazi dakmayofilda aleqsandre
mefis SenaTvaliT `da warvida samyofsa TÂssa, da Tan wariyvana konstantine yrma mcire mZevlisa msgavsad~1.
axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstiT, Sah Tamazis
mier konstantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvana unda momxdariyo 1575 wlis bolos an 1576 wlis dasawyisSi, radagan
istorikosi SeniSnavs, rom mcire xnis Semdeg Sah Tamazi
gardaicvalao da iZleva Tamazis garadacvalebis TariRs _
1576 wlis 15 maisi, samSabaTi dRe.
konstantines mZevlad wayvanas sruliad gansxvavebulad gadmogvcems isqander munSi. iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, isqander munSis mier gadmocemuli ambavi, konstantine
ufliswulis iranSi mZevlad wayvanis Sesaxeb unda momxdariyo 1582 wels2. qarTuli naratiuli wyaros cnobas (konstantine rom 1575 an 1576 wels waiyvanes iranSi) mxars uWers
iranSi moskovis elCis grigori vasilCikovis naTqvami. igi
moskovs acnobebda, rom konstantine jer kidev Sah Tamazis
dros waiyvanes mZevlad, raTa aleqsandre mefe iranis erTguli yofiliyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi3.
konstantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvanaze yuradReba
imitom gavamaxvile, rom damajerebeli gavxado erekles Ralati jer kidev iran-osmaleTis meore omis dawyebis win.
rogorc Cans, erekle uprincipo pirovneba iyo da maSindel
saerTaSoriso an kaxeTis samefos saSinao politikaSi misgan
raime seriozuli saqmes aravin eloda.
erekle ufliswuli, rogorc ukve iTqva, Semdeg (1578
w.) moulodnelad Cndeba aleqsandre mefis mier dapyrobil
SaqSi. erekle mamasTan erTad rom ar monawileobda am samxedro eqspediciaSi, aSkaraa. rogorc anonimi venecieli gadmogvcems, erekles misvlisTanave aleqsandres Saqi miutove1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 517.
3 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 564
256
bia da kaxeTSi dabrunebula. lala mustafa faSam erekles
Saqis sanjaybegoba da aTi aTasi cexini jamagirad dauniSna1.
safiqrebelia, erekle osmalebTan erTad movida saqarTveloSi, rasac usiamovno STabeWdileba unda moexdina aleqsandre
mefeze (jer yizilbaSebma aleqsandres taxtis mociled iese
SaqSi dausves, axla osmalebi kaxT mefeze zewolisaTvis
erekles gamoyenebas cdiloben). niSandoblivia, rom aleqsandre II amis Semdeg movaleobas ki ixdida osmalo sardlebis
winaSe, magram piradad maT aRarasodes Sexvedria.
amgvarad, aleqsandres erekles mZevlad an Suamavlad
gagzavna Tu surda, visTan ra hqonda dasamali. iranis Sahi
TviTon agzavnida mZevals osmaleTSi da kaxeTis mefes jerjerobiT ra uflebiT aukrZalavda, an erekles Suamavloba
raSi sWirdeboda, roca arc sulTani iyo iranTan zavis winaaRmdegi, ris Sesaxebac ukve ramdenjerme iTqva.
aleqsandre mefes ruseTis mTavrobasTanac dasamali an
mosabodiSebeli araferi hqonda. moskovis xelmwife TviTon
urCevda aleqsandres, rom osmalebTan saerTo ena gamoenaxa.
im dros vin ar icoda, rom osmaleTTan saerTo enas mZevlisa da xarkis micemis gareSe veravin gamonaxavda. roca
ruseTis elCebma aleqsandre mefis karze erekles Sesaxeb
ikiTxes, kariskacebma auxsnes, rom Triaqis smam ufliswuls
goneba auria da Tavisi momxre aznaurebiT sulTanTan gaiqca.
SemdegSi erekles erT-erTi axlobeli ukan dabrunebula da
mefisaTvis mouxsenebia, rom ufliswuli bevrs cdilobda
sulTnis karze, magram verafers miaRwiao2. moskovis elCebi mowmeni gaxdnen, aleqsandre mefesTan rogor movidnen
yabardos mTavris xotovis mociqulebi da TavianTi mTavris
asuli, erekles meuRle, ukan yabardoSi waiyvanes3.
1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi, gv. 32.
2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 155-156. Sdr. javaxiSvili iv., dasax.
naSr., gv. 336.
3 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 168.
257
savarudoa, erekle sulTnis karze iseT pirovnebad ar
miiCnies, romelzec dayrdnoba SeiZleboda. igi ucxoobaSi
gadaxvewili mokvda da aleqsandre mefes amis dasturad
1590 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi erekles tansacmeli miutanes.
ereklesTan erTad gaqceulma misma Tanamzraxvelebma samSobloSi dabrunebis ufleba da xelSeuxeblobis sigelebi
iTxoves1.
* * *
arc aleqsandre mefes da arc Sah abass ar sWirdeboda
erekles Suamavloba da arc misi osmalebTan `gaqcevis~ inscenireba iyo saWiro. yvela meomari mxare omis dasrulebisa
da sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebas uWerda mxars, magram TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda zavis pirobebi formulirebuli
yofiliyo TiToeuli maTganisaTvis misaRebi SinaarsiT. 1588
wels osmaleTis imperiasa da qarTlis samefos Soris daido
zavi2. zavi yvelaze metad qarTlis samefos sWirdeboda. igi
mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi omis asparezad iyo qceuli,
ramac qveyana ganadgurebis piras miiyvana. svimon mefis brZolas uSedegod ar Cauvlia. SeiZleba iTqvas, man aiZula
osmaleTis imperia xeli aeRo qarTlis gaosmalebisa da misi
sruli inkorporaciis ganzraxvaze. svimoni osmaleTTan zavs
sdebda ara sabolood, aramed droebiT, Sesvenebis, Zalebis
xelaxla mokrebisa da saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi momxdari
cvlilebebis axleburad SefasebisaTvis. mefe rom arsebul
mdgomareobasTan Seguebas ar apirebda, kargad Cans ùavgustoes xelSekrulebidan~ da selianiqis Txzulebidanac.
sazavo xelSekrulebas safuZvlad is principebi daedo,
1 Тамже, с. 186.
2 zavis dadebis TariRi kidev ufro daazusta v. CoCievma. man isqander
munSis cnobebze dayrdnobiT daamtkica, rom zavi unda dadebuliyo 1588 wlis
1 seqtembramde. CoCievi v. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba
XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, gv. 194.
258
romlebzec, rogorc iskandr munSi aRniSnavs, erT dros
(1585 w.) hamza mirza da ferhad faSa SeTanxmdnen1. maSin
sazavo molaparakeba ver dasrulda hamza mirzas mokvlis
gamo. Tumca, im molaparakebis dros saqarTvelos sakiTxiT
osamaleTi da irani naklebad dainteresdnen.
svimon mefisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom mas samefos da Tavisi bedic TviTon unda gadaewyvita. Zalian sainteresod
gadmogvcems isqandr munSi mefis mdgomareobas zavis dadebis
win: svimon mefe mudam Seupovrad ebrZoda osmalebs, magram
sabolood Seafasa Tavisi mokavSire iranis mdgomareoba da
darwmunda, rom misgan daxmarebis imedi aRar unda hqoneboda. damoukideblad brZola ukve mis Zalebs aRemateboda2.
sulTanma svimon mefes usayvedura, rom mas xelSekruleba jer ar daemtkicebina da qarTlis mefe ferhad faSasTvis
micemul pirobas ukve arRvevda. amis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
mesazRvre beglarbegebi werilobiT acnobebdnen sulTans3.
svimon mefis mier islamis jaris Seviwroebas 1588 wlis
ivnisSi aRniSnavs mustafa selianiqi4. sulTani mefes mouwodebda Tavi Seekavebina amgvari moqmedebisagan, Tu ara samxedro moqmedebis ganaxlebiT emuqreboda. Tu osmaleTis jari
Seawuxebda svimon mefis qveSevrdomebs, sulTani damnaSaveebis sastikad dasjas hpirdeboda5.
svimon mefem sazavo pirobebi jer ferhad faSasTan
SeaTanxma, rac faqtobrivad, zavis dadebas niSnavda. Semdeg
elCebi stambolSi gagzavna. elCobas meTaurobdnen: mefis
Zma vaxtangi, misi erTi naTesavi da siauS saakaZe, giorgi
saakaZis mama6. elCebi stambolSi Rirseulad miiRes. rogorc
2 iqve, gv. 39.
3 svaniZe m., jiqia s., saqarTvelo TurqeTis urTierTobis istoriidan
1588-1590 ww., `macne~, istoriis seria, #6, Tb., 1966, gv. 234.
4 fuTuriZe g., dasax. naSr., gv. 271-272.
5 svaniZe m., jiqia s., dasax. naSr., gv. 234-235.
6 iqve, gv. 227-228..
259
`qarTlis mbrZaneblisadmi gacemuli uavgustoesi xelSekrulebidan~ Cans, sulTani murad III (1574-1595) friad
uwonebda svimon mefes osmaleTTan zavis dadebas: `Cems sabedniero samefo taxts yovelmxrivi morCileba da gamgonoba
gamoucxade, misi moxarjeoba bednierebis wyarod miiCnie da
zemoxsenebul sardals Seni wliuri xaraja gamougzavne da
amrigad erTgulad da gulwrfelad miendve da Semoafare
Tavi Cems uzenaes kars~1.
sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, osmaleTi qristianobiT
scnobda svimons qarTlis mefed, aRiarebda mis memkvidreobiT uflebas. igi damoukidebeli unda yofiliyo Sinagan
mmarTvelobaSi.
qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris sazavo
xelSekruleba arsebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT daido. qarTlis samefo orad gaiyo. is cixe-qalaqebi, romlebic osmalebs dapyrobili hqondaT, maT xelSi darCa, danarCen teritoriaze mefis xelisufleba vrceldeboda. xelismomweri
mxareebi sazavo xelSekrulebis sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias axdendnen. teritoriuli zonebi xelSekrulebaSi
mtkiced dadgenili ar iyo. Zneli iyo imis garkveva, vis
ekuTvnoda osmalebis mier dakavebuli cixe-simagreebis irgvliv mdebare soflebi da saxnav-saTesi miwebi. mefes es
ukanasknelni Tavis sakuTrebad miaCnda da iqidan garkveul
gadasaxads _ ùSurs~2 iRebda, riTac osmalebs adgilobrivi
sursaTiT gamokvebis saSualebas uspobda da mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. murad III SeSfoTebas gamosTqvamda imis gamoc,
rom qarTvelebi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSualebas ar
aZlevdnen `cixeebSi mimaval-momaval mis jariskacebs, sur1 iqve, gv. 234.
2 ùSuri~ gaiReboda baRebze, venaxebze, bostnebze, marcvleulis kulturebze, Taflze, Tevzis Weraze da sxv. Sengelia n., osmaluri gadasaxadebi da valdebulebani `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~ mixedviT. Tsu
Sromebi, #91, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, II, Tb., 1960, gv. 298.
260
saTisa da xazinis damtareblebsa da gamvlel-gamomvlelebs~1.
qarTvelebis gagebiT, Tu cixeebi osmalebs ekuTvnodaT, gzebi qarTvelebisa iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, ra Tqma unda, mSvidoba didi xniT ver damyardeboda. marTalia, ùavgustoes
xelSekrulebaSi~ murad III svimon mefes dabejiTebiT sTxovda, rom osmaleTis administraciasTan raime gaugebrobis
SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv ecnobebina stambolSi da damnaSaveni daisjebodnen. sinamdvileSi faruli da zogjer daufaravi omi mainc mimdinareobda.
qarTlis samefos osmaleTTan arapirdapiri omis gagrZelebis mniSvnelovan magaliTs warmoadgens svimon mefis
ramdenime laSqroba dasapyrobad imereTis samefosi, romlis
Sidapolitikur cxovrebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena osmaleTs
hqonda.
XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi imereTis samefoSi sruli anarqia sufevda. erTmaneTze wakidebuli dadianisa da gurielis
brZolaSi imereli Tavadebis erTi nawili monawileobda,
magram meore nawili, qveynis Sidapolitikuri viTarebiT
da kars momdgari osmalebisagan dapyrobiT SeSfoTebulni,
svimon I-Si xedavdnen im liders, romelsac qveynis gadarCena SeeZlo. ra Tqma unda, svimon mefe cdilobda imereTis samefoSi arsebuli viTarebis saqmis kursSi yofiliyo.
svimons imereTze Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi,
osmalebTan brZolis dros, romelic, zavis miuxedavad, mas
damTavrebulad ar miaCnda, Tavdacva da osmalebisagan dapyrobili qarTuli miwebis ganTavisuflebac gauadvildeboda.
erTi SexedviT, qarTlisa da imereTis politikuri Zalebis
interesTa Tanxvedra Cans.
svimon mefe imereTis samefoSi mimdinare movlenebis pasiuri damkvirvebeli ar iyo. is daukavSirda iqaur gavlenian
Tavadebs da zogierTisgan Tanadgomis mtkice piroba miiRo.
amis Semdeg is Tavisi jariT imereTSi gadavida. levan mefem
1 svaniZe m., jiqia s., dasax. naSr., gv. 235.
261
(1583-1590) daxmarebisaTvis dadiansa da guriels mimarTa,
magram uari miiRo, svimon mefes ki zogierTi `zemouri~ miuvida. gofanTosTan (axlandeli Terjolis maxloblad) brZolaSi 1588 wels svimon I-ma levan mefe daamarcxa, `daipyra
imereTi, gamouxuna mZevalni imerTa, wariyvanna igini da
warvida~, levanma isev daibruna samefo taxti, magram Tavis
simamr mamia dadianTan brZolaSi damarcxda, tyved Cavarda
da SxeTis cixeSi tyveobaSi gardaicvala. gamefda rostomi
(1590-1605), romelsac dadiani uWerda mxars da misi gamefebiT, Sesabamisad, odiSis mTavari Zlierdeboda. rogorc
Cans rostomis gamefeba osmalebisa da maTi momxre guriis
mTavar giorgisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. guriis mTavari Tavs
daesxa mefes, gandevna da gaamefa misTvis da sulTnis karisTvis sasurveli kandidati bagrati, romelsac qveyana unda
emarTa gurielis vaJis mamias zedamxedvelobiT. vaxuSti batoniSvilis TqmiT: ìxila gurielman giorgim saqme rostomisa, Seikribna spani, movida da moiyvana bagrat Ze Teimurazisa vaxtangis Zisa; ver winaRudga rostom, waruxuna
quTaTisi da misca bagrats da TviT mivida saCinos; moiyvanna
osmalTa spani~1. bagrati osmalebisTvis misaRebi kandidati
iyo da amitom mis gamefebaSi Cildiris beglarbegi abdulahic Caeria. erT Turqul sabuTSi naTqvamia: `bakakis (bagratis _ e.m.) saxelwodebis mefe imTaviTve Tavisi saqmianobis
Sesrulebas Seudga. igi bednierebis dedaqalaqs (stambols
_ e. m.) emorCileboda da mis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo~2. svimon
mefe, bunebrivia, ar dauSvebda osmalTa marioneti bagratis
gamefebas, isev gadavida imereTSi da quTaiasi alyaSi moaqcia. beri egnataSvilTan svimonis imereTSi gadasvla 1593
wliT TariRdeba, maSin rodesac Turqul wyaroebi svimo1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 821.
2 Sengelia n., xuTi dokumenti `muhime davTrebidan~ svimon qarTlis mefis
Sesaxeb. saiubileo krebuli miZRvnili SoTa mesxias dabadebis 90 wlisTavisadmi, Tb., 2006, gv. 379.
262
nis imereTSi gadasvlas, quTaisis alyas da sxv. 1591-1592
wlebis qveS aTavsebs. aRniSnuli sabuTi informaciuli xasiaTiisaa da 1591 wlis 10 agvistoTi TariRdeba da am wlis
pirveuli naxevris movlenebs asaxavs. sabuTidin irkveva, rom
svimon mefes quTaisis alya gauxangrZlivda. imereTSi myof
osmaleTis warmomadgenlebs sakmaod intensiuri miwermowera hqondaT xelisuflebis sxvadasxva donis moxeleebTan
quTaisis cixis svimonisaTvis danebeba-ardanebebis Sesaxeb.
`Cildiris beglarbegs huqmi gaegzavna, werilobiT ecnoba.
bakakis (bagrati _ e. m.) saxelwodebis meliqma quTaisis
cixe wyeul svimons ar misces. am mxareSi morCilebis arza
gamoigzavna. Cabarebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad,
saswrafod guliTadi erTguleba iyo saWiro. xsenebuli
cixis beglarbegma... Cabareba iTxova. guriis mefes patiosani
huqmi gaegzavna. amasTan dakavSirebiT vbrZaneb, rom rodesac
igi moaRwevs, Senc amasobaSi uwindeburad dainiSne. guriis
mefem werilebis gagzavna sasargeblod miiCnia. am sakiTxze
sasiamovno Tadarigi daikaves. amasTanave igi informirebul
iqna... aRniSnuli bakakis (bagratis) saxelwodebis mefem
yvelaferi gamoiyena, yvelaferi gaakeTa Tu Tavdasxmebisas
mniSvnelovani daxmareba iqneboda, aRniSnuli cixe iarebs
moiSuSebda. xsenebuli ferhadisaTvis... damatebiT laSqrobaSi monawileoba, didi sanaqebo saqme iqneboda. amgvarad,
Tadarigi daWeril iqna, mdgomareoba kvlav ucvleli darCa.
dawvrilebiT yvelaferi cnobili gaxdeba~1.
mefe bagratis, gurielisa da osmalo moxeleebis saqmianoba, quTaisis cixis svimonis mier daprobisagan gadasarCenad, aisaxa sxva Turqul sabuTebSic, Cans, rom svimonma 1591
wels ver SeZlo dasaxuli miznis miRweva2, Semdgom wels
ki, man, rogorc qarTuli wyaros mixedviT SeiZleba varaudi,
quTaisis cixe aiRo, bagrati Seipyro, `damZevla imereTi~ da
1 iqve, gv. 379-380.
2 iqve, gv. 384, 390.
263
qarTlSi gabrunda1. amis Semdeg rostomma, manuCar dadianis
daxmarebiT aiRo quTaisi da kvlav imereTis mefed Seiqmna.
es ambavi unda iyos asaxuli Cildiris beglarbegisaTvis
gagzavnil huqmSi, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom imereTis mefem
da dadianma quTaisis cixe aiRes da misi SekeTeba-Seremonteba moaxdines: `saremonto saqmianoba gaswies da adgilebze mividnen. quTaisis cixeSi dabanakdnen. cixeSi mcvelebisa
da meTvalyureebis Cayenebis Taobaze brZaneba gaica... karebi
moitanes, Tavis adgilebze Camokides... Sig warCinebulebi da
didebulebi Caayenes~2.@am warmatebis Semdeg unda yofiliyo,
rom `qurT emirTagan uwarCinebulesi emiri ilhaji 300 kaciT quTaisis cixeSi darCa. es cixe mas eboZa, Tumca amjerad
quTaisis cixis dacvaze uari Tqveso~. rogorc Cans, ilhaji da misi razmi goridan gadmoiyvanes quTaisis cnobili
movlenebis gamo da maT isev gorSi dabruneba undodaT. maT
hpirdebian, rom `wyeuli~ svimonis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis
dro dadgeba, gorSi dagabrunebTo. ilhaji ukve daniSnuli
iyo goris damcvelad3.
beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, svimon mefe isev imereTSi
SeiWra rostomi daamarcxa, quTaisi aiRo, mZevlebi wamoiyvana da qarTlSi dabrunda. rostomma dadianis daxmarebiT
quTaisi da taxtic daibruna. svimoni isev gadavida imereTSi,
TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani qalaqi aiRo quTaisis CaTvliT,
magram sabolood ofSkviTis brZolaSi4 man rostom mefisa
da dadianis gaerTianebul ZalebTan marcxi ganicada da rostomTan morigeba arCia5. amgvarad, mefis cdam, saimedo zurgi
hqoneboda dasavleT saqarTvelos mxridan, marcxi ganicada.
2 Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 387,
3 iqve, gv. 384.
4 Cvens istoriografiaSi miRebulia obSkviTis brZolis TariRad 1590
weli, rac ganxiluli Turquli wyaroebis Semdeg sauTuod meCveneba.
5 farsadan gorgijaniZe, gv. 222; qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 375-377; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 820-823.
264
urTierTobani da diplomatia
XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi
XVI s. 80-iani wlebis evropul wyaroebSi pirvel cnobebs
saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb reCpospolitis mefe iStvan batoris (1576-1586) antiosmalur gegmebSi
vnaxulobT. iStvan batoris azriT, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
brZolis dawyebamde aucilebeli iyo ruseTis dapyroba. am
gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis igi mxardaWeras eZebda romSi,
veneciis respublikaSi, avstriaSi, espaneTsa da iranSi.
romis papis azriT, espaneTi da poloneTi, romlebic
ruseTze gavliT unda dakavSirebodnen CineTsa da indoeTs,
kaTolikuri evropis dasayrdeni iyvnen. pap grigol XIII-s
(1572-1585) grandiozuli perspeqtivebi esaxeboda poloneTis, litvis da Sveciis erToblivi frontiT ruseTze da
osmaleTis imperiaze SetevisaTvis1.
iStvan batori gamefebisTanave ruseTis winaaRmdeg omisaTvis samzadiss Seudga. romis papi Tvisi specialuri elCis,
cnobili diplomatis, iezuit posevinos saSualebiT yovelnair mxardaWeras ucxadebda batoris Teziss: moskovi TurqTaTrebis an poloneTis gavlenis qveS moeqceva. magram papis
kuriaSi, veneciasa da batoris karze icodnen, rom ruseTi
advili nadavli ar iqneboda. saWiro iyo ruseTisa da osmaleTis erTmaneTTan dajaxeba da aseTi saSualebiT orives
dasusteba. amis Semdeg ruseTis dapyroba mis dasavlel mezoblebs sruliad gauadvildebodaT2.
poloneT-romis molaparakeba posevinos saSualebiT mimdinareobda. 1583 wlis 26 ianvars posevino komos kardinals acnobebda kavkasiis frontze momxdar axal ambebs da
1 Винтер Э. Натиск контрреформации на Россию и польские королевские
выборы 1575 и 1587 гг. Сб. «Международные связи России до XVII в.», М.,
1961, с. 407.
2 Тамже, с. 408.
265
osmalebis mier gancdili marcxis mniSvnelobaze. igi iqve
miuTiTebda, rom sasurvelia, papma iranis Sahi qristiani
xelmwifeebis saxeliT waaqezos, raTa mtkiced idges osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. posevino imasac aRniSnavda, Tu ra didi
mniSvneloba hqonda ruseTze gamaval gzebs iranTan da kavkasiasTan dasakavSireblad1.
iStvan bators imave wels kaxeTTan, qarTlTan da yabardosTn samxedro kavSiris Sekvrac ki ganuzraxavs. es is
`qveynebi~ iyo, romlebic imisaTvis raTa Tavi daecvaT osmaleTis imperiis agresiisagan, ruseTTan daaxloebas cdilobdnen2.
1583 wels kavkasiaSi antiosmaluri koalicia marTlac
rom Seiqmna, amaze miuTiTebs ibrahim feCevi. misi TqmiT,
`Samxali da daRestnis sxva meliqebi da saqarTvelos Tavadebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen. eseni ambobdnen: es xalxi
(osmalebi – e. m.) TandaTan mravldeba; vidre eseni Sirvanis
qveynis Semdeg Cvens samemkvidreo samflobelomde movidodnen, Tu Cven droulad Tadrigi ar daviWireT, eWvi ar aris,
rom maTgan aoxreba Cvenc ar agvcdeba~3. radgan irani osmaleTs ebrZoda, Sahma, imave feCevis gadmocemiT, mizanSewonilad CaTvala, Tavis xelSi aeRo kavkasiis xalxebis
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis xelmZRvaneloba4.
1584 wlis 29 agvistos posevino komos kardinals kvlav acnobda batoris gegmas: batori zogierTi rusi mTavris
daxmarebiT sami wlis ganmavlobaSi daipyrobda mTel ruseTs
da astraxansac daeufleboda. amis Semdeg osmaleTi veRar
gabedavda kaTolikur evropaze Tavdasxmas. garda amisa, ba1 Pierling H., Le S. Siege, la Pologne et Moscau 1582-1587, Paris, 1885, p. 123124.
2 Kuntze E., Les rapports de la Pologne avec le Saint Siège à l’à d’Ètienne
Batori (Ètienne Batory, Roi de Pologne, Prince de Transilvanie), Cracovie, 1935,
p. 204.
3 ibrahim feCevi, gv, 69.
4 iqve. svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 148.
266
tori daukavSirdeboda CerqezeTs, saqarTvelosa da irans.
isini maSin amoqmeddebodnen, roca poloneTis mefe xelsayrelad miiCnevda1.
1586 wels iStvan batori, Tavis mxriv, brwyinvale perspeqtivas usaxavda romis paps im didi sargeblobis Taobaze,
rasac papis kuria ruseTSi da kavkasiis xalxebSi, kerZod,
saqarTveloSi kaTolikobis gavrcelebiT miiRebda2. posevino
pap siqst V-s (1585-1590) da kardinal acolinos arwmunebda, rom rusebi mzad arian uaryon TavianTi mefe da batori
scnon. papma poloneTis mefes daavala posevino molaparakebisaTvis moskovSi gaegzavna. im SemTxvevaSi Tu ruseTi uars
ityoda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad mimavali poloneTis
jaris mis teritoriaze gatarebaze, maSin papi iStvan bators
daTanxmdeboda daewyo omi moskovis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.
batorma papisagan avansad 25 aTasi skudi miiRo òsmaleTis
winaaRmdeg omisaTvis~. es, faqtobrivad, romis papis mier batorisaTvis moskovis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg omis dawyebis
nebarTvis micemas niSnavda, radgan eWvi ar iyo, rom mefe
Tevdore papis kompromisul winadadebas ver daeTanxmeboda. ruseT-reCpospolitis am daZabuli urTierTobis dros,
ruseTis teritoriaze poloneTis jaris SeSveba, raTa mas
kaspiis zRvis sanapirodan daertya osmaleTisaTvis, moskovis mTavrobisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. moskovSi isedac icodnen,
rom 1586 wlis damdegs Sliaxturma seimebma erToblivi
gadawyvetileba miiRes ruseTis winaaRmdeg omis dawyebis
Sesaxeb. magram batoris gegmebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera.
batori moulodnelad, 1586 wlis dekemberSi, gardaicvala.
reCpospolitaSi areuloba daiwyo, ruseTTan omis dawyebam
meore rigSi gadaiwia.
evropaSi gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals iran-osmaleTis
omis msvlelobas. osmaleTis warmatebam, kerZod, mis mier
1 Pierling, Op. cit., p. 133-134.
2 Ibidem, 161-162.
267
iranis umniSvnelovanesi qalaqis _ Tavrizis aRebam, udidesi
STabeWdileba moaxdina. veneciis respublikis agenti, am ambiT SeSfoTebuli, iranidan gagzavnil saidumlo moxsenebaSi
Tavis mTavrobas acnobebda, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis
dros saqarTvelo serizul Zalas warmoadgenda1.
sainteresoa, roca avstriis elCi moskovSi varkaCi 1589
wlis 11 ivniss dainteresda aRmosavleTSi antiosmalurad
ganwyobili qveynebis samxedro SesaZleblobiT, saelCo prikazSi CamouTvales, romeli qveyana ramden jars gamoiyvanda.
iqve naTqvami iyo, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi 50 aTasiani jariT
yizilbaSebTan erTad osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ibrZolebda2.
iseTi STabeWdileba ar unda Seiqmnes, TiTqos saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebi mxolod TavianT mezoblebTan
urTierTobiT izRudebodnen. maTi politikuri mesveurebic
dainteresebulni iyvnen evropisa da aRmosavleTis ambebiT
da maT Sesaxeb informacias agrovebdnen. bunebrivia, qarTvel politikosebs ainteresebdaT ra xdeboda osmaleTis
mowinaaRmdege qveynebSi, rogori iyo antiosmaluri Zalebi.
aleqsandre kaxTa mefisaTvis informaciis mTavar wyaros,
ZiriTadad, ucxoeli da qarTveli vaWrebi warmoadgendnen.
rogorc Cans, igi xSirad evropaSi vaWrebis saxiT Tavis SeniRbul agentebs agzavnida3.
osmaleTisa da yirimis saxanos moZalebam kavkasiis
xalxebze, isini dampyroblebis sapirispiro Zalis gamoZebnis aucileblobaSi daarwmuna. naTeli iyo, irani aseT Zalad
1 Berchet, Op. cit., p. 291.
2 Памятники дипломатических сношений Дреней России с державами
иностранными, ч. I. Сношения России с государствами европейскими, т. I, с
1488 по 1594 г., СПб., 1852, с. 186.
3 mravlismetyvelia aleqsandre II-is mier ruseTis elCisaTvis SenaTvali:
«Царягорода и изо Фрянок торговые люди ко мне ездят, а мои люди торговые во Царьгород и во Фрянки ездят; а иное и яз посылаю для вестей будто с
торгом на Гиляне да на Казбин и во Фрянки» (Сношения России с Кавказом,
с.205).
268
veRar gamodgeboda. is Tavisi Tavsac veRar icavda. amitom
yuradReba gadatanili iqna moskovis saxelmwifoze, romelic
kavkasiisa da kaspiis zRvis sanapiroebisaken miiwevda. rusebma astraxani daipyres da iranTan pirdapiri savaWro kavSiri
daamyares. aseT viTarebaSi osmaleTis gabatoneba Crdilo
kavkasiaSi, amierkavkasiis dapyroba da iranis ganadgureba an
dasusteba ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis miuRebeli iyo. sulTnis kari mSvenivrad xvdeboda moskovis saxelmwifos mizans
da diplomatiuri manevriT cdilobda CaeSala misi urTierToba iranTan da ruseTs iranis sawinaaTmdego kavSiri SesTavaza. 1586 wlis oqtomberSi osmalo vaWarma mehmedma rus
elCebs _ rodion birkinsa da petre pivovs ganucxada, rom
sulTani mzad iyo ruseTisaTvis daeTmo astraxani (ufro
sworad, osmaleTi scnobda ruseTis mier astraxanis dapyrobas), Tu ruseTsa da osmaleTis imperias Soris antiiranuli SeTanxmeba daideboda1.
moskovis saxelmwifo amierkavkasiaSi mokavSireebis Ziebas iwyebs. moskovSi, saqarTvelos sxva samefoebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze meti informacia kaxeTze hqondaT. kaxeTi
farTod iyo Cabmuli abreSimiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.
kaxeTs moskovTan dakavSireba astraxanis gziT SeeZlo. es
gza gadioda daRestan saSamxloze, romlis mTavari sulTnis
vasali iyo. osmaleTis miTiTebiT, Samxlis razmebi iklebdnen kaxeTis sasazRvro raionebs. amitom ruseTis Semosvlas
Crdilo kavkasiaSi kaxeTisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
hqonda. Crdilo kavkasiaSi ruseTis jaris Cayeneba gamoiwvevda saSamxlos osmaleTis saxelmwifosagan mowyvetas da mis
moqcevas or qristianul saxelmwifos Soris. amis Semdeg
misi alagmva advilad moxerxdeboda.
kaxeTTan urTierTobis ganaxleba ruseTma moiwadina.
mefe Tevdore ivanes Zis brZanebiT, astraxanis meTofeTa
asisTavma, tolmaCma rusin-danilovma, kavkasiaSi imogzaura
269
da kaxeTsac ewvia. elCs, viTom, mxolod ruseTTan vaWrobis
sargeblianobis propaganda evaleboda, magram imave dros
igi zveravda astraxanidan saqarTvelosaken mimaval gzebs,
cdilobda gamoekvlia kaxeTs rogori ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda da a.S. danilovma kaxeTis mefes Tavisi mefis werili gadasca. werilSi moskovis saxelmwifo kaxeTis
samefos politikur kavSirsa da mfarvelobas sTavazobda1.
kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II didi kmayofilebiT Sexvda Tevdore ivanes Zis winadadebas. `kaxeT-ruseTis urTierTobis
ganaxlebisaTvis droc marjve iyo. irani osmaleTs daeZala
da Sahs kaxeTis `patronobis~ Tavi ara hqonda. osmaleTi ki
moZalade iyo da kaxeTis mefec saSualebas swored am moZaladisagan Tavis dasacavad eZebda~2. aleqsandre II-m roca
danilovi gaistumra, Tan Tavisi elCebic gaayola, romlebmac 1586 wlis 9 oqtombers Tevdore mefes kaxeTis samefos
mfarveloba sTxoves.
moskovis xelmwifes kaxeTis samefo unda daecva yvela
mtrisagan, aego Tergze cixe da Sig didi jari Caeyenebina.
imave dros Tergidan kaxeTisaken saSamxloze gamavali gza
rusebs unda gaekontrolebinaT, raTa masze mogzauroba uxifaTo yofiliyo3.
kaxelebi ruseTis mTavrobas saSamxloze gamavali gzas
garkveuli gegmiT sTavazobdnen. marTalia elCebi moskovSi
amtkicebdnen, rom es gza yvelaze moxerxebuli da mokle
iyo (rac SeiZleba arc iyo simarTles moklebuli), magram
maT sxva rame hqondaT Cafiqrebuli: ruseTs jari Seeyvana
1 Тамже, с. 12; berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze, gv. 11-12.
2 berZeniSvili n. dasax. naSr., gv. 18.
3 Tergidan kaxeTisaken midioda sami gza: 1. CerqezeTi-xevi-mTiuleTi-kaxeTi, 2. sunja-saCaCano-xunZaxi, 3. kaxeTi-waxuri-yazi-yumuxi-yazaniCi-qiafir-yumuxi-tarki-tiumeni-Tergis cixe. Полиевктов М. А., Экономичеслие разведки
Московского государства в XVII в. на Кавказе, Тифлис, 1935, с. 28-31; berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 18-19).
270
saSamxloSi, rac, ra Tqma unda, mSvidobianad ar moxdeboda.
T. bocvaZe fiqrobda, rom 1586 wels kaxeTis samefo kari
ruseTs ar sTxovda Samxalis winaaRmdeg Sewevnas, radgan
saSamxlo, kaxeTTan erTad, antiosmalur koaliciaSi iyo.
igi naTqvamis sabuTad iSveliebda imave wels Samxalis mier
moskovSi Tavisi elCis gagzavnas. elCma Samxalis saxeliT
mfarveloba da Tergze cixis Cadgma iTxova, raTa osmalebs
ar daeswroT da iq cixe ar CaedgaT. Semdeg mkvlevarma
is argumenti moiyvana, rom 1586 wels gagzavnil werilSi
aleqsandre mefe arafers ambobs Tergis cixis aSenebisa da
saSamxloze gamavali gzis rusebis mier dakavebaze1. misive
TqmiT, kaxeT-saSamxlos urTierToba gafuWebula 1587 wels
kaxeTis mier xeldebulebis ficis miRebis Semdeg.
Cemi azriT, Samxalis mier elCis gagzavna moskovSi
srulebiTac ar niSnavda kaxeT-saSamxlos yofnas antiosmalur koaliciaSi. savaraudoa, saSamxlo cdilobda kaxeTruseTis urTierTobis CaSlas da undoda moskovis mTavrobisaTvis eCvenebina, rom kaxeTTan kavSiris gareSe, saSamxlos
mxardaWeriT, Tergze cixis Cadgmac SeiZleboda da osmaleTis
SeCerebac Tu is astraxanze gailaSqrebda. imis varaudic
SeiZleba, rom Samxali sulTnis miTiTebiT moqmedebda. Samxals drois mogeba undoda, vidre amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTs
uWirda, manamde ruseTs moqmedeba ar daewyo. ruseTis Sesvla amierkavkasiaSi niSnavda osmaleTis miznebis katastrofas am regionSi.
kaxeTis pozicia saSamxlos mimarT Tavidanve garkveulia.
kaxeTis mizania saSamxlos winaaRmdeg aamoqmedos ruseTi.
marTalia, 1586 wels gagzavnil werilSi (misi Sinaarsi
gadmocemulia `stateini spisokSi~ da mis sizusteze lparaki ar SeiZleba) aleqsndre mefe arafers ambobs Samxalis
Sesaxeb da mxolod osmalebisagan dacvas iTxovs. werilSi
aleqsandre mefe uaRresad sqematurad, sul bolos (werili
1 bocvaZe T., dasax. naSr., gv. 39.
271
xom ZiriTadad, Tevdore ivanes Zis xotbis Sesxmaa) asaxelebs osmalebs. isini qristianobis mtrebi arian da sxvebTan erTad Cvenc vitanjebiTo1. `stateini spisokSi~ Semdeg
aRniSnulia moskovis mTavrobas, mefis brZanebiT, qarTvelT
elCobis romeli wevrisaTvis ramdeni xarji unda gaeRo.
1587 wlis 3 aprils Tevdore ivanes Zem qarTveli elCebis saqarTveloSi gaSveba da Tan Tavisi elCebis gayoleba
brZana. vidre qarTveli elCebi moskovs datovebdnen, manamde
isini, TavianTi mefis brZanebis Tanaxmad, saelCo prikazSi
unda misuliyvnen da ganecxadebinaT, rom moskovis mefe Tevdore ivanes Zem kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre mfarvelobaSi unda
aiyvanos da kaxeTSi maTTan erTad Tavis elCebsac agzavnis.
marTlac, meore dRes (4 aprili) qarTveli elCebi saelCo prikazSi mividnen, sadac zogad frazebSi gaimeores Tevdore mefis danabarebi. iq mxolod is daumates, rom ruseTis
xelmwife saqarTvelos da mefe aleqsandres qristianuli
rwmenisadmi erTgulebis gamo Tavis mfarvelobaSi miiRebda2.
roca laparakia zemoxsenebul werilze, masSi unda vigulisxmoT mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa, romlebic maSin kaxeTis
samefos awuxebda. yovlad daujerebelia, rom qarTvel elCebs xifaTiT aRsavse da xangrZlivi mogzauroba mxolod
imisaTvis moewyoT, rom xelmwifisaTvis saqebari sityvebi
eTqvaT. safiqrebelia, elCebma xelmwifesac da `saelCo
prikazsac~ moaxsenes osmaleTTan, iranTan da saSamxlosTan
TavianTi urTierTobis Sesaxeb da amis Taobaze moskovis
samefo karis mosazrebebic moismines. moskovSi amis Semdeg
Seadgines `ficis wigni~. am friad mniSvnelovan dokumentze
aleqsandre kaxTa mefe mxolod raRac gaurkveveli dapirebebiT xom ar moawerda xels?
da Tu ase ar iyo, maS ratom gamoTqvamda SemdegSi
qarTveli elCi yaflan vaCnaZe (1588 w.) sayvedurs imave
1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 11-12.
2 Тамже, с. 11-13.
272
`saelCo prikazSi~, rom misma mefe aleqsandre II-m imitom
iTxova mfarveloba, rom igi xelmwifes daecva misi mtrisagan, Samxlisagan. mxolod amitom SevefareT ruseTis mefes
da ara TurqeTs an iranso1. elCma kategoriulad moiTxova saSamxloSi jaris gagzavna àleqsandres mtrobisa da
qristianTa sisxlisaTvis Suris saZieblad~2. moxeleebma da
boiarebma mefes moaxsenes qarTveli elCebis ganwyobilebisa
da maTi moTxovnis Taobaze. Tevdore ivanesZem elCebi TavisTan miiwvia, sadac dumis, anu sabWos mdivanma diakma
andrei SCelkalovma msmenelebs TiTqmis mTlianad gaaxsena
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba moyolebuli 1586 wlidan: qarTvelebs rusTa xelmwifisaTvis yovelwliurad unda
eZliaT 50 oqroqsovili da aseTive Zvirfasi 10 xaliCa. samagierod moskovis saxelmwifos kaxeTis samefo unda daecva
yvela mtrisagan, Samxlis winaaRmdeg unda gaegzavna jari da
gaewminda saSamxloze gamavali gza3.
saSamxloSi cnobili iyo kaxeTis mefis antisaSamxlo
diplomatia da, bunebrivia, Samxali Seecdeboda misTvis xeli
SeeSala. roca cnobili gaxda kaxeT-ruseTis xelSekrulebis
Sesaxeb, Samxalma kxeTis winaaRmdeg moqmedeba gaaqtiura.
amis Semdeg rusTa jaris saSamxloSi Seyvana kaxeTis diplomatiis gadaudebel amocanad gadaiqca.
moskovis karze kargad esmodaT kaxelebis mizani. rogorc
ruseTis elCebis semion zvenigorodskis da diak torxis
moxsenebidan Cans, moskovis mTavrobas aleqsandres moTxovna
1 «И посли говорили , что государь их Александрь царь для того государю
бил челом в поданные, чтоб государь оборонил его от недруга его от Шевкальского, а толко ныне государевы рати на Шевкала не будет, -ино и вперед от
Шевкала Грузинской земле не будет без войны. А Грузинская земля потому
государю и била челом, в поданстве учиналася; а ни х Турскому, ни х Кизылвашскому не пристали за то, что б им быти от своих недругов оборонену государевою милостью». Тамже, с. 61; javaxiSvili iv., dasax, naSr., gv. 296;
bocvaZe T., dasax. naSr., gv. 42.
2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 61
273
daukmayofilebia. elCebi amis Sesaxeb kaxeTis mefes da mis
kariskacebs Seaxsenebdnen, rom mefe Tvdore `... во обороне
держати хочет ото всех недругов и город на Терке для тебя
и твоей земль для обереганья поставити государь велель и
на недруга твоего, а на своего непослушника, на Шефкала
князя государь наш по твоему челобитью рат свою хочет
послати, чтоб впередь тебе, Александру царю, и твоей
земле от Шевкала тесноты и убытков не било и дорога б от
твоей земли ко государя нашего отчине к Терскому городу
очистити»1.
1587 wels moskovis elCebi kaxeTSi Camovidnen da 26
agvistos mefe aleqsandres warudgnen. molaparakeba erT Tves
gagrZelda. 28 seqtembers xelSekruleba gaformda. aleqsandre II-m Tavis SvilebTan da didebulebTan erTad ruseTis
mefis xeldebulebis fici miiRo. kaxeTis mefem piroba dado
samudamod ruseTis erTguli iqneboda da mfarvelis mimarT
mtrul moqmedebas arasodes Caidenda. ufro metic, aleqsandre mefes Tavis memkvidreebTan erTad moskovis saxelmwifos
yvela mtris winaaRmdeg unda ebrZola. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi
Tavisi jariT astraxanisa da Tergis voevodebs SeuerTdeboda. kaxeTis samefos yovelwliuri gadasaxadis gadaxda
daekisra. Tavis mxriv, mefe Tevdore kaxeTis samefos yvela mtrisagan daicavda. Tergisa da astraxanis voevodebs
daevalaT kaxeTis samefos dacva. `xolo Samxalis winaaRmdeg gavagzavno Cemi laSqari da Cveni saxelmwifodan Sens
qveynamde mimavali gza gavwmindo~ _ werda rusTa mefe2.
saqarTvelo-ruseTis damakavSirebel saSamxlos gzaze,
qarTveli politikosebis azriT, garkveuli wesrigi damyardeboda maSin, roca iq ruseTis jari Cadgeboda. doneli
kazakebi, romlebic qarTvel da rus elCebs acilebdnen
xolme, Tergze Sediodnen da saSamxlos, yirimis saxanos,
2 Тамже, с. XXXVII-XCIV.
274
osmaleTis imperias da am ukanasknelis yvela mokavSires
did sazrunavs uCendnen. kazakebis TareSiT gansakuTrebiT
SeSfoTebuli iyo osmaleTi, radgan Crdilo kavkasiis gziT
(yirimi-darubandi) sargebloba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli
gaxda. dazaralebulni Ciodnen moskovis mefesTan, raTa mas
kazakebis `TviTneboba~ aRekveTa. magram osmaleTi, yirimis
saxano da saSamxlo yovelTvis erTsa da igive pasuxs iRebdnen: «Живут на Терке воры беглые казаки безъ государева
ведома»1.
cnobili ar aris, hqondaT Tu ara garkveuli gegma kazakebs an maT moqmedebas visi saidumlo xeli warmarTavda, roca
isini osmaleTsa da mis mokavSireebs ebrZodnen. am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema arsebuli wyaroebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia. cxadia, maTi moqmedeba stiqiuri, mxolod nadavlis
mopovebis surviliT ganpirobebuli ar iyo. savaraudoa, rom
kazakebsa da svimon mefes Soris kavSiri Tu ara, garkveuli
kontaqtebi mainc arsebobda. kazakebi Crdilo kavkasiis gzebs
uketavdnen amierkavkasiisaken mimaval osmalebs. amdenad, isini saqarTvelos dacvasac xels uwyobdnen da, erTxans, mefis daxmarebac scades (gavixsenoT Tbilisidan ltolvili
osmalebis mier stambolSi Catanili ambavi, mefes rusTa 6
aTasiani jari exmarebao). amaze miuTiTebs, agreTve, rusi
elCis semion zvenigorodskis erTi cnoba, romelic 1586
wels ganekuTvneba. masSi naTqvamia, rom Tergis Tavisufali
kazakebi mcire xniT svimon mefesTan mividnen, magram qarTlis mefem isini sam weliwad-naxevars2 TavisTan gaaCera da
ukan dabrunebis saSualebas ar aZlevda.
1 Тамже, с. XXXVII.
2 gaugebaria, ratom fiqrobda i. cincaZe, TiTqos kazakebi qarTlSi cxra
Tves darCnen (cincaZe i., Ziebani ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan
(X-XVI ss.), Tb., 1956, gv. 318), maSin rodesac wyaroSi naTqvamia: «Волние
казаки, сшед с Терки реки, жили у зятя его (Александр II – Э. М.) у Семена,
а Семен их держал у себя полчетверта года по неволе, а назад не отпустил»
(Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 125).
275
maSasadame, kazakebi svimon mefesTan mividnen 1586 wels
da Tbilisidan gaqceul osmalebs stambolSi es ambavi unda
CaetanaT. ra Tqma unda, stambolSi Catanil cnobaSi uzustobebia: jer erTi, daujerebelia, rom saqarTveloSi 6 aTasi
kazaki gadmosuliyo. im pirobebSi 600 kacis gadmosvlac ki
didi ambavi iqneboda; da, meorec, _ saeWvoa, kazakebi saqarTveloSi mefe Tevdores gamoegzvna. rogorc rusi elCebis
cnobebidan irkveva, moskovSi, saerTod, araferi icodnen qarTlis samefoSi kazakebis yofnaze da rusma elCebma mxolod
kaxeTSi Seityves. svimon mefisaTvis kazakTa razms imdenad
praqtikuli mniSvneloba ar hqonda, ramdenadac politikuri.
mas kazakTa razmi propagandisaTvis sWirdeboda: qveyana
gaigebs (da asec gaiges) mefes rusT xelmwife exmarebao.
amave mizniT sTxovda aleqsandre kaxTa mefe moskovel elCebs kazakebi kaxeTSi daetovebinaT: «Толко б была cлава,
что государевы руские люди у государия их, Олександра
царя»1. am moments maSindel kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur
ambebSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda. ruseTTan urTierTobis
garTulebas osmalebi da misi mokavSireebi eridebodnen.
qarTlidan kaxeTSi gadasuli kazakebi aleqsandre mefem
saSamxlos sazRvarze cixeebSi Caayena. albaT, am RonisZiebas
garkveuli efeqti hqonda, radgan Semdeg zafxulSi kaxeTis mefes kazakebis isev im cixeebSi dabruneba surda.
magram, rogorc maSindeli diplomatiuri urTierTobidan
Cans, moskovis mTavroba xalisiT ar ekideboda kaxeTis mefis
amgvar moTxovnebs.
kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTTan urTierTobis damyareba
uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqti iyo mTeli kavkasiisa da axlo
aRmosavleTis masStabiT. gasagebi unda gamxdariyo, rom amieridan is, visac moskovis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis
garTuleba ar surda, kaxeTis samefos mimarT mtrul aqciebs
unda morideboda. osmaleTis politikuri mesveurebi, al1 Тамже.
276
baT, bevrs swuxdnen im Secdomaze, rac maTi kaxeTisadmi
poziciaSi gamoxata da iq ruseTis gavlenis danergva moxda.
sulTnis karisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom Tu igi droulad ar
gadawyveyda qarTlis sakiTxs, SeiZleboda iqac analogiuri
mdgomareoba gameorebuliyo. sagulisxmoa, rom moskovel
elCebs _ rodion birkins, petre pivovs da stefane poluxanovs pirdapiri miTiTeba hqondaT, rom Tu aleqsandre mefis
siZe an Zma xelmwifisagan mfarvelobis miRebis survils
gamosTqvamda, elCebs isini unda waexalisebinaT, rom maT
moskovSi TavianTi elCebi gaegzavnaT, mfarveloba eTxovaT
da xelmwife maT Txovnas Seiwynarebda1.
Cemi azriT, moskovis mTavrobas mxedvelobaSi hyavda,
aleqsandre II-is siZe svimon I an aleqsandre mefis Zma
ufliswuli iese. xelmwife mxolod im pirobiT daakmayofilebda erTis an meoris survils, Tu mfarvelobis Txovnis
periodisaTvis isini aleqsandre mefesTan karg urTierTobaSi iqnebodnen.
svimon mefe, rogorc maSindeli werilobiTi wyaroebidan
Cans ufro orientirebuli iyo dasavleT evropaze da iranze.
man icoda, rom arsebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT, qarTlis
samefosa da moskovis saxelmwifos Soris xelSekruleba
ver daideboda. svimoni miesalmeboda rusTa jaris qarTlSi
Semosavlas, magram saRi azri ukarnaxebda, rom ruseTidan
amgvari daxmarebis miReba ver moxerxdeboda. qarTlis samefo
saomar mdgomareobaSi iyo osmaleTis imperiasTan da svimons
kargad esmoda, rom ruseTis mier mfarvelobis sityvierad
gamocxadebas ra fasi eqneboda: es gamoiwvevda osmaleTis
mxridan omis kidev ufro gaaqtiurebas. dadebiTad arc Sahis
kari Sexvdeboda svimon mefis aseT nabijs. albaT, ruseTis
mTavrobac iTvaliswinebda am mdgomareobas, magram igi iseTnairad awyobda saqmes, viTomc moskovSi svimonTan daaxloebaze arc fiqrobdnen da qarTlidan elCebi Tu Cavidodnen
1 Тамже.
277
da raime garigeba mainc moxdeboda, mas Tavis gamarTlebis
saSualeba yovelTvis eqneboda: qarTvelebma TviTon gvTxoves
da Cvenc `qristianobis siyvarulis gamo~ vcdilobT riTime
davexmaroTo. magram es `daxmareba~ svimon mefes Tavisi
qveynis dacvis saqmes ver gauadvilebda. ruseTi osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg oms ar daiwyebda. evropis zogierTi saxelmwifo
ki osmaleTs iaraRiT ebrZoda.
mefe iTvaliswinebda ra saerTaSoriso politikur viTarebas da imasac vis rogori urTierToba hqonda osmaleTTan
da Sesabamisad, daxmarebis miReba saidan ufro mosalodneli
iyo, umjobesad CaTvala dasavleTi evropisaTvis miemarTa.
man 1587 wels romis papTan da espaneTis mefesTan daxmarebis saTxovnelad despanebi gagzavna. svimonis erT-erTi
didebuli ierusalimze gavliT romis papTan unda wasuliyo,
xolo espaneTis mefesTan ki vinme somexi vaWari aleqsandre
konstantinopolis gziT, romelsac èqvsi Sekvra qarTuli abreSumi~ mihqonda mefisaTvis misarTmevad. qarTvelma
didebulma adresatamde ver miaRwia. is osmalebma Seipyres
papisaTvis gankuTvnili werilebiTa da saCuqrebiT. meore
elCi _ aleqsandre romSi mivida. radgan mas romidan ukan,
saqarTveloSi dabruneba hqonda ganzraxuli, igi espaneTis
mefis elCs graf de olivaress Sexvda da mas gaando svimonis winadadebebi. kerZod, qarTlis mefe mzad iyo papisa
da espaneTis mefis vasali gamxdariyo da yovelTvis iranis
erTguli mokavSire iqneboda. svimon mefis azriT, espaneTs
kavSiri unda daemyarebina samive qarTul samefosTan1.
Znelia imis dadgena svimon I imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebTan SeTanxmebiT gamodioda aseTi iniciativiT, Tu qarTvel mefeTa Soris misi pirvelobis demonstrireba iyo. svimon
mefes rom pirvelobis pretenzia marTlac hqonda, kargad
gamoCnda 1588 wels mis mier imereTis samefos dapyrobis
warumatebel mcdelobaSi.
svimon mefis werilSi DCamoyalibebulma winadadebebma
gamocdili espaneli diplomati grafi de olivaresi (don
enrike de gusmani) aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris SeZenis SesaZlebobiT daainteresa. osmaleTis imperia xifaTs uqmnida
portugalielTa (portugalia am dros espaneTis samefos
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda) dasaxlebebs aRmosavleT afrikasa
da hormuzze. grafma de olivaresma 1588 wlis 5 Tebervals
Tavis mefes, filipe II-s miswera: `me mgonia davarwmuno papi,
rac SeiZleba male dados kavSiri qristianul (qarTvel –
e.m.) mefeebTan, raTa isini gaerTiandnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
im mxridan; rom aqedan gamodis aseve kavSiri sparseTTanac,
romelsac mxars vuWerdiT aqamdec; rom yovelive es ukeT
rom gakeTdes, saWiroa gaigzavnos kaci im despanTan erTad
an misi wasvlis Semdeg, raTa damyardes kavSiri svimonTan, aleqsandresTan da baSiaCukTan1 Turqebis winaaRmdeg
da aseve, raTa Tqvenma udidebulesobam gagzavnos kaci amave
mizniT Tavis disSvilTan, poloneTis mefesTan da moskovis
mefesTan, raTa isini SeuerTdnen maT da Seqmnan didi Zala
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg; aseve gaigzavnos misionerebi, rogorc
svimoni iTxovs, raTa maT xalxs aswavlon qristianuli suliskveTebiT~.
grafma de olivaresma Tavisi mosazreba aRmosavleTSi
mokavSiris SeZenis SesaZleblobaze gaacno kardinal sankta
severinas da isini im daskvnamde mividnen, rom kargi iqneboda
svimon mefesTan ori despani gaegzavnaT _ erTi konstantinopolze gavliT, meore poloneTisa da moskovis gavliT,
1 luis xili fernandesi da xose manuel floristani, qarTveli mefeebis werilebi: svimon I-is qarTlidan fili pe II-s da Teimuraz I-is kaxeTidan
fili pe IV-s (Targmani espanuridan). krebulSi: saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan, II, Tb., 1995, gv, 197-198.
1 igulisxmeba imereTis mefe levani (1583-1590). baSiaCuki osmalebisa da
sparselebisaTvis imerelTa ganzogadoebuli saxelia da niSnavs `TavSiSvelas~.
es saxeli imerlebs Searqves fafanakis tarebis gamo. dawvr. ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo hans Siltbergeris `mogzaurobis wignSi~, gv. 115, Sen. 25.
278
279
romelic iqaur mefeebsac moelaparakeboda. olivaresma audienciis dros papi marTlac daarwmuna, rom sasargeblo
iqneboda svimon mefisaTvis mxardaWera. amis Semdeg, man Tavisi mosazrebani werilobiT Camoayaliba da Tavis mefes gaugzavna1. magram papsa da espaneTis samefo kars saqarTvelos
dasaxmareblad an masTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis dasamyareblad qmediTi nabiji ar gadaudgiaT.
svimon mefe kvlav osmaleTis uzarmazari imperiis
pirispir rCeboda. osmalebma saukeTesod icodnen qarTlis
samefo rogor seriozul rols asrulebda iran-osmaleTis
omSi, amitom masTan morigeba gadawyvites. 1588 wels qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris daido zavi.
qarTlis samefos omidan gamosvlam iranis damarcxeba daaCqara. irani osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis gamoyenebas Seecada.
jer kidev 1587 wels moskovSi iranis Sahis mohamed hodabandas elCi andi-begi Cavida, romelic daxmarebis sanacvlod
osmalebis mier dapyrobil baqosa da darubands sTavazobda.
ruseTi aseTi ekonmikuri da strategiuli mniSvnelobis punqtebis xelSi Cagdebis perspeqtivis mimarT gulgrili ver
darCeboda. 1588 wels moskovis mTavrobam gadawyvita Tergisa da astraxanis jarebi iranis dasaxmareblad gaegzavna,
samagierod yizilbaSebi baqosa da darubands, ganTavisuflebisTanave, ruseTs gadascemdnen. moskovis mTavrobam Tavisi
elCi aseTi pirobiT gaagzavna iranSi2. magram iranSi momxdarma sasaxlis karis gadatrialebam da Sah abaz I-is (15871529) gamefebam, molaparakeba CaSla.
moskovis mefis mfarvelobaSi kaxeTis samefos Sesvlam
da saSamxlo-daRestnis xelyofisagan mis dasacavad Crdilo kavkasiaSi simagreebis Cadgmis cdam irani SeaSfoTa.
aRmosavleT sqarTvelos samefoebi Sahs Tavis vasalebad mi-
aCnda. Sahis karisaTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo kaxeTruseTis kavSiris Sekvra da maTi erToblivi brZola Samxlis winaaRmdeg. saSamxlos Tu ruseTi daipyrobda, maSin is
uSualod daamyarebda kavSirs aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan.
magram irani, jer-jerobiT amas ver gaaprotestebda, vidre
misi yvelaze saSiSi mteri osmaleTi iyo.
osmaleTi avstriasTan omisaTvis emzadeboda da irans
zavi SesTavaza. Sah abazi zavis dadebas ar Cqarobda da
cdilobda osmaleTTan molaparakeba orive maTganze (ruseTsa da osmaleTze) zewolisaTvis gamoeyenebina. ruseTi
iran-osmaleTis dazavebis winaaRmdegi iyo. iran-osmaleTs
Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba ruseTs kavkasiaSi winsvlaSi xels uwyobda. osmaleTi, Tavis mxriv, cdilobda ar
dadebuliyo xelSekruleba iransa da ruseTs Soris, radgan
maTi SeTanxmeba, Tavisi arsiT antiosmaluri iqneboda. osmaleTis diplomatia amas ver dauSvebda da Sahs zogierTi
dapyrobili teritoriis dabrunebas Sepirda. Sah abasma, sxvadasxva sagareo faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, gadawyvita ruseTTan diplomatiuri urTierToba gaegrZelebina. man Tvisi
mamis mier ruseTisaTvis SeTavazebuli proeqti Secvala da
Tavis elCebs _ butak-begs da andi-begs 1589 wels sul
sxva proeqti gaatana moskovSi. proeqtis mixedviT, ruseTis
jarebi baqosa da darubands unda Semodgomodnen, xolo irani, Tvis mxriv, SirvanSi SeiWreboda. mokavSireebis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi kaspiis zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze
gabatondeboda, irani ki, samxreT-dasavleTze. amgvarad, Sah
abasis axali proeqtiT, ruseTs osmaleTTan omi unda daewyo
da baqo da darubandi Tvisi ZalebiT daepyro1.
1589 wels moskovSi ukve cnobili iyo iran-osmaleTis
sazavo molaparakeba. 3 ivlisis oficialur moxsenebaSi,
1 luis xili fernandesi da xose manuel floristani, dasax. naSr., gv. 198.
2 Веселовский Н., Памятники дипломатических и торговых сношений
Московской Руси с Персией, I, СПб., 1890, с. 60-61.
1 tivaZe T., iranTan politikuri urTierTobis sakiTxi ruseTis saxelmwifos sagareo politikaSi XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze. Tsu Sromebi, 113, istoriul mecnierebaTa seria, Tb., 1965, gv. 185.
280
281
avstriis imperatorisa da ungreTis mefis elCi Tevdore
ivanes Zis karze, mikloS varkaCi werda, rom iransa da osmaleTs Soris sazavo molaparakeba mimdinereobso1. es ki,
ruseTis mxriv, ufro frTxili politikis gatarebas moiTxovda. miT umetes, roca cnobili gaxda isic, rom sazavo
molaparakebis dros osmaleTi mTeli amierkavkasiis SenarCunebas moiTxovda. zavi Tu amgvari pirobebiT daideboda,
maSin ruseT-iranis molaparakeba azrs hkargavda2.
ruseT-iranis urTierTobaze dakvirvebisas, yuradRebas
iqcevs erTi garemoeba: ruseTi da irani ar exebian, ufro
sworad gverds uvlian kaxeTi sakiTxs, viTom aseTi ram arc
arsebobs. moskovSi kargad icodnen, rom kaxeTi iranis moxarke qaveyana iyo da amis daviwyebas arc iranSi fiqrobdnen.
kaxeTis mefis warmomadgenlebma, 1589 wlis 20 noembers
TavianTi mefis saxeliT, moskovis elCebs moaxsenes, rom
winaT kaxeTis samefo yizilbaSTa mokavSire iyo, rogorc
osmaleTis ise sxva saxelmwifoebTan omis dros. àxla yizilbaSebis Sahi ganuwyvetliv migzavnis elCebs, raTa masTan erTad viyo osmalebis winaaRmdeg; xolo sulTani mociqulebs migzavnis didi muqariT, mimdinare wels Tavisi
jaris gamogzavna surs Cems winaaRmdeg da cixeebi unda
Cadgas Cems qveyanaSi, radgan me mas CamovSordi da (ruseTis
_ e. m.) didi xelmwifis mfarvelobaSi Sevedi. amJamadc
sulTnis mociqulebi CemTan arian da mimdinare wlis xarks
mTxoven... aseve TavdasxmiTa da Cemi miwebis dapyrobiT memuqreba Samxali~3.
moskovis xelmwifis elCebs ise unda gaegoT aleqsandre mefis SenaTvali, rom kaxelebi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
SesvliT mraval usiamovnebas gadaeyara, magram ra gamovida,
1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Centrale contemporaines de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélolodie~, vol.
XXXII, Paris, 1974 32, p. 151.
2 tivaZe T., dasax. naSr., gv. 185.
282
xelmwife aseT sabediswero mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil kaxeTis samefos mxolod dapirebebs aZlevs.
moskovSi jerovnad afasebdnen kaxeTis mniSvnelobas Semdgomi periodis ruseTis kavkasiur politikaSi. iranTan
diplomatiuri urTierTobis dros kaxeTze dumiliT, ruseTi irans agrZnobinebda, rom Sahis saqme ar iyo, suverenul kaxeTTan misi TanamSromloba rogor warimarTeboda.
irani, Tavis mxriv, garkveul dromde, Tvals xuWavda kaxeTruseTis urTierTobaze. an ra unda eTqva iranis mTavrobas
moskovis sawinaaRmdego. mis mizans, amjerad xom kavkasiaSi
ruseTis, rogorc osmaleTis metoqis, Semoyvana Seadgenda.
kaxeTze sityvis Camogdeba irans mxolod usiamovno mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda. Wkviani politikosi Sah abazi imasac
iTvaliswinebda, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kaxeTs iranruseTs Soris Suamvloba SeeZlo.
rac Seexeba osmaleTs, marTalia, igi kaxeTs emuqreboda
moskovTan misi urTierTobis gamo, magram realurad igi
kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg ver gamovidoda. kaxeTze Tavdasxma ruseTTan mis urTierTobas kidev ufro daZabavda.
arsebul situaciaSi osmaleTis mTavroba aseT nabijs ver
gadadgamda.
kaxeTis kavSirs ruseTTan Tu imgvari garTulebebi mohyva, rogorc ukve iTqva, maSin kaxelebi ratom ar wyvetdnen
moskovTan urTierTobas? sinamdvileSi kaxeTis mdgomareoba
iran-osmaleTis omis dasasruls ar gauaresebula. kaxeTis
mniSvneloba misi ruseTTan daaxloebis Semdeg kidev ufro
gaizarda. ise Canda, rom kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semomyvani kaxeTi iyo da mis or mZlavr muslimanur mezobels am garemoebisaTvis angariSi unda gaewia. kaxeTis samefo kari kargad
afasebda Tavisi rolis amaRlebas kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi da yoveli RoniT cdilobda ruseTTan urTierTobis
gagrZelebas. saSamxlos sakiTxic kaxeTs Tavis sasargeblod
mxolod ruseTTan kavSirSi SeeZlo gadaewyvita. Tumca kaxeT283
ruseTis urTierToba jer-jerobiT mxolod elCebis misvlamosvlaSi gamoixateboda. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda
kaxeTs ruseT-iranis urTierTobaSi. rogorc n. berZeniSvili
aRniSnavda: àseT pirobebSi SemuSavda kaxeTis mefis karze
is diplomatiuri formula, romelic mTeli ori saukunis
ganmavlobaSi araerTxel wamouyenebiaT saqarTvelosa da
iran-ruseTis urTierTobaSi qarTvelebsa da rus moRvaweebs
(petre I, vaxtang VI, Teimuraz II, erekle II): saqarTvelo
(moskovis xeldebuli) ruseT-iranis mosaSuale~1.
moskovSi iTvaliswinebdnen kaxeTis samefos antiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmniT dainteresebas da 1589 wels
saqarTveloSi gamogzvnil zvenigorodskisa da antonovis
elCobas daevala aleqsandre kaxTa mefisaTvis moexsenebina
ruseTis poziciaze, rogorc osmaleTTan ise sxva qveynebTan
urTierTobaSi. kerZod, elCebma ganacxades ruseTsa da irans
Soris mimdinare samegobro molaparakebis Sesaxeb, rac osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erTobliv moqmedebasac iTvaliswinebda,
rom imave osamleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi omis warmoebisaTvis ruseTis mefes poloneT-litvis samefo gvirgvins
sTavazoben2. imis Tqmac ar daviwyebiaT, rom antiosmaluri
kavSiris Sekvris mizniT moskovSi TavianT elCebs agzavnidnen `romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori~, romis papi, espaneTis mefe da veneciis respublika3.
rusi elCebi aseTi zogadi gancxadebiT unda Semofargluliyvnen da molaparakebis dros aqcenti kaxeTis samefosaTvis
gansakuTrebiT mtkivneul sakiTxze _ saSamxlo-daRestanze
unda gadaetanaT. ra Tqma unda saSamxlo-daRestnis sakiTxis
gadaWriT qarTvelebi didad dainteresebulni iyvnen, magram
1 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 35.
2 litvisa da poloneTis feodalebi poloneT-litva-ruseTis uniiT
cdilobdnen gaexsnaT gza aRmosavleTSi eqspansiisaTvis. Tevdore ivanes Zis
karze xvdebodnen poloneT-litvis feodalebis zraxvebs da molaparakeba CaiSala.
284
maT isic kargad esmodaT, rom igi osmaleTis sakiTxTan mtkiced dakavSirebuli iyo da mTeli molaparakebis dros am
problemis erTobliobaSi gadawyvetas cdilobdnen.
mefe Tevdores karze rom ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobas did politikur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da amas
antiosmalur moRvaweobaSi miiTvlidnen, kargad Cans mikloS varkaCis erTi Canaweridan. igi ambobs, rom saqarTvelos mefis elCebi moskovSi Cavidnen da dabejiTebiT moiTxoves osmaleTis winaaRmdeg daxmareba. maT dapirdnen, rom
ganusazRvreli vadiT miscemdnen 18 aTas jariskacsa da
artilerias, magram im pirobiT, rom qarTvelebi moskovis mefis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen da xarksac gadauxdidnen. meore
dRes (1589 wlis 4 ivlisi) mefem qarTveli elCebi piradad
miiRo, mowyaleba gamoiCina da saqarTvelos mefes 10 wlis
xarki apatia1. varkaCi qarTveli elCebis moskovel diplomatebTan molaparakebas da mefesTan audiencias piradad ar
daswrebia. amis Sesaxeb yvelaferi saelCo prikazSi acnobes,
varkaCis mxedvelobaSi aqvs 1588-1589 wlebSi kaxeTis mefis
elCebis _ yaflanis, kiriles da yurSitas moskovSi saqmianoba. maT Samxalis winaaRmdeg 20 aTasiani jaris gagzavna
moiTxoves. rusTa jars kaxelTa jaric SeuerTdeboda da
erToblivad imoqmedebdnen. elCebma am moTxovnaze Tanxmoba
miiRes2. savaraudoa, rom Samxalis winaaRmdeg jaris gagzavnas, moskovis karze, miiCnevdnen rogorc antiosmalur
moqmedebas da, garkveuli gagebiT, es asec iyo. amis Sesaxeb
amitomac acnobes antiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmniT dainteresebul varkaCs. rac Seexeba am ukanasknelis naTqvams ruseTis
xelmwifis mier kaxeTisaTvis xarkis patiebis Sesaxeb, razec
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis amsaxveli sxva masalebi
arafers ambobs, albaT, moskovis mTavrobas surda ucxoeli
diplomatebi daerwmunebinaT, rom antiosmalurad ganwyobil
285
erTmorwmune kaxeTis samefos ekonomikur SeRavaTebsac vuwevTo. 1589 wlis 16 oqtombers zvenigorodski da antonovi
qarTvelebs moaxsenebdnen (ukve meramdened), rogor iRwvis
ruseTis xelmwife saSamxlos dasamorCileblad. mefe aleqsandres diplomatebi, TavianTi mefis miTiTebiT, viTom sxvaTa
Soris gaixseneben, rom winaT mraval qveyanaSi qristianuli
rwmena iyo, magram yvela is qveynebi osmalebma daipyres da
gaamahmadianes da qristianebad mxolod CvenRa davrCiTo. es
mcire istoriuli eqskursi maT imitom dasWirdaT, rom elCebi daerwmunebinaT ruseTis mier saSamxlos dapyrobis aucileblobaSi. roca rusebi saSamxlos daipyroben, saqarTvelo zurgs moidgams da mTeli ZaliT osmaleTs SeebrZoleba.
ganvizraxavT Tu ara osmaleTTan omis dawyebas, eubnebodnen
kaxeTis mefis kariskacebi ruseTis elCebs, Samxali maSinve
qurdulad, moulodnelad Tavs daesxmis kaxeTis ganapira
soflebs da iZulebuli vxdebiT ganzraxvaze xeli aviRoT1.
rusi elCebi TiTqos ver xvdebodnen saiT umiznebdnen
qarTveli politikosebi. maSin mefe aleqsandrem zvenigorodski da antonovi TavisTan daibara da ganucxada: àmJamad
osmaleTis sulaTani Cemzea ganrisxebuli, radgan (ruseTis
– e. m.) did xelmwifes mfarveloba vTxove; sulTani mwers,
rom am zafxuls Tavisi jari unda gamogzavnos Cems winaaRmdeg~. elCebi exla iZulebulni gaxdnen, marTalia isev
zogadad, magram saimedod eTqvaT: radgan Cvenma xelmwifem
Tavis mfarvelobaSi agiyvana, igi yvela mtrisagan dagicavs.
garda amisa, moskovSi yvela qristianuli saxelmwifos elCebi Cavidnen, raTa xelmwifes sTxovon, monawileoba miiRos osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi. isini gaerTiandebian da
osmaleTs gaanadgureben. amitom Cveni xelmwifis xeldebul
qarTvel mefes arafris SiSi unda hqondes2.
mefe aleqsandres warmomadgenlebma _ solomonma da
1 Тамже, с. 163.
2 Тамже, с. 169.
286
tarsam rus elCebs sxva mxridan Seuties: stambolidan erTi
Cveni mociquli dabrunda da ambavi moitana, rom osmalebis
floti espanelebma da frankebma gaanadgures, amitom Cvens
mefes surs, Tavisi elCebi romis papTan, espaneTis mefesTan
da imperatorTan gagzavnos da maT acnobos, rom Cven ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi SevediT. maT elCebs isic sTxoves, TavianT
mefes moaxsenon amis Taobaze, raTa man aleqsandres elCebi
Tavisi saxelmwifos teritoriaze gaataros1. am diplomatiurma svlam sasurveli efeqti moaxdina. moskovis elCebi
SeSfoTdnen. maT ar esiamovnaT aleqsandre mefis survili
Tavisi elCebi evropaSi gaegzavna. vin icis ra davalebiT
wavidodnen TavianTi mfarveliT ukmayofilo elCebi. maT saCqarod gancxades: Cveni mefis TxovniT aRsdgnen qristianuli
saxelmwifoebi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. Cvenma xelmwifem yvela im qveyanaSi acnoba, rom aleqsandre mefe Tavis xeldebulad gamoacxada. gancvifrebulebma elCebma ikiTxes: sxva
raRa unda Tqven mefeso?2
qarTvelebi mixvdnen, rom mizanSi gaartyes da elCebis
eWvis kidev ufro gaZlierebas Seecadnen. maT kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis magier gaagrZeles: Cveni mefe sul RmerTs
evedreba, rom ruseTis xelmwife da yvela qristiani mefe
osmaleTze erTad aRdgnen. sxvaTa Soris isic daumates: Cven
wignebSi gviweria, rom osmaleTis daRupva axlo momavalSi
unda moxdes da Tanac darubandis mxridano. maT kiTxvis saxiT isic daumates: osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni (espaneTis mefe, imperatori, romis papi da sxv.) darubandis gziT
mosvlas Tu SeZlebeno3. amgvarad, qarTvelma diplomatebma
ruseTis mefis elCebs moagones reCpospolitis mefe batoris
gegma, romelic kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis mxardaWeriT,
swored darubandis gziT, ruseTis dapyrobis Semdeg, miznad
1 Тамже, с. 205.
2 Тамже, с. 205-206.
3 Тамже, с. 206.
287
isaxavda osmaleTTan oms. n. berZeniSvili werda: `kaxeTSi, mas Semdeg rac konstantinopolSi Turqebi gabatondnen
da dasavleTis saqarTvelosTan urTierToba gawyvites, SemuSavebulia azri-imedi (SeiZleba vifiqroT, roca astraxans
mosuli moskovi imierkavkasiaSi fexis SemodgmiT osmaleTs
daupirispirda), rom saqristianos xsna dasavleTidan ki ara,
darubandis karze gamosvliT movao~1. me ki mgonia, rom kaxeTSi kargad icodnen (wignebSi amokiTxuli hqondaT) batoris
gegma. isic safiqrebelia, rom bators saqarTvelosTan ufro
mWidro kontaqtebi hqonda, vidre cnobilia dReisaTvis. ase.
rom aRniSnuli gegma kaxeTSi ar SeumuSavebiaT, magram igi
kaxelebisaTvis misaRebi iyo.
amgvarad, qarTveli politikuri moRvaweni ruseTis
warmomadgenlebs afrTxilebdnen, rom ruseTi osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg brZolis sadaveebs Tavis xelSi Tu ar aiRebs,
maSin osmaleTis Setevam evropaze, SeiZleba Zalebis iseTi
dajgufeba warmoSvas, romelic ruseTis saerTaSoriso mgomareobas gaarTulebs. axla ki, rogorc iqna, moskoveli
elCebi saqmianad alaparakdnen: im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic
Tqven axseneT, darubandis Sesaxeb gagonilic ki ara aqvT,
Cven ki iq vdgevarT da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mdinare
volgisa da kaspiis zRvis saSualebiT darubandis kedlebTan
swrafad misvla SegviZlia. garda amis, tiumenidan 5-6 dReSi
qveiTi jaris moyvanasac SevZlebTo. qarTvelebsac es undodaT. maT maSinve Seagebes: Cven kargad viciT, rom ruseTi
darubandTan yvelaze axlosaa da misi jari mova Tu ara am
umniSvnelovanes cixe-qalaqTan, aleqsandre mefis da Sah abasis jari erTmaneTs mdinare alazanze SeuerTdeba, dascxeben
da sul advilad gaanTavisufleben osmaleTis mier dapyrobil qalaqebs. rusma elCebma kaxelebis aRtkinebas zomierebis lagami amosdes. maT sauabari Semdegi azriT daasrules:
1 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 41-42.
288
ruseTi imdenad Zlieria, rom misi yvelas eSinia. imedi ar
dakargoT da, roca dro mova, yvelafers gavakeTebTo1.
moskovis saxelmwifos da kaxeTis samefos politika osmaleTis sakiTxSi TanxmobaSi ver modioda. ruseTis fiqriT,
osmaleTi kaxeTs xels ver axlebs, radgan igi moskovis
xelmwifis xeldebulia. ruseTi ver gaiziarebs kaxeli
politikuri moRvaweebis gegmas osmaleTTan omis dawyebis
Sesaxeb. rusi diplomatebi qarTvelebs agrZnobinebdnen, rom
osmaleTTan omis dawyebis dro jer ar damdgara. kaxeTma
unda moicados da Tavisi moqmedebiT osmaleTi ar unda
gaagulisos, rasac SeiZleba osmaleTis mxriv samxedro
aqciebi mohyves, amas ruseTis xelmwife ver dauSvebs, moxdeba ruseT-osmaleTis konfliqti, rac Tanamedrove etapze
ruseTisaTvis sasurveli ar aris.
kaxeTis samefosaTvis daxmareba rom ruseTis interesebSi iyo, amis sailustraciod aleqsandre mefem, saqarTvelos
warsuli gaixsena: saqarTvelo winaT erTiani samefo iyo, magram Cvenma papispapam igi sam nawilad gayo. erTi nawili Cems
siZe svimons ekuTvnis. magram man Tavisi samefo osmalebTan
omSi daRupa. osmalebma mis samflobeloebSi cixe-simagreebi
Cadges da TiTqmis mTlianad daepatronen. kacma ar icis
momavalSi ra moxdeba2. rusma elCebma maSinve upasuxes: Seni
siZe mag dReSi imitom aris, rom Cvens xelmwifes mfarveloba
ar sTxova. magram Seni siZe Tu inebebs, maSin xelmwife Seni
xaTriT Seifarebso3. rogorc Cans, saubris am mimarTulebiT
warmarTva aleqsandres gegmaSi ar Sedioda. mas ar surda,
rom svimon mefe ruseTs dakavSireboda. aleqsandre mefe
rusebTan saubrisas yovelTvis cdilobda Tavisi siZe daem1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 206; berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr. gv. 42.
2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 169-170.
3 gavixsenoT, rom rodion birkins, petre pivovs da stefane poluxanovs
jer kidev 1587 wels davalebuli hqondaT, svimon mefesTan urTierTobis
dasamyareblad niadagi moesinjaT (Тамже, с. 170).
289
cirebina da mas mefobiTac ki ar moixseniebda. aleqsandres
mxolod Tavisi Tavi miaCnda saqarTvelos erTaderT da kanonier mefed. kaxTa mefis naTqvami svimon mefeze rus elCebs
ase unda gaegoT: svimoni beci politikosia, osmalebTan mudmivi omebis Sedegad qveyana daRupvamde miiyvana. amas garda,
afiansac eweva da aseT kacTan urTierTobas azri ara aqvso.
aleqsandres kacebi merec, yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi,
cdilobdnen rusi elCebi svimon mefis kaxeTisadmi mtrul
damokidebulebaSi daerwmunebinaT1.
aleqsandres surda rusi elCebisaTvis Caegonebina, rom
ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel kavkasiaSic ruseTi
mxolod mas unda daeyrdnos, magram man roca moismina rusi
elCebis pasuxi svimon mefis mimarT ruseTis samefo karis
azri, am sakiTxze saubari maSinve Sewyvita. mxolod elCebTan bolo Sexvedrisas, vidre aleqsandre mefe am sakiTxze
saubars ganaaxlebda Tavisi saTaTbiros wevrebic ki daiTxova. rogorc Cans, maTac ar andobda Tavisi ocnebis sagans.
aleqsandrem winaT xom elCebs qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba
gaacno, axla saubari dasavleT saqarTveloze wamoiwyo, romlis mdgomareoba uaRresad muq ferebSi daxata (sainteresoa,
rom kaxeTis mefe, amjeradac gaurbis imereTis, rogorc samefos xsenebas. igi mxolod samegrelos axsenebs). misi TqmiT,
winaT iqac qristianebi cxovrobdnen, didi xani ar aris,
rac osmalebma daipyres da ZaliT gaamahmadianes. roca isini
dainaxaven, rom me ruseTis xelmwife micavs, isinic maSinve
daxmarebisaTvis mas mimarTaven da qristianobas daubrundebian, samagiero sikeTes ufali did xelmwifes miuzRavs2.
amgvarad, aleqsandre II ruseTis xelmwifes amierkavkasiaSi warmatebis safuZvlad kaxeTis samefosadmi daxmarebas
usaxavs. kaxeTis magaliTze sxvebmac unda dainaxon, ruseTs
1 Тамже, с. 221-222.
2 Тамже, с. 220; javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 300-301.
290
erTmorwmune qristianebisadmi rogori daxmareba SeuZlia.
osmaleTis gavlenisagan ganTavisuflebuli qarTlisa da
dasavleT saqarTvelos ruseTTan dakavSirebis saSualeba
kaxeTis samefo iqneba, romelic sxva qarTul samefoebTan
SedarebiT, mdidaric aris da mravalricxovani jaric hyavs.
igi, ruseTis daxmarebiT, mTel saqarTvelos erT samefod
gaaerTianebs1 (aleqsandre II moskovis mefeebisadmi gagzavnil
werilebSi Tavis Tavs xSirad mTeli saqarTvelos mefed
moixseniebda) da ruseTis es mokavSire kidev ufro gaZlierdeba. samagierod osmaleTi dasustdeba. magram moskovis samefo kari yovelTvis ar iziarebda aleqsandre mefis
sagareo politikur miznebs.
urTierTobani da diplomatia
XVI s. 90-ian wlebSi
1590 wels Sah abaz I iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTTan zavi
daedo. stambolis zaviT man formalurad scno aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos, aRmosavleT somxeTis, Sirvanis, azerbaijanis
didi nawilis, luristanis didi nawilis da dasavleT iranis
mniSvnelovani qalaqebis _ hamadanisa da zenjanis osmaleTis
xelSi gadasvla.
rogorc iTqva, vidre iran-osmaleTis zavi daideboda,
manamde qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebma osmaleTTan TavianTi
urTierToba moagvares. `qarTlma da kaxeTma ucxo saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis unari SeinareCunes, ris gasauqmeblad
sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda saqarTveloze osmaleTis ùflebis~
cnoba iranis mier, qarTuli samefoebi osmaleTis ùzenaeso1 iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, rom rodesac aleqsandre II ruseTis
mfarvelobas mimarTavda, mas saqarTvelos gaerTianebis imedic eqneboda (javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 301).
291
bas~ droebiT urigdebodnen, magram imave dros diplomatiuri RonisZiebebiT saerTaSoriso movlenebze aqtiur zegavlenas axdendnen~1.
moskovSi gasagebi iyo, rom iran-osmaleTis omis damTavrebis Semdeg ruseT-iranis samxedro kavSiri mniSvnelobas
hkargavda. amitom ruseTma iranTan pasiuri Tanamegobrobis
politika irCia. imave dros igi cdilobda, Tavisi samxedro
poziciebi Crdilo daRestanSi ganemtkicebina da gavlena
gaeZlierebina saqarTvelosa da yabardoSi2. iran-osmaleTis
1590 wlis zaviT ZalTa Tanafardoba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, mkveTrad Seicvala3. iranze gamarjvebis Semdeg, osmaleTma agresia evropisken warmarTa. gasagebia, rom iqauri
politikosebi kvlav iraniTa da saqarTveloTi dainteresdnen, miT umetes, rom cnobili iyo iarani da saqarTvelo
omis ganaxlebisaTvis emzadebodnen.
kaxTa mefe aleqsandres Tavisi samefos keTildReobis
safuZvlad osmaleTis agresiisagan Tavdacva miaCnda. radgan
qarTli da irani osmaleTs dauzavdnen, amitom, misi azriT,
evropis saxelmwifoebs omi manc unda gaegrZelebinaT.
aleqsandrem icoda ruseTis samefo karze boris godunovis
didi avtoritetis Sesaxeb da 1590 wels mas sTxovda moexdina gavlena mefeze, raTa evropis saxelmwifoebi osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg omSi Caeba. roca evropelebi osmalebs oms dauwyeben, daaskvnis aleqsandre II, maSin «и у Турского поход на
нашу сторону порушитца и людей послати не учнет»4.
1593 w. 26 Tebervals fugeris gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli
informaciis mixedviT, Sirvanis gamgebeli hasan faSa stambolSi imyofeboda, roca qarTvelebis da yizilbaSebis Sirvanze da darubandze Setevis Sesaxeb Seityo. sulTanma hasan
1 CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVIXVII saukuneebSi, gv. 207.
3 gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 89.
4 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 232.
292
faSas Tavis sagamgebloSi dauyovnebliv dabruneba ubrZana
da, Tu saWiro oqneboda, trapizonis, yarsis, erevnisa da
samcxis beglarbegebisaTvis daxmareba eTxova. rogorc Cans,
osmaleTis agresiis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT warmarTviT
isargebles iranma da qarTlis samefom da wagebuli omis
Sedegebis gamosworebas cdilobdnen. osmalebis kavkasiidan
balkaneTSi yuradRebis gadataniT SeSfoTebuli iyo yirimis
xani, radgan moskovis saxelmwifo sul ufro imtkicebda poziciebs kavkasiaSi. yirimis xani sulTans sTxovda, rom gaerTianebuli ZaliT aeRoT da daengriaT rusebis mier Cadgmuli
cixeebi1. imave gazeTis mixedviT, vidre hasan faSa SirvanSi
dabrundeboda, manamde qarTvelebs gaumarjviaT, magram gazeTSi araferia naTqvami raSi gamoixateboda es gamarjveba.
`romis saRvTo imperiasTan~ omSi Cabmul osmaleTis
saxelmwifos, qarTvelTa moqmedebam seriozuli sazrunavi
gauCina. sulTanma gadawyvita saqarTvelo-iranis sazRvarze
saswrafod daewyo cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba. osmaleTis
am RonisZiebis gamo iranma protesti gamoTqva, radgan es
ewinaaRmdegeboda 1590 wlis stambolis zavis pirobebs2.
qarTvelebis osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sxva magaliTis
Sesaxeb, garda zemoaRniSnulisa, cnoba ar gagvaCnia. amitom, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelosa da iranis agentebi an oficialuri pirebi, evropel diplomatebs araswor informacias
awvdidnen. amiT maT undodaT evropelebisaTvis gaegebinebinaT,
rom qarTvelebi kvlavv osmalebs vebrZviT da mokavSirebad
gviguleTo. amgvari moqmedebiT, isini garkveul diplomatiur
warmatebas aRwevdnen. antiosmalurad ganwyobili evropis
qveynebisaTvis gasagebi unda yofiliyo, rom saqarTvelo da
irani stambolis zavis Seguebas ar fiqrobdnen. evropaSi, pirvel rigSi ki papis kuriaSi, gadawyvites osmaleTis aRmosavlel mowinaaRmdegeebs dakavSirebodnen. osmaleTsa da `romis
2 Ibidem, p. 196-197.
293
saRmrTo imperias~ Soris omis dawyebamde papma klementi VIIIm werili gaugzavna Sah abass da evropis antiosmalur ligaSi
Sesvla SesTavaza1. imave dros, man diplomatiuri urTierToba
ganaaxla iranTan, rac dasavleT evropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis samzadiss daemTxva2.
1593 wlis 15 ivniss osmaleTma Seteva ganaaxla `romis
saRmrTo imperiaze~. imperatori rudolfi da romis papi
antiosmaluri Zalebis darazmvas Seudgnen. 1593 w. 21 noembers klementi VIII-m aleqsandre kumuloviCi ndobis sigeliTa da instruqciebiT aRWurva da aRmosavleTSi gaistumra. kumuloviCs daevala osmaleTis winaaRmdeg aemxedrebina
transilvaniis mTavari, moldaveTisa da vlaxeTis voevodebi,
poloneTis mefe, ruseTis mefe da Cerqezebi, romlebsac kavSiri unda SeekraT imperatorTan. sayuradReboa, rom kumuloviCs specialuri miTiTeba hqonda, megrelebis saSualebiT
dakavSireboda qarTvelebs3, e. i. qarTlis, kaxeTis da imereTis samefoebs.
kumuloviCs moskovis mefe unda daerwmunebina, rom osmaleTi ruseTs seriozul safrTxes uqmnida. Tu osmaleTi
daamarcxebda avstrias, ungreTs, poloneTsa da litvas, maSin ruseTi dasavleTidan da samxreTidan alyaSi moeqceoda.
imisaTvis rom es ar moxdes, ruseTma unda waaqezos da yvelafriT daexmaros iransa da saqarTvelos, raTa maT omiT
daibrunon dakarguli teritoriebi. papis azriT, ruseTi fuliT unda daexmaros avstrias, xolo yirimeli TaTrebis ganadgureba ruseTs SesaZleblobas miscems, gavides Savi zRvis
sanapiroebze, saidanac gaexsneba gza konstantinopolisaken4.
1 A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, I, London, 1939, p. 68-69.
3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, p. 31, 152.
4 Древная российская вивлиофика, содержащая в себе собрание древностей российских, до истории, географии и генеалогии российская касающийся.
Изданная Николаем Новиковым, изд. II, ч.XII, М., 1789, с. 449-460; gabaSvili
v., dasax. naSr., gv. 92.
294
rogor seriozul Zalad hyavdaT warmodgenili ruseTi
evropaSi da rogor did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen osmaleTTan mebrZoli imperator rudolfisaTvis mis daxmarebas,
amaze miuTiTebs dalmciis kunZul xvaris episkoposis pietro Cadalanis pap klementi VIII-isaTvis gagazavnili werili. masSi naTqvamia, rom ruseTis saxelmwifos SeuZlia
brZolis velze gamoiyvanos 200 aTasi mebrZoli da sakmaod didi raodenobis artileria. imave werilSi, marTalia,
dasaxelebuli ar aris, magram saqarTveloc nagulisxmevia.
werilis avtori dasZens, rom moskovis mefis Cabma antiosmalur ligaSi sasurvelia imitomac, rom mas mravali
erTmorwmune da momxre hyavs sulTnis evropul da aziur
samflobeloebSi1.
moskovis mTavroba papis gegmas sifrTxiliT moekida,
radgan osmaleTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebas erideboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom moskovSi cnobili iyo sulTnis roli
1591 da 1592 wlebSi yirimis xanis mier ruseTis teritoriebis darbevaSi (1591 wels TaTrebma moskovamde miaRwies),
mainc ufro xelsayrelad miaCndaT, osmaleTTan moCvenebiTi
megobruli urTierTobis SenarCuneba. 1594 wels moskovis
elCi danila islenievi sulTans umtkicebda, rom ruseTma
irans uari uTxra osmaleTis winaaRmdeg daxmarebaze. amasve
amtkicebda yirimSi 1593 wels rusi elCi vanteevi2. magram
ruseTi SemTxvevas ar gauSvebda, rom diplomatiuri an fulad saxsrebiT xeli ar Seewyo antiosmaluri ZalebisaTvis.
romis papi iTvaliswinebda espaneTis saerTaSoriso avtoritets, mefe filipe II-sTan Tavis karg urTierTobas
1 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая
Варкача с 22 июля 1593 года. «Чтения в обществе истории и древностей Российских при Московском университете», кн. IV, M., 1874, c. X.
2 Кабaрдино-русские отношения в XVI-XVII вв. Документы и материалы
в 2-х томах, М., 1957, т. I, XVI-XVII вв., c. 197.
295
da cdilobda isic Caeba antiosmalur ligaSi. albaT misi
CagonebiT espaneTis mefe Sah abazs 1593 wlis dasasruls
urCevda uari eTqva stambolis zavze1.
1593 wlis 27 seqtembers moskovSi mivida `romis saRmrTo imperiis~ elCi nikolai varkaCi. mis misias Seadgenda
moskovis Cabma im antiosmalur koaliciaSi, romelSic unda
Sesuliyo avstria, romis papi, espaneTi, venecia, italiisa
da germaniis samTavroebi2. avstriis karze iTvaliswinebdnen
ruseTis dainteresebas osmaleTis dasustebiT (ruseTs xom
sistematurad esxmoda osmaleTis vasali yirimis xani) da,
rogorc xvaris episkoposi pietro Cadalani paps swerda,
moskovis mefes garkveuli uflebac ki hqonda pretenzia
waeyenebina bizantiis taxtze. imave dros mxedvelobaSi
iRebdnen, rogorc ukve iTqva, moskovis mefis SesaZleblobas,
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg daerazma irani da misi aRmosavleli
mezoblebi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, moskovis mefisagan finansuri daxmarebis imedi mainc hqondaT. msgavsi precendenti
ukve iyo 1587 wels, rodesac varkaCma osmaleTTan omis motiviT 3 milioni guldeni waiRo3.
1593 w. 30 seqtembers varkaCs molaparakeba hqonda jer
mefe Tevdore ivanes ZesTan, Semdeg, 17 oqtombers boris godunovTan. mefesTan meored Sexvedris dros, 22 oqtombers
varkaCma neba iTxova, moskovSi myof iranis elCTan _ haji
xosrovTan4 Tavisi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT molaparakebis
Sesaxeb. mefe daTanxmda. 23 oqtombers varkaCis msaxurTu1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 197.
2 Ibidem.
Варкача, c. IX-X.
4 varkaCis mixedviT, haji xosrovi warmoSobiT litveli yofila. is tyveobaSi Cavarda da iranSi moxvda (Тамже, с. 22). haji xosrovs Tavisi warmoSobis Sesaxeb uTqvams astraxanis voevodasTan saubarSic. Бушев П.П., История
посольств и дипломатических отношений Русского и Иранского государств в
1586-1612 гг. (По русским архивам), М., 1976, с. 180.
296
frosi qristofore uprugi haji xosrovTan mosalaparakeblad wavida. aseve moiqca haji xosrovi. imanac Tavisi Tanmxlebi erT-erTi didebuli varkaCisTan mosalaparakeblad
gagzavna1.
ratom ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs haji xosrovi da varkaCi?
cnobilia, rom avstrias antiosmalur koaliciaSi iranis
Cabma ruseTis SuamavlobiT surda. am ori qveynis warmomadgenlebis aseT dabal doneze Sexvedra, safiqrebelia,
moskovis samefo karis surviliT moxda da ai ratom: iransa
da osmaleTs Soris zaviT ukmayofilo moskovis samefo
kars, marTalia, iranis warmomadgeneli umtkicebda, rom es
mxolod droebiTi zavi iyo, magram rusebs ar sjerodaT.
rogorc haji xosrovis saubridan da moskovSi Camotanili
Sahis sigelidan Canda, irani amjerad moskovis saxelmwifosTan diplomatiuri da savaWro urTierTobis gagrZelebas fiqrobda. rusi diplomatebis azriT ruseTis iranTan
urTierToba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebaSi ar
unda gadazrdiliyo, maSin rodesac, iranis mxriv, aseTi moqmedeba misaRebad miaCndaT2. moskovSi osmaleTTan urTierTobis garTuleba ar surdaT. aq dRe-dReze elodnen osmaleTis
elCebs. albaT, SemTxveviTi ar iyo iranis elCis moskovidan
gaSveba 1593 w. 26 oqtombers. 31 oqtombers osmaleTis elCebi moskovSi mividnen3.
haji xosrovis elCoba sainteresoa imiTic, rom 1593 w. 13
seqtembers boris godunovi, iranis elCis masTan audienciis
dros, saqarTvelos sakiTxsac Seexo. boris godunovma aRniSna, rom kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres TxovniT, moskovma Samxlis
Варкача, c. 23. Sdr. Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 188, sadac naTqvamia, rom iranisa
da avstriis elCebi moskovSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen.
2 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 185-188.
Варкача, c. 25.
297
winaaRmdeg didi jari gagzavna. rusTa jaris sardals andrei
ivanes Ze xvorostinins àleqsandre mefis da mTeli iveriis
dacva~ daevala1. rogorc cnobilia, 1594 w. mowyobili es
laSqroba, romelSic kaxeTis mefis vaJs jariT monawileoba
unda mieRo, magram ar miiRo, marcxiT damTavrda2.
haji xosrovis moskovSi yofnisas pirvelad aRiZra kaxeTis ufliswulis konstantines Sahis karidan daxsnisa da
misi moskovSi wayvanis sakiTxi3. kaxeli ufliswulis sakiTxi, XVI s. 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaSi, sul ufro aqtiuri xdeboda.
1593 w. Sah abasis elCis winaSe saqarTvelos da qarTveli
ufliswulze saubris dawyebiT, moskovSi saqarTvelos mimarT iranis poziciis garkveva surdaT. magram haji xosrovisagan bevri veraferi Seityves. igi moxerxebulad aridebda
Tavs am arasasiamovno saubars da gadakvriT agrZnobinebda,
rom aq iseTi araferia, romelic moskov-iranis urTierTobas
Seaferxebso.
haji xosrovis elCobiT Sah abasma mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia: moskovis saxelmwifosTan diplomatiuri urTierToba aRsdga, rasac Sahi osmaleTTan Semdgomi brZolisaTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. moskovis mTavroba Sahs
hpirdeboda, rom xels Seuwyobda mis dakavSirebas avstriasTan, oRond irani osmaleTTan mSvidobian mdgomareobaSi
nu iqneboda. rogorc boris godunovi Sahs werda, am mizans
emsaxureboda misi Suamdgomloba varkaCisa da haji xosrovis
moskovSi molaparakebis gamarTvisaTvis. moskovis mTavroba
saSualebas miscemda iransa da avstrias erTmaneTisaTvis elCebi gaegzavnaT ruseTze gavliT4. savaraudoa, rom Sah abass
1 Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 186-187; Бушев П. П., Ук. труд, c. 189. Sdr.
tivaZe T., iranTan politikuri urTierTobis sakiTxi, gv. 187.
2 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 50-56, 70-72; bocvaZe T., dasax. naSr.,
gv. 51-52; Бушев П. П., Ук. труд, c. 240, 244, 255, 256, 296.
3 Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 186; berZeniSvili n., dasax. maSr., gv. 64-70.
4 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 191-194.
298
amis Semdeg gauCnda idea, evropasTan kavSiri osmaleTTan
omSi gamoeyenebina1.
rogorc iTqva, habsburgebma osmaleTTan omis dawyebisTanave Zlier gaaqtiures diplomatia antiosmaluri koaliciis
Sesaqmnelad. am sakiTxisaTvis didad iRwvoda habsburgebis
mokavSire transilvaniis mTavari zigmund batori. man kavSiri Sekra vlaxeTis mTavar mixaisTan da moldaveTis mTavar
aronTan. am antiosmaluri kavSiris meTauri unda yofiliyo
zigmund batori2.
1594 wlis TebervalSi zigmund batori Tavisi razmebiT
moldaveTSi idga da molaparakebas awarmoebda Cerqezebis,
kazakebisa da polonelTa razmebis meTaurebTan, raTa isini
osmalebTan omSi daxmarebodnen. rogorc Cans molaparakeba
warumateblad dasrulda. imave wlis bolos papma klementi
VIII-m Tavisi elCebi moldaveTsa da poloneTSi gagzavna,
papma maT samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod fuli gaugzavna3.
papis varaudiT, radgan moskovis mefes `yvelaze ukeTesad
SeeZlo werilebisa da elCebis saSualebiT dakavSireboda
Cerqezebs, qarTvelebsa da sparselebs~, amitom mas unda
ezruna maT Seyvanaze antiosmalur ligaSi4.
moskovis saxelmwifoSi mcire cnobebi gaaCndaT axlo
aRmosavleTis, kerZod, iranis politikuri mdgomareobisa
da samxedro potenciis Sesaxeb. saWiro iyo imis garkveva,
SeeZlo Tu ara irans omis gagrZeleba. 1594 w. 30 maiss
moskovidan iranSi gaigzavna andria zvenigorodskis elCoba,
romlis winaSe dayenebuli miznebi da amocanebi naTels xdis,
rom elCobas seriozuli roli unda Seesrulebina antiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis molaparakebis pirobebis SemuSavebaSi, mas aseve gavlena unda moexdina ara mxolod
1 Тамже, с. 201.
2 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 31, p. 153.
3 Мохов Н., Очерки истории молдаво-русско-украинских связей, Кишинев, 1961, с. 73-74.
4 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 153.
299
iranTan Semdgom urTierTobaze, aramed osmaleTis sulTnisa
da yirimis xanis winaaRmdeg brZolazec1.
boris godunovi Tavisi sigeliT Sahs acnobebda imperator rudolf II-is mier espaneTis, veneciis da sxvaTa jarebis daxmarebiT 1593 wels osmaleTze gamarjvebis Sesaxeb.
boris godunovi aseTive warmatebas usurvebda Sahs Tavis
mtrebze. bolos godunovi Sahs Txovda, rom yazvinSi mZevlad myofi kaxeTis ufliswuli konstantine gaeTavisuflebina. boris godunovi iqve Sahs hpirdeboda, rom aleqsandre mefe mZevlis gareSec iranis erTguli iqneboda2.
n. berZeniSvili moskovis mTavrobis mier qarTveli
ufliswulis moTxovnas miiCnevda ruseTis moxerxebul
cdad, `raTa Sahs moskov-kaxeTis mfarveloba-xeldebulebis
aqti, Tu oficialured ara, arapirdapir mainc ecno~3.
Sahis karze konstantine ufliswulis sakiTxis dayenebiT
moskovis mTavroba erTdroulad ramdenime mizans isaxavda.
jer erTi, ufliswulis sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, kaxeTis sakiTxi iyo. ruseTi konstantine ufliswuls iranidan Tu
waiyvanda, es iranis mier kaxeTze ruseTis uflebis aRiareba, xolo iranis kaxeTze siuzerenobis dakargvis aRireba
iqneboda. moskovis moTxovna Sahma swored ase Seafasa. Sahs
SeeZlo gamahmadianebuli konstantine kaxeTis taxtis pretendentad gadaeqcia, rac sabolood asec moxda. kaxeTis
taxtze mahmadian mefes ruseTi ver Seegueboda. swored amiTi iyo gamowveuli Sahis karze moskovis elCebis aqtiuroba
konstantines xelSi Casagdebad. amave dros, rogorc boris
godunovis mier saqarTveloSi ruseTis elCis ivane vsevolodskis xeliT gagzavnili sigelidan Cans, igi moiTxovda, rom amis Semdeg moskovTan SeTanxmebis gareSe kaxeTis
1 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 240.
2 Памятники дипломатических сношений Дреней России с державами
иностранными, с. 216-217; Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 242.
300
mefes mahmadiani mbrZaneblebisTvis mZevali aRar mieca1. qristianuli saxelmwifo ki saqarTvelos uSualo mezoblobaSi,
garda moaxloebuli ruseTisa sxva aRar hyavda. maSasadame, aleqsandre mefes mZevali mxolod mfarvelisaTvis unda
mieca.
osmaleTTan omis mosurne kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis
diplomatebi iTvaliswinebdnen ruseTis pozicias osmaleTTan urTierTobaSi da realurad afasebdnen mis interesebs
kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi.
ruseTi dainteresebuli ar iyo habsburgebisaTvis iseTi
daxmareba gaewia, romelic balkaneTSi mis ganmtkicebas
waadgeboda. amgvari daxmarebisagan ruseTi yovelTvis Tavs
ikavebda. rac Seexeba ruseTis pozicias kavkasiisa da iranis
mimarT, aq yvelaferi garekveuli iyo. XVI s. bolo meoTxedSi moskovis mTavroba cdilobda fexis mokidebas kaspiis
zRvis sanapiroze, rac astraxanis dapyrobiT nawilobriv
SesZlo kidec. magram ruseTis iq gabatonebas mudmivad emuqreboda osmaleTi. astraxanis dacvis aucileblobam ruseTi
kavkasiaSi miiyvana, saidanac kidev ufro sasurveli perspeqtiva gadaiSala: kavkasiaze gamavali gzebis xelSi CagdebiT
axlo aRmosavleTTan da indoeTTan dakavSireba SeiZleboda.
antiosmalur ligaSi monawileoba ruseTisTvis sasargeblo rom iqneboda, amas aleqsandre kumuloviCi 1594 wlis
11 noembris werilSi Semdegnairad asabuTebda: moskovis mefe
`Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris gaxsnis gzas aziisaken da xels
gauwvdis Cerqezebs, megrelebs, qarTvelebsa da aziis sxva
xalxebs~. kumuloviCi imasac iTvaliswinebda, rom adgilobrivi qristianuli mosaxleoba mxurvaled dauWerda mxars
ruseTis am nabijs2. saintersoa, rom kumuloviCis TqmiT,
ruseTi `daipyrobda mTel teritoriebs kaspiis zRvamde
da gadaiqceoda kaspiis zRvis Crdilo da dasavleTi sana1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 262.
2 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 153.
301
piroebis absolutur baton-patronad, misi samflobeloebis
sazRvrebi saqarTvelomde gadaiWimeboda~1. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare ruseTisaTvis ufro sasargebloa kavSiri iranTan da saqarTvelosTan, raTa osmalebi kavkasiidan erToblivad gandevnon.
1594 wlis 17 noembers poloneTis seimma antiosmaluri ligis Seqmnis sakiTxi ganixila. miRebuli dadgenilebis
mixedviT, warmateba im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda mopovebuli, Tu
papi moskovis mefes imperatorTan daakavSirebda da maT mxars dauWerdnen iranis Sahi da qarTvelebi2.
aleqsandre kaxTa mefes, evropasTan diplomatiuri
urTierToba, rom uSualod da moskovis saSualebiT hqonda,
amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. magram, rogorc irkveva, evropis
saxelmwifoebi antiosmaluri ligis Sesaqmnelad mxolod
aleqsandre II-sTan ar urTierTobdnen. isini gansakuTreebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen, osmalebis winaaRmdeg dauRalavi mebrZolis, qarTlis mefe svimon I-is ligaSi CabmiT.
svimon mefis kontaqtebi evropis qveynebTan xorcieldeboda
ruseTis gverdis avliT. cnobilia, rom zigmund batori
qarTvelebisa da Cerqezebis antiosmalur ganwyobilebaze
kargad informirebuli iyo Tavisi diplomatis matiaS kisis
saSualebiT. isic savaraudoa, rom evropeli diplomatebisa
da saidumlo agentebis saSualebiT warmoebda saqarTvelos
samefoebsa da evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris miwer-mowera.
1595 wlis 29 apriliT daTariRebul pap klementi VIIIis instruqciaSi, romelic kumuloviCs moskovSi gaegzavna,
naTqvamia, rom is valdebulia wavides CerqezeTSi da iqidan kavSiri daamyaros amierkavkasiis mefeebTan3. cnobili
ar aris SesZlo Tu ara man am davalebis Sesruleba, magram SiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom misi an misi msgavsi
1 `Starine~, kniga XIV, Zagreb, 1882, p. 112-113.
2 Ibidem, p. 122.
3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 154.
302
diplomat-agentebis saSualebiT moxda svimon mefis evropis
saxelmwifoebTan dakavSireba. saintereso cnobaa Semonaxuli
venecieli diplomatis, alesandro malipieros 1596 wlis
relaciaSi. igi ambobs, rom qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli
urTierToba aqvT espaneTis mefesTan, romelTanac werilebs
agzavnian ormuzsa da sxva adgilebze gamavali gzebiT~1.
antiosmalurad ganwyobili yvela saxelmwifosaTvis
naTeli iyo, rom qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis Serigeba met
warmatebas moitanda. magram dgeboda kiTxva: visi iniciativiT unda momxdariyo Serigeba _ ruseTisa Tu iranis. amas
principuli mniSvneloba hqonda. Tu reseTis diplomatia
gaimarjvebda, maSin mosalodneli iyo svimon mefec ruseTis
mefis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo. ra Tqma unda, iranis Sahic
cdilobda aleqsandre II Tavis mxares gadaeyvana. aleqsandre mefes, rogorc adre iTqva, saqarTvelos gaerTianeba
surda kaxeTis meTaurobiT. am amocanis Tavis sasargeblod
gadawyvetas igi saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi SeyvaniT fiqrobda. Tevdore xelmwife 1596
wlis ivnisSi aleqsandre kaxTa mefes pasuxad swerda: «А что
к нашему царьскому величеству писал еси в грамоте, что по
нашему царьского величества повеленью з зятем своим с
Симоном помирился еси вековым миром и начаешся Божьей милости, которые земли от вас отстали Мингрелская и
Гуриелская и Мамучарская, чтоб вам их к себе проворотит
и под нашу царскую руку их привести»2.
moskovis mefe svimon pirvelTan urTierTobis damyarebisaken miiswrafoda da mas qarTlis mefesTan aleqsandres
Suamavloba ar akmayofilebda. igi aleqsandres imave werilSi miuTiTebda, rom roca Seni elCebi moskovSi wamovlen,
maT wamohyvnen svimon mefis elCebic, raTa dadgindes «как
ему вперед быти в нашем царьском жалованье под нашей
1 Berchet, Op. cit., p. 97.
2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 267.
303
царьскою высокою рукою и во обороне от ваших недругов...
и пожалеиаи их отпустим и своего посла к нему пошлем»1.
saeWvoa, aleqsandre mefes moswoneboda moskovis xelmwifis
aseTi didi interesi qarTlis samefos mimarT da igi Seecdeboda qarTlis samefos ruseTTan daaxloeba ar momxdariyo.
ibadeba kiTxva: ratom svimon mefe TviTon ar cdilobda
ruseTTan dakavSirebas?
svimon I iran-osmaleTis omis dros da mis Semdegac,
sicocxlis bolomde, proiranuli orientaciisa iyo. mas,
osmaleTTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo omis viTarebaSi, rodesac
yizilbaSebTan erTad osmalebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, saSualeba ar hqonda, SahisaTvis miuRebeli sagareo politika
gaetarebina, ra Tqma unda, svimonisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili
Sahis ganwyobileba kaxeTis mefis ruseTTan urTierTobis
gamo. man kargad icoda agreTve, aleqsandres im rTuli
diplomatiuri TamaSis Sesaxeb, romelsac igi SahTan da
moskovis xelmwifesTan antiosmaluri ligis SeqmnisaTvis da
Tavisi saboloo miznis, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis awarmoebda. svimon I amitom erideboda moskovTan kontaqts. igi
evropis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis drosac, Sahis miTiTebiT moqmedebda. swored Sahis moTxovniT unda yofiliyo, rom mefe evropaSi gagzavnil werilebSi2 ruseTs ar
axsenebs, yvelgan laparakia mxolod qarTl-kaxeT-iranis
koaliciis Camoyalibebaze. marTalia, werilebSi arsad naTqvami ar aris koaliciis romelime wevris wamyvani rolis
Sesaxeb, magram adresatebisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom samTa
kavSirSi irani pirveli unda yofiliyo. amgvarad, Sah abazi
evropel partniorebs warudgenda koalicias masSi ruseTis
1 Тамже, с. 268.
2 TamaraSvili m., istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 76-78, 605-607; saqarTvelos
siZveleni, II, e. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tf., 1909, gv. 80-80; Macler F.,
Noticè de manuscrite armeniens. `Revue des Etudes Armeniennes~, t. I, fasc. I-II,
Paris, 1920, p. 73-78; Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 32, 157-158; gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr.,
gv. 94-99.
304
monawileobis gareSe, maSin, roca imave partniorebTan miwer-mowerisa da molaparakebis dros ruseTi aRmosavleTis
antiosmaluri Zalebis damrazmvelad gamodioda. es ki niSnavda imas, rom ruseTi, Sahis azriT, ar unda Careuliyo
kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis saqmeebSi, rom es regionebi iranis gavlenis sfero iyo. rogorc n. berZeniSvili
aRniSnavda, Sah abasi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sul sxva koalicias razmavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis
beladoba amierkavkasiaSi Sah abass gamoricxulad miaCnda~1.
iranis elCis, andi-begis molaparakeba moskovSi miznad
isaxavda kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semosvlis SeCerebas. Sahma am
molaparakebas antiosmaluri xasiaTi misca, magram mizani
sxva hqonda. Sahs mxolod Samxalis ruseTis gavlenis qveS
moxvedra ar aSinebda. mas gansakuTrebiT rusTa jaris Semdgomi winsavla daRestanSi da kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan
kavSiri afiqrebda. raTa kaspiispireTSi ruseTis SeWra SeCerebuliyo, amisaTvis aucileblad miaCnda rusi xelmwifisa
da kaxeTis mefis SamxalTan Serigeba, Tundac amisaTvis ruseTis suverenitetis cnoba saSamxloze da Samxalis vaJis
moskovSi mZevlad gagzavna gamxdariyo saWiro. Sahi am miznis
misaRwevad mzad iyo rusT xelmwifes darubandis an baqos
gadacemas dapireboda. rogorc Cans, andi begma davalebas
warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli gamosvla
saSamxlos winaaRmdeg mxolod 10 wlis Semdeg, 1604-1605
wlebSi, moxda2.
manamde ki ruseT-iranis diplomatiur urTierTobaSi
qarTlis sakiTxi garkveuli simwvaviT unda mdgariyo. ori
metoqe, sabolood, kompromisul SeTanxmebaze wavida: erToblivad emoqmedaT qarTl-kaxeTis Sesarigeblad. am sakiTxis mogvareba daevalaT stambolSi myof moskovisa da iranis
elCebs. rodesac osmalebma maTTvis micemuli davalebis Ses1 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 70.
2 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 222.
305
axeb gaiges, isini daapatimres, `radgan Turqebs aSinebdaT
kavSiri moskovsa, sparseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, mimarTuli osmaleTis winaaRmdeg~1.
rogorc adre iTqva, romis papi saqarTvelo-iranis antiosmaluri koaliciaSi Cabmis organzebas moskovs sTxovda.
moRweulia Tevdore ivanes Zis pasuxi klementi VIII-is elC
kumuloviCisadmi: `Sen gvTxove, rom migvewera sparseTisa da
saqarTvelos mefeebisaTvis TurqeTTan omis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT... gasul wels Cven mivwereT sparseTis mefes, ar
daedo zavi TurqeTTan... Cven axlac gavgzavniT masTan delegacias, raTa vacnoboT yvalaferi razec Cven SevTanxmdiT. Cven
momavalSic mivmarTavT saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandres, raTa
mWidro kavSiri iqonios sparseTis mefesTan~2. naCqarevad
meCveneba moyvanil amonaridis mixedviT, l. tardis mier
gamotanili daskvna, TiTqos ruseT-saqarTvelo-iranis
mZlavri antiosmaluri liga Seiqmna. marTalia, irans osmaleTTan omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi, espaneTi da saqarTvelo qvemexebis miwodebas hpirdeboda3, magram es mxolod
dapireba iyo da sxva araferi. saWiro iyo iranis waqezeba
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg da am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo (kaxeTis
samefo) TavisTvis misaRebi ruseTis sagareo politikuri
kursis xelSemwyobad gamodioda. bolos da bolos svimon I
da aleqsandre II Serigdnen. venecieli diplomati alesandro
malipiero 1596 wlis TebervalSi senatSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli mefeebis Serigeba iranis
Sahis avtoritetis wyalobiT moxda4. amiT faqtobrivad
Camoyalibda samTa liga qarTl-kaxeT-iranis SemadgenlobiT.
svimon I espaneTSi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleTSi Seqmnil ligis wevrebs Soris winaT uTanxmoeba
1 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 316; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 216-217.
3 Ungerische und Siebenbürgische Krieghändel, Frankfurt am Main, 1590, S.
322-323; Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 157.
4 Berchet, ., Op. cit., p. 96-97.
306
arsebobda (qarTl-kaxeTsa da kaxeT-irans Soris uTanxmoeba),
magram Serigdnen osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis,
agreTve ierusalimisa da yvela qristianis osmalTa batonobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis1.
aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas sulTnis
mkacri reaqcia mohyva. igi gansakuTrebul aRSfoTebas `veragi gaiZvera, intrigani, viTarca mela~ svimon I-is mimarT
gamoxatavda. Sah abasisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi murad III
werda: svimoni `ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi udrtvinvelad
Cveni moxarke iyo, rogorc ki aRgviTqva morCileba, Cven vubrZaneT mesazRvreebs, rom im sazizRari da urwmuno qveynisaTvis xeli ar exloT. amitom Cvenma jarebma datoves misi
qveyana, gadaketes yovelgvari gza areulobisa da omisa da
icavdnen [svimonis] qveyanas sxvebisagan. im SemTxvevaSi Tu
isini ar daafaseben im did wyalobas, romelic maT qarTvelebis mimarT gamoiCines, fics gatexaven, misi [svimonis] gvami
gvelebisa da WianWvelebis lukma gaxdeba~2.
savaraudoa, rom aleqsandre II am koaliciis miznebs mTlad ar iziarebda da gulmodginebas arc misi ganxorcielebisaTvis iCenda. ruseTis gamoTiSvas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
omidan, kaxeli politikosebi ver daeTnxmebodnen, magram
iZulebulni iyvnen garkveul dromde gaCumebuliyvnen. isic
unda iTqvas, rom jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris (SeiZleba
arc arsebobda) kaxeTis mefis werili, gagzavnili svimon mefis da Sah abasis werilebTan erTad evropaSi. savaraudoa,
rom aleqsandre II daTanxmda (an ki daTanxmda?) zemoxsenebuli werilebis avtorebs, misi saxeliTac mieweraT evropis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebisaTvis. marTali ar unda iyos
2 svaniZe m., 1588 wels qarTlis mefe svimon I-isa da osmaleTis sardal
ferhad faSas Soris dadebuli sazavo xelSekruleba. `qarTuli di plomatia~,
weliwdeuli, #10, Tb., 2003, gv. 151.
307
julfeli1 Tu eCmiaZineli2 diplomatis, Sah abasis elCis,
ter-iakobis naTqvami, TiTqos mas Tan hqonda mefe aleqsandres werilebic evropis mefe-mTavrebisaTvis gadasacemad3.
ter-iakobi Sah abasis gamocdili diplomati iyo da, ra Tqma
unda, kaxTa mefis ganwyobilebaze sityvasac ar daZravda.
Sahsa da kaxeTis mefes Soris rom kvlav daZabuli viTareba iyo, amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi momentic. Sahma aleqsandre mefesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebis ganmtkiceba da kaxeTis
sabolood Tavis mxareze gadayvana 1596 wels saqorwino
kavSiriT scada. man Tavisi elCi didi saCuqrebiT gagzavna
kaxeTis mefesTan da asuli sTxova Tavis sacoled. aleqsandres gansjiT, Sahs mZevlis warTmeva undoda da ara danaTsaveba. amitom man moxerxebulad uTxra uari – Cemi asuli
daniSnulia samegrelos mTavarzeo. aleqsandrem yizilbaS
elCebs pasuxTan erTad saCuqrebic gaatana4. male Sahma namdvili zraxvebi gamoamJRavna. 1597 wels Sah abasma kaxeTis
aklebis muqariT aleqsandres mosTxova Tavisi naTesavebidan
yvelaze saukeToso qalwuli misTvis sacoled gaegzvna.
amjerad mefe iZulebuli gaxda Sahis moTxovna daekmayofilebina da Tavis colis Zmis (amilaxoris) asuli gaugzavna5.
svimon I 1595 wlidan aqtiurad Caeba antiosmaluri
koaliciis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, rac sakmaod kargad aisaxa
maSindel diplomatiur mimowerasa da sabuTebSi. am mxriv
2 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 76.
3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 162.
5 Тамже, с. 311; Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 437, 441; Крымский Е. А., История Турции и ее литературы, II, M., 1919, c. 291; berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr.,
gv. 76. Sahs aseve qorwinebis gziT undoda daebrunebina kavkasiaSi dakarguli
zogierTi samflobelo. 1597 wels abazma sulTans sTxova Tavisi da sacoled
mieca. imave dros man mziTvis saxiT moiTxova Samaxia, darubandi da sxva adgilebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi omis dawyebiT daemuqra. sulTanma mas Tvaziani
uari SeuTvala. Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 311.
308
seriozul interess imsaxurebs transilvaniis mTavris zigmund batoris dakavSireba svimon mefesTan osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivad sabrZolvelad. 1595 w. 25 ianvars,
praRaSi, imperator rudolfsa da zigmund bators Soris
daido
osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg
erToblivi
brZolis
xelSekruleba1. imave wlis 20 da 30 ivniss dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze, valaxeTis voevoda mixaim da
moldaveTis mTavarma Stefan rezvanma scnes zigmund batoris uzenaesoba2. amgvarad, Camoyalibda Zlieri antiosmaluri
koalicia, romelmac, Tavdapirvelad samxedro warmatebasac
miaRwia.
zigmund batori iTvaliswinebda ra osmaleTis imperiis
samxedro Zlierebas, aucileblad miaCnda misi Zalebis nawilobriv dabandeba aRmosavleTSi. batorim kargad icoda svimon mefis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg xangrZlivi brZolis Sesaxeb, mas werili gaugzavna da mouwoda daewyoT brZola,
svimons _ aRmosavleTidan, bators _ dasavleTidan. zigmund
batorim, rom daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna svimon mefes, es cnobilia am ukanasknelis mier espaneTis mefe filipe II-sTvis 1596 wlis 25 agvistos gagzavnili werilidan3. am werilze yuradRebis gamaxvileba
saWiroa imitom, rom masSi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans svimon
mefis antiosmaluri saqmianoba. svimon I espaneTis mefes
swerda: `me mogwereT werili Cvensa da Tqvens udidebulesobas Soris aliansis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, raTa Tqven udidebulesobas CvenTvis ecnobebina Tavisi survili. CvenTvis cno1 Ősterreichische Staats verträge. Fürstertum Siebenbürgen (1526-1690).
Bearbeiten von R. Goos, Wien, 1911, S. 218-235.
2 Documents privitoare la istoria Romanilor, v. II, par. II, p. 209-213.
3 Macler F., Op. cit.,, p. 77-78. arsebobs am werilis somxuri da berZnuli
variantebi, somxuri daTariRebulia 14 agvistoTi (ix. tabaRua. dasax. naSr.,
I, gv. 222-227). f. maklerma gamoaqveyna werilis berZnuli variantis frangul
enaze Targmani. f. makleris da i. tabaRuas mier gamoqveynebul Targmanebs Soris, rogorc Semdeg gamoCndeba, arsebobs gansxvaveba.
309
bilia transilvaniis imperatoris survili da Cven didad
gvwams, rom igi dapirebis erTguli darCeba da dagvexmareba... amave mizniT mivwereT werili wminda mamas da germaniis
imperators~1. svimoni iqve aRniSnavs Sahis im gulmodginebis
Sesaxeb, rasac igi qristiani mefeebis dasaxmareblad iCens.
ar vici, zigmund batoris werilma Tu kidev sxva ramem
gaaqtiura svimon mefe, magram faqtia, rom 1596 wels man
ramdenime werili dawera2: 6 maiss veneciis respublikis
1 Macler F., Op. cit., p. 78. Sdr. tabaRua i., dasx. naSr., I, gv. 224-227.
2 im werilebis garda, romlebsac qvemoT gavecnobiT, mkvlevrebi fiqroben,
rom svimon mefem imave 1596 wels paps gaugzvna kidev erTi werili daTariRebuli 1546 wliT, romelic m. TamaraSvilma gamoaqveyna da iqve gamoTqva varaudi,
rom `werili gagzavnilia svimonis gamefebis da misi sparseTis tyveobidgan
dabrunebis Semdgom da osmalebis mier misi datyvevebis wineT; amitom, Cvenis
azriT, unda iyos miwerili 1504(?)-1596 wlebSi~ (TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr.,
gv. 78). m. TamaraSvilma SemdegSi ufro daazusta werilis daweris dro: ùnda
iyos 1578 weli, svimon I-is sparselebisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg~ (TamaraSvili m., qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. redaqcia gaukeTes, winasityvaoba
daurTes da gamosacemad moamzades z. aleqsiZem da j. odiSelma, Tb., 1995,
gv. 524). am werilis TariRTan dakavSirebiT, i. tabaRuam ieWva, rom werili
SeiZleba dawerili iyos svimon I-is mamis luarsab I-is mier da amitom uzis
1546 weli (tabaRua i., dasax. naSr., II, gv. 181, Sen. 88). g. Jordanias ki eWvi ar
epareboda, rom werili dawerilia 1596 wels (Жордания Г., Гамезардашвили
З., Римско-католическая миссия и Грузия, ч. I. Из истории взаимоотношений
папства и миссионеров с Картлийско-Кахетинским царством и Кримским
ханством. Горийские миссии (конец XVI и и 20-30-е годы XVII столетия), Тб.,
1994, с. 277). Cemi azriT, werilis Sinaarsi da masSi erTi miniSneba sagulisxmos xdis, rom werili dawerili unda iyos sul sxva dros, XVI s. 70-80-ani
wlebis mijnaze. masSi, zogad xazebSi gadmocemulia mefis mamis, luarsab I-is
tragikulad daRupvis, svimonis gamefebis da sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebuli
brZolis, yizilbaSebisagan datyvevebis da ganTavisuflebis, svimonis xelaxla
gamefebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. erTi sityviT werili
informaciuli xasiaTisaa da masSi konkretulad araferia naTqvami osmalebis
winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaze. `Cveni gulis yvela natvras mRvdeli teriakob moaxsenebs Tqven siwmindesa~ _ am sityvebiT amTavrebs Tavis werils
svimon mefe.
werilis miaxloebiT daTariRebisaTvis amosavali unda iyos mefis erTi
fraza: `Cems Tavs gavswirav erTianad da egreTve Cems qorfa Svilsac... xels ar
aviReb osmalebis winaaRmdeg omze~ (TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77, 607).
310
saxelmwifo sabWos, imperator rudolfs da romis paps
gaugzavna werilebi, agvistos 14 da 25 ricxvebSi ki espaneTis mefe filipe II-s. werilebi waiRo mama iakobma. rogorc
varaudoben, mama iakobi erovnebiT somexi ter-akof marqariani1, warmoSobiT julfidan iyo, magram cxovrobda eCmiaZinSi, saidanac mefem gamoiZaxa da diplomatiuri davaleba
misca2: mas daevala antiosmaluri koaliciis Sekvra, romlis
iniciatorad aRmosavleTSi svimoni da misi mokavSire Sah
abazi, dasavleTSi ki, romis papi klement VIII gamodiodnen.
rogorc im droindeli saistorio wyaroebidan Cans,
ter-iakobi Zalian Wkviani, SorsmWvreteli, frTxili adamiani iyo. man ramdenime ena icoda. rogorc zemoT ganxiluli
werilidan irkveva, mefe mas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, miaxloebiT 70-iani wlebis dasarulidan mainc, mniSvnelovan
diplomatiur davalebebs akisrebda. 1596 wels evropaSi
misiis Sesrulebisas ter-iakobs axlda Tavisi vaJi3.
g. Jordanias da z. gamezardaSvilis mixedviT, svimon
mefem ter-iakobi 1596 wlis maisis dasawyisSi iranSi gaagzavna da 6 maiss berZnulad dawerili werilebi gaatana. igi
jer iranis sataxto yazvinSi mivida, osmaleTis imperiis
is `qorfa Svili~ (`parvulo filio~) 1596 wels ukve 25 wlisa yofila da ra Tqma
unda, am asakis kacze mefe qorfas ver ityoda. maSasadame werili dawerili
unda iyos tyveobidan dabrunebis (1578 w.) Semdeg axlo periodSi.
1 maisuraZe g., qarTveli da somexi xalxebis urTierToba XIII-XVIII
saukuneebSi, Tb., 1982, gv. 148.
2 svimon mefe, rogorc Cans, eCmiaZinel mRvdlebs xSirad aZlevda di plomatiuri xasiaTis davalebebs. pirvel aseT cnobas vxvdebiT misi alamuTis
tyveobidan dabrunebis (1578 w.) Semdeg. ix. TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77.
magram svimon I-ze adre sxva qarTveli mefeebic mimarTavdnen eCmiaZinel somxebs
da di plomatiur davalebebs aZlevdnen. ufro vrclad ix. Тивадзе Т. Г., Ук.
труд, с. 238-245. eCmiaZineli somexi samRvdeloebis garda qarTve;li mefeebi
amgvar davalebas aZlevdnen somex vaWrebsac. aseTi iyo jenkinsonTan gagzavnili
somexi 1563 wels; imave wels kaxeTis samefodan moskovSi gagzavnili somexi
vaWari da svimon mefis mier 1578 wels espaneTis mefesTan gagzavnili somexi
vaWari. maTze zemoT, TavTavis adgilas ukve iTqva.
3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 165.
311
teritoria tripolamde gaiara, am navsadguridan gemiT gaemgzavra da kviprosidan veneciaSi mivida. veneciidan is jer
papTan ki ar wavida, aramed imperatorTan da 1597 wlis 10
ivliss ukve venaSi iyo. venaSi is maSinve avstriis erchercogma maqsimilianem miiRo. 17 ivliss ter-iakobma imperator
rudolfs Sah abasisa da mefe svimonis werilebi gadasca1.
aseTia ter-iakobis venamde mogzaurobis marSruti2.
dazustebas moiTxovs ter-iakobis evropaSi gamgzavrebis
da qarTveli mefeebis mier misTvis werilebis gadacemis zogierTi detali. rogorc iTqva, 1596 wlis 6 maisiT aris
daTariRebuli svimon mefis werilebi da amis Semdeg teriakobi SahTan yazvinSi gaemgzavra. is sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, wlis bolomde an axali wlis dasawyisamde iq
darCa, rogorc g. Jordania da z. gamezardaSvili fiqroben.
ter-iakobs veneciis saxelmwifo sabWos mdivan marko otobonosaTvis uTqvams, rom igi yazvinidan ori dRis savalze
Jekbri-Si svimon I-sa da aleqsandre II-s Sexvedria, romleb1 Жордания Г., Г,амезардашвили З., Ук. труд, с. 280. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa veneciis saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi dokumenti, romelic ter-iakobis evropaSi mogzaurobas asaxavs, am dokumentis franguli Targmani gamoaqveyna l.Ltardim. Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 160-163.
2 veneciis elCis franko vendraminis moxsenebiT baraTSi, romelic gagzavnili unda iyos neapolitaniis mefesTan, naTqvamia: ùaRmatebuleso mefeo,
mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi sparseTSi imyofeboda erTi gamocdili (eCmiaZineli
– e.m.) somexi im mizniT, rom Sahi daerwmunebina, raTa igi Tavisi jarebiT
TurqeTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg amoqmedebuliyo; es ori dRea rac igi am karze
imyofeba. misi mogzauroba daaxloebiT 2 weli gagrZelda. rogorc igi ambobs, cxra Tvea rac sparseTidan gamosula. siriaze gamouvlia, tri polSi
gemze damjdara kunZul kvi prosze misasvlelad. jer mas audiencia ar hqonia. sparseTis Sahis werilebi wamouRia, agreTve sagangebo mizniT am mxareSi ar gamoutanebiaT misi keisaruli udidebulesobis werilebi. ambobs,
rom sparseTisa da saqarTvelos mefeebma ruseTis mefesTan erTad TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg kavSiri Sekreso. misi keisaruli udidebulesoba dahpirebia, rom am
mxaridan ieriSiT miva mterze mTeli germanuli jarebiT da kavSirs daamyarebs
klaTolike mefesTan, Tqvens yovlad saxelganTqmulobasTan da italiis sxva
mefeebTan, raTa Zirian-fesvianad aRmofxvras osmaleTis imperia~. tardi l.,
veneciis roli ungreTTan saqarTvelosa da sparseTis urTierTobaSi, gv. 210.
312
sac evropaSi gasatanebeli werilebi gadauciaT1. bunebrivia,
daismis ramdenime kiTxva: Tu ter-iakobis saqarTveloSi yofnis dros, maisSi, daiwera mefis werilebi, maSin qarTvel
mefeebs ratom unda mietanaT isini yazvinSi? meore kiTxva,
albaT, is iqneba, rogor moaxerxebdnen qarTveli mefeebi,
maTi samflobeloebidan Sors, yazvinidan ori dRis savaliT
(daaxl. 60 km) daSorebul punqtSi ter-iakobTan Sexvedras?
da, mesame kiTxva: ram gamoiwvia ter-iakobTan qarTveli mefeebis kidev erTxel Sexvedris aucilebloba?
1. dReisaTvis cnobili werilobiTi wyaroebi arafers
gveubneva ter-iakobis svimon mefesTan saqarTveloSi mosvlaze. werilebis 6 maisiT daTariReba, srulebiTac ar niSnavs im dros qarTlis samefoSi mis yofnas. maSasadame, werilebi ki daiwera 6 maiss, magram gasagzavnad gamzadebuli
daluqul-dabeWdili werilebis ter-ikobamde mitana didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi ver moxerxda. amgvari Seferxebis mizezi
an mizezebi maSin sakmaoze bevri iqneboda. aqve isic unda
iTqvas, albaT ter-iakobis evropaSi gagzavna Sahis mizeziTac
Seyovnda, Torem misi gaSveba adre iqneboda ganzraxuli.
2. ter-iakobma, SeiZleba, venecieli diplomatis TvalSi
Tavisi avtoritetis amaRlebis mizniT, veneciis respublikis
warmomadgenelTan saubrisas sTqva, rom qarTvelma mefeebma
TavianTi xeliT miutanes evropaSi gasatanebeli werilebi.
imis daSvebac SeiZleba, rom italielma misi naTqvami sworad
ver gaigo (cnobilia, ter-iakobma italiuri ar icoda. misi
Tarjimani iyo italiaSi mcxovrebi somexi, vinme jakomo2).
ter-iakobi ase gadmogvcems qarTvelebis mier werilebis misTvis gadacemas: `gaviare qarTvelTa mefeebTan _ aleqsandresa da svimonTan, romlebsac Sevxvdi erT adgilas, romelsac hqvia iekbri, yazvinidan ori dRis savalze. imaTac
momces werilebi wm. taxtisaTvis, aseve imperatorisaTvis
2 Ibidem, p. 160.
313
gankuTvnili werili, romelsac papi mis despans gadascems.
maTTvis mimaqvs, agreTve, qarTvelTa da iberielTa patriarqis
beWeddasmuli werilebi~1. vfiqrob, `gaviare svimonTan da
aleqsandresTan~, zemomoyvanil amonaridSi ter-iakobi rom
ambobs, unda niSnavdes mis Sexvedras qarTvel mefeebTan
saqarTveloSi da aqedan werilebis waRebas.
3. sruliad safuZvlianad mimaCnia imis fiqri, rom teriakobis saqarTveloSi mosvla imdenad werilebis waRebiT ar
iyo gamowveuli, ramdenadac aleqsandres dasayolieblad,
masac mieRo monawileoba antiosmalur koaliciaSi. ter-iakobis mier evropaSi gancxadebuli, rom antiosmaluri
koaliciis aqtiuri wevri kaxeTis samefoc iqneboda, Cemi
azriT, srulebiTac ar asaxavda realobas. adre ukve vTqvi,
rom aleqsandre kaxTa mefis gegmSi ar Sedioda antiosmaluri koaliciis imgvarad gamarTva, rogorc iransa da
qarTls esaxeboda. naTqvamis dasturad isic gamogvdageba,
rom ter-iakobis gancxadebis miuxedavad, rom mas Tan hqonda
aleqsandre II-is werilebi, isini (werilebi) jerjerobiT
mikvleuli ar aris da, savaraudoa, arc arsebobda. aleqsandre mefis ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb pap klementi VIII-sac
scodnia. amitom sTxovda igi moskovis xelmwifes, rom gavlena moexdina aleqsandreze. mefe Tavdore ivanes Ze, Tavis
mxriv, paps acnobebda, rom `vapireb qarTvel mefes, aleqsandres vurCio, isic iseve moiqces da sparseTis SahTan erTad
imoqmedos~2. safiqralia, rom aleqsandrem pozicia ar Seicvala. albaT, amitom mama iakobi marko otobanosTan
saubarisas mxolod dasawyisSi axsenebs aleqsandres, SemdegSi yvelgan mxolod svimon mefe Cans.
1597 w. 20 ivniss ter-iakobi veneciis saxelmwifo sabWos winaSe warsdga da mefis werili gadasca. `svimoni, RmrTis SewevniT, xelmwife qarTlisa da mTeli iberiisa~
1 Ibidem, p. 161-162.
2 tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 167.
314
veneciis mTavrobas sTxovs, Seewion mama iakobs, raTa man
Tavisi misia Seasrulos: uxifaToT miaRwios romamde papTan
Sesaxvedrad. werili dawerili iyo berZnulad da mas mefe
berZnuladve awerda xels1. veneciis mTavroba yovelTvis did
interess iCenda osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebis antiosmalur saqmianobisadmi. amjeradac, veneciaSi saWirod CaTvales, gaegoT ter-iakobis papTan vizitis mizani. amis
garkveva daevala marko otobanos. 21 ivniss dainiSna sabWos
sxdoma. sxdomis dawyebamde marko otobano da ter-iakobi
erTmaneTs araoficialurad Sexvednen. maTi Tarjimani iyo
andria negroni. romelmac svimon mefis berZnuli werili
italiurad Targmna. marko otobanom Seadgina ter-iakobTan
saubris angariSi, romelSic naTqvamia: `brZenTa sabWom me,
marko otobanos, sabWos umdables mdivans, damavala, Sevxvedrodi mama iakobs, saqarTvelos mefis elCs romSi da gamomekvlia misi davalebis motivis Sesaxeb. vidre umaRlesi sabWo
Seikribeboda mama iakobisaTvis ormocdaaTi dukatis saCuqrad
gadasacemad, visargeble SemTxveviT, mivuaxlovdi mas (Tarjimnad memsaxureboda negroni) da vTxove, moeTxro Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb... eqvsi Tvea, rac man sparseTis dedaqalaqi
yazvini datova. igi mefem papTan gagzavna elCad. gamgzavrebisas iranis Sahma daavala mas enaxa saqarTvelos mefeebi _
aleqsandre da svimoni, romlebsac Sexvda iekrbriSi, yazvinidan ori dRis savalze. maTac aseve gadasces papisaTvis
da romSi myofi imperatoris elCisaTvis werilebi. mefeTa
werilebis garda, mas Tan hqonda qarTlisa da kaxeTis patriarqebis werilebi. mama iakobs sxvadasxva dros SahTan,
saqarTvlos patriarqebTan da mefeebTan mihqonda papis, kardinal santa severinas da imperatoris werilebi. xSirad es
werilebi dawerili iyo italiur enaze, ris gamoc maTi
wakiTxva uWirdaT saqarTveloSi. axla mTxoves, gadameca
misi uwmindesobisaTvis, rom, Tu momavalSic moisurvebda
1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 160-161.
315
miweras, miewera sparsulad. maT daavales, agreTve, rom
papma Seaxsenos evropel qristianebs, rom maT gaaerTianon
TaavianTi Zalebi mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. svimon
mefe, rogorc ter-iakobs uTqvams, maSin 65 wlisa yofila,
misi vaJi ki 25 wlisa. svimons iakobi axasiaTebs, rogorc
mamac samxedro pirovnebas, misi vaJic, miuxedavad axalgazrdobisa, ukve cnobili pirovneba yofila.
ter-iakobs qarTvelTa samxedro potencialzec uTqvams
mokled: qarTvelebs 40 aTasi qveiTi da meTofeTa nawilebi
hyavT. radgan maTi qveyana mTagoriania, amitom maT kavaleria
ara hyavT1. iranis Sahs didad gauWirdeboda qarTvelebi rom
ar icavdneno.
Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb mama iakobs uTqvams: `saqarTvelodan vanis mimarTulebiT gaviare vanis provincia. Tan
maxlda svimon mefis saidumlo agenti. alepoSi veneciis pativcemul konsuls gadaveci svimon mefis werili. konsulma
momca fuli, puri da yvelaferi, rac mWirdeboda gem `nanaTi~ mogzaurobis dros. bolos, saxmeleTo mogzaurobisas
movxvdi qalaq zanSi, sadac veneciis keTilSobilma mmarTvelma Tavazianad SemomTavaza puri, fuli da tansacmeli,
rac damWirdeboda romisaken mogzaurobis dros~2.
1597 wlis 10 ivliss mama iakobi venaSi Cavida. meore
dRes igi erchercogma maqsimilianma miiRo. 17 ivliss iakobi
praRaSia. man imperatoris kariskacebs Sah abasisa da mefis
werilebi gadasca. Sahi da qarTveli mefe imperators sTxovdnen gaeZlierebina omi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. mama iakobma
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad iqve ganacxada, rom iranis
Sahi molaparakebas awarmoebs osmaleTis sulTanTan da stam1 gaocebas iwvevs mama iakobis es naTqvami. Tanamedrove yvela evropeli
mogzauri, vaWari Tu di plomati erTxmad aRniSnavda, qarTveli mxedrobis
simamaces, rom qarTvelebi brZolis velze, ZiriTadad, cxenosani jariT gamodiodnen. sxvaTaSoris, osmalebTan omSi qarTvel meTofeTa did rolze miuTiTebda alesandro mali pieroc. Berchet G., Op. cit., p., 97.
2 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 160-163.
316
bolSi Tavis elCsac agzavnis, romelsac Sahma seriozuli
davaleba misca: elCs unda Seegrovebina samxedro mniSvnelobis cnobebi da ùnda gaerkvia sulTnis zraxvebi iranis Sahisa da saqarTvelos mefis mimarT~1. ase rom, imperatori Tu
Seityobda iranis elCis stambolSi Casvlaze, mas unda scodnoda, rom irani sazavo molaparakebas ki ar iwyebda, aramed
dazvervis mizniT gagzavnili elCoba iyo.
aRmosavleTis ligis wevrebi rom sulTanTan Serigebas
ar fiqrobdnen da masTan gamwvavebuli urTierToba hqondaT,
ter-iakobs amis sabuTad svimon mefis SemTxveva mohqonda.
sulTans mefesTan saidumlo mkvleli miugzavnia, magram is
svimons amoucvnia osmaleTis elCis mravalricxovan amalaSi.
am ambis mowme TviT ter-iakobi yofila.
iakobma praRaSi isic acnoba, rom iranis Sahi da saqarTvelos mefeebi ruseTis xelmwifesTan erTad osmalebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisaTvis emzadebodnen. amis gamo ter-iakobs
imperatorisaTvis unda eTxova masac daerazma germaniis mTeli
Zalebi, kavSiri daemyarebina espaneTis mefesTan, veneciis
doJTan da italiis mTavrebTan da osmaleTis gasanadgureblad erToblivad gamosuliyvnen. iakobma imperatoris kariskacebs mouTxro agreTve, Sahma saqarTvelos mefes rogor
sTxova sacoled erTi asuli2, rasac Sahi did politikur
mniSvnelobas aniWebda. garda amisa, daumata ter-iakobma, Sahis
karze mravali qarTveli imyofeba, romlebic did gavlenas
axdenen Sahis sagareo politikaze, kerZod, osmaleTTan mimdinare omebze. Sahs ganzraxuli aqvs daibrunos Tavrizi da
osmalebis mier dapyrobili sxva adgilebi. Sahi maSin daiwyebs
oms, roca darwmundeba, rom imperatorma rudolfma dapireba
Seasrula da evropaSi didi armia Sekriba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi TavdacviTi omiT dakmayofildeba, maSin Sahic
1 Ibidem.
2 igulisxmeba aleqsandre mefis asulis Txova Sah abasis mier, razec
zemoT ukve Tqva.
317
Tavs Seikavebs, qarTvelebic SeteviTi omisadmi interess dakargaven da amiT mxolod evropelebi dazaraldebian1.
praRidan gagzavnil moxsenebaSi veneciis elCi werda,
rom mama iakobi imperatorma miiRo. iakobma imperators gadasca Sahisa da qarTveli mefeebis werilebi. man audienciis
dros ganacxada, rom Tan hqonda papisaTvis gankuTvnili
werilebic, romlebic misTvis unda gadaeca piradad Sexvedris dros2. svimon mefis mier papisaTvis gagzavnil werils
m. TamaraSvilma miakvlia. werilSi papis xotbis Sesxmaa da
zogadad aRniSnulia im ganuwyveteli da xangrZlivi brZolis Sesaxeb, romelsac qarTlis mefe osmalebis winaaRmdeg
awarmoebda. svimoni iqve dasZens: `vidre pirSi suli midgia,
xels ar aviReb osmalebis winaaRmdeg omze~. werilSi ar
Cans, svimon mefe papisgan konkretulad ras iTxovda. mas,
amis Sesaxeb, ter-iakobisaTvis sityvierad dauabarebia. `Cveni
gulis yvela natvras mRvdeli ter-iakobi moaxsenebs Tqvens
siwmindesa~3 _ swerda mefe.
ter-iakobi 1597 w. 20 seqtembramde praRaSi darCa, Semdeg romisken gaeSura. misi papTan Sexvedridan mxolod is
viciT, rom kaTolikuri samyaros meTaurma moiwona iransaqarTvelos politikur mesveurTa antiosmaluri ligis
SeqmnisaTvis saqmianoba. imave dros man elCs ganucxada: imisaTvis raTa praqtikulad momxdariyo dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg darazmva, Sahs Tavisi elCebi
unda gaegzavna espaneTisa da safrangeTis mefeebTan, italiisa
da germaniis mTavrebTan. Sahs isic unda SeeTvala dasaxelebuli mefe-mTavrebisaTvis, rom mas, Tavis mxriv, kavSiri
hqonda qarTlis mefe svimonTan da ruseTis mefesTan da rom
isini jaris gamoyvanas Sehpirdnen4. papma ter-iakobs gulax1 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 167.
2 Ibidem, p. 167-168.
3 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77-78, 605-607.
4 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 169.
318
dilad uTxra, rom susti iyo misi gavlena qristian mefeTa
karze da ukeTesi iqneboda Tu iranisa da saqarTvelos mefeebi TavianT elCebs evropis mefeTa karze gaagzavnidnen1.
evropis saxelmwifoebis raime ideisaTvis SekavSireba
maSin SeuZlebeli iyo. evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobebi (religiur-ideologiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri, teritoriuli) arsebobda. espaneTi xan
iaraRiT, xan diplomatiuri saSualebebiT ebrZoda inglissa
da safrangeTs, germaniis protestant mTavrebs da jer kidev
ar dasrulebuliyo misi brZola niderlandebis burJuaziul
respublikasTan. uaRresad dramatuli iyo italiis respublikebis da samTavroebis urTierToba, ar iyo Tanxmoba aRmosavleT evropaSi. habsburgebs mudvi teritoriuli dava
hqonda Tavis aRmosavlel mezoblebTan.
evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris serizuli winaaRmdegoba
arsebobda osmaleTis sakiTxis gamo, rac umTavresad mis samflobeloebTan vaWrobiTa da iq gamavali umniSvnelovanesi
savaWro-saqaravno gzebis gamoyenebisaTvis xdeboda. sargeblobda ra sulTnisagan miniWebuli savaWro privilegiebiT
(kapitulaciebi), safrangeTi yovelTvis Tavs ikavebda antiosmaluri politikis gatarebisagan. mis aseT pozicias
osmaleTis mTavroba didad afasebda.
aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri koaliciis wevrebisaTvis
gasagebi iyo, rom evropidan raime seriozuli daxmarebis
imediT yofna ar SeiZleboda. Sah abazi aqtiur moqmedebaze
gadavida. 1597 wels man sastikad daamarcxa ozbegebi da
qurTebi, romlebic osmaleTis mokavSireebad gamovidnen. Sahi
osmaleTTan momavali omisaTvis zurgs imagrebda da did warmatebasac miaRwia. amave dros Sah abazi realurad afasebda
1 Zalauneburad gaxsendeba saukune-naxevris winaT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebis, trapizonis imperiisa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoebis elCebis uSedego
mogzauroba evropaSi. maSinac xom aseTive pasuxiTa da rCeviT gaistumra isini
papma pius II-m.
319
aRmosavleTis ligas. man ufro gaacxovela svimon mefesTan
urTierToba, xolo aleqsandre mefeze, axlac ruseTisaken
rom iyureboda, zemoqmedeba gaaZliera. 1598 wels svimon mefem, Sah abazTan SeTanxmebiT, osmaleTTan omi ganaaxla. es
ukve 1595 wlis SeTanxmebis garkveuli nawilis realizaciis
dasawyiss niSnavda1. marTali ar iyo moskovis elCi aTanase
vlasievi, roca imperator rudolf II-is karze ikvexnida:
svimon mefem osmaleTTan brZola mefe boris godunovis
brZanebiT daiwyoo2.
sainteresoa, Sahs ras miscemda mxolod qarTlis samefos
mier dawyebuli brZola, maSin, roca yizilbaSebi garkveul
dromde Tavs ikavebdnen osmalTTan omis dawyebaze. savaraudoa, Sah abazi svimonis mier dawyebuli brZoliT miznad
isaxavda Semdegs: 1) moesinja osmalTa Zalebi; 2) evropis
saxelmwifoebisaTvis eCvenebina, rom aRmosavleTis koaliciam moqmedeba daiwyo; 3) qristiani mefe svimonis mier osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis dawyebas SeiZleboda STabeWdileba
moexdina evropis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebze da imaTac samxedro moqmedeba daewyoT.
svimon mefem omis dasawyebad SemTxveviT ar SearCia 1598
weli. am dros osmaleTs mniSvnelovnad garTulebuli saSinao mdgomareoba hqonda. mimdinareobda saxalxo ajanyebebi.
svimon mefem mokle droSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia.
man pirvel rigSi Tbilisis ganTavisufleba ganizraxa da 45
dRe mis misadgomebTan dahyo, magram warumateblad3. vaxuSti
batoniSvilis mixedviT ki am dros Tbilisi qarTvelebs
epyraT. `sBmon... aRiRo cixe loreca da daipyra TBT, movida
tfiliss da daezava rostoms imerTa mefesa~4. axali qarTlis cxovrebis pirveli teqsti ki gvamcnobs, rom svimonma
`kualad daipyra cixe lorisa, Semoiqca da movida TBsad
saxlad~1. xolo qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `daipyra lore da warmovida gamarjvebuli saxid
TBsad~2. rodesac evropul da qarTul cnobebs vadarebT
vaxuSti batoniSvilis naTqvams, vrwmundebiT, rom Tbilisi
kvlav osmalebs ekavaT.
1599 wlis 18 aprils stambolidan miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze, imave wlis 21 maiss fugeris gazeTi werda:
`svimonma, saqarTvelos Zlierma xelmwifem da mbrZanebelma,
iranis SahTan dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, daiwyo brZola erTi mniSvnelovani cixe-simagris winaaRmdeg, romelic kargad iyo aRWurvili qvemexebiT. igi ferhad faSam
aago da ukanaskneli omis dros iranis winaaRmdeg iyenebda~3.
vfiqrob, laparakia mefis mier taSiris umniSvnelovanesi
strategiuli punqtis lores cixe-simagris aRebaze. zemoT
gavecaniT minadois naTqvams, rom ferhad faSam lores cixe
aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni 200 qvemexiT Caayena.
svimon mefis mier aseTi gamagrebuli da aRWurvili cixis
aRebas seriozuli rezonansi eqneboda axlo aRmosavleTsa
da evropaSi.
lores dapyrobis Semdeg, mefem goris cixe gaaTavisufla.
sainteresoa, rom evropeli damkvirveblebi mefis warmatebebs ukavSirebdnen osmaleTSi dawyebul saxalxo ajanyebebs, kerZod, husein faSas ajanyebas. 1599 w. 15 oqtombris
cnobiT, `svimoni, saqarTvelos mbrZanebeli, srul mxardaWeras iRebda husein faSisagan, romelmac svimonTan moavlina
warCinebulTa delegacia da didZali fuli gamougzavna Tavisi gamosaxulebiT~4.
2 Сношения Царя Феодора Иоановича и Бориса Годунова императором
Рудольфом II, 1594-1604 гг., СПб., 1852, с. 695.
3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 200.
1 iqve, II, gv. 378.
2 iqve, gv. 535.
3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 200.
4 Collections d’historiens Armeniens, traduit par M. Brosset, t. I, SPb., 1874, p.
275; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 221.
320
321
mefesa da ajanyebul anatolielebs Soris kavSirze miuTiTebs sxva wyaroc, romelSic naTqvamia, rom, rodesac
datyvevebuli svimoni arzrumSi Caiyvanes, iq droebiT gaaCeres, radganac anatoliaSi osmaleTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg
ajanyebulTa xelmZRvanelma yara iaziCim (1599-1603) gadawyvita, svimon mefe tyveobidan gamoexsna. man Tavis TanamebrZolebs ubrZana, svimoni moenaxaT, mcvelebisaTvis moetacaT
da masTan mieyvanaT1. amasve aRniSnavs somexi istorikosi
araqel davriJeci2.
anatoliaSi mimdinare ajanyebebma svimon mefes moqmedeba
gauadvila. Sahma maSinve Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba da qarTlis mefe arzrumis dasapyrobad waaqeza. italiuri Jurnalistikis fiZemdebeli bernardino bekari 1599 wels werda,
rom àrc aziaSi midis Turqebis saqme kargad. saqarTvelos
mefe svimoni 20 aTasi arkebuzeriT da 5 aTasi mxedriT SeiWra arzrumis mxareSi, sadac yvelaferi cecxlsa da maxvils
misca, daipyro oTxi qalaqi da xelT igdo mravali qvemexi~3.
imave wlis 8 oqtombers fugeris gazeTi werda: `svimon mefes SeeZlo didi warmatebisaTvis mieRwia da osmalTa teritoriebi aziaSi daepyro, radgan adgilobrivi faSis mier
gamogzavnil samxedro nawilebs svimonis winaaRmdeg brZola
ar surdaT~4.
zemomoyvanili cnobebis garda, sxva raime sabuTi, svimon
mefis anatoliel ajanyebulebTan urTierTobis an arzrumze
misi Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, ar gagvaCnia. ra Tqma unda, gamor1 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 201.
2 araqel davriJecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali
da komentarebi k. kuciasi, Tb., 1974, gv. 54. iaziCis sruliad gansxvavebul
ganzraxvasa da moqmedebaze gvamcnobs sxva somexi istorikosi hovanes wareci.
misi TqmiT, gzad mimavali svimoni sulTnis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma arzrumis
mmarTvelma iaziCma Sei pyro. kucia k., grigol daranaRcis cnoba svimon I-is
stambolSi tyveobis Sesaxeb. saqarTverlos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi,
Tb., 1975, gv. 123, Sen. 4.
3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 204.
4 Ibidem, p. 200.
322
icxuli ar aris evropeli diplomatebisa da korespondentebis mier svimon mefis osmalebTan brZolis Sedegebis gazviadeba. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, svimon
mefes, bolo xanebSi, ar hqonda iseTi Zala, romliTac aseTi
seriozuli samxedro operaciebis ganxorcielebas SesZlebda. man xom SedarebiT iolad mosageb zogierT brZolaSi
saqarTveloSi ganicada marcxi. asea Tu ise, vidre ar aRmoCndeba sxva masalebi, manamde fugeris gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli
masalebi ar SeiZleba sandod miviCnioT.
lores dapyrobis Semdeg, svimon mefem osmalebis mier
Zlier gamagrebul gors Seutia. cixeSi osmalebTan erTad
gamuslimanebuli mesxebic imyofebodnen. alya cxra Tves
gagrZelda. mecixovneni sursaTis naklebobas ganicdidnen,
magram cixidan gamosvlas ver bedavdnen. gaWirvebam mainc
Tavisi gaitana da 500 osmalo cixidan gamovida, axlomaxlo
soflebi moarbia da didZali sursaTi da pirutyvi iSova.
magram maT cixeSi Sesvla veRar moaswres. batoniSvilma
goCam 500 darCeuli mebrZoliT gza gadauWra da mravali
amowyvita. am warmatebis Semdeg mefem kidev ufro gaamkacra
alya, magram goris aReba mainc ver SesZlo.
sulTnis karze saTanadod Seafases saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da sagangebo zomebi gaatares: saswrafod
Catarda mobilizacia da saqarTveloSi didi jari gamogzvnes jafar-faSas meTaurobiT. arsebobs sulTan mehmed III-is
(1595-1603) 1599 wlis aprilis Sua ricxvebSi gamocemuli
firmani qarTlis samefoSi svimon mefis mier dawyebuli
ajanyebis likvidaciisaTvis gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, romelic daegzavnaT: ovsilis sanjaybegs _ mehmeds,
maRris sanjaybegs _ karabegs, isboris sanjaybegs _ nuri
alis, armanis sanjaybegs _ velis, laCinis sanjaybegs _
nizamis, samanis sanjaybegs _ quCuqs da selmasis sanjaybegs
_ Razis:
323
`TurRa: sulTan mehmed xani murad xanis1 Ze, mudam gamarjvebuli.
emirTa da warCinebulTa siamayes, didebulTa da saxelovanTa Soris rCeuls, pativmosils ZalauflebiT, Semkuls
RirsebiTa da brwyinvalebiT, maRali xelmwifis winaSe
mravali wyalobiT gamorCeuls, ovsilis sanjaybegs, mehmeds, iyos xangrZlivi sicocxle misi, rodesac moaRwevs
umaRlesi sameufeo brZaneba, geuwyos, amJamad qarTlis mbrZanebeli svimon xani ajanyebuli da aboboqrebulia. igi Cemi
bednierebis dedaqalaqis sazRvarze mdebare goris cixesTan
movida, garemoicva, zogierTi adgilebi gadaswva da gaaverana, mTlianad areuloba gamoiwvia. gaugonari viTareba
Seiqmna.
amJamad Tavrizis dacvaSi myofi, keTilSobili desTuri2,
didebuli mrCeveli, qveynis momwesrigebeli, Cemi veziri
jafar faSa, imatos misma sidiadem, im sazRvris mkvidrTa
gamgebeli radganac iyo, igi iq myofi mesazRvre beglagbegebisa da vanisa da diarbaqiris vilaieTebSi myof qurTTa
gamgeblebis meTaurad dainiSna. amasTanave geuwyos, rom igi
[jafar faSa] saswrafod aiyara, goris cixesTan mivida, xsenebuli cixis gaveranebuli adgilebi SeakeTebina. im wyeulebs
SeuZliaT cecxliTa da maxviliT movidnen. vilaieTisa da
qveynis dapyrobis Taobaze Cemi didebuli, Zlevamosili firmani arsebobs. Senc am Cemi bednieri sameufeo, guliTadad
gacemuli brZanebisa da rac warmogidgenia imis mixedviT
1 murad xani _ osmaleTis imperiis sulTani murad III (1574-1595).
2 desTuri _ ZiriTadi kanoni. saxelmwifo didmoxeleebi valdebulni
iyvnen es desTuri cxovrebaSi gaetarebinaT. desTuris aRmsruleblad iTvlebodnen vezirebi, ministrebi, `mrCevelebi~ da sxva warCinebulebi. vezirebsa da
didvazirebs imitom erqvaT desTuri, rom emoqmedaT kanoniTa da garkveuli
wesebis mixedviT. ix. jiqia s., erTi Turquli sabuTi cxinvalis Sesaxeb. Tsus Sromebi, t. 116, 1965, Tb., gv. 246; abulaZe c., oTxi Turquli dokumenti
imereTis mefis solomon II-is Sesaxeb, Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 121, Tb., 1967, gv.
172.
324
imoqmede. nabrZanebia, rom samefo taxtis daqvemdebarebaSi
myofi qurTTa laSqaric da momTabareTa winamZRolis mier
momzadebuli Zalebi mtris dasaxvedrad mzad iyvnen.
aqedan gamomdinare vbrZaneb, rom rodesac Cemi sameufeo
firmani moaRwevs, mis safuZvelze imoqmedeT. saxelmwifo
taxtis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi qurTTa laSqari iaraR-saWurveliTa javSniT garSemo SemoikribeT, momzadebuli iyaviT.
xsenebul Cems vezirs cnoba gaegzavneba...
daiwera didebuli ramazanis Tvis Sua ricxvebSi, weli
10071.
ramazanis Tvis Sua ricxvebi, weli 1007 _ 11-20 aprili
1599 weli~.
firmanSi gadmocemuli ambavi da sulTnis brZanebiT gasatarebeli RonisZiebebTan erTad vigebT `qarTlis mbrZanebeli
svimon xanis ajanyebuli da aboboqrebuli~ mebrZolebis mier
1599 wlis goris alyis dros osmalebisaTvis miyenebuli
zaralis Sesaxeb.
vidre sulTnis firmaniT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis cxovrebaSi gatareba moxdeboda, manamde svimon mefem
cbierebiT SeZlo goris aReba. 1599 wlis didmarxvis dReebSi mefem alya moxsna da gors gaecala. osmalebma icodnen,
rom qristianebi didmarxvis dReebSi omsa da SuRls moeridebodnen da sifxizle moadunes.
mefem farsadan ciciSvilsa da sulxan TurmaniZes daavala, TavianT mamulebSi kibeebi daemzadebinaT da laSqaric mzadyofnaSi yolodaT. dasaxelebulma Tavadebma mefis
brZaneba Seasrules da daTqmul dros cixes frTxilad
mieparnen. cixeSi dabanakebulma osmalebma jaris miaxloeba
maSin gaiges, roca igi ukve qalaqSi Sesuliyo da CaxruxaZis saydarsac ascileboda. roca osmalebma gangaSi astexes,
1 firmani gadmomca cnobilma Turqologma-mecnierma prof. nodar Sengeliam, risTvisac did madlobas movaxseneb. firmans vaqveyneb SemoklebiT. SeniSvnebic n. Sengelias ekuTvnis.
325
qarTvelebi kibeebiT ukve cixeSi gadasuliyvnen da SigniT
ibrZodnen. osmalebi da mesxebi dilamde winaaRmdegobas
ganagrZobdnen. roca darwmundnen, rom brZolis gagrZelebas
azri aRar hqonda, mefes ùvneblobas Semoexvewnes da zogni
mesxni igive cixeSi oqonis xats Seexvewnes da mefes saficari sTxoves~. mefem Tavisi Zmis vaxtangis xeliT Sewyalebis sigeli gaugzavna. ufro metic, `yvelas cxeni da saxarjo
misces da sagzali da jari Tan gaatanes rom gzaze aravin ar
awyinos rame~. cixeSi naSovni nadavlis erTi nawili mefem
Tavis mebrZolebs dauriga, xolo is rac sulTnis qonebad
iTvleboda Tavis Zmas vaxtangs ubrZana samefo sakuTrebad
gadaeqcia.
goris ganTavisuflebis Semdeg ganTavisuflda mTeli qarTli. qarTlsa da samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri ajanyeba
daiwyo.
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, svimonma icoda ra osmalTa mzadebis Sesaxeb (razec, zemoTmoyvanil firmanSic
aris naTqvami) Tavisi ojaxi goridan mejvrisxevSi gadaiyvana, ufliswuli giorgi ki didi jariT gorSi datova
da misi dacva daavala. mefe jaris Sesagroveblad sabaraTianoSi wavida, magram ver moaswro, farcxisTan damarcxda
da osmalebma daatyveves. mefe gasca kaxaber yorRanaSvilma,
romelic Semdeg sabaraTianos amirspasalarma, mefis erTgulma saCino baraTaSvilma, Seipyro da geliyaris kldidan
gadaagdo.
somexi istorikosis araqel davriJecis mixedviT, svimoni tyveobaSi aRmoCnda Semdegnairad: ìm mxares sadac svimoni imyofeboda, Turqebs sruliadac ar hqondaT eWvi, rom
svimoni iq iqneboda: nadavlis wadiliT Turqebis laSqars
gamoeyo erTi razmi da im mxares gaemarTa. maT dainaxes
erTi qarTveli, Seipyres igi, cota win wavidnen, svimonis
razmi dainaxes da tyves hkiTxes misi vinaoba. rodesac misgan
gaiges, rom TviTon svimoni iyo, Tavzardacemuli mahmadianebi
326
ukan gabrundnen da saCqarod swrafmrbeni cxeniT kaci afrines banakSi da es ambavi mTavarsardal jafars Seatyobines.
mas Zlier gauxarda da bevri mamaci vajkaci gaamxneva da
gagzavna. isinic wavidnen, Seipyres svimoni da masTan miiyvanes. svimons misvlisTanave Sesaxvedrad win miegeba jafari.
Semdeg [Turqebma] TavianT enaze xmamaRla RaRadiT adides
ufali~1.
qarTuli wyaro mefis datyvevebaze Semdegnairad mogviTxrobs: `q~ks spz mefeman cxra Tves goris cixes ibrZola, aiRo, mas Sina myofni urumni gamoasxna da mSBdobiT
gauSva. _ amave qoronikonsa mefe da urumni Seibnes awefis, algeTis pirs da cxeni wauqcies brZolasa Sina mefes TulaSvilma; daiWires TaTarT mefe sBmon da stambols
xonTqarTan gagzavnes~2
radgan jafar faSas moaxsenes, rom gorSi mdgomi giorgi
ufliswuli mamis ganTavisuflebas Seecdebao, osmalebi aiyarnen da svimonic Tan waiyvanes. marTlac, meore dRes, naSuadRevs, mefis datyvevebis ambavi gorSi movida. batoniSvili
giorgi cxenosanTa razmiT osmalebs daedevna, magram amaod.
datyveveba im patara qarTuli samefos mefisa, romelic
12 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosvenebas ar aZlevda TiTqmis mTeli
axlo aRmosavleTis dampyrobel osmalebs, sulTanma udides
warmatebad CaTvala da brZana saxelmwifos qalaqebSi quCebi
moerToT da sami dRis ganmavlobaSi yvela lxenas miscemoda.
sulTanma isic brZana, rom svimoni masTan mieyvanaT3.
1600 wlis 21 ivniss mefe stambolSi Caiyvanes da iedi
kules4 cixeSi moaTavses.
1 araqel davriJeci, gv. 53.
3 araqel davriJeci, gv. 53.
4 iedi kule (Turq. yedi –Svidi da kule –cixe, e. i. SvidkoSka, Svidburjiani cixe) _ mdebareobs stambolis amave saxelwodebis ubanSi, marmarilos
zRvis napiras. elCebs, vezirebs da maRali Tanamdebobis im damnaSaveebs, romlebsac sikvdili hqondaT misjili, am cixeSi aTavsebdnen. sikvdiliT dasjis
327
batoniSvili giorgis da Sah abas I-is cdam, daexsnaT
mefe tyveobidan, Sedegi ar gamoiRo: `qarTvelT dauwyes
xonTqars xvewna da mefis svimonis gamoSveba eajnes. mravali Zvirfasi Tval-margaliti gaugzavnes da giorgi mefis
Svili daviT mZevlad mihgvares, rom wamoiyvanon~1. SemdegSi
saqarTveloSi xma gavrcelda giorgi X-is ufrosi vaJis daviTis dakargvis Sesaxeb rasac `parizis qronika~ gvamcnobs2.
daviTi, erTi franguli cnobiT, 1609 wels 14 wlisa iyo
da iyo Wkviani da keTili bunebis axalgazrda3. sainteresoa, rom mefis daxsnisaTvis energiulad iRwvoda mefis
meore SviliSvili, ulamazesi TinaTini, romelic sparsul
da evropul wyaroebSi cnobilia gulCara (gulCahras) saxeliT. gulCara, daviTis da iyo. gulCaram, marTalia mefis
ganTavisufleba ver SesZlo, magram diplomatis didi niWi
gamoamJRavna. gulCaras stambolSi aseTi saqmianobis Sedegi
iyo, rom erTi piroba sulTnis karma svimon mefes iran-osmaleTs Soris dazavebis mogvareba daavala da mxolod amis
Semdeg hpirdeboda tyveobidan ganTavisuflebas. svimoni da
gulCara stambolidan erTi kviris wasulebi iyvnen iranis
mimarTulebiT, roca sulTanma ahmed III-m (1603-1617) gadawyvetileba Secvala da svimoni ukan daabruna, gulCaram ki
gza gaagrZela. man Sah abazs is werilebi wauRo, romlebSic
zavis dadebis aucileblobasTan erTad saqarTvelos Sesaxebac iqneboda Txovna da moTxovnac. sazavo molaparakeba,
romlis Suamavladac gulCara gamodioda sakmaod gagrZelda. amasobaSi 75 wels miaxlovebuli mefe tyveobaSi gardaicvala 1611 wels.
adgilad SerCeuli iyo imperator Teodosis mier aSenebuli TaRis marcxniv
mdebare marmarilos koSki. sikvdilmisjilebs agdebdnen bnel dilegSi. mokveTil
Tavebs hyridnen qvissaxuravian WaSi. romelsac sisxlis Was eZaxdnen. jiqia s.,
epizodi XVI saukunis saqarTvelos istoriidan, gv. 56.
2 iqve, gv. 22.
3 svaniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 238
328
gulCaras diplomatiuri moRvaweobis Sedegad, 1612 wlis
20 noembers stambulSi iran-osmaleTis zavi daido1. amgvarad, svimon mefis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli
wyaroebis cnobebi simarTles ar asaxavs. erT-erTi qarTuli
qronikebis mixedviT, svmon mefe ìediyulaSi daatyveves, sami
weliwadi iq iyo, gamoiyvanes da aT meidanzed Tavi gaagdebines~2. sxvagan ki vkiTxulobT: `mefe edi kuleSi mokles da
batonis Svili daviT daikarga~3.
mefis neSti stambolidan Camoasvena gorelma vaWarma
diakvniSvilma da mcxeTaSi dakrZales.
svimon mefis politikuri da samxedro asparezidan wasvlam sagrZnoblad daasusta saqarTvelos antiosmaluri Zala.
am garemoebam, garkveuli gagebiT, sagrZnoblad gaarTula,
aleqsandre kaxTa mefis mdgomareoba. aqamde svimon mefe
osmalebs iaraRiTa da diplomatiuri saSualebebiT ebrZoda
(aleqsandre II imave osmalebis pretenziebisagan Tavis daxsnas mxolod diplomatiiT cdilobda), rac kaxeTis samefos
mgomareobas sagrZnoblad umsubuqebda. osmaleTi iZulebuli
iyo, mTeli yuradReba amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi, qarTlis samefosaTvis miepyro. aseT viTarebaSi, osmaleTis mTavroba kaxeTis mimarT mkacri politikis gatarebas
erideboda. osmaleTSi cnobili iyo, rom kaxeTis samefo,
arc iranis, osmaleTis dauZinebeli mtris, erTguli iyo.
aleqsandre II kargad xedavda, rogor icvleboda viTareba axlo aRmosavleTSi. iran osmaleTis omi axlovdeboda.
gaurkveveli iyo vin gaimarjvebda. jerjerobiT arc erTi
mxarisaTvis mimxroba sasurveli ar iyo. amitom kaxelma diplomatebma kvlav scades ruseTi CaebaT kavkasiis saqmeebSi.
1598 wels aleqsandre mefem kaxeTSi ruseTis elCebs ga1 gulCaras Sesaxeb ix. svaniZe m, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis
narkvevebi (XIV-XVIII) Tb., 1990, gv. 261-276.
3 parizis qronika, anu cxovreba saqarTveloÁsa, red. z. WiWinaZe, Tb.,
1903, gv. 22.
329
nucxada, rom ruseTis xelmwifem Turqebisagan dacva aRmiTqva da TurqebisaTvis misacemi xarki TavisTvis moiTxovoso1.
ver daveTanxmebi im azrs, TiTqos àqamdis sakiTxs agre ar
svamda kaxTa mefe da kaxeT-osmaleTis urTierTobaSi mfarvelis aSkara Carevas erideboda~2. zemomoyvanili rusuli da
evropuli wyaroebis safuZvelze vfiqrob, rom aleqsandre
ki ar erideboda kaxeT-osmaleTis urTierTobaSi moskovis
saxelmwifos aSkara Carevas, aramed, piriqiT, moskovis mTavroba erideboda. aleqsandres undoda, rac SeiZleboda aSkara, yvelasaTvis dasanaxi gamxdariyo moskovis saxelmwifos
kaxeTisaTvis mxardaWera, am ukanasknelis osmaleTTan da
iranTan urTierTobis sakiTxSi.
aleqsandre mefis mier moskovis xelmwifisaTvis osmaleTis kuTvnili xarkis SeTavazeba ukanaskneli nabiji iyo misi
sagareo politikis mTavari miznisaken _ radac ar unda dajdomoda, gaeaqtiurebina moskovis politika amierkavkasiaSi,
mfarvelisagan realuri daxmareba mieRo. magram aleqsandre
mefis yoveli cda amao aRmoCnda.
moskovis mTavrobis mier aleqsandre kaxTa mefis winadadebaze Tavis Sekaveba, sruliadac ar niSnavda osmaleTisadmi mtrul moqmedebaze Tavis SekavebiT gamowveul mdumarebas. piriqiT, mefe boris godunovi gulmodgined cdilobda
antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas. maS ratom ar miiRes moskovSi kaxeTis mefis winadadeba? safiqrebelia, moskovis mTavroba angariSs uwevda iranis interesebs saqarTvelos mimarT.
moskovSi, albaT, varaudobdnen, rom kaxeTis saqmeebSi aqtiurad Cabma gamoiwvevda iranTan urTierTobis Seferxebas.
irani iyo osmaleTis potenciuri mowinaaRmdege aRmosavleTSi da masTan urTierTobis garTuleba kaxeTis samefos gamo,
1 «Велел меня от Турскаго оборонить; а что с меня Турской дани емлет, и
государь бы тое дан велел имати на себя, государя». Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 314.
330
maSin, roca moskovis mTavrobisaTvis cnobili gaxda (1601 w.
reCpospolitis mefe zigmund III-sa da yirimis xans _ Razi
gireis Soris molaparakeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi
omis dawyebis Sesaxeb1), moskovis saxelmwifos Tavdacvis
interesebs ar Seesabameboda. swored am mosazrebiT unda
yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, rom iranSi gagzavnil aleqsandre
Tevdores Ze Jirov-zasekinis elCobas (1600-1601) specialuri davaleba mieca, rom Sahis karze, amjerad, ar unda
yofiliyo dayenebuli saqarTvelos sakiTxi. yizilbaSebi Tu
mainc wamoWridnen, maSin moskovis elCs frTxilad, magram
mtkiced unda ganecxadebina, rom osmaleTis, Samxalisa da
sxva mTielebisagan Zlier Seviwroebulma kaxeTis mefem dacva
sTxova mefe Tevdore ivanes Zes. man, rogorc erTmorwmunem,
Tavis mfarvelobaSi miiRo aleqsandre mefe2.
moskovis mTavrobis saqarTvelos sakiTxze dumili, mxolod arsebuli viTarebiT iyo gamowveuli. amis Semdeg,
miuxedavad ruseTSi dawyebuli ucxoelTa intervenciisa
(cru dimitri I, cru dimitri II, poloneTisa da SvedeTis
intervencia) da didi socialuri moZraobisa (glexTa omi bolotnikovis meTaurobiT), moskovSi arasodes ar iviwyebdnen,
rom `saqarTvelo yovelTvis iqneboda ruseTis potenciuri
mokavSire da placdarmi kavkasiisaTvis Semdgom brZolaSi.
amitom ruseTis mTavroba did moralur (SeZlebisdagvarad
materialursac) daxmarebas uwevda saqarTvelos~3.
osmaleTis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi mimdinare
glexTa ajanyebebma, osmalTa warumatebelma omebma evropaSi,
Sah abas I-s Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba misca. man maSinve gamoiyena es xelsayreli viTareba. 1603 wels daiwyo
1 Новосельский А. А., Борьба Московского государства с татарами в первой половине XVI века, М., 1948, с. 109.
2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 570; Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 47-48;
Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, с. 369-370.
3 Накашидзе Н. Т., Грузино-русские политические отношения в первой
половине XVII века, Тб., 1968, с. 17-18.
331
iran-osmaleTis omi. yizilbaSebma Tavidanve did warmatebas miaRwies. osmaleTTan warmtebuli omis pirobebSi Sahma
gadawyvita ganemtkicebina Tavisi poziciebi saqarTveloSi.
Sah abass kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan kavSiri gansakuTrebiT
aSfoTebda da aleqsandre mefis fizikuri mospobiT am kavSiris gawyvetas fiqrobda. Sahma ise moawyo, rom aleqsandre
mefe misive Svilma konstantinem mokla 1605 wels.
jer osmalebis mier svimon mefis datyvevebiT, Semdeg
yizilbaSebis mier aleqsandre mefis daRupviT, dasrulda
saqarTvelos antiosmalur koaliciebSi monawileobis xangrZlivi, saukunenaxevriani periodi. iranisa da osmaleTis
moZalebis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebma karga
xniT dakarges damoukidebeli sagareo politikis gatarebis
unari. qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSTa TareSisa da ZmaTa Soris
sisxlismRvreli feodaluri omebis arenad gadaiqca, xolo
dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politika, ZiriTadad, osmaleTTan urTierTobiT Semoifargla.
samcxe-saaTabagos sagareo urTierTobis
istoriidan (XV s. II naxevari _
XVII s. I meoTxedi)
1. samcxelebi sefianTa saxelmwifoSi
mimdinare dinastiur brZolaSi
qarTul istoriografiaSi erT-erT saintereso da imavdroulad sadao sakiTxs warmoadgens XVI s. meore naxevris iranis Sahebis karze qarTvelebis adgilis da rolis
dadgena da dazusteba. wignis winamdebare nakveTic amas
isaxavs miznad1.
jer Sah ismail I-is, Semdeg Sah Tamazis aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi mravalgzisma laSqrobebma bevr qarTvels Tavi
mouyara iranSi. saqarTveloSi mimdinare Sinafeodaluri brZolebis gamoc, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, gadaxvewilebiT, mZevlebiT, tyveebiT (rogorc cnobilia, Sah Tamazma marto
meoTxe Semosevis dros, 1554 w., qarTlidan 30 aTasi tyve
waiyvana) da renegatebiT qarTvelTa raodenoba iranSi kidev
ufro izrdeboda
samSoblodan ZaliT wayvanili Tu nebsiT wasuli
qarTvelebi islams iRebdnen da mravalma maTganma Sahis
karze maRali Tanamdeboba daikava. zogjer isini did rols
asrulebdnen yizilbaSTa saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi.
qarTvelTa monawileoba yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi aisaxa evropul da sparsulenovan wyaroebSi. pirvel rigSi sainteresoa Sahis karze
moxvedrili qarTveli qalebis _ Sahis colebis da maTi
1 pirvelad, aRniSnul sakiTxze, statia gamovaqveyne 1977 wels (ix.
mamisTvaliSvili e., sefianTa iranSi mimdinare politikuri brZola da
qarTvelebi (1576-1578), `macne~, ist. seria, 1977, #1, gv. 107-117). mas Semdeg
gamoqveynda zogierTi axali wyaro da mosazreba. amitom saWirod CavTvale
erTxel kidev mivbrunebodi Cveni istoriis am saintereso epizods.
332
333
Svilebis _ dediT qarTveli ufliswulebis, bedi da maTi
roli islamur qveyanaSi.
Zveli da axali istorikosebi iranis Sahebis colebis
vinaobas, maTs eTniur kuTvnilebas exebodnen imdenad, ramdenadac ainteresebdaT ufliswulebis warmomavleba dedebis
mxridan.
Sah Tamazs, sparsuli da evropuli wyaroebis mixedviT, ramdenime qarTveli coli hyavda. qarTuli wyaroebi ki,
qarTvelad Sah Tamazis erT cols, mohamed-xudabendes dedas,
samcxe-saaTabagos umsxvilesi feodalis oTar SalikaSvilis
qals asaxeleben, rasac qarTveli istorikosebis erTi jgufi uaryofs, meore jgufs ki saeWvod miaCnia. am sakiTxis
Seswavlam mTel rig daskvnebamde da varaudebamde mimiyvana.
Sah Tamazis Svilebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs sxvadasxva cnoba.
XVI saukunis qurTi istorikosi Saraf-xan biTlisi (igi 1578
wlamde sefianTa samsaxurSi iyo da kargad icnobda samefo
kars) Tavis `Seref-nameSi~ gadmogvcems rom Sah Tamazs sxvadasxva colebisagan hyavda vaJebi: mohamed-mirza da ismailmirza _ isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvilisagan; sulaiman-mirza,
axmad-mirza, junaid–mirza Samxalis disa da Cerqezi xarWebisagan; heidar-mirza, Mmustafa-mirza, imam-yuli-mirza da
mahmud-mirza _ qarTveli mona qalebisagan1. amgvarad, biTlisis
mixedviT, xudabende da ismaili erTi dedis, isa-beg Torqemanis qalis Svilebi iyvnen2. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Saraf-xan
biTlisis es cnoba gaziarebulia TiTqmis yvela mkvlevris
mier, rogorc sazRvargareT, aseve CvenTanac.
àxalma qarTlis cxovrebam~ da vaxuSti batoniSvilma
Sah Tamazis qarTveli colis ara mxolod mama (oTar SalikaSvili) ician, aramed misi colisZmis (varazas) Sesaxebac saintereso cnobas gvawvdian. isini garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnian, agreTve, Sah Tamazis varazasadmi _ Tavisi
1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, Шараф-наме, III, с. 232.
334
colisZmisadmi damokidebulebaze1. gvaqvs ori erTmaneTisagan
sakmaod gansxvavebuli italiuri da espanuri werilobiTi
wyaroc. orive wyaros mixedviT, Sah Tamazs hyavda 11 Svili.
minadois gadmocemiT sami ufrosi vaJi _ mohamedi, ismaili
da heidari da erTi asuli _ feri-xan-xanumi srulasakovani
iyvnen, xolo danarCeni rva _ mamedi, solimani, mustafa,
emanguli, alixani, ahmedi, ibrahimi da meore ismaili ki
mcireasakisani2. sparseli don xuan de persia (uluR-beg
baiaTi) gvamcnobs, rom Sah Tamazs TerTmeti Svili hyavda:
sami asuli da rva vaJi. Ddasaxelebuli oTxi Svilis garda,
mustafa, ali-mirza, bahram-mirza da ibrahim-mirza, `Tumca
es oTxi vaJi da sami asuli imdenad mcirewlovanni iyvnen,
rom maT araviTari cvlilebis moxdena ar SeeZloT~3.
Tanamedrove iranelma istorikosma nasrola falsafim
sxvadasxva (aRmosavluri da dasavluri) wyaroebis SeswavliT daadgina Sah Tamazis colebisa da Svilebis warmomavloba dedebis mxridan. misi TqmiT: „Sah Tamazis bevri coli
im mxevalTa da asulTagani iyo, romelTac gurjistanis
amirebi, sxva ZRvenTan da saCuqrebTan erTad, yovelwliurad
ugzavnidnen xolme Sahs“. istorikosi iqve, ufros-umcrosobis mixedviT, Sah Tamazis Svilebis saxelebs da zogierTi
maTganis dedaTa vinaobasac gvacnobs: „1. muhamed-mirza, Sah
abasis mama, 2. ismail-mirza (am oris deda, sulTanami, Torqmani iyo musavalis tomidan), 3. murad-mirza, 4. heidar-mirza
(dedamisi, sulTan zade xanumi, qarTveli iyo), 5. suleimanmirza (dedamisi, sulTan aRa xanumi, Cerqezi iyo), 6. mustafa-mirza (dedamisi, zahra baji, qarTveli iyo4), 7. mahmudmirza, 8. imamyuli-mirza, romlis deda, xanfarvan xanumi,
1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 364,, 370, 372, 516, 523; qarTlis cxovreba,
IV, gv. 411, 715, 718.
2 Minadoi T p. 4-5.
3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 60v-61r
4 mustafas dedis qarTvelobas adasturebs v. hincic. Hinz W., Schah Esmail
II. Ein Beitrage zur Geschichte der Safaviden, Berlin, 1933, S. 46.
335
qarTveli iyo1. Serefxan bidlisis mixedviT, heidar-mirzas
da imamyuli-mirzas erTi deda hyavdaT2. imdenad, ramdenadac
am qalbatonis Zmebi _ zaal-gurji da alixan-gurji mesxebi
iyvnen, maSasadame isic mesxi, magram ar SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
mainc da mainc SalikaSvili iyo3. 9. ali-mirza (amis dedac
zahra baji iyo), 10. ahmad-mirza, 11. zein ol-mirza, 12. musamirza4.
murad-mirza, Dzein ol-mirza da Nmusa-mirza Sah Tamazis
sicocxleSi gardaicvalnen.N
nasrola falsafis TqmiT, Sah Tamazis rva asulTagan
dediT qarTveli iyo mxolod erTi _ zeinab begumi, romelsac adre ana xanumi erqva5. imave istorikosis mixedviT,
Sah abass ori mamida hyavda: erTi iyo dasaxelebuli zeinab
begumi, romelsac, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli deda hyavda da
meore _ mariam sulTan xanumi6. iqneb es ukanasknelic dediT
qarTveli iyo, razec misi qristianuli saxeli mariami unda
migvaniSnebdes? zeinab begumis adrindeli saxelic xom qristianuli ana iyo.
sainteresoa ratom iTvleba dasaxelebuli ori qalbatoni Sah abasis mamidebad, Tanac nasrola falsafis logikiT,
maTgan mxolod erTs yavda qarTveli deda, meores ki ara.
gamodis, rom isini sxvadasxva dedas ekuTvnodnen. Tu dediT
1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, II, c. 229.
2 Тамже.
3 Sdr. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis narkvevebi, Tb.,
1990, gv. 243.
4 yizilbaSuri wesis mixedviT, TiToeul vaJs aRmzrdelad (lala) hyavda
erT-erTi yizilbaSuri momTabare feodaluri tomis didakacobis warmomadgeneli. aqedan gamomdinare erT-erTi ufliswuli romeliRac tomis aRzrdilad
iTvleboda da misgan mxardaWera garantirebuli hqonda. Пигулевская Н. В.,
Якубовский А. Ю., Петрушевский И. П., Строева И. В., Белинецкий Л. М.,
История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца 18 века, Л., 1958, с. 264.
5 ucxouri literaturis referatuli krebuli. istoria, 6, „mecniereba“,
Tb., 1978, gv. 9-11.
6 iqve, gv. 29.
336
sxvaobas mniSvneloba ar hqonda, maSin Sah Tamazis sxva asulebi
(rogorc iTqva, mas rva asuli hyavda) ratom ar iTvlebodnen
mohamed xudabendes debad da, Sesabamisad, Sah abasis mamidebad? vfiqrob dasaxelebuli ori qalbatoni da mohamed-xudabende erTi mamis _ Sah Tamazis da erTi dedis _ qarTveli
qalis Svilebi iyvnen. ra Tqma unda, am sakiTxze msjelobisas
dabrkolebad ar unda gadavaqcioT SalikaSvilebis asulis
adgili Sah Tamazis colebs Soris. aucilebeli ar iyo es
qali maincdamainc oTar SalikaSvilis is asuli yofiliyo,
romelzec qarTuli wyaroebi gadmogvcemen.
eWvs kidev ufro aZlierebs zeinab begumis (anas) roli
da adgili Sah abasis karis cxovrebaSi. rogorc Cans es
qali gauTxovari darCa (daniSnuli yofila aliyuli-xan
Samluze, magram sasiZo mouklavT). is Sah-muhamedisa da mis
Svilis hamza mirzas dros haramxanaSi didi privilegiebiT
sargeblobda, xolo Sah abasis zeobisas haramxanas zedamxedvelobda da, sxva qalebTan SedarebiT, SahTanac is yvelaze
daaxloebuli iyo. Sah abasi mis azrs sxvadasxva sakiTxebze
angariSs uwevda, is monawileobda iseT RonisZiebebSi, sadac
mxolod mamakacebi unda yofiliyvnen. falsafi imowmebs antonio de goveas erT cnobas, romlis mixedviTac, „zeinab
begumic ar aris dazRveuli avsityvaobisagan da xma dadis,
rom mas Tavis ZmisSvilTan Sah abasTan sasiyvarulo urTierToba aqvso“1.
rac Seexeba mohamed xudabendes meore das _ mariams is,
zeinabisagan gansxvavebiT, rogorc Cans, muslimi qalebisaTvis Cveulebriv karCaketil cxovrebas eweoda da dakavebuli
iyo Tavisi ojaxis saqmeebiT.
Sah Tamazs rom colad hyavda qarTveli qali, msxvili
mesxi feodalis oTar SalikaSvilis asuli, amis Sesaxeb
cnobebi daculia XVIII s. 20-iani wlebis vaxtang VI-is
`swavlul kacTa komisiis~ mier Sedgenil àxali qarTlis
1 iqve.
337
cxovrebis~ gagrZelebasa da vaxuSti batoniSvilis àRwera
samefosa saqarTvelosaSi~, amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. sainteresoa, rom XVI s. meore naxevris samcxe-saaTabagos da,
saerTod, Sesabamisi periodis saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli wyaro _ `mesxuri matiane~ _
arafers ambobs arc oTar SalikaSvilze, arc mis asulze,
arc oTaris vaJze _ Sah Tamazis moyvare _ aTabagis qvrivis
dedisimedis mier moklul, varazaze. `mesxuri matianis~ amgvari tendencia, dumili SalikaSvilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
jayelTa dinastiis mxardamWerad da naTesavad iTvlebodnen
manamde, vidre dedisimedi moklavda varazas, axsna SeiZleba: am mkvlelobam SalikaSvilebi aTabagis mowinaaRmdegeTa
banakSi gadaiyvana. amitom matianeSi, romelic aTabagis ojaxis dakveTiTa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, karnaxiTac iwereboda,
is rac SalikaSvilebs ganxeTqilebamde aTabagis sasikeToT
gaukeTebiaT, ara mxolod aRar aisaxa, aramed am gvaris xsenebac ki ar aris. isini mxolod iqidan moixsenebian (ra Tqma
unda, uaryofiT konteqstSi), rodesac jayelebis winaaRmdeg
dawyebuli ajanyebis moTaveni da meTaurebi gaxdnen.
ueWvelia, saqarTveloSi icodnen Sahis sxva qarTveli
colebis Sesaxeb, magram qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis imdenad Cveulebrivi movlena iyo qarTveli qalebis Sahebisa
da sparseli didebulebis coloba an maT haramxanebSi yofna,
rom Zveli istorikosebi, safiqrebelia, amas gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aRar uTmobdnen. magram sul sxva iyo im qarTveli qalbatonisadmi interesi, romelic ara mxolod Sahis
coli iyo, aramed iranis mbrZaneblis dedac gaxda. aseTi
qalbatoni, qarTveli istorikosebis mixedviT, iyo oTar SalikaSvilis asuli, romlis saxelic ki ar viciT. amitom
xom ar miCqmala iranulma istoriografiam SalikaSvilis
asulis saxeli?
beri egnataSvilis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia, rom Sah Tamazma
aTabag qaixosrosTan danaTesaveba moisurva da sTxova Tavisi
338
romelime naTesavi mieca colad. radgan aTabags asuli ar
hyavda, amitom Tavisi naTesavis, oTar SalikaSvilis qaliSvili gaugzavna. Sah Tamazma iqorwina oTaris qalze, romelic misi sayvareli coli Seiqmna. am qorwinebis wyalobiT
damyarda kargi urTierToba Sahsa da aTabags Soris1.
oTar SalikaSvilis asulis Sah Tamazis coloba qarTuli
saistorio mwerlobaSi sakmaod gamokveTilad Cans da zogierTi arapirdapiri evropuli cnobac mas imdenad amagrebs,
rom igi SeiZleba Sah-mohamed hodabandes dedad vigulisxmoT,
Tumca amgvar mosazrebas seriozuli winaaRmdegoba xvdeba.
beri egnataSvili gvamcnobs, rom kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre
II-is ufliswuli erekle mamas stambols gaeqca. Sah Tamazma
erekles aseTi moqmedeba aleqsandres gandgomad Seafasa da
mis dasasjelad wamovida da yarabaRSi gaCerda. aleqsandre
mefis saxlTuxucesma oTar ColoyaSvilma imdeni moaxerxa,
rom Sah Tamazis risxva kaxeTs aacila da samcxe-saaTabagos
daatexa, roca qaixosro II-is qvrivs dedisimeds oTar SalikaSvilis vaJi varaza moakvlevina2.
zogierTma mkvlevarma, romelsac eWvi ar epareba Sarafxan biTlisis naTqvamis WeSmaritebaSi (Saraf-xan biTlisis
mixedviT, rogorc iTqva, Sah Tamamzs mohamed-mirza da ismail-mirza _ isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvilisagan hyavda),
scada gaerkvia, ratom aris qarTul wyaroebSi mohamed xudabendes deda qarTvelad gamocxadebuli. mniSvnelovan argumentad miaCniaT qarTvelebis _ zaal-begisa da ali-xanis
brZola ara mohamed xudabendes da ismailis gamefebisaTvis, aramed heidar mirzasTvis mxardaWera, rac mxolod
imiT unda aixsnas, rom heidaris deda qarTveli iyo. k. tabataZis azriT, ali-xanisa da zaal-begisaTvis ufro ioli
iqneboda ufrosi vaJebis, maT rom deda qarTveli hyolodaT,
gamefeba, romelTac kanonic xels uwyobda, rom mamis memkvi1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv 364.
2 dawvr. ix. qvemoT: àTabagi qaixosro II da dedisimed II~.
339
dreoba gaegrZelebinaT~1. d. kacitaZe Tavis kritikul werilSi ndobas ucxadebs sparsuli wyaros cnobebs, romelTa
mixedviTac mohamed xudabandes deda iyo yizilbaSuri tomidan2. m. svaniZem 1971 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi
ukomentarod gaiziara vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocema Sah
mohamed xudabendes dedis SalikaSvilobis Sesaxeb3, magram
mogvianebiT man Seicvala azri da wyaroze miTiTebis gareSe
aRniSnavs: `mohamed-mirzasa da ismail-mirzas deda SalikaSvilis asuli ver iqneboda, radgan roca Sah Tamazma igi colad moiyvana (1548 w.), orive vaJiSvili sakmaod mozrdili
iyo (15 wels gadacilebuli)~. mas dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom
`SalikaSvilis asuls Sah Tamazisagan SeeZina qaliSvili ana,
SemdgomSi zeinab begumad wodebuli~4. dasaxelebuli istorikosebis mosazrebebs iziarebs n. gelaSvilic5. ucvleli ar
darCa Cemi mosazrebac: marTalia, mec veWvob, rom SalikaSvilis asuli mohamed xudabendes da ismailis deda yofiliyo,
magram qvemoT Sevecdebi im mosazrebis ganviTarebas, rom
dasaxelebuli ufliswulebis deda Sah Tamazis erT-erTi
qarTveli coli iyo, romlis vinaoba ucnobia.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas Semdegi: sayovelTaod cnobilia, da qvemoTac sakmao masalas gavecnobiT,
saidanac Cans ratom ar surda maSindeli iranis didkacobas
Sah Tamazis ufrosi vaJebis _ mohamed xudabendes an ismailmirzas gamefeba. orives seriozuli nakli gaaCnda, rac SemdegSi maTi mefobisas TvalnaTliv gamoCnda. mohamedi, fizikur naklTan erTad, saxelmwifos marTvis arc unars da arc
survils ar amJRavnebda. ismaili qveynis mmarTvelisaTvis
aucilebel wonasworobasa da TavdaWerilobas ar flobda.
1 tabataZe k., dasax. naSr., gv 176
2 kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobidan, `ciskari, #8, 1978, gv.
137-139.
4 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 242-243.
340
Sahis karze dawinaurebuli qarTvelebi taxtis memkvidris
SerCevisas, ra Tqma unda, ver gabedavdnen iseTi kandidatis
win wamowevas da axdilad mxardaWeras, Tundac misi deda
qarTveli yofiliyo, Tu am saqmeSi maT ar eqnebodaT imave
didkacobis mniSvnelovani nawilis Tanadgoma. maT aucileblad unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT da iTvaliswinebdnen kidec
maT azrsa da ganwyobilebas. ase rom, qarTvelebis _ alixanisa da zaal-begis mier Sahis taxtze ismailis an xudabendes kandidaturis arwamoyeneba sruliadac ar unda niSnavdes
imas, rom dasaxelebuli ufliswulebis deda qarTveli ar
iyo. aqve, albaT gasaTvaliswinebelia, ufliswulTa dedebis
piradi Tvisebebic. savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom SalikaSvilebis qali sruliadac ar iyo iseTi aqtiuri pirovneba
(albaT isic iTvaliswinebda `ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa~ damokidebulebas misi Svilebisadmi), rogoric iyo heidar-mirzas
deda, romelic, rogorc Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebidan
Cans, garkveul gavlenas axdenda, rogorc Sah Tamazze, ise
kariskacebze. mas gverdSi edgnen aseve aqtiuri adamianebi,
Tavisi Zmebi _ zaal begi da ali-xani da Tavisi Svilis
gamefebisaTvis arafers moerida, Sahis mowamvlasac ki.
rac Seexeba beri egnataSvilis gadmocemas, SalikaSvilis
qalis svimon I-Tan Sexvedris da misi saqarTveloSi gamostumrebis Sesaxeb (amaze dawvrilebiT qvemoT), n. gelaSvilis
azriT, es qalbatoni SeiZleboda daRupuli heidar-mirzas
deda yofiliyo1. vfiqrob, aseTi varaudis gamoTqma ar Seesabameba Sesaswavli periodis realiebs. ara mgonia, Sah Tamazis
gardacvalebis Semdeg momxdari ambebi (heidaris mokvla, gamarjvebulTa mier gatarebuli damsjeli RonisZiebebi, Semdeg
Sah ismailis mier ganxorcielebuli terori, romelmac misi
udanaSaulo Zmebi da axloblebic Seiwira), gverds auvlida
mTavari damnaSavis dedas da mohamed xudabendes dros mas
imden pativSi amyofebdnen, rom saqarTvelos taxtze svimon
341
I-is aRdgena misi sakiTxavi yofiliyo. savaraudoa, heidaris
deda SvilTan erTad an axlo periodSi daiRupa. sxvas yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, isic sakmarisi iyo, rom mis
mimarT sakmaod safuZvliani eWvi arsebobda, TiTqos man Sah
Tamazi moawamvlina. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos isic, rom
saaTabagoSi jayelTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dros, aTabagis
ojaxis mier SahisaTvis ramdenime Txovna daxmarebis Taobaze
uyuradRebod darCa, maSin, roca sparselebi jayelTa mTavari
mowinaaRmdegeebis _ SalikaSvilebis daxmarebas cdilobdnen.
am faqtSi Sahis karis mier naTesavi gvarisadmi daxmarebis
mcdelobas vxedav. isic aRsaniSnia, saaTabagoSi rogor seriozulad dainteresebuli iyvnen Sahis taxtze mosalodneli
cvlilebiT ismail II-is zeobis dros: `qristeSobisTulÀs
iz, ambavi movida Tu: Saismeili mokudao. aRar daviSaleT,
SobBOs elCi gavgzavneT batons TualmSuÀnierTana; yaenis
sikudili ar davijereT. qristeSobisTuÀs ocdarvasa TualSuÀnieris kaci movida, sadasturo yaenis sikudilis ambavi
moitana [giorgobisTuÀs kg momkvdariyo Saismaeli]~1. aTabgis ojaxisaTvis Sah imail II arasasurveli iyo, sruliad
gasagebi im mizezebis gamo romlebzec zemoT iTqva.
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos aRniSvna jayelebis im gaaqtiurebisa da warmatebebisa Sah ismailis gardacvalebis Semdeg ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi rom iqna miRweuli
_ dekembris 31-s yvaryvare da manuCari Tmogvs moadgnen, 5
ianvars dedisimedi da beqa yuels; 8 ianvars orive dasaxelebuli cixe aiRes; manuCarma foso da javaxeTi daarbia, gurgaqs qajis cixe `gaubaraqiana~2.
amgvarad, qarTuli saistorio literaturaSi daculi
cnobebi SalikaSvilebisa da Sah Tamazis naTesaobis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba detalurad ar asaxavdes realobas, magram
misi gaTvaliswineba mainc SeiZleba. ar mgonia, rom ing1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 46.
2 iqve, gv. 46-47.
342
liseli herbertis da habsburgebis imperiis elCis david
ungandis cnobebsac, romelsac qvemoT gavecnobiT, safuZveli
ar hqondes.
dasasrul, SalikaSvilebis qalis xelSewyobiTac unda
yofiliyo misi Tanamemamuleebis _ saaTabagoelebis aqtiuroba iranis Sahis karze.
* * *A
Sah Tamazis sicocxlis bolo periodSi taxtis ori
gamokveTili pretendenti iyo, romelTa irgvliv dairazma
ori sakmaod seriozuli dajgufeba. Epretendentebi iyvnen
ufliswulebi _ ismaili da heidari. dajgufebebi formalurad Sah Tamazis ori, sxvadasxva dedisgan naSobi vaJebis
momxreebs warmoadgendgendnen, sinamdvileSi maT TavianTi
Sors mimavali miznebi hqondaT.
imisaTvis raTa gasagebi gaxdes Sah Tamazis sicocxlis
bolos iranSi qarTvelTa gavlena da Zala, unda gavecnoT
mis zogierT Svils, kerZod, vaJebs _ mohamed xudabendes,
ismails, heidars da asuls _ ferixan xanums.
mohamed xudabende am droisaTvis araviTar interess
ar amJRavnebda monawileoba mieRo qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. mas susti mxedveloba da, saerTo aRirebiT, aseve
susti nebisyofa hqonda. mas TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv ukiTxavdnen yurans. Tavisi mokrZalebuli cxovrebis wesis gamo
iyo, rom mas xudabende (RvTis mona an msaxuri) Searqves.
erT dros (30-iani wlebis bolos) mamam sagamgeblod (meurvis zedamxedvelobiT) heraTi Caabara1. 50-iani wlebis Sua
xanebSi is yazvinSi gaiwvies da mis adgilas misi energiuli
Zma, ismail-mirza dainiSna2, magram ùRirsi~ saqcielis gamo,
2 Тамже, с. 200.
343
Sahma is gaiwvia da heraTSi isev mohamedi daabruna1. ……
minadois TqmiT, mohamedi TvalebiT avadmyofi (italiels
hgonia, rom mas amisaTvis daarqves hodabande), is myudro
cxovrebisadmi midrekili, Tavmdabali da mecnierebisaTvis
Tavdadebuli iyo. Mmas ver warmoedgina rogor unda etvirTa
Tavis Tavze mmarTvelobis tvirTi da daemorCilebina mZvinvare mtrebi aforiaqebul qveyanaSi2. daaxloebiT aseTnairadve
axasiaTebs am ufliswuls uluR-beg baiaTi (don xuan de
persia). Mmisi TqmiT, muhameds imdenad susti mxedveloba
hqonda, rom is cotas an TiTqmis ver xedavda. am udidesi
naklulovanebis gamo ar SeeZlo ajanyebuli provinciebis da
xalxebis damSvideba da amitom igi saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis moyvaruli ar iyo3.
Saraf-xan bidlisi Tavis naSromSi gadmogvcems mohamed
xodbandas simxdalis da ugergilobis ramdenime magaliTs4.
ismaili. sparsulenovani werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT,
ismaili sruliad gansxvavdeboda Tavisi ufrosi Zmisagan.
man 14 wlis asakSi saxeli gaiTqva ajanyebuli biZis alyasmirzas winaaRmdeg brZolebSi 1547 wels da mis magier Sirazis gamgebladac dainiSna. ismailma 1552 wels arzrumis
mmarTveli daamarcxa, ibrZoda qurTistanSi da didi nadavlic iSova5. 1553-1554 wlebSi Sah Tamazma ismails didebuli qorwili gadauxada TavrizSi6. Semdeg wels Sahma masve
Caabara heraTis marTva nacvlad mohamed-mirzasi, magram ismaili heraTSi Cadenili „uRirsi qmedobebis~ gamo, sul male
gadaayena. heraTSi kvlav mohamed-mirza dainiSna da masve daevala ismailis SahTan miyvana. Mmagram mohamedi heraTSi darCa
ismails ki sunduk-beg afSari gaayola. rodesac Sahma gaigo,
1 Тамже, с. 201.
2 Minadoi ., p. 5-6.
4 Tамже, с. 212, 218, 234…
5 gelaSvili n., dasx. naSr., gv. 121.
344
rom ismaili q. saveSi mivida, mis Sesaxvedrad gaagzavna masumbeg safavi, romelmac ismails borkilebi daado da yahyahes1
cixe-simagreSi Caamwyvdia2, sadac man 20 weli gaatara.
Sah Tamazis aseTi moqmedeba ismailis mimarT sxvadasxvagvarad axsnes. Saraf-xani erTgan aRniSnavs, rom ismailis
moSurneebis mcdelobiT iyo, rom is yalyalas cixeSi gamoamwyvdies3.Ggaurkvevelia ras gulisxmobda Saraf-xan bidlisi
ismailis mier heraTSi Cadenil „uRirsi qmedobebSi~. SeiZleba
es unda iyos is, rasac germanelma mkvlevarma ufliswulis
Sahisadmi daumoCilebloba uwoda, rodesac igi damoukidebel gadawyvetilebebs iRebda4. Aan is, rom heraTSi misvlisTanave, Sahis mier gayolebul ali-sulTan Taqalum piri
Sekra TaTar-sulTanTan, ali-begTan, mohamed-xanis vaJebTan
da sxvebTan da Seurcxyofa miayenes mohamed-xan lalas da
misi mokvlac ki ganizraxes. mohamed-xani yazvinSi wavida da
Sahs moaxsena yvelaferi rac heraTSi gadaxda. SaxTan audienciidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg, ali-sulTan Taqalu kilbad
(gulbaaT) gurjis vaJebma mokles5. savaraudoa ali-sulTan
Taqalu ismailis miTiTebiT moqmedebda, rac misi dapatimrebis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda.
don xuan de persias mixedviT, ismails Tavis mamasTan ganxeTqileba hqonda, radgan mousvenari sulisa iyo da
axal-axali movlenebi itacebda. moxuci Tamazi yovelTvis
afrTxilebda mamac axalgazrdas, rom mas qedmaRloba da sixarbe daRupavda6. minadoic, jer Zalian mokled gadmogvcems,
rom ismaili Tavisi mkacri xasiaTis gamo gadagzavnili
iqna kahkahes cixeSi, Tavrizsa da yazvins Soris7, Semdeg ki
1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 200-201.
2 Тамже, с. 333.
3 Тамже, с. 333.
4 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 35.
5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 200
6 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 r.
7 Minadoi , p. 4.
345
ufro vrclad aRniSnavs im mizezze, ramac Sah Tamazis amgvari radikaluri RonisZieba ganapiroba. ismaili yovelTvis
aSkarad acxadebda Tavis mtrul damokidebulebaze Turqebis
mimarT da ukmayofilebas gamoxatavda osmaleTTan 1555 wels
amasiis zavis dadebis gamo. mamisagan araerTgzis akrZalvisa man gabeda, rom arzrumis teritoriaze SeWriliyo da
gaeZarcva am mxaris qalaqebi da cixe-koSkebi1.
ismailis dapatimrebis mizezad misi osmaleTis teritoriebze Tavdasxmebi da iransa da osmaleTs Soris axali
omis provocirebaa dasaxelebuli sxva evropul wyaroSic.
`karmelitebis qronika~ mogviTxrobs, rom ismailma mravaljer
daamarcxa osmalebi, riTac ukmayofilo iyo, rogorc Sahi,
ise misi mrCeveli, ismailis dauZinebeli mteri maysud-begi.
man Sah Tamazs Caagona, rom ismailis moqmedeba unda Sefasebuliyo, rogorc amboxeba, radgan igi mSvidobianobis dros,
Sahis nebarTvis gareSe, osmalTa qveyanas arbevda. maysud-begma Sahs ismailis mier iranis provinciebis mmarTvelebisadmi
gagzavnili werilebic aCvena, romlebiTac is maT osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg omisaken mouwodebda. yovelive amis gamo Sahma
ufliswuli cixeSi Casva2.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ismaili gare samyarodan izolirebuli hyavda, Sah Tamazi, rogorc Cans, mainc Tavs mSvidad
ver grZnobda. mas surda gamoricxuliyo yvela SesaZlebloba, rom ismails amboxeba moewyo Tavisi patimrobis adgilas3
_ kahkahes cixeSi.
heidar-mirza. dReisaTvis cnobili yvela werilobiTi
wyaro erTxmad aRniSnavs Sah Tamazis gansakuTrebul Tbil
damokidebulebasa da siyvarulze Tavisi mesame vaJis _ heidar-mirzasadmi. sruliad mcire asakisHheidar-mirzasadmi
Sahis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli damokidebulebis maCve1 Ibidem, p. 5.
2 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 44.
346
nebelia Tundac is, rom 1560-1561 wlebSi, maSin, rodesac
ufliswuli mxolod 4-5 wlisa iyo, osmalebs mosTxova
misTvis sagamgeblod daeTmoT baRdadi, samagierod maT gadascemda yazvinSi TavSefarebul ufliswul baiazids16.
Saraf-xani gansakuTrebul simpaTias amJRavnebs heidaris
mimarT, maSin, roca is Cerqezis xmliT iRupeba. istorikosi
ambobs: èrT-erTma Cerqezma gulamma xmlis dartymiT daRupa
mefobis wyaluxv mdinareze aRmocenebuli is kviparosi da
vardi... romelsac ar hyavdaT badali da Tanaswori sefevidebis ojaxsa da alis modgmaSi~27.
Hheidar-mirzas piradad icnobda da misi saintereso sityvieri portreti da daxasiaTeba dagvitova veneciis elCma
Sahis karze vinCenco d’alesandrim. Mmisi TqmiT, heidari iyo
tanmorCili, Zalian lamazi, Tavis asakTan SedarebiT Zalian
seriozuli, Wkviani, SorsmWvreteli, saxelmwifo saqmeebSi Caxeduli. is fizikuradac kargad momzadebuli, mamaci
mxedari iyo, gamoirCeoda sasimovno saubriTa da zrdilobiT. yovelive aRniSnulis gamo, heidari sasaxleSi yvelas
uyvarda, ganskuTrebiT ki Sah Tamazs, magram imave Tvisebebis gamo, igi da-Zmebs sZuldaT3. da-Zmebis heidarisadmi
siZulvili SeiZleba misi xelisuflebisaken TavSeukavebeli
ltolviTac iyo gamowveuli, ris Sesaxebac sakmaod damajereblad mogviTxrobs minadoi. ès heidari, jer kidev maSin,
rodesac Tamazi mwoliare avadmyofi iyo, utifrad Sevida
mis sawol oTaxSi da Subli Seimko mamiseuli gvirgviniT.
aseTi moufiqrebeli saqcieliT moxuci da uZluri mamis
Tvalwin amJRavnebda Tavisi pativmoyvareobis Seuferebel
wyurvils. igi sxva dros daSvebuli Secdomis msxverpli
gaxda. Tamazis sikvdilis Semdeg igi dasaxelebul dasTan
[ferixan-xanumTan] TaTbirobda da yovelnairad cdilobda
1 Тамже, с. 206.
2 Тамже, с. 229-230.
3 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 44-45.
347
metad sasurveli mdgomareobisaTvis mieRwia da imdenad win
wavida dasTan da saxelmwifo mrCevlebTan xvewniTa da maTi
gulis mogebiT, rom misTvis gverdis avla memkvidreobis
sakiTxSi, mxolod misi motyuebiTRa SeiZleboda~1.
Saraf-xanis mixedviT heidar-mirzas deda qarTveli mona
iyo2, rac sxva cnobebiT ar dasturdeba. is, rogorc savaraudoa, maRali warmoSobisa unda yofiliyo. TviT Saraf-xan
bidlisic erTgan aRniSnavs, rom Sahis karze aRzevebuli
alixan _ gurji da zaal-gurji heidar mirzas da imam-yulimirzas biZebi, maTi dedis Zmebi iyvnen3. savaraudoa, dasaxelebuli qarTveli didebulebis Sahis karze dawinaureba maTi
dis, Sah Tamazis sayvareli colis, sulTan zade xanumis
damsaxureba iyves. araviTari cnoba ar gagvaCnia saqarTvelos
romeli kuTxidan da gvaridan iyo es gavleniani qalbatoni.
mxolod cnobilia, rom Sahs igi gansakuTrebiT uyvarda,
didi gavleniTa da avtoritetiT sargeblobda da Tavisi
vaJis, heidar-mirzas gamefebas cdilobda. Aam saqmeSi mas
Tavisi Zmebis da sxvebis daxmarebis imedi hqonda, razec
qvemoT ufro vrclad iTqmeva. Ddon xuan sparseli heidaris
mfarvelebad da mxardamWerebad sxva pirovnebebs asaxelebs:
`maszed (heidarze – e.m.) dedis naTersavebi zrunavdnen,
romelTa Soris iyvnen isaxani, evnuxi ayTa huseini da firmohamedi~4. Mminadoi ki gvamcnobs, rom heidari `zedamxedvelobis qveS iyo zalxanis, fir-mohamedisa da dedis mxridan sxva naTesavebisa~5. maSasadame, minadoi da don xuan de
persia erTmaneTs mxolod fir-mohamedis heidar-mirzasadmi
momxreobaSi eTanxmebian.
ferixan-xanumi. Tavisi WkuiT, gonebiT, moxerxebulobiT,
cbierebiTa da aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda Sah Tamazis asuli
1 Minadoi, p. 7.
3 Тамже, с. 229.
5 Minadoi T., p. 4.
348
Cerqezi colisagan, Samxalis disSvili ferixan-xanumi. minadois mixedviT, ferixani yvelaze ufrosi iyo Sah Tamazis
SvilebSi1. sasaxleSi mis gavlenaze metyvelebs isic, rom
Sahis ukanaskneli surviliT mas daevala, karis mrCevelebTan erTad, sisruleSi moeyvana anderZi memkvidris gamefebis
Sesaxeb. sxvaTaSoris, heidar-mirzac aRiarebda Tavisi dis
SesaZleblobebs da xSirad Tavis momavalze eTaTbireboda2.
don xuan de persias TqmiTac, ferixan-xanumi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi orWoful mdgomareobaSi iyo, visTvis, ismailisa
Tu heidarisaTvis mieniWebina upiratesoba.
ferixan-xanumis iniciativianobas aRniSnavda don xuan
de persiac3. man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis Semdeg momxdar politikur ambebSi, kerZod, ismail-mirzas gamefebaSi. ismailma das ar daufasa
Tanadgoma, CamoarTva 200 aTas dukatze meti Rirebulebis
qoneba da aiZulebda gaWirvebaSi ecxovra. ferixan xanumi,
rogorc `karmelitebis qronika~ gadmogvcems, daukavSirda
axali Sahis religiuri politikiT ukmayofilo didebulebs
da ismaili sawamlaviani opiumiT mowamles4. ferixan xanumma
mxari dauWira, agreTve mohamed xodabvandes gamefebas, radgan imedovnebda, rom susti Zmis mefobisas mTel Zala-uflebas Tavis xelSi moaqcevda. magram mas Zlieri konkurenti
gamouCnda Sahis colis, Wkviani, energiuli da cbieri mahdiulias saxiT. mahdi mazandaranis gamgeblis qaliSvili iyo
da qmris susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is xelisuflebis
saTaveSi moeqca. man oficialurad daikava umaRlesi divanis
vaqilis Tanamdeboba, vezirTan erTad, faqtobrivad, ganagebda
Sahis kancelarias. misi upirvelesi RonisZieba iyo ferixan
1 Mminadoi Samxals da mis das qarTvelad Tvlida. imave qalisagan Sahs
hyavda kidev erTi vaJi mustafa-mirza. Minadoi, p. 6. mustafas dediT qarTvelad da ferixan-xanumis Zmad miiCnevda don xuan de persiac, p. 61v.
2 Ibidem, p. 7.
3 Don Juan de Persia, 61 r.
349
xanumis sikvdiliT dasja, rac sisruleSi moiyvanes kidec1.
rogorc don xuan de persia gadmogvcems (is, SeiZleba, TviTmxilveli iyo), `mis mokveTil da gasisxlianebul, Subze
wamogebul Tavs, yazvinis karibWesTan daatarebdnen~2.
* * *
1573 wels moulodnelad avad gaxda Sah Tamazi. Sahis
karze maSinve daiwyo brZola memkvidris sakiTxis gamo. davis dros sabolood gamoikveTa ori erTmaneTis mowinaaTRmdege dajgufeba: erTi mxars uWerda Sah Tamazis meore vaJs
ismail-mirzas, xolo meore dajgufeba _ Sahis mesame vaJs _
heidar-mirzas3, romelic mamas gansakuTrebiT uyvarda da sxva
Svilebisagan gansxvavebiT mas sasaxleSi yofnis ufleba mianiWa4. man heidarisadmi keTilganwyoba imiTic gamoxata, rom
ufros vaJebze win daayena da taxtis memkvidred daniSna. ase
ganucxada Sah Tamazis elCma Toqmak-xanma konstantinopolSi
sulTan murad II-s (1574-1595) taxtze asvlis milocvisas.
am dros ki `Sah Tamazi Tavisi ormocdaToTxmetwliani mefobis Semdeg taxtidan samareSi midioda~5.
don xuan de persias gadmocemiT, „moxuci mefe Tamazi
Tavisi imperiis xanebisa da sulTnebis moTxovniT iZulebuli iyo, miuxedavad ismailisadmi uaryofiTi Sexedulebisa, anderZSi Tavis memkvidred igi daeniSna da Tavis
pirmSosa da ufros Svilze _ muhamedze win daeyenebina“6.
magram am dros ismaili, mamis brZanebiT, kahkahes7 anu
3 Malcolm J., Geschhichte Persiens von der frühesten Periode an bis zur jetzigen Zeit, II B., Leipzig, 1830, S. 19.
4 Ibidem.
5 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 473-474.
6 Don Juan de Persia, 61 v.
7 kahaka _ Mminadoi, kahkahahi _ baiaTi, yalyaa _ beri egnataSvili.
350
alamuTis1 cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli iyo2. Sahi SiSobda, rom
heidar-mirzas momxreebs SeeZloT satusaRos ufrosis xalifa ansar yaradaRlus saSualebiT xeleyoT ismail-mirzas
sicocxle. amitom man mizanSewonilad CaTvala ismailis
dacva gaeZlierebina da yizilbaSTa gamoCenili sardlis
amir aslan sulTanis vaJs ubrZana, 60 mebrZoliT misuliyo
yahyahes cixeSi da ismail-mirza daecva3.
Sah Tamazis amgvarma zerele RonisZioebebma, ra Tqma
unda, ver daacxro taxtis pretendentTa da maTi momxreebis
vnebaTa Relva. isini mxolod xelsayrel moments elodnen.
TiToeul dajgufebas (jer viwros), Tavisi miznebi hqonda.
isqander munSis mixedviT, roca avadmyofi Sahi abanoSi
unda wasuliyo, ismail-mirzas momxreebi mRelvarebam moicva.
maT eSinodaT, rom qarTvelebis meTauri zaal-begi (igi mxars uWerda heidar-mirzas), romelic wesisamebr Sahs abanoSi
emsaxureboda, mas moklavda4.
zaal-begi yovelTvis emsaxureboda Sahs abanoSi. im dRes,
roca gadawyvetili iyo Sahis abanoSi wasvla, qarTvelebi Ciodnen: `CvenSi ra dainaxes iseTi, rom Cveni samsaxuris Sesrulebas gviSliano~. rodesac yizilbaSi amirebis
qarTvelebisadmi braldebam Sahis yuramde miaRwia, man is
ar gaiziara da `zaal-begi ixmo, raTa Cvulebriv misuliyo
abanoSi da samsaxuri Seesrulebina. im xalxma xmis amoReba
ver SesZlo da Sercxvenili daiSala~5.
1 alamuTis cixe _ àrwivis bude~, mdebareobda elbrusis mTebSi, yazvinis
maxoblad. iTvleboda erT-erT miuval cixe-simagred (isqander munSi, gv. 152,
Sen. 38). rogorc Cans, kahkahe da alamuTi erTi da igive cixe-simagris ori
saxelia, radgan baiaTis gadmocemiT, kahkahes cixec mdebareobda yazvinidan 150,
Tavrizidan ki _ 30 legis daSorebiT (p. 60 v).
2 qarTuli wyaro adasturebs Mminadois da baiaTis cnobebis siswores:
„Sah Tamazis Svili Sah ismaili tyued ijda cixesa yalyaas“. qarTlis
cxovreba., gv. 517.
5 iqve.
351
im dRes, rodesac Sahi abanoSi midioda, isini vinc TavianT Tavs Sahsevanebs (Sahis megobrebi) uwodebdnen, sinamdvileSi ismail-mirzas momxreebi iyvnen, 4-5 aTasi SeiaraRebuli kaci sasaxlis karTan Segrovdnen da ganzraxuli
hqondaT zaal-begisaTvis xeli SeeSalaT. imave dros, qarTvelebi da maTi momxre Seixavandi, usTajlu da maTi xelqveiTnic, agreTve 4-5 aTasi aseve SeiaraRebuli kaci
Seikriba zaal-begis dasaxmareblad da sasaxleSi Sesvlas
cdilobdnen. mosalodneli iyo sisxlis Rvra1. mdgomareoba
ganmuxta heidar-mirzas gamoCenam, ìsmail-mirzas momxreebma
veRar SeZles meti ayal-mayali~2.
TiToeul dajgufebas Tavisi miznebi hqonda, magram brZola amjerad ar gamwvavda, radgan sasaxlis eqimebis mcdelobis Sedegad Sahi gamokeTda. TamazisaTvis cnobili gaxda is
ambebi, rac misi avadmyofobis dros taxtis irgvliv moxda.
mas amis Sesaxeb moaxsena Cerqezma colma, misi qaliSvilis
ferixan-xanumis dedam. Cans, colis Cagonebam gasWra da Sah
Tamazi amis Semdeg heidar-mirzas winaaRmdeg ganewyo. magram
mis mimarT, iseve rogorc ufliswulis momxreebis mimarT
mkacri RonisZiebebi ar gautarebia. isqander munSis TqmiT,
`roca kurTxeuli Sahi savsebiT gamojanmrTelda, aseTi ambebis moxdena aRkveTa da garemoebis gamoZieba ar dauwyia~3.
man mxolod cixeSi damwyvdeuli ismailis dacva gaaZliera.
SahisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom cixis gamgebeli xalife ansar
yaradaRlu karis umaRles xazinadars qarTvel faroxzadbegs moyvrobda. es ukanaskneli ki heidaris Tavgamodebuli
momxre iyo4.
sainteresoa, rogori iyo ZalTa Tanafardoba taxti
pretendendentTa Soris, romel Zalebs eyrdnobodnen isini?
1 iqve, gv. 26.
2 iqve, gv. 27.
3 iqve.
4 albaT es unda iyves iranis karze aRzevebuli, gamoCenili mxatvris
siaoS-beg qarTvelis Zma. iqve, gv. 27-28.
352
es sakiTxi sakmaod dawvrilebiT Seiswavla v. hincma, Tumca
mis mier dafiqsirebuli zogierTi cnoba ar emTxveva sxva
wyaroTa monacemebs.
heidaris momxreni
ismailis momxreni
mustafa-mirza, Sah Tamazis suleiman-mirza, Sah Tamazis
mexuTe vaJi, SeeZina erT-erTi mesame vaJi erT-erTi Cerqezi
qarTveli qalisagan, 20 wlis, qalisagan1, 21 wlis.
Wkviani, ficxi, lamazi.
husein beg usTajlu, aseulis mahmud-mirza, Sah Tamazis meemeTauri da amira, Zalian mdi- qvse vaJi, SeeZina erT monasTan,
dari da gavleniani, mustafa- 18 wlis, gavlenis gareSe.
mirzas aRmzrdeli, sasaxlis
umniSvnelovanesi pirovneba.
zaal begi qarTvelTa meTau- ahmad-mirza, Sah Tamazis mecxri da amira, imamyuli-mirzas re vaJi, SeeZina erT monasTan,
biZa, mamaci da Zlieri.A
13 wlis, gavlenis gareSe.
ali-xan begi, esec qarTve- ferixan xanumi, Sah Tamazis
li didebuli, heidar-mirzas meore qaliSvili, princ subiZa.
leimanis da, 30 wlis, didi
gavlenis mqone.
alah-yuli-sulTan
ijek
oRlu, usTajlus gvaris umniSvnelovanesi beladi
husein-yuli xolafa rumlu,
mcireaziuri sufis beladi,
cbieri da Zlieri.
xalifa ansar yaradaRlu,
ismailis satusaRos ufrosi,
miemxro usTajlus2.
Samxal sulTani, Cerqezebis
beladi, ferixan xanumisa da
suleiman-mirzas biZa.
1 CerqezTa Samxalis da.
353
Sadraddin-xani, saxelmwifo
mdivnis masum beg safavis
vaJi, heidar-mirzas aRmzrdeli, zei-xavandis gvaridan.
amir aslan begi, afSarebis beladi, mniSvnelovani sardali
da princ ahmadis aRmzrdeli
zaied beg kamune, gamoCenili
Siiti sasuliero piri
vali beg afSari, haremis
dacvis meTauri
usTajlus, zeielxavandis
da TaleSis mTeli gvarebi,
qarTvelebi.
heidar sulTan kapuRi, TurqmanTa beladi,
kumis gamgebeli.
soleiman xalifa Samlu,
sulTaniis gamgebeli.
rumlus, afSaris, Turqmenebis, Samlus, yajaris,
zulyadris, Cerqezebis da
qurTebis mTeli tomebi
aravisken
sulTan ibrahim-mirza, bahram-mirzas vaJi da Sah Tamazis
Zmis Svili, saxlTuxucesi, poeti, mxatvari, musikosi1
zogierTi ram viciT im gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic met-nakleb rols asrulebdnen saintereso periodis iranis politikur cxovrebaSi. isini saTaveSi edgnen im seriozul politikur dajgufebas, romelsac
1 morTaza mehdi faTemi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTvel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb, Tb., 1982, gv. 62; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.
354
sasurveli ufliswulis gamefebiT Tavisi miznebis ganxorcieleba surda. es dajgufeba imave dros upirispirdeboda
udidesi gavlenis mqone meore djgufebas, romelsac aseTive
interesebi gaaCnda.
* * *
zaal begi. morTeza mehdi faTemis TqmiT, zaal begi
iranSi moRvawe erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli iyo, romelic
XVI s. 40-ian wlebSi Sah Tamazis sasaxleSi cxovrobda da
Sahis ndobiTa da yuradRebiT sargeblobda. zaal begs iranSi
hyavda, agreTve, ori Zma _ daviTi da Tamazi. isini Zlieri
mxedarTmTavrebi iyvnen. maTi da _ jan feri xanumi Sah Tamazis pirveli coli iyo1. Saraf-xan biTlisis mixedviT, zaal
begis Zma iyo ali-xan gurji da isini sulTan heidar-mirzas
da imam-yuli-mirzas biZebi iyvnen2. samwuxarod ar viciT
saqarTvelos romeli kuTxidan iyvnen an rogor viTarebaSi
aRmoCndnen isini iranSi. isini heidar mirzas gasamefeblad
ibrZodnen. Tu Saraf-xan biTlisis naTqvams gaviziarebT, rom
zaal-begis Zma alixan-begi iyo, maSin naTelia, rom zalic
imave samTavrodan iqneboda saidanac misi Zma iyo. mxolod
erTaderTi „mesxuri matiane“ unda migvaniSnebdes, rom isini
mesxi ioTamiSvilebi iyvnen3. magram gaugebaria, saidan dgindeba, rom isini ioTamiSvil-SalikaSvilebi iyvnen4.
rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, zaal-begi (igive
zaal-gurji) iranSi mcxovrebi gamuslimanebuli da ierarqiis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi qarTulebis meTauri iyo
da didi gavleniT sargeblobda.
1 morTeza mehdi faTemi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTvel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb, Tb., 1982, gv. 62; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 229.
3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 42
4 kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobidan, gv. 138.
355
zaal-begi gamoirCeoda simamaciT da gambedaobiT. amitom
iyo, rom germaneli istorikosi valter hinci, sparsulenovan
werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, mas germanelTa erovnul
gmirs adarebs da `Tavisi drois zigfrids~ uwodebs1.
zaal begi, garkveuli interesebidan gamomdinare, dakavSirebuli iyo iranis zogierTi Zlieri gvaris liderTan.
zaal begi koaliciaSi pirvelad Cans 1573 wels, rodesac
Sah Tamazis avadmyofobisas mwvaved dadga taxtis memkvidris sakiTxi. swored am dros gamoikveTa ori dapirispirebuli banaki. pirvelSi Sediodnen: husein-yuli-xolafa rumlu, emiri aslan beg afSari da Cerqezebis Samhali. meore
dajgufebaSi iyvnen: hosein-beg iuzbaSi usTajlu, fari-beg
yojlu qorCi Turqemani da zaal-gurji2.
zaal-begs Sahis karze, savaraudoa, sakmaod didi uflebebi da movaleobebi hqonda, magram ar Cans isini konkretulad raSi gamoixateboda. isqander munSis mxolod isa
aqvs naTqvami, rom zaal-begi Sahs abanoSi emasaxureboda3.
rogorc Cans, àbanoSi samsaxuri~, Sah Tamazis dros imdenad
mniSvnelovani iyo, rom rodesac 1573 wels Sah Tamazi avad
gaxda, qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdege yizilbaS amiraTa jgufma
zaal-begis Sahisagan CamoSorebis mTavar pirobad qarTvelebisaTvis abanoSi samsaxuris akrZalva miiCnies. ai rogor gadmogvcems isqander munSi am ambavs: `Sahis avadmyofobis dros
sasaxleSi ufliswulebs Soris taxtis dakavebis sakiTxis
gamo atexil qiSpobasa da davaSi zaal-begi, romelic im
jgufs (e. i. heidar mirzas momxreebs) ekuTvnoda, xolo
misi da Sahis meuRleTa rigebSi iTvleboda da ramdenime
ufliswulis deda iyo, sulTan ismailis momxreTa moZule
iyo, rom Sahi abanoSi wabrZandeboda, ismail-mirzas momxreebi SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom zaal-begi umaduri iyo da saxelm1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 46
356
wifos erTguli sufiebi mas ar endobodnen. Cven ar davuSvebTo, Tqves maT, rom am dros, roca misi udidebulesoba
ase dasustebulia, igi (zaal-begi) abanoSi wavides da iq
imsaxuroso, misi Ralatisagan uzrunvelyofili ara varTo.
qarTvelebma, Seixavendem, usTajlum da yvela haidarelebma amis Sesaxeb laparaki daiwyes. qarTvelebi ambobdnen,
CvenSi ra dainaxes iseTi, rom Cveni samsaxuris Sesrulebas
gviSliano~1. rodesac Sahma es ambavi gaigo, „man mizanSewonilad miiCnia, ar mieqcia yuradReba da zaal-begi ixmo, raTa
Cveulebrivad misuliyo abanoSi da samsaxuri Seesrulebina~2.
qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdegeebma xmis amoReba ver gabedes da,
rogorc isqander munSi aRniSnavs, Sercxvenilebi daiSalnen.
„sulTan heidaris momxreebma „axali sicocxle moipoves“
da matyuaraTa ciliswamebas da borotganmzraxvelTa ginebas
gadaurCnen. Semdeg, roca kurTxeuli Sahi savsebiT gamojanmrTelda, aseTi ambebis moxdena akrZala da am garemoebis
gamoZieba ar dauwyia“3.
k. tabataZis dakvirvebiT, iranis politikur cxovrebaSi abanos gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava, imdenad ramdenadac Sah Tamazi did dros abanoSi atarebda, sadac xSirad
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi wydeboda. maSasadame, abanoSi Sahis siaxloves yofna mxolod SahTan daaxloebuli pirebis privilegia iyo. àmrigad, rogorc irkveva,
Sah TamazisaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani samsaxuri zaal-begis
xelT iyo, romelic, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, im vezirad igulisxmebodes, romlis da iranis Sahis haramxanaSi im dros
marTlac iyo~4.
alixan begi. rogorc iTqva, alixan begi zaal-begis
Zma da heidar-mirzas da imamyuli-mirzas, dediT qarTveli
1
2
3
4
iqve, gv. 25-26.
iqve, gv. 27.
isqander munSi, gv 27.
Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTanTan, gv 49, 82-83, Sen. 211.
357
ufliswulebis, biZa iyo. „mesxuri matianes“ mixedviT, alixani mesxi ioTamiSvili yofila1. es alixani saqarTveloSi
cnobili yofila, rogorc heidar-mirzas gamefebisaTvis erTerTi Tavgamodebuli mebrZoli. Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis
Semdeg yazvinSi datrialebuli ambebisa da masSi alixanis
adgilis Sesaxeb, beri egnataSvili Semdegnairad gadmogvcems:
„qoronikonsa s∼d: maissa ie, dResa samSabaTsa, yaeni Sah Tamaz
mokvda da ustajluanTa da ioTamis Svilman alixan-sulTan
aidar-mirzas batonoba moindomes. jargazma Samxal avSarTa
da vinca maTi oimati iyo mouPden, aidar mirza mokles,
usta-jluani amoswyBdes da ismael-mirzas gamosayvanad kaci
gagzavnes“2.
gulbaaTi. Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis
dros (1540/1), rogorc hasan rumlu mogviTxrobs, Tbilisis
cixes Tavi Seafara qarTlis mefe luarsab I-is (1530-1556)
erT-erTma àmiram~ gulbaaTma. SemdegSi man uvnebloba iTxova, yizilbaSebs cixe Caabara da islami miiRo3.
hasan rumlus Txzulebis aSiaze yofila minaweri, romelSic naTqvami iyo: `xsenebuli gulbaaTi mdabio xalxs ekuTvnis, romelTac msaxurs uwodeben, da Tan aznauric aris,
radgan amirad iTvleba~4.
gulbaaTis Sesaxeb SedarebiT vrclad gadmoqvcems da
mis mdgomareobas gasagebs xdis isqander munSi, romelic
yizilbaSebis mier Tbilisis aRebasTan dakavSirebiT ambobs:
`gulbad qarTveli, romelic (mefe – e.m.) luarsabisagan
Tbilisis mmarTvelad iyo daniSnuli, qarTvelebis erTi
jgufiT cixeSi gaiqca, mas dasZlia islamis miRebis survilma, cixidan uvneblobiT gamovida da islamis miRebis
bedniereba moipova~5.
1
2
3
4
5
358
samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 42
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 517
hasan rumlu, gv. 23.
iqve, gv. 56, Sen. 49
Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis da gulbaaTis mier yizilbaSebisaTvis Tbilisis Cabarebis Sesaxeb,
farsadan gorgijaniZe mogviTxrobs Semdegs: `gulbad rome
mefis lvarsabisagan dayenebuli qalaqis cixisTavi da mouravi iyo da an sxva vinc morCen, qalaqis cixeSi Seixvewnes
da yizilbaSis laSqarni cixes Semoadgnes. viTarc laSqris
molodini arsiT hqondaT da cixeSi saWmeli da nuzli ara
hqondaT da verc garedam Seugzavnes da SimSilman nametnavad
Zali uyo da arc mSveli gauCnda, Rone gauwyda da uvneblobis fici gamoarTves da cixe misces da mas aqeT qalaqis
cixe qarTvelT veRar iSovnes~1.
igive ambavi, mcireodeni gansxvavebiT, gadmocemulia àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirvel da meore teqstSi. pirvel
teqstSi naTqvamia, rom Sah Tamazi ise Sevida TbilisSi
cixisTavma gulbaTma veraferi gaigo. man mefis SiSiT `rome
ugrZnoblad mosvlisaTBs ara iavar myos, gardmovida zemocixiT da mouvida Sah Tamazs... da Sah Tamaz misca niWi
didi da daatevebina sjuli qristianobisa da daipyra cixe
tfilisisa da gaamagra da TBT warvida yarabaRad~2.
àxali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSic~ naTqvamia, rom mas Semdeg rac Sah Tamazma Tbilisi aiklo da
mravali amowyvita, cixisTav gulbaaTs SeeSinda mefisa,
vaiTu me damabraloso, cixidan gamovida da Sahs eaxla. mecixovneTa erTi nawili saxlSi wavida, meoreni ki
SahTan mividnen. gulbaaTma da mecixovneebma islami miiRes,
Sah Tamazma gaamagra Tbilisis cixe da yarabaRSi wavida3.
qarTuli wyaroebi arafers amboben gulbaaTis Semdgomi
bedis Sesaxeb.
gulbaaTis vaJebi yazvinSi Canan XVI s. 50-iani wlebis
Sua xanebSi, magram ar gvaqvs cnobebi Tu rodidan an rogor
2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv, 517.
3 iqve, gv. 497.
359
viTarebaSi gadasaxldnen isini iranSi. savaraudoa, isini
qarTlis mefisa da qarTveli patriotebisagan SurisZiebas
gaeqcnen. gaurkvevelia am dros TviT gulbaaTi cocxalia Tu
ara. gulbaaTis vaJebi naxsenebi arian, rogorc Sah Tamazis
erTgulni, kerZod maSin, rodesac maT yazvinSi mokles Sah
Tamazis erT-erTi moRalate kariskaci ali-sulTanTaqalu1.
es erTaderTi cnoba gagvaCnia gulbaaTis vaJebis yazvinSi,
Sahis sasaxleSi yofnis Sesaxeb, maTi Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.
amdenad, SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom imave saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi zaal-begsa da heidar-mirzas sxva momxreebs isinic
mxars uWerdnen, rogorc k. tabataZe fiqrobda2.
* * *
1576 wlis 1 maiss Sah Tamazi loginad Cavarda. sasaxlis eqimebma misi gamojanmrTelebisaTvis yvela Rone ixmares. eqimebs Soris iyo erTi gilaneli haqim ibn nasri,
romelic cnobili iyo heidar-mirzas momxreobiT. amis gamo
SemdegSi xma gavarda, TiTqos man Sahi politikuri mosazrebiT mowamla3.
sxva versiiT, Sah Tamazi heidar-mirzas dedas, qarTvel
qals, mouwamlavs. igi SiSobda, rom uprincipo da meryev
Sahs adre miRebuli gadawyvetileba ar Seecvala da heidarisaTvis taxtis memkvidris ufleba ar CamoerTmia. Aamitom mas
surda Sahis adreuli sikvdiliT uzrunveleyo Tavisi vaJis
Seuferxebeli asvla samefo taxtze. man banlis gasaclel
malamoSi raRac sawamlavi Seuria4.
Sah Tamazis gardacvalebisaTvis momzadebuli aRmoCndnen heidaris mowinaaRmdegenic. maT maSinve gaatares iseTi
2 tabataZe k., Saraf-xan bidlisis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 177.
4 Hammer J., Gescichte des osmanischen Reiches, II B., S., 474.
360
RonisZieba, romelmac gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. sasaxlisa da haramxanis dacvis
meTaurma vali-beg avSarma, Seityo ra Sahis gardacvalebis
Sesaxeb, maSinve brZana sasaxlis yvela kari daeketaT da
gareT aravin gaeSvaT. Hheidar-mirza da misi momxreebi roca
mizans miRweulad Tvlidnen, ufliswuli, sinamdvileSi,
sasaxlis dacvis tyveobaSi aRmoCnda.
14 maiss, SuaRamisas Sahma brZana, ufliswulebi TavianT saxlebSi wasuliyvnen. darCena SeeZlo mxolod heidars.
heidaris sasaxleSi datoveba mouTxovia husein-beg iuzbaSis,
romelic didebulebis umravlesobasTan da tomebTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedebda. maTTan erTad iyvnen sulTan heidar-mirzas
biZebi alixan-gurji da zaal gurji. maTi survili iyo Sahis sikvdilis Semdeg heidars daekavebina taxti12.Mheidarsac
xom es undoda. misi varaudiT, mamamisis ukanaskneli survili misi taxtze damtkiceba iqneboda. ase iyo Tu ise, imave
Rames Sah Tamazi gardaicvala da diliT ukve gamocxadda,
rom heidar-mirza gamefdeboda. imave brZanebaSi momakvdavi
Sahi ismailis dacvazec zrunavda2.
Sah Tamazis ukanaskneli survili sruliad gansxvavebuladaa gadmocemuli `karmelitebis qronikaSi~: Sahma Seityo,
rom didebulebs dediT qarTveli ufliswulis heidarmirzas gamefeba ganuzraxavT. SeSfoTebulma Sahma, romelsac
taxti ismailisaTvis undoda, aucileblad CaTvala heidaris
mokvla. man heidari saswrafod TavisTan daibara, viTom
im motiviT, rom is Tavis memkvidred unda gamoecxadebina.
ufliswuli maSinve mamasTan gamocxadda. Sahis brZanebiT,
sasaxlis erT-erTma mcvelma heidari sasaxlis erT bnel
oTaxSi daamwyvdia, sadac igi Sahis gardacvalebamde imyofeboda3. buda’yazvinis mixedviT, Sahis sikvdilis Rames sasax1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.
2 Malcolm J., Op. cit., S. 45.
361
leSi Caketilma heidar-mirzam ar icoda rogor moqceuliyo.
bolos `man sabuTi Seadgina, romlis dasawyisSi aRniSna,
rom TiTqos es mamamisis dawerili iyo. yvela mixvda, rom
es yalbi sabuTi iyo~1. isqander munSimac icoda anderZis
arsebobis Sesaxeb, romliTac taxti memkvidreobiT heidarmirzaze gadadioda, magram iqve gvamcnobs, rom maSinve eWvi
gaCnda, rom is Sedgenili iyo ufliswulisa da misi damxmaris mier2.
1576 wlis 14-15 maisis Rames da Semdgom dRes Sahis
sasaxlesa da yazvinSi datrialebul ambebs mravali Tanamedrove da Semdgomi periodis sparseli da arasparseli
istorikosi Seexo. magram yvelaze vrclad da amave dros
Zalze sainteresod aRwera Tomazo minadoim. marTalia, zogirTi momenti mis mier aRwerili dramisa ar emTxveva sxva
avtorebis cnobebs, magram isini dagvexmareba miaxloebiTi
sizustiT mainc aRvadginoT im erTi Ramisa da DdRis ambavi.
Sarafxan biTlisis gadmocemiT, gardaicvala Tu ara Sah
Tamazi, heidar-mirzam maSinve Tavze daidga Sahis gvirgvini
da oqroTi movarayebuli xanjali daikida da taxtze dajda
colebiTa da didebuli qalebiT garSemortymuli3.
Sah Tamazis anderZiT, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxti
ismail-mirzas unda daekavebina4. amitom kariskacebma kahkahes
cixeSi damwyvdeuli ismaili sasaxleSi miiwvies, raTa mas
misalmebodnen rogorc xelmwifes. magram vidre Sikrikebi
1 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 124.
2 iqve, gv. 125.
4 don xuan de persia ambobs: mohamed xudabendes, susti mxedvelobisa
da kidev sxva mizezebis gamo, gamefeba ar SeiZleboda, `moxuci mefe Tamazi
Tavisi imperiis xanebisa da sulTnebis moTxovniT iZulebuli iyo, miuxedavad
ismailis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi azrisa, anderZiT Tavis memkvidred is gamoecxadebina da Tavis pirmSosa da ufros Svilze mohamedze win is daeyenebina~. Don
Juan de Persia, p. 61 v.
362
ismailamde miaRwevdnen da is yazvinSi mividoda, sasaxlesa
da sataxtoSi miTqma-moTqma gavrcelda1.
ismaili uyuradRebod ar darCaT heidaris momxreebsac.
maT mis mimarT garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba ganizraxes.
v. hincs Tavis naSromSi aqvs erTi aseTi epizodi: 1576 wlis
16 maiss, diliT, sulTaniis gamgebeli soleiman xalifa
Samlu Tavis amalasTan erTad nadirobda da dros atarebda,
roca moulodnelad SeamCnia saeWvod aCqarebuli mxedari.
soleiman xalifam mxedris Sepyroba brZana. mas aRmoaCnda
werili, romlis Sinaarsma yvela ganacvifra. zaal-begi xalifa ansars, kahkahes cixis gamgebels, sadac ismail-mirza iyo
damwyvdeuli, werda: 14 maisis Rames Sah Tamazi gardaicvala,
amitom saswrafod heidar-mirza unda gamefdeso. werilSi
miTiTebuli iyo agreTve, rom dauyovnebliv moeklaT ismailmirza2.
soleiman xalifam Sikriki daasjevina da saswrafod
mcire erTguli razmiT ismailis sanaxavad alamuTis cixisaken gaeSura. am dros cixis gamgebeli xalifa ansaric
sanadirod wasuliyo, amitom soleiman xalifam daubrkoleblad SesZlo ismailisaTvis mamis gardacvaleba ecnobebina.
isini SeTanxmdnen, rom ismaili cixeSi darCeboda manamde, vidre soleiman xalifa mis gasanTavisufleblad ardebilSi ar
dabrundeboda. amis Semdeg arc ismaili iyo gulxeldakre1 `Tanaxmad anderZisa, ismailis yazvinSi mosayvanad xanebi da sulTnebi
gagzavnes. magram vidre ismaili movidoda misma naxevardam, princesam, saxelad
ferixan-xanumma (mustafa-mirzas da) Tavisi biZis, qarTveli qristiani dedis
Zmis, qemalis (rogorc varaudoben koreqtoruli Secdomaa: qemalis nacvlad
unda iyos Samxali. ix. Brown E. G., A Histor of Persian Literature in Modern
Times, 1500-1924, Cambridge, 1924, p. 101) mier darigebuli xanebi da sulTnebi daarwmuna, rom es saqme gadasdon, ukidures SemTxvevaSi anderZis ganxorcieleba gadasdon da mmarTvelobis taxtze misi SuaTana Zma heidar-mirza
dasvan, Tumca Secdoma ar iqneba vTqvaT, rom es azri ufliswul [heidaridan]
ar modis, rogorc winaT egonaT, rom Tu heidar-mirza samefo taxts daimkvidrebda, amiT mamis anderZi Sesruldeboda~. Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 v – 62r.
363
fili. man maSinve ixmo amir aslanis vaJebi, romlebsac Sah
Tamazis brZanebiT ismailis dacva evalebodaT da axali ambavi acnoba. maT erToblivad SeimuSaves ismailis ganTavisuflebis gegema: xalifa ansaris meomrebi cixidan motyuebiT
gaiyvanes da manamde, vidre damxmare razmebi movidodnen,
cixes TviTon daepatronen. ismailma werilebi gaugzavna da
daxmareba sTxova axlomdebare olqebis yizilbaSebs1.
Sahis sasaxleSi ki movlenebi ganviTarda Semdegnairad:
heidar-mirza ver xvdeboda rogori xifaTi emuqreboda (is
xom faqtobrivad tyve iyo), man jariskacebi, haramxanis
dacva da msaxurebi daasaCuqra. Semdeg Sevida haramxanis
derefanSi, sadac sasaxlis mcvelebi avSaris, Samlus, zulyadaris da Torqemanis tomebidan, TvalTmaqcurad, gadaWarbebuli morCilebiT miesalmnen. sasaxleSi imyofeboda Sah
Tamazis ufrosi qaliSvili ferixan-xanumi, qarTveli (?)
Samhalis diswuli. mas davalebuli hqonda kariskacebTan
erTad aResrulebina Sahis ukanaskneli survili. magram is,
sxvadasxva saSualebiT cdilobda, rom taxti ar darCenoda
ismails da igi ukanonod daekavebina heidar-mirzas. man ver
gabeda pirvels aetexa Cxubi an seriozuli amboxeba saxelmwifo mrCevelebisaTvis. amave dros ver gadaewyvita Tavisi
Zmis heidaris mimarT damRupveli zomebisaTvis miemarTa2.
meore mxriv mas ar SeeZlo daeSva usamarTloba ismailis
mimarTac, romelic mamam memkvidred airCia. imyofeboda ra
aseT orWoful mdgomareobaSi, igi cdilobda amjerad pativmoyvare Wabuki heidari daekmayofilebina da imave dros
daecva sasaxlidan Sors myofi ismailis ufleba mamis ander1 Ibidem, p. 46.
2 Minadoi, p. 8. `rodesac ismailis winaaRmdeg da heidaris sasargeblod
ramdenime SeTqmuleba gamJRavnda, [ferixan-xanums] rac gulSi hqonda damala,
rom danarCeni ajanyebulni ar gamoeaSkaravebina. igi darwmunda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo ramodenime dRiT mainc ismailis mosvla daeyovnebina, amitom heidaris xeldasxmaze mivida. Don Juan de Persia, p. 62r.
364
Zis sapativcemlod da saxelmwifos keTildReobisaTvis1.
Sah Tamazis mier anderZis datoveba taxtis memkvidris
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva wyaroSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa gadmocemuli da mkvlevarTac gansxvavebuli mosazrebani gaaCniaT. Sah
Tamazis mier anderZis datoveba ismail-mirzas sasargeblod
mocemulia minadois2 da don xuan de persias3 TxzulebebSi.
isqander munSis TqmiT ki, Sahs upiratesoba miuniWebia heidarisaTvis, Tumca iqve ambobs, rom sakamaTo gaxda misi namdviloba. eWvobdnen anderZi Tavidan bolomde Sahma dawera
Tu ufliswulma heidarma da misma damxmarem yalbad Seadgines4. buda’yazvinis TqmiT, sasaxleSi Caketili heidari gaognebuli iyo da ar icoda rogor moqceuliyo. bolos `man
sabuTi Seadgina, romlis dasawyisSi aRniSna, rom TiTqos es
mamamisis dawerili iyo. yvela mixvda, rom es yalbi sabuTi
iyo~5.
Sah Tamazis anderZis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa mkvlevarTa Sorisac. o. efendievis azriT, savaraudoa, rom Sahs
araviTari anderZi ar dautovia6. sruliad misaRebia n. gelaSvilis mosazreba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia sefianTa
saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo mdgomareoba, Sahis karze
Seqmnili viTareba da im daskvnamde mivida, rom Sah Tamazs
aucileblad unda daetovebina anderZi, romelSic Tavis memkvidred heidar-mirza daasaxela7.
isqander munSis gadmocemiT, heidaris daRupvaSi didi
roli Seasrula ferixan-xanumma. marTalia, is mtrulad
ganwyobili iyo heidaris mimarT, magram Sah Tamazis gar1 Minadoi, p. 6-7.
2 Ibidem.
3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 v.
5 iqve.
6 Эфендиев О. А., Азербайджанское государство Сефевидов, Баку,1981,
с. 125.
365
dacvalebisTanave eaxla mas da fexebze emTxvia da iqve myof
ufliswulis dedas uTxra: `mowme xar, rom fadiSahis fexze
kocna da gamefebis milocva CemTvis aravis dauswria~1.
ferixan-xanumi `SeuTanxmda yvela sulTans, rom heidari
samefo samoselSi gamowyobili dabrZandes mTavar loJaSi
(loggia maggiore) da daelodos xalxis misalmebas. marTlac,
heidari taxtze abrZanda rogorc xelmwife. misi aseTi
saqcieli ganpirobebuli iyo gandidebis ymawviluri brma
wyurviliT. man didebis taxtze mjdomma ukve warmoidgina
Tu rogor datkbeboda megobrebis da mtrebisa mzeriT, romlebic mis winaSe morCilebas gamoacxadebdnen da yvelas
mowiwebis sagnad gadaiqceoda. magram mis imedebs asruleba
ar ewera cbieri mrCevelebisa da TvalTmaqci dis mier Seqmnili garemoebis gamo. maTi rCeviT dam brZana, rom dauyovnebliv daeketaT seralis anu haramxanis yvela kari da
daeyenebinaT darajebi, Ria daetovaT mxolod kargad daculi
erTi viwro da patara kari Tamazisa da ismailis yvelaze
erTguli, gamorCeuli da Tavdadebuli oficrebis meTvalyureobiT. dacvas ubrZanes karebSi gaataron yvela garda
heidar-mirzas mimdevrebis da damcvelebisa. ferixan-xanumis
azriT, ase unda yolebodaT heidari, vidre sasaxleSi ar
mividoda kanonieri mefe _ ismaili, romelic Semdeg moiqceoda ise, rogorc moiTxovda misi Rirseba da saxelmwifos
uSiSroeba~2.
amasobaSi dedaqalaqSi gavrcelda xma Sahis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb, ramac didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. gamoacxades
Sah Tamazis ukanaskneli survilic, rom yvela amira da sefianTa dinastiis qveSevrdomi heidar-mirzas unda damorCileboda. magram mosaxleobis didi nawili undoblad Sexvda
am cnobas3. amasobaSi heidaris momxreebma aseulis ufrosis
1 iqve, gv. 125.
2 Minadoi, p. 8.
366
husein-beg usTajlus saxlSi daiwyes Tavmoyra. maT mudmivi
kavSiri hqondaT sasaxleSi Caketil heidarTan werilebis
mimtan-momtani qalebis saSualebiT1.
heidaris momxreTa mTavari amocana misi ganTavisufleba
iyo. Tu amas miaRwevdnen maSin ismailis mdgomareoba sruliad uimedo Seiqmneboda. heidars veRaraferi SeuSlida xels
taxtis dakavebaSi. magram heidaris gasaTavisufleblad brZolis dawyeba Zlier saxifaTo iyo, radgan mis mcvel yizilbaSebs yovelTvis SeeZloT daubrkoleblad moeklaT igi.
amitom heidaris momxreebma yvelaze mizanSewonilad lodinis taqtika CaTvales. saRamoTi mcvelebi Seicvlebodnen
(Semdeg Rames heidaris momxre usTajlus tomis morigeobis
jeri iyo) da sasaxleSi Sesvla gaadvildeboda.
usTajlus tomis beladma alah-yuli sulTanma wamoayena winadadeba: vidre ismail-mirzas momxre husein-yuli
xolafa rumlus saxlSi jer kidev mraval yizilbaSs ar
moeyara Tavi, manamde iq myofni gareT gamoetyuebinaT da
gaefantaT. alah-yuli sulTnis azriT, es operacia Tu warmatebiT dasruldeboda, maSin sasaxlis dacvac SeSindeboda
da sasaxlis WiSkars gaaRebda2. husein-yuli xolafa rumlus saxlSi SekrebasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso damatebiT
cnobnas gvawvdis Saraf-xan bidlisi. saxlSi Tavi mouyriaT
maspinZlisa da Samxlis momxreebs da bevri ukamaTiaT imaze,
dediT Cerqezi romeli ufliswuli gaemefebinaT, magram ver
SeTanxmdnen. yizilbaSebi darwmundnen, rom am Tavyrilobidan
araferi gamovidoda da mTeli imedi ismail-mirzaze gadaitanes3.
roca xolafam gaigo heidaris momxreTa am gegmis Sesaxeb,
man gadawyvita dro moego da ori kaci gagzavna husein-begTan
mosalaparakeblad imis Taobaze, Tu vin unda gamefebuliyo _
1 Ibidem.
2 Ibidem, S. 50.
367
ismaili Tu heidari. amas garda, man kaci gagzavna yazvinidan
erTi saaTis savalze, im pirobiT, rom igi sxva mgzavrebTan
erTad dedaqalaqSi dabrundeboda da xmas gaavrcelebda, rom
ismaili da misi momxreebi male movidodnen xelisuflebis
dasapyrobad. xolefas davaleba Sesrulda. ismailis male
gamoCenis ambavma gaamxneva misi momxre da erTguli yizilbaSebi. mravalma maTganma Tavi moiyara xolafas saxlTan. heidaris momxreebi ki, piriqiT, SeSindnen da gadawyvetilebis
Sesruleba saRamomde gadasdes1. roca heidaris momxreebma
sasaxleze ieriSi daiwyes, ukve gvian iyo. mowinaaRTmdegeebs mravlad moeyaraT Tavi da saSualeba ar misces raime
mniSvnelovani warmatebisaTvis mieRwiaT. amgvarad, axla heidaris momxreebi aRmoCndnen mZime mdgomareobaSi, radgan maT
metoqeebs yovelTvis SeeZloT haramxanaSi Sesvla da heidaris mokvla. misma momxreebma gamarjvebis imedi dakarges,
bevrma maTganma brZolaze xeli aiRo da saxls miaSura. aseT
gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen heidaris momxreebi, roca
zaal-begi Tavisi razmebiT movida da sasaxlis mTavar kars
Seutia, magram veraferi daaklo.
zaal-begi mixvda, rom am gziT sasaxleSi Sesvla SeuZlebeli iyo. maSin igi martodmarto gadaevlo sasaxlis
galavans, ezoSi SeiWra, windaxvedrili mteri xmliT aCexa,
kari Camoglija da Tavis razmebs ezoSi SeWris saSualeba
misca. qarTvelebma imZlavres, culebiT dalewes ramdenime
kari da sasaxlis darbazebSi Secvivdnen. isini yvelgan daeZebdnen heidar-mirzas da ganuwyvetliv yvirodnen: `Sah heidar! Sah heidar!~2 Saraf-xan biTlisis TqmiT: `gansvenebuli
Sahis qaliSvilma ferixan-xanumma, roca dainaxa, rom saqmem
aseTi mimarTuleba miiRo, saswrafod Tavisi erTguli kaci
gagzavna Tavis biZasTan dedis mxriv, Cerqezebis SamxalTan,
2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 52
368
amis Sesaxeb acnoba~1. sxva cnobiT, Sah Tamazi gardaicvala
Tu ara, ferixan-xanumi fexebSi Cauvarda heidars, gamefeba
miuloca da patieba sTxova im mtruli moqmedebois gamo rac
man Zmis winaSe Caidina 1573 wels Sah Tamazis avadmyofobis
dros. heidari kmayofili darCa dis aseTi moqmedebiT. sanamdvileSi ferixan-xanumi mis daRupvas amzadebda2. man maSinve
acnoba momxdari ambavi Tavis biZas, CerqezTa mbrZanebel
Samxals da gaafrTxila, rom Tu dauyovnebliv ar miiRebda
gadamwyvet zomebs, maSin mTeli xelisufleba qarTveli xanebis xelSi gadavidoda3. Samxali husein-yuli-xolefa rumlu,
amira aslan-beg afSarTan, Taqelus, avSaris Turqmenebis da
qurTebis tomebTan erTad dauyovnebliv SuaRamisas sruli
aRWurvilobiT movidnen doRis WiSkarTan, qveiTad da amxedrebulebi da iarRis ZaliT SeaRwies haremis baRSi4.
roca husein-beg iuzbaSma, usTajlus tomebma da
qarTvelebma gaiges ismailis momxreTa sasaxlesi SeWrisa
Sesaxeb, maTac sasaxleze ieriSi miitanes divanis WiSkris
mxridan, romelic cnobili iyo ala-kapus saxeliT. sasaxlis
dacvam WiSkari daketa da ar misca maT sasaxleSi Sesvlis
ufleba5.
heidarma mxolod maSin igrZno xifaTi, rodesac gaigona
Tavisi favoriti zaal-xanis muqariani yvirili. is emuqreboda yvelas, ferixans, sulTnebs da saerTod yvelas, vinc
heidari aseT mdgomareobaSi Caayena. `gaigo ra es sayovelTao
dacinva da Seigno Tavisi ubedureba, igi mdumared gaecala
mis irgvliv arsebul pativs da xelmwifis nacvlad, romelsac axlaxan gonebda Tavis Tavs, gadaiqca mxolod gaqcevaze
2 Malcolm, S. 20.
3 Hammer, S. 474.
5 Minadoi T., p. 9. ferixanma heidars ùrCia, rom gaqceuliyo da damaluliyo qalebis sasaxleSi, romelsac Turqebi serils eZaxian, sparselebi ki _
harems~. Don Juan de Persia, p. 62 r.
369
mafiqral, danaRvlianebul da SeSinebul kacad. man moaxerxa
qalTa serilSi damalva im imediT, rom raime daxmarebas miiRebda sicocxlis gadasarCenad~1.
heidar-mirza varaudobda, rom misi mtrebi ver gabedavdnen haramxanaSi Sesvlas da amitom gadawyvita Tavi iq
Seefarebina. heidar-mirza, rogorc Saraf-xan biTlisi ambobs, zogierTi ugunuris rCeviT, qalis samoselSi Cacmuli,
ramdenime qalis TanxlebiT imedovnebda sasaxlidan gaRwevas
da Tavis momxreebTan misvlas, raTa Tavi daeRwia Samxalis
da SfoTisTavebis siborotisagan, magram Cerqezma msaxurebma
yovelive acnobes Samxals.
amasobaSi, sasaxleSi myofTa mimarT gaZlierda muqara
heidaris momxre usTajlus tomis mxridan. aseT kritikul
viTarebaSi, raTa yovelgvari imedi moespoT meamboxeebisaTvis, sulTnebma, ferixanTan SeTanxmebiT, gadawyvites heidaris mokvla.
vidre qarTvelebi heidars eZebdnen, sasaxlis meore mxridan, haramxanis baRSi Sevidnen xolafa da CerqezTa Samxali,
romelTac xelT hqondaT ferixan-xanumis mier micemula
gasaRebi. isini Sevidnen haramxanis baRSi, da mourideblad
eZebdnen heidars SeSinebul qalebs Soris. heidars ukve sul
axlodan esmoda Tavisi momxreebis xma. mas isRa darCenoda
gadaekveTa ezo da sxva SenobaSi Sesuliyo, roca haramxanis
erTerTma mcvelma, ali-begma Samlus tomidan icno igi da
daiZaxa: àqeT, aq aris is visac eZebT!~ maSinve movardnen
gamzid-begi, ufliswul soleimanis `saWurvelTmtvirTveli~
da aseulis ufrosi dalilxan-begi, rumlus tomidan. isini
Tavs daesxnen heidars, garekes mis irgvliv Semokrebili
qalebi, Semoaxvies Tavze safarebeli da xolafas da Cerqezebis meTauris _ Samxalis niSanze, dalil-begma xanjliT
mokla heidari da Tavi moaSora sxeuls22.
2 Saraf-xaniT, Samxalma ki ar mokla heidar mirza, aramed erT-erTma
370
heidaris daRupvis scenas garkveuli gansxvavebiT aRweren Tomazo minadoi da Saraf-xan biTlisi. isic unda
iTqvas, rom minadois, ratomRac Samxali heidaris biZa da
qarTveli hgonia. `maSin qarTvelma (?) Samxalma, [heidaris]
biZam, didi xnis Zebnis Semdeg, bolos monaxa igi qalebSi damaluli da sruliad Seubraleblad daswvda TmebSi da tans
moacila Tavi1. rodesac zaal-xani da ubeduri heidaris sxva
momxreebi xmaurobdnen da imuqrebodnen, [Samxalma] sqlad
Sejgufebul mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris [heidaris] gasisxlianebuli, jer kidev TiTqmis mfeTqavi, Tbili Tavi gadaagdo
da miZaxa: ài Tqveni xelmwife, gaixareTo!~ TavdapirvelaT,
aseTma saSinelma sanaxaobaam iq damswreTa udidesi risxva da
mZvinvareba gamoiwvia da isini sastiki SurisZiebiT imuqrebodnen. magram sabolood darwmundnen brZolis gagrZelebis
uazrobaSi da axla ukve yoveli maTgani Tavis gadarCenaze
fiqrobda~2.
zemoT moTxrobil ambavs Saraf-xan bidlisi gadmogvcems
Semdegnairad: ìm dros huseinbeg iuzbaSim Tavis momxreebTan
erTad culebiTa da sekirebiT ali-kapus WiSkari daamtvria
da divan-xanaSi SeiWra. zaal-gurjim ramdenime guladTan
erTad sasaxles Seutia. Samxalma maT sulTan heidar-mirzas
mokveTili Tavi gadmougdo. qarTvelebma brZola da angariSsworeba gaaCaRes haremis baRSi, magram im Seupovar razmis
winamZRoli zaal gurji tyviiT gangmiruli daeca da im
medidurma krebulma marcxi ganicada~3.
sxva cnobiT zaal-begi brZolis dros daiWra da Sin
dabrunda. man imave Rames werili gaugzavna xalifa ansars
Cerqezma Rolamma. Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229. de persias mixedviT ki, ferixanxanumma da zaal-xanma (unda iyves Samhali) haremSi mokles heidar-mirza. Don
Juan de Persia, p. 62 r. buda’yazvini ki ambobs, rom heidari jer daaxrCves, Semdeg
iuzbaSma rumlum mas Tavi mohkveTa. gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 127.
1 Minadoi T., p. 9.
2 Ibidem.
371
da heidar-mirzas daRupvisa da Tavisi daWris ambavi acnoba1. xalifa ansari dauyovnebliv alamuTis cixisaken wavida, romelic, rogorc iTqva, ismailma da misma momxreebma
daipyres.
gaTenebisas orive Sahis gvami, mamisa, romelmac naxevari
saukune imefa da Svilis, romelmac mxolod naxevari Rame,
sasaxlis WiSkarTan gamoitanes2
meore dRes dilidanve ismailis momxreebma mowinaaRmdegeebisadmi angariSsworeba daiwyes. zaal-begi, farox-begi (umaRlesi xazinadari, qarTveli) da damarcxebuli ufliswulis
sxva mravali momxre Seipyres da cixis win dasajes3. ali-xan
begi, qarTveli didebuli, heidar-mirzas biZa, zaal-begis Zma,
gaiqca da samSobloSi dabrunda. mustafa-mirzam da huseinbegma luresTans Seafares Tavi. sadr ad-din xans da seid-beg
qamunes borkilebi daades da sapyrobileSi Cayares4. huseinbeg usTajlu, aRmzrdeli dediT qarTveli ufliswulebis _
mustafasi da imamyulisa, am ukanasknelebTan erTad haramxanidan gamoiWra da ramdenime mxedarTan erTad yumisa da
qaSanis mimarTulebiT gaiqca, raTa erT-erTi ufliswuli iq
gaemefebina5. maTi Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.
mas Semdeg rac yizilbaSebma Sahis taxtze ukeTesi kandidati ver gamonaxes, isini jguf-jgufad gaemarTnen kahkahes
cixisaken raTa gamoexataT TavianTi erTguleba ismailis
mimarT.
husein-yuli-xolefa rumlum da Samhalma, roca dainaxes,
rom yizilbaSTa tomebis erTgulebam da imedma ismailis mimarT Tavis apogeas miaRwia, iZulebulni gaxdnen ismailTan
gaegzavnaT heidar-sulTan Torqemani Dda misi saSualebiT
gamoexataT TavianTi wminda zraxvebi. pirvel rigSi acnobebd1
2
3
4
5
372
Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 54.
Hammer J., S. 475.
Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 53.
Ibidem.
Hammer J, S. 475.
nen, rom heidar-mirzas mokvdineba ganpirobebuli iyo mxolod ismailis mimarT siyvaruliT. amJamad misi monebi _
husein-yuli-xolefa rumlu da Samxali, saxelmwifo xazinas
icaven da ismailis misvlas elodebian.
aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi kahkahes cixesTan Tavi moiyara
daaxloebiT 30 aTasma qveiTma da cxenosanma. ismailma, usTajlus tomis da xalife ansaris SiSiT, vaiTu maT raime
mzakvroba hqondeT Cafiqrebulio, cixis karibWe daketa da
isini ar SeuSva. roca igi sabolood darwmunda yizilbaSebis loialobaSi, damSvidda da yazvinSi wavida1.
yovelive is, rac zemoT iTqva, lakonurad, magram zustaT gadmocemulia `mesxur matianeSi~: `qkBsa sOd, maissa ie,
dResa samSabaTsa yaeni Sah-Tamaz mokuda da ustajaluanTa
da ioTamiSvilman alixan sulTan haidarmirZas batonoba
moindomes; jargazma _ Samxal-avSarTa, da vinc maTi oimaxi
iyo, miuPdes, aidarmirZa mokles, ustajaluani amoswyuites
da ismel mirZis gamosayuanlad kaci gagzavnes. da amave qBknsa da amave maissa kb misi Suili Saismaeli _ tyued jda
cixes yahyaas da_gamoiyuanes dResa samSabaTsa da kv ardavels qalaqSi movida da kE yazmisiske wavida~2.
`mesxuri matiane~, rogorc Cans, sxva wyaroebisagan,
sparsulisganac ki, gansxvavebul cnobebs Seicavs. ismaili
22 maiss, samSabaTs gamovida kahkahes cixidan, 26 maiss ardebilSi mivida da mxolod imave Tvis 28-Si ukve yazvinSi iyo.
saintersoa, ismailma ratom gaigrZela gza da jer ardebils
ewvia da pirdapir sataxtoSi ar wavida? amaze yuradRebas
imitom vamaxvileb, rom gasagebi gaxdes qarTuli `mesxuri
matianis~ da, saerTod, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis sandoobis xarisxi, ris gaTvaliswinebac SemdgomSi dagvWirdeba. ismailis ardebilSi misvlis mizanze, Tvisa da ricxvis
miTiTebis gareSe, vigebT Saraf-xan biTlisis Txzulebidan.
1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 230-231.
2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 42-43.
373
vidre sparsul wyaros gavecnobodeT, manamde unda iTqvas,
rom yizilbaSebisaTvis ardebili wminda qalaqad iTvleboda. iq aris sefianTa ordenis damaarseblis sefi al-din
isxakis (1252-1334) da sefianTa yizilbaSuri saxelmwifos
damaarseblis Sah ismail I-is (1502-1524) saflavebi. Sarafxan biTlisi ar asaxelebs, magram gulisxmobs ardebils,
roca ambobs, rom cixidan gamosuli ismaili Seix sefis
da didebuli winaprebis saflavebTan mivida da dalocva
iTxova, amis Semdeg gaeSura is yazvinisaken1, sadac, rogorc
`mesxuri matiane~ gvamcnobs, mivida 28 maiss.
amgvarad, gaimarjva ismail-mirzam, romeli ìyo kaci mesisxle da mravali kacni daPocna~2. marTlac, saSinlad sisxliani iyo ismailis yazvinSi misvla da gamefeba. man, pirvel
rigSi, umcrosi Zmebi daxoca, yvela xani da sulTani, vinc
heidaris momxre iyo, arc erTi cocxali ar datova3. misi
represiuli RonisZiebebi ar Sexebia mxolod ufros Zmas _
mohamed xudabendes. Znelia imis Tqma, riT iyo gamowveuli
misadmi ismailis aseTi damokidebuleba. SeiZleba, mohameds
isic ar Tvlida taxtis mociled misi fizikuri da sulieri
mdgomareobis gamo. amas albaT isic emateboda, rom isini,
sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT, erTi dedis Svilebi iyvnen
(amaze ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT).
1576 wlis 27 agvistos ismailis samefo taxtze xeldasxma moewyo. igi amis Semdeg cnobilia ismail meoris
saxeliT. man, miuxedavad qarTvelebisadmi safuZvliani ukmayofilebisa, maTdami mainc didi yuradReba da keTilganwyoba gamoiCina, rac sxvadasxva mizeziT iyo gamowveuli.
upirvelesyovlisa, qarTvelebi, romlebmac marcxi ganicades
Sahis taxtisaTvis brZolaSi, mainc seriozul samxedro da
politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen da maTi gulis mogebas
3 Don juan de Persia, p. 62 .
374
cdilobda. imave dros, mas sakmaod kargi piradi urTierToba
hqonda iranSi mcxovreb zogierT qarTvelTan. xeldasxmis
ceremonialSi monawileobis misaRebad alamuTis Tu kahkahes
cixidan gamoiyvanes qarTlis mefe svimon I, romelmac momaval SahTan erTad mravali weli gaatara tyveobaSi. rogorc
cnobilia, imave cixeSi imyofeboda kaxeTis ufliswuli iese,
romelmac aseve Tavisufleba miiRo. ceremonialis dros svimoni da iese didi pativiT sargeblobdnen. amaze miuTiTebs
is adgili, romelic maT ceremonialis dros miuCines. misalocad mividnen jer ufliswulebi da maRali sasuliero
wodebis warmomadgenlebi. maT mihyvebodnen svimon mefe da
iese, Sah-rostom luri da gamoCenili yizilbaSi amirebi,
mazandaranis gamgebeli mirza mohamed-xani, arabistanis gamgebeli seid sajadi da sxvebi, romelTac wilad xvdaT Sahis
fexze mTxvevis pativi. sul bolos modiodnen `franki“ elCebi, saxeldobr, portugaliis mefis didi elCoba, romelsac meTaurobda miguel de abrue de limasi1.
Sah ismail II-m imefa mcire xans, daaxloebiT 1 weliwadi da 6 Tve (1576. 27. 08 _ 1577. 25. 11). is iranis istoriaSi cnobilia rogorc veragi da daundobeli. cixidan
gamosvlisTanave man sikvdiliT dasaja usTajlus tomis is
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic braldebulni iyvnen heidaris
momxreobaSi. gamefebisTanave ki daxoca Zmebi, biZaSvilebi da
ZmisSvilebi. gadarCnen mxolod misi RviZli Zma muhamedi da
misi Svilebi _ hamza mirza da abas-mirza. ismailma mogvianebiT abasis mokvlac ganizra, magram TviTon gardaicvala
da ase gadarCa momavali Sah abasi. saerTod mis represiebs
12 aTasi kaci Seewira2.
mosaxleobaSi popularobiT ar sargeblobda Sah is1 Morley W.H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscropts… preserved in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1854, # 136, p. 335; Francesco Manuel Alves, Catalogo des Manuscritos de Simancas respeitantes a Historia
Portuguesa, in: O Istituto, vol. 82, serie 4. Coimbra, 1931, p. 479; Hinz W., S. 62.
375
mailis xanmokle mefobisas gatarebuli RonisZiebebic. am
mxriv Siiti yizilbaSebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli
iyo ismailis is religiuri politika, romliTac iranSi upiratesobas sunitebi iRebdnen. ismail II-is sunizmiT
daintereseba, rogorc minadoi ambobs, daiwyo misi patimrobaSi yofnis droidan1. aman, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadawyvita
ismail II-is bedi. rogorc Saraf-xan biTlisi ambobs „gansjis unars moklebulma [ismailma], romelsac jer kidev
ar mieRwia damoukidebeli da suverenuli xelisuflebisaTvis, Tavisi mamebisa da papebisagan gansxvavebiT, akrZala
suniti Seixebis kicxva... moisurva ise waremarTa saqme, rom
saxelmwifoSi yvela Tavis rwmenas mihyoloda da erTmaneTis
saqmeebSi ar Careuliyvnen“. Semdeg istorikosi dasZens, rom
yizilbaSebma ismailis moqmedebaSi eresi dainaxes. misadmi
zizRiT ganimsWvalnen, misi daRupva ganizraxes da am saqmeSi
misi coli ferixan-xanumic ki Caabes2. Saraf-xan biTlisis
mixedviT am dros ori ferixan-xanumi iyo. erTi Sah Tamazis
asuli, meore ki _ ismail II-is coli3. SeTqmulTa Soris iyo
ukanaskneli da ara pirveli, rogorc n. gelaSvils hgonia,
romelic imave istorikoss imowmebs4. sxvaTaSoris, ismailis
mowinaaRmdeged mis das asaxelebs `karmelitebis qronka~5,
magram vfiqrob upiratesoba unda mieniWos Sarfxan bidliss,
romelic 1578 wlamde Sahis karze imyofeboda did pativSi
da axlos icnobda im adamianebs, romlebzec is werda.
ismails sunizmis oficialur religiad gamocxadebac
ganuzraxavs, rac mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis mizezi gamxdara6.
beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, ismail I-ma mxolod eqvsi
1
2
3
4
5
6
376
Minadoi, p. 5.
Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 233.
Тамже, с. 229, 233.
gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 130, 135.
A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 57.
Ibidem.
Tve imefa1. Sah Tamazi gardaicvala 1576 wlis 14 maiss. imave wlis 27 agvistos gamefda ismail II. anonimi venecielis
TqmiT, igi mokles alamuTis `tyveobidan gaTavisuflebis
welsve, oqtomberSi~2. miTiTebuli weli swori araa, magram
sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyves Tve (oqtomberi). rogorc
cnobilia, ismail II-m am dros tyveobidan gaaTavisufla
qarTlis mefe svimon I da iese batoniSvili. qarTuli wyaroebi arafers ambobs qarTvelebis monawileobaze ismailis
winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi. farsadan gorgijaniZe
mxolod aRniSnavs, `rom Sah ismeil sawamlaviT moakvdines~3.
beri egnataSvilic yizilbaSebis mier Sah ismailis mokvlis mizezad mis religiur politikas asaxelebs: `da SeiZules yizilbaSTa da rjuliT sunobasac ewamoboden, da
equs Tues ibatones da mokles~4. axali qarTlis cxovrebis
mesame teqstSi mcireodeni damatebiT naTqvamia, rom èse
Sah ismail iyo kaci uwyalo da msmeli sisxlisa. amisTBs
ara inebes yizilbaSTa ufleba misi, da ewameboden sjuliTa
sunobasa. da Tuesa meequsesa mowamlviT mokles yizilbaSTa
Sah ismail yaeni, giorgobis-TBs k%g“5 (23 noemberi). Sah ismailis gardacvalebis ambavi samcxeSi Seityves 13 dekembers,
magram mTavris karze saeWvod miiCnies da kaci gagzavnes yazvinSi ambis gadasamowmeblad. wargzavnilis dabrunebis Semdeg gairkva, rom ismaili gardacvlila 23 noembers6.
ismail II-is sikvdilis garemoebani zustad dadgenili
ar aris. arsebobs ramdenime versia.
don xuan de persias mixedviT, ismailis „dam da sulTnebma misi mokvlis gegma ise swrafad daawyves, rom erT
Rames, roca haramxanaSi Sevida qalis tansacmelSi gadac1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 371.
3 farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, gv. 221.
5 iqve, gv. 520.
6 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 46
377
mulma sulTnebma mokles“1. meore versiiT, igi opiumis Warbi moxmarebis Sedegad daiRupa. mesame versias gvTavazobs
anonimi venecieli: „ismailis erTerTma sayvarelma Suri iZia
mokluli mamis gamo da mas mowamluli Triaqi misca“26. Sah
ismail II-is mokvlis kidev erTi versia dakavSirebulia
qarTvelebTan.
axlac, rogorc Sah Tamazis sikvdilis Semdeg, daiwyo
miTqma-moTqma. Sah ismailis sikvdilis ambavTanac dakavSirebulni aRmoCndnen qarTvelebi. rogorc Cans, ismail II-is
moulodnel da burusiT mocul sikvdilSi qarTvelebis monawileobis Sesaxeb farTod iyo cnobili da osmalebisTvisac ar yofila saidumlo. amis Tqmis safuZvels,
uwinares yovlisa, gvaZlevs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg wamosuli osmaleTis jaris sardlis lala mustafa faSas mier
arzrumidan Sah-xudabendesadmi gagzavnili werili (1578
wlis ivlisi). masSi osmaleTis mier iranis winaaRmdeg omis
dawyebis sababad dasaxelebulia qarTvelebis mier Sah ismail
II-is mowamvla: „didad brwyinvale iranis Saho! me, lala
mustafa faSa, veziri da mTavarsardali sulTan muradis,
osmaleTis imperatoris mTeli jarebisa, Tqven gacnobebT,
rom aq mosuli var 300 000 cxenosniT, 600 qvemexiT, 6
aTasi ianiCariTa da arkebuzeriT, rom davsajo isini, vinc
Tqveni Zmis ismailis mowamvlaSi damnaSaveni arian da amisaTvis qristiani qarTvelebis qveyana unda davikavo. xolo
Tu Tqveni udidebulesoba gzas gadamiRobavs da am xalxis
dacvas Seecdeba, maSin Cemi batonis miTiTebis Tanaxmad iZulebuli viqnebi Tqvenc SegebrZoloT“3.
kategoriulad imis mtkiceba an uaryofa, rom qarTvelebi monawileobdnen an dainteresebulni iyvnen ismail IIis sikvdilSi, dReisaTvis cnobili werilobiTi wyaroebis
mixedviT Znelia. magram gvaqvs arapirdapiri oriode cnoba,
romelic sacnaurs xdis qarTvelTa kavSirs sasaxlis gadatrialebasTan. amas gvafiqrebinebs 1576 wlis 3 oqtombers,
habsburgebis imperiis elCis david ungandis werili, romliTac is ungreTis mefe maqsimilianes acnobebda, rom axali
Sahi ismaili TavrizSi jars agrovebda, magram vis winaaRmdeg gaugebari iyo. elCis varaudiT, Sahi im meamboxe Zmis
morjulebas cdilobda, romelic „im qarTvelebTan gaiqca,
romlebic TurqeTis mxares dganan. Tu ismaili maT daesxmis Tavs, cxadia omi gaCaRdeba. magram amJamad amis Sesaxeb
raime konkretuli cnobebi ar momepovebao“1. sainteresoa,
agreTve, ingliseli Tomas herbertis erTi cnoba, saidanac
Cans, rom qarTvelebi Sahis taxtis dakavebaSi exmarebodnen
Sah-xudabendes. `1578 wels Sah Tamazi yazvinSi gardaicvala
68 wlis asakSi, imefa daaxloebiT 50 weli da surda, rom
misi memkvidre yofiliyo misi vaJi muhamedi. mas darCa 12
vaJi da 3 qaliSvili: muhamedi, ismaili, suleimani, emanyuli,
muradi, mustafa, ali, hemedi, ibrahimi, hamza da izma-xani.
ismailma, romelic maSin kahkahes [cixeSi] imyofeboda, Tavisi
Wkviani dis ferixan xanumis da Samhal-xanis mxardaWeriT
daamarcxa heidari, romelmac Tavisi Tavi mefed gamoacxada.
man Tavi mohkveTa sxva Zmebsac. igi fiqrobda aseve moqceoda
muhameds, magram igi gaiqca saqarTveloSi, Sekriba qurTebisa
da qarTvelebis 12 aTasi mxedari da dabrunda isfahanSi,
1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 62 v – 63 r. ix. agreTve, Hammer J., Op. cit., II, S.,
473-474.
3 Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 62. Serefxan bidlisi aRwers im
viTarebas, romelic Seiqmna iranSi Sah ismail II-is sikvdilis Semdeg: yizilbaSi amirebi aRar emorCilebian axlad gamefebul mohamed xudabendes da qveyana
erTmaneTSi gainawiles samarTavad, xazina ki gaZarcves. osmaleTis sulTanma
kargad icoda yovelive es da Tavisi didi xnis ganzraxvis, sparseTis saxelmwifos ganadgurebis Sesaxeb, aRsruleba gadawyvita (Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c.
234-235). Turqi istorikosi ibrahim feCevi osmalebis mier iranis winaaRmdeg
omis dawyebas, agreTve, ismailis sikvdilis Semdeg qveyanaSi Seqmnili viTarebiT xsnis. iranSi Seqmnili viTareba sulTnis karma TavisTvis xelsayrelad
miiCnia (ibrahim feCevi, gv. 36).
378
379
sadac ismaili missave sawolSi mokla ferixan-xanumma~1. ase
iyo Tu ise, Sah moxamed xudabende osmaleTSi (SeiZleba,
sxvaganac) cnobili iyo rogorc Tavisi gvirgvinosani Zmis,
ismailis mkvleli.
Znelia ungrelisa da ingliselis naTqvamis gaziareba,
magram isic saeWvoa, rom sruliad usafuZvlod Seqmniliyo
zemoaRniSnuli cnobebi. ra Tqma unda ungreli elCis cnobaSi ismailis cocxlad gadarCenili erTad-erTi ufrosi Zma
mohamed xudabende unda iyos. bunebrivia kiTxva: ra kavSiri
unda hqonoda mohamed xudabendes, saerTod, saqarTvelosTan
an mis romelime samefo-samTavrosTan? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemaSi ver dagvexmareba verc erTi sparsulenovani wyaro,
magram qarTul naratiul wyaros Tu mivmarTavT, maSin zogierTi varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba.
rogorc iTqva, ismail II-em tyveobidan gaaTavisufla
qarTlis mefe svimon I da kaxeTis ufliswuli iese. ismailis gardacvalebam sagonebelSi Caagdo svimon mefe. iranSi anarqia daiwyo da aseT dros yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo
isamailisa da svimonis axlo, SeiZleba iTqvas, megobruli
urTierToba. amave dros (1578 w.) daiwyo iran-oslmaleTis
omi. omis mTavar asparezad amierkavkasia, gansakuTrebiT, qarTlis samefo gadaiqca. qarTlis samefoSi kritikuli viTareba Seiqmna dauT-xanis uunaro mmarTvelobis Sedegad.
osmalebi Sevidnen Tu ara qarTlSi DdauT-xanma gaqceviT
uSvela Tavs. svimonma sworad Seafasa Tavisi da qarTlis
samefos mdgomareoba da axal Sahs sTxova samSobloSi gaeSva. mxolod amis Semdeg unda momxdariyo Sah-xudabandes
dedis, SalikaSvilis qalis da svimon mefis Sexvedra rasac,
beri egnataSvili mogviTxrobs: „Sah-mohamed xudabendes dedam moiyvana, oTar SalikaSvili qalman, mefe sÂmon, viTarca
wesi aris, qarTvelTa dedani leCaqs moaxueven _ da igica
1 Relation du Voyage de Perse et des Indes Orientales. Traduit de l’Anglois de
Thomas Herbert, Paris, 1663, p. 451.
380
qarTveli iyo, manca egraTve yo da warmougzavna leCaqi
TÂsi da moumcno: „mefe sÂmon, gwaddes leCaqi ese aiReo da
gwaddes Ãrmalio, Cuenc mogueÃmare da Sens sabatonosaca“,
da misca niWi mravali da samoseli samefo da warmoagzavna
TÂssa qarTlad da warmovida“1.
sainteresoa ramdenad Seefereba simarTles muhamed
xudabendes dedis qarTveloba? zemoT gavecaniT Saraf-xan
biTlisis naTqvams, rom xudabende da ismaili erTi dedis,
isa-beg Torqemanis qalis Svilebi iyvnen2. Saraf-xan biTlisis es cnoba gaziarebulia TiTqmis yvela mkvlevris mier,
rogorc sxvagan, aseve CvenTanac.
ukve iTqva, rom Sah Tamazs, sparsuli da evropuli wyaroebis mixedviT, ramdenime qarTveli coli hyavda. qarTuli
wyaroebi ki Sah Tamazis erT cols, mohamed xudabendes
dedas miiCnevs qarTvelad, SalikaSvilis qalad. beri egnataSvilis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: `xolo amas Jamsa Sina
moipova Rone ese Sah Tamaz: ezraxa aTabags qaixosros da
sTxova colad tomisagan TÂsisa, xolo aTabags TÂsi ara
hyvanda ra, da enaTesaveboda oTari SalikaSvili aTabagsa,
amisTÂs nebayoflobiT gamoarTua qali da naTesavad TÂsad
gaugzavna yaensa da yaenman SeirTo colad. da raJams SeirTo,
ese iyo sayvarel yaenisa, Seiqmna wyoba Sah Tamazsa da aTabags Sua~3.
vaxuSti batoniSvilma Sah Tamazis qarTveli colis
ara mxolod mama (oTar SalikaSvili) icis, aramed misi
colisZmis (varazas) Sesaxebac saintereso cnobas gvawvdis.
is garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis agreTve, Sah Tamazis varaza SalikaSvilisadmi ganwyobilebaze: qaixosro II aTabagis
qvrivis mier misi mokvdineba gaxda sparselebis mier samcxesaaTabagos darbevis mizezi.
3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv 364.
381
beri egnataSvilis gadmocemiT, es tragedia ganviTarda Semdegnairad: kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-s vaJi erekle
stambols gaeqca. Sah Tamazma ieWva, rom erekle Tavis mamasTan, mefe aleqsandresTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedebda da kaxTa
mefes RalatSi dasdo brali. Sahi mis dasasjelad wamovida da yarabaRSi gaCerda. aleqsandre mefis saxlTuxucesma
oTar ColoyaSvilma, imisaTvis raTa kaxeTis samefosTvis
xifaTi aecilebina, samcxis aTabagis qaixosro II-is qvrivs
Sah Tamazis moyvare (colisZma), oTar SalikaSvilis vaJi
varaza moakvlevina: èse varaza iyo Ze oTar SalikaSvilisa,
mravalguarad erTguli da namsaxuri qaixosro aTabagisa
da colis-Zma Sah Tamazisa~1. rodesac Sahma gaigo varazas
mokvlis ambavi, xeli aiRo kaxeTis darbevaze, `da movida
risxviTa saSineliTa samcxes, amoswyÂda sruliad samcxesaaTabago da qmna mravali boroti~2.
amgvarad, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi cnobebis
Sejerebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1. Sah Tamazis
erT-erTi coli iyo samcxis umsxvilesi feodalis oTar
SalikaSvilis asuli; 2. Sah Tamazs sxva qarTvel qalTan
hyavda ori ufrosi vaJi _ mohamed xudabende da ismaili; 3.
Sahis taxtis dauflebisaTvis erTmaneTs ebrZvian jer sxvadasxva qarTveli dedis Svilebi. erTmaneTs upirispirdebian
ismaili (misadmi loialobas iCens xudabende. SeiZleba, amitomac ar gaiziara man Tavisi naxevarZmebis bedi) da heidar
mirza; 4. taxtisaTvis brZolis meore faza aris xudabendes
da misi momxreebis brZola ismailis winaaRmdeg. mas qmediTi
mxardaWera aRmouCines samcxelma qarTvelebmac.
1 iqve gv. 516.
2 iqve, gv. 517.
382
2. aTabagi qaixosro II da
dedisimed II
iransa da saaTabagos Soris SedarebiT mtkice kavSiri
myardeba aTabag qaixosro II-is dros (1535-1573). qaixosro
yvaryvare III-is (1515-1535) Ze daibada 1522 wels. misi siymawvilis periodi xasiaTdeba saaTabagos gamwvavebuli urTierTobiT qarTlisa da imereTis samefoebTan, romlebic
grZnobdnen, rom osmaleTisagan safrTxe orive samefosaTvis
samcxedan modioda da aucileblad CaTvales samcxeze TavianTi gavlenis gavrceleba.
1535 wels imereTis mefe bagrat III (1510-1548) dadiangurielTan erTad samcxeSi SeiWra. 13 agvistos javaxeTis
axalqalaqis maxloblad momxdar brZolaSi bagrat mefem
gaimarjva da datyvevebuli yvaryvare III imereTSi waiyvana.
aTabagi gelaTSi tyveobaSi gardaicvala1.
aTabagobis kandidati qaixosro am droisaTvis 12-13 wlisa iyo. amitom mas meurved daeniSna axlo naTesavi, samcxis
umsxvilesi feodali oTar SalikaSvili2.
imave dros qarTlis mefe luarsab I-ma javaxeTi daimorCila. samcxis feodalebs ar awyobdaT Zlieri samefo xelisuflebis qveS yofna da aTabagis institutis aRdgena
surdaT. amitom saaTabagos didma Tavadma oTar SalikaSvilma, yvaryvare III-is mcirewlovani vaJi qaixosro stambolSi
sulTan suleiman II kanunTan (1520-1566) waiyvana da daxmareba sTxova. 1543 w. sulTanma jari gagzavna samcxeSi,
magram man marcxi ganicada. qaixosro kvlav sulTans miadga,
romelmac arzrumis da diarbeqiris faSebs didi jariT samcxeSi wasvla ubrZana. bagrat mefem daxmareba sTxova qarTlis mefe luarsabs da guriels.
1545 wels basianSi soxoistasTan momxdar brZolaSi
383
osmalebma gaimarjves da aTabagis xelisufleba aRadgines
qaixosro II-is saxiT. „daipyres osmalTa samcxe-saaTabago,
da aRiRes yovelnive cixeni da simagreni samcxisani, da gaabatones qaixosro, Ze yuaryuaresi, da iqmna aTabag“1.
aTabagi sul male darwmunda, rom osmalebs samcxis dapyroba surdaT, magram samcxeSi veraviTar Zalas ver xedavda
maTTan dasapirispireblad da axla Sah TamazTan dakavSireba
scada. hasan rumlus mixedviT, „im dros, roca maRali urdo
Saqs iyo, yvaryvares Svilma qaixosrom ramdenime aznauri
gamogzavna Sahis karze da daxmareba iTxova, radgan vaxuSti
qarTvelma da luarsab Sermazan oRlim misi samflobeloebis nawili daipyres“2. samcxis am msxvili feodalebis mier
qaixosros Seviwroebas aRniSnavs isqander munSic3. Sahma saqarTveloze gamoilaSqra. hasan rumlus aRwerili aqvs Sah
Tamazis saqarTveloSi mesame laSqrobis (1551 w.) saSineli Sedegebi, rogor Jletdnen da atyvevebdnen mosaxleobas,
ipyrobdnen da anadgurebdnen cixe-qalaqebs. gansakuTrebiT
dazaralda Tmogvi da varZia. „am dros [Sahis] karze movida qaixosro yvbaryvares Svili, mravali ZRveniT, da rjulis safarvelma Sahma mas uwyaloba Tmogvis cixe ay-SahrTan
erTad. vaxuSti qarTveli da Sermazan oRli, romlebic im
qveynis haqimebi iyvnen, sikvdiliT dasajes“4. sxva wyaroSi
CamoTvlilia Sahma samcxeSi romeli cixe-qalaqebi aiRo da
damatebiT imasac vigebT vin iyvnen is „haqimebi“, romlebic
qaixosros aviwroebdnen da Sahma sikvdiliT dasaja: „qBks:
sma: Sah Tamaz qarTli Semovlo, aTabagi qaixosro miegeba,
varZia, Tmogvi, vanis qvabebi, awyveri, aspinZa da sruliad
samcxis cixeni aRiRo; qaixosros mosca awyveri RvTismSobliTurT. yaeni somxiTs Cavida, daÃoca iju Sarmazan da
1
2
3
4
384
qarTlis cx., II, gv. 359; vaxuSti, gv. 247-248.
hasan rumlu, gv. 28-29.
hasan rumlu, gv. 29-31.
vaxuSti diasamiZe da amovan Tan wariyvana tyved...“1 farsadan gorgijaniZis mixedviT, Sermazani da vaxuSti lorelebi
iyvnen2.
qaixosro ganadgurebuli samcxis aTabagi iyo.
qaixosro daqorwinda bagrat muxranbatonis asulze dedisimedze (yofili debora). beri egnataSvilis TqmiT, àTabagi qaixosro daemoyura mpyrobelsa muxranisasa bagrats,
moiyvana colad asuli bagratisi dedisimedi da iqorwina“3.
qaixosrosa da dedisimeds eyolaT eqvsi Svili: yvaryvare,
mzeWabuki, manuCari, TvalSvenieri-ivane, elene (adreve gardaicvala) da Tamari4.
1 qronikebi, II, gv. 395-396. amgvarad, samive wyaros mixedviT, iju Sarmazani da vaxuSti diasamiZe loreli feodalebi iyvnen. Sdr. hasan rumlu, gv.
59-60, Sen. 69.
4 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 104-105. saintereso politikuri moRvawe unda yofiliyo TvalSvenieri, romlis naTlobis saxeli,
rogorc qr. SaraSiZe varaudobda, iyo ivane. misi dabadebis savaraudo weli
aris 1552, xolo gardacvalebisa ki ucnobia. misi ufrosi Zmebi iyvnen aTabagebi (TanmimdevrobiT) yvaryvare da manuCari.
TvalSvenieri `samcxis matianeSi~ pirvelad moxseniebulia, maSin, rodesac
is yazvins miemgzavreba CvenTvis ucnobi di plomatiuri davalebiT da, savaraudoa, is samSobloSi aRarasodes aRar dabrunebula. mas yazvinSi elodeboda
misi mama aTabagi qaixosro II.
TvalSvenieri axalcixidan gavida 1472 wlis 17 ivniss, magram mamas
cocxals veRar Causwro. qaixosro yazvinSi gardaicvala 29 seqtembers, rodesac TvalSvenieri jer erevanSi ar misuliyo (samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 142-143).
cnobili wyaroebi arafers ambobs riTi iyo dakavebuli TvalSvenieri
yazvinSi, konkretulad ras saqmianobda. erTi ram Cans, rom is Sahis karTan
axlos iyo. `mesxuri matianis~ Semdgeneli gvamcnobs, rom `qristiSobisTuÀs
iz, ambaOvi movida Tu: Saismeili mokudao. aRar aviSaleT, SobBÁs elCi gavgzavneT batons TualSuÀnierTana; yaenis sikudili ar davijereT. qristiSobisTuÀs
ocdarvasa TvalSuÀnieris kaci movida, sadasturo yaenis sikudilis ambavi
moitana [giorgobisTuÀs kg momkudariyo Saismeili]~ (iqve, gv. 46).
rogorc arsebuli wyaroebiT SeiZleba varaudi, TvalSvenierTan igzavneboda yoveli is informacia, rasac saaTabagodan Sahis karamde unda mieRwia
385
imis gamo, rom osmalTa agresia samcxeSi sul ufro
Zlierdeboda da Sesabamisad saaTabagos Tavdacvisunarianoba
sustdeboda, aTabagma da oTar SalikaSvilma `da yovelTa
mesxTa 1553 wels waravlines mociquli TÂTmpyrobelis eranis mpyrobelis Sah Tamazis Tana~ da daxmareba sTxoves. sada, piriqiT, saaTabagoSi unda scodnodaT iranSi mimdinare is movlenebi, risi
codnac am samTavros gamoadgeboda. 1576 wlis ivnisSi SalikaSvilebis meTaurobiT daiwyo amboxebaMjayel-cixisjvrelTa winaaRmdeg. yvaryvare IV-m da misma
Zmam manuCarma ajanyebulebs Seuties da garkveul warmatebasac miaRwies. maTi
warmatebis, kerZod, amboxebulTa cixeebis dakavebis Sesaxeb imaTma dedam _ dedisimedma TvalSveniers acnoba specialurad gagzavnili èlCis~ saSualebiT. mematiane gadmogvcems: `dedisimedi Tmogus dadga. Tmogus cixes rac daxira undoda,
miatanina, gaabaraqiana da TvalSuÀnierTan elCi gagzavna, cixebis Sovna SesTuala
da urumT aSla acnoba da urumT saCqaro Ãma dauvarda~ (iqve, gv. 46).
dedisimedis mier iranSi gagzavnili informacia ori nawilisagan Sedgemoda. erTiT dedisimedi Svils acnobebda misi Zmebis Sinaur mterze gamarjvebas, meore ki erTnairad saintereso iyo, rogorc aTabagisa da, saerTod,
samcxisaTvis, ise Sahis karisaTvis. kerZod, is, rom osmaleTi omis dasawyebad
emzadeboda da saaTabagos da iranis sazRvrebsac uaxlovdeboda osmalTa laSqari. TvalSueniers, yvelaferi amis Sesaxeb, saqmis kursSi unda Caeyenebina
Sahis kari.
TvalSvenieris Sahisadmi erTguleba saeWvo gaxda osmaleTTan omis dawyebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, rodesac gairkva, rom misi Zma manuCari osmalebs
miemxro. TvalSvenierTan gagzavnilma kacma samcxeSi ès ambavi moitana: manuCaris lala faSasTan misula Seityua. TualSuniers kacebi gamougzavna, sadgomi
daagdebines da yorCibaSs miabares. mariamobisTuÀs ocdaequss, orSabaTs dResa
daiWires TvalSuÀnieri~ (iqve, gv. 47).
TvalSvenieris ganTavisufleba moxda 1583 wels, imave Sah-mohamed xudabendes mier, mas Semdeg rac manuCari 1581 wels axdilad daupirispirda
osmalebs: `qBknsa sÁo patrons manuCars uRalates urumTa. patronio morCa.
orniv faSani mZimed daikodnes da gaiqces...~ `qBkns soa TulSuÀnieri ormodam
amoiyuanes da yaenTan moiyuanes~ (iqve, gv. 50). amis Semdeg TvalSvenieri, „mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT, ukanasknelad, 1585 wels, aqtiurad da warmatebiT
monawileobs Sah abasis samxedro operaciebSi, jer maSin, rodesac ozbegebi
xorasans daesxnen, Semdeg ki TavrizTan. `samjer Seiba TvalSvenieri, samjerve
gaemarjva, kidec daÃocna, ÃelTac daiWirna, yaens miusxa. yaenma mamulic didi
misca da jildoca~ (iqve, gv. 54).
rogorc Cans Sah abasma jerovnad daufasa mas iranis saxelmwifos winaSe
damsaxureba. 1587 wlisaTvis is 33 wlisa unda yofiliyo. misi Semdgomi bedi
ucnobia.
386
magierod mesxebma Sahs `morCileba da damoneba~ aRuTqves1.
im dros (1553 w.), rodesac Sah Tamazma qarTlis samefo
da, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tbilisi aiklo, „rameTu mefobisa misisasa ara morCil eqmna yizilbaSTa, arca osmalTa, da mravali Wiri SeaCuena orTave, da ara daamona saqarTvelo usjuloTa saxarkod“, iranis mbrZanebelma samcxis „survili“
misadmi „morCilebisa da damonebis~ Sesaxeb daakmayofila.
`Sah Tamaz ineba moyuroba F aTabagisa~ misi asulis colad
SerTviT. magram, radganac aTabags asuli ar hyavda, man Tavis naTesavs oTar SalikaSvils gamoarTva asuli da Sahs
ise gaugzavna, viTom Tavisi Svili iyo. `da man SeirTo igi
colad, da didad sayvarel uCnda qali igi, da mieriTgan iyo
friad keTilismyofel aTabagisa~2. albaT amitom iyo, rom
qarTlSi viTarebis garTulebisas qixosro aTabagis moyvrebi, dedisimedis Zmebi vaxtangi, arCili da aSoTani Tavs
afarebdnen saaTabagoSi. Zmebis aseT stumrobas saaTabagoSi
vxedavT 1556 wels3.
aRniSnuli `moyvrobiT~ qaixosro II-m gaiCina erTdroulad ori mteri _ osmaleTi da qarTlis samefo. luarsab I
`miuÃda aTabagsa, da waruRo Temni da dabani mravalni,
aaoÃra da warmovida gamarjuebuli~. magram sabolood qarTlis samefos da samcxis saaTabagos erTmaneTze wakidebam
iransa da osmaleTs maT saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba
misca.4
1555 wlis amasiis zaviT osmaleTma da iranma saqarTvelo gavlenis sferoebad gainawiles. aseve gainawiles samcxesaaTabago: tao-klarjeTi da SavSeTi osmaleTs ergo, xolo
aRmosavleT nawili ki _ irans. ganawilebis Sedegad qaixosro II iranis vasalobaSi aRmoCnda. osmalebs iranis
1
2
3
4
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 500.
iqve, gv. 505.
qronikebi, II, gv. 398-399.
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 505-510.
387
`wili~ samcxis daufleba surdaT da gamudmebiT esxmodnen
Tavs qaixosros samflobeloebs. aTabagi iZulebuli gaxda
Sah TamazisaTvis daxmareba eTxovna da 1570 wlis 3 marts
mgelcixidan yazvins wavida1. rogorc Saraf-xan bidlisi gadmogvcems Sahma qaixosro didi pativiT miiRo2 da daxmareba
aRuTqva. Sahi dapirebis Sesrulebas ar Cqarobda, radgan aseTi nabiji amasiis zavis darRvevas gamoiwvevda, rasac Tamazi
principulad aridebda Tavs. daxmarebis momlodine aTabagi
yazvinSi gardaicvala 1573 wlis 29 seqtembers, samSabaTs, 51
wlisa3. misi gardacvalebis ambavi yazvinidan samcxemde Semdegi wlis dasawyisamde ver miaRwevda da am dros unda momxdariyo yvaryvare IV-is (1574-1581) gaaTabageba.
dedisimedis, qaixosro II-is qvrivis, cxovrebaSi, rogorc
sarkeSi aisaxa uZvelesi da umsxvilesi feodaluri erTeulis samcxe-saaTabagos _ qarTuli qristianuli eklesiisa
da kulturis keris dacemisa da misi deda saqarTvelosagan
moglejis tragedia.
gansxvavebuli cnobebi gvaqvs dedisimedis mSoblebis Sesaxeb. qarTlis cxovrebis pirveli teqstidan vigebT, rom is
iyo aSoTan muxranbatonis asuli4. iqve isicaa naTqvami, rom
aSoTani qeTevan dedoflis (wamebuli) mamac iyo5, maSasadame,
am wyaros mixedviT, qeTevani da dedisimedi debi iyvnen:
„xolo ama daviTs (kaxeTis mefe daviT I, imefa mcire xans _
1601 w.) hyvanda colad asuli aSoTan muxranis batonisa
qeTevan, da dedisimedisa, romeli Semdgomad mowame iqna“6.
vaxuSti batoniSvili dedisimedis mamas ar asaxelebs. is
mxolod ambobs, rom `qaixosro aTabagi esiZa vaxtangs, muxranis batonsa, da moiyvana daÁ misi dedisimedi da iqorwina
1 samxr. saq., gv. 38.
3 samxr. saq., gv. 41.
5 iqve, gv. 433.
6 iqve, gv. 382.
388
misTana“1. vaxtang muxranbatoni rom bagratis vaJi iyo, sayovelTaod cnobilia. e.i. vaxuStis mixedviT, dedisimedi bagratis asulia.
axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstis mixedviTac
dedisimedis mama bagrat muxranbatonia: `xolo aTabagi qaixosro daemoyura mpyrobelsa muxranisasa bagrats, moiyvana
colad asuli bagratisi dedisimedi da iqorwina“2.
dedisimedis dedas elene erqva3, magram wyaroebSi ar
Cans, saqarTvelos romeli feodaluri gvaridan iyo.
dedisimedis mama bagrati, dReisaTvis ucnobi mizeziT,
berad aRikveca barnabes saxeliT. am droisaTvis cocxali
iyo misi oTxi vaJi _ erekle, arCil, aSoTan da vaxtang4.
„mesxuri matianeSi“, 1565-1572 wlebis Canawerebs Soris,
mocemulia muxranbatonTa mosaxseneblebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT dedisimedis dedmamiSvilebi.
maTi saxelebi CamoTvlilia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: gardacvlilebi: Zmebi _ herakle, aSoTi, da _ Teodora, isev
Zmebi _ ionaTanisi, gulfarisi, ionaTanisi (ukanaskneli ionaTanisi, savaraudoa, gardacvlili ufrosi Zmis mosaxele
iyo, romelic aseve udrood gardaicvala). matianeSi Canawerebis Sesrulebisas cocxlebi iyvnen: Zmebi _ arCili da
vaxtangi5. erTi cnobiT vaxtangi gardaicvala 1578 wels6,
meoreTi ki 1580 wels7.
dedisimedi iyo asuli bagrat muxranbatonisa, aSoTi Tu
aSoTani misi Zma, am ukanasknelis asuli qeTevani (wamebuli)
ki _ Zmis Svili.
1 qarTlis cxovreba. IV, gv. 714.
3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi,gv. 39.
4 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 355, 433, 494.
7 iqve, gv. 419.
389
vales eklesiis kedlis 1561-1563 wlebis warweraSi1 dedisimedi ase gvamcnobs Tavis vinaobas da ojaxs: „nebiTa
RvTisaTa me, RuTiv gÂrgÂnosnis... qarTvelT mefeT mefis
konstantines SvilisSvilman, mefis bagratis asulman, aTabag-amir-spasalaris saxlis rZalman meored aRvaSene... ese
eklesia... valisa RuTismSoblisa, raTa mcvel--mfarvel gveqna... me da Tanamecxedresa Cemsa aTabagsa qaixosros da Zeni
Cvenni _ yvaryvare, mzeWabuk, manuCar, TvalSvenier ivane, Tamari dRegrZelobiT daicven, amin. dasa maTsa elenes sasufeveli daumkvidre“2. misi Zmebi iyvnen: vaxtang, aSoTan, arCil
da erekle3. 1573 w. meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg, deboras
saxeliT monazvnad Sedga, magram Svilis, jer kidev ymawvili
da gamoucdeli yvaryvares gaaTabagebisTanave isev daubrunda
politikur cxovrebas da samTavros faqtobrivi mmarTveli
gaxda: „patronobda dedisimedi samcxes“4.
beri egnataSvili da vaxuSti batoniSvili arcTu kargad axasiaTebdnen dedisimeds, gansakuTrebiT ki oTar SalikaSvilis vaJis varazasadmi mopyrobis gamo. aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis Zalian mokled mimoxilvaSi beri egnataSvili gvamcnobs, rom kaxeTis
mefe aleqsandre II-s vaJi erekle mamas stambols gaeqca.
Sah Tamazma erekles aseTi moqmedeba kaxeTis mefis gandgomad Seafasa, mis dasasjelad wamovida da kaxeTis siaxloves
yarabaRSi gaCerda. aleqsandre mefis saxlTuxucesma oTar
ColoyaSvilma mefes aRuTqva rom kaxeTs Sah Tamazis risxvas avacilebo. man aseTi ram moifiqra: radgan aTabag qaixosros mcirewlovani vaJebi darCnen, samTavros ki misi qvrivi, dedisimedi ganagebda, romelic ìyo WkuiT suleli da
1 warweris daTariRebis Sesaxeb ix. samxreT saqarTvelos..., 140.
2 TayaiSvili e., sami istoriuli qronika, tf., 1890, gv. XXXIV. Sdr.
qronikebi, II, gv. 391-392.
4 iqve, gv. 577.
390
uRmrTo~1, ColayaSvilma kaci waravlina da dedisimedTan
werili gaatana, romelSic ewera: `SalikaSvils varazas
nebavs Ralati SenTBs da Zisa Senisa manuCarisTBs, rameTu
magas nebavs dapyroba saaTabagosi, da mohyavs yaeni spiTa
uricxBTa saaTabagosa zeda. da aw, ukeTu Zal-giZs, Seipyar
ege da mokal, viTarca orguli da mkvleli Zisa Senisa, da
arRara movals Sah Tamaz da warvals saxid TBsad, da umetesad mtkiced ipyrob queyanasa magas~. marTlac, dedisimedma RalatiT Seipyro varaza SalikaSvili da mokla. èse
varaza iyo Ze oTar SalikaSvilisa, mravalguarad erTguli
da namsaxuri qaixosro aTabagisa da colis-Zma Sah
Tamazisa~2.
oTar ColoyaSvilis Canafiqri gamarTlda. Sah Tamazma
rodesac gaigo varazas mokvlis ambavi, xeli aiRo kaxeTis
darbevaze, `da movida risxviTa saSineliTa samcxes, amoswyÂda sruliad samcxe-saaTabago da qmna mravali boroti~3.
gadaWarbebulad mkacri Cans Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis mier dedisimedis daxasiaTeba. varazas mokvla daqvrivebuli, mravalSviliani dedis mier sakuTari ojaxisaTvis
safrTxis acilebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. amdenad, varazas mimarT
Cadenili moqmedebis gamarTleba ar SeiZleba, magram motivi
ki gasagebia. is, miT umetes, gasagebi gaxdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saaTabagos Tavadebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ara
mxolod aTabagisadmi RalatisaTvis mzadyofnas, riTac xSirad sargeblobda gareSe mteri. ra Tqma unda, dedisimedis
amgvarma saqcielma kidev ufro daumZima mis Svilebs mdgomareoba. SalikaSvilebis gvari, romelic qaixosros sicocxleSi aTabagis mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni iyo, amis Semdeg
mterTa banakSi aRmoCnda, ramac, garkveuli gagebiT, ganapi1
àmayi,
2
3
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 516. vaxuStis daxasiaTebiT, dedisimedi iyo
glispi, mrisxane da gausinjavi~. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 577.
qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 516.
iqve, gv. 517.
391
roba aTabagis saxlis dasusteba da osmalebs ki saaTabagos
dapyroba gauadvila.
sxva cnobebiT, romlebic dedisimedis cxovrebis epizodebze mogviTxrobs, is aris mzrunveli deda (is mudam
Tavs dastrialebs Svilebs), gabeduli moqmedebis adamiani,
daucxromeli energiis politikuri moRvawe.
dedisimedma da misma Svilebma Tavi gaarides Sah Tamazis
risxvas, samcxe miatoves da aWaraSi gadavidnen. Sah Tamazma
risxva imiT daicxro, rom samcxe-saaTabago osmaleTis sulTans dauTmo da iranSi dabrunda. mxolod amis Semdeg dedisimedi da misi Svilebi dabrundnen da `daipyres kualad
samcxe~1. ar Cans, rogor SesZlo dedisimedma yvaryvarees
aTabagad aRdgena, magram faqtia, rom man es gaakeTa, albaT,
osmalebTan morigebiT.
dedisimedi, rogorc energiuli da samxedro niWis mqone
adamiani, Cans saaTabagos TavadTa ajanyebis (1576-1578 ww.)
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. is SvilebTan erTad an maTgan damoukideblad seriozul vnebas ayenebs ajanyebulebs. is piradad
xelmZRvanelobda samxedro operaciebs da diplomatiur molaparakebebs. 1576 wels kokola SalikaSvilma (dedisimedis
mier mokluli varazas vaJma) scada yvaryvares da manuCaris
mier alyaSemortymul, ajanyebulTa mTavar dasayrdens _
Tmogvs daxmareboda. am dros dedisimedi mis mier axlad
aRebul yvelis cixeSi imyofeboda. `yuElidama Tmogus wavida batoni dedisimedi... batoni dedisimedi Tmogus dadga.
Tmogus cixes rac daxira2 undoda, miatanina, gaabaraqiana da
TualmSuEnierTan elCi gagzavna, cixeebis Sovna SesTuala da
urumT aSla acnoba... patroni dedisimedi axalcixes SvilebTan movida~3.
osmalebma, rogorc Cans icodnen vin iyvnen seriozuli
2 spars. sursaT-sanovage-saWurveli,
392
Zala saaTabagoSi da, omis dawyebis win, scades maTi TavianT
mxares gadayvana. isini aTabag yvaryvare IV-s ki ar daukavSirdnen, romlis xelisuflebis sisuste cnobili iyo, aramed
saaTabagos realur mmarTvelebs _ mis Zmas manuCars da dedisimeds1. aqve unda iTqvas, rom werilobiTi cnobebis mixedviT, vidre yvaryvare aTabagi iyo, dedisimedi yovelTvis mis
momxred Cans. Zala-uflebis moyvare dedisimedisaTvis yvaryvare, manuCarTan SedarebiT, iolad samarTavi iyo. manuCari
daufaravad miiswrafoda saaTabagoSi pirvelobisaken. magram,
rogorc SeiZleba vivaraudoT, manuCaric dedaze mzrunveli
Svili iyo. amaze migvaniSnebs anonimi venecielis gadmocema:
rodesac osmaleTis sardal lala-mustafa-faSasTan datyvevebuli manuCari miiyvanes, is lala-mustafas `Seexvewa: madlobeli viqnebi Tu sacxovreblad TiTo cixes dagvitoveb me
da Cem moxuc dedaso~2.
osmalTa mier samcxis dapyrobis (1578 w.) Semdeg dedisimedi mesxeTSi darCa da kvlav aqtiurad monawileobda
maSindel politikur cxovrebaSi. dedisimedi awyuris cixeSi
imyofeboda, rodesac, oqtombris damdegs, Sirvanidan mobrunebuli osmaleTis jari da misi sardali lala-faSa
cixis maxloblad `gaRma lekze dadga~. saintersoa, rom vidre lala-faSa samcxeSi Sevidoda, manamde win gauSva manuCari, romelic sardals Tan axlda Sirvan-azerbaijanis dalaSqvrisas3. safiqrebelia, rom manuCars davalebuli hqonda
Tavis dedasTan - dedisimedTan da ZmasTan - yvaryvare IVsTan molaparakeba. meore dRes yvaryvare lala-faSas Seegeba,
1 javaxiSvili iv., qrTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb, 1967, gv. 167.
2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. italiuridan Targmna,
Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma, T,., 1987,
gv. 24. m. svaniZe amave wyaros imowmebs da aRniSnavs, rom manuCarma lala
mustafas 40 qalaqi da sofeli mosTxova. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis
urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 110. magram italiur wyaroSi mxolod is weria,
rac zemoT iTqva.
3 iqve, gv. 50-51.
393
xolo cota mogvianebiT dedisimedi `gavida cixidama da lalafaSa naxa~1. qronikaSi araferia naTqvami, ra mizani hqonda
dedisimedis osmalo sardalTan Sexvedras. viziti, albaT,
osmaleTisadmi morCilebis gamoxatuleba iyo.
dedisimedisa da lala-faSas Sexvedra sakmaod vrclad
aRwera Tomazo minadoim. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom minadois Txzuleba imis dasturadac gamodgeba, rom dedisimedis
didi avtoriteti da saxeli SevicnoT XVI s. meore naxevris ara mxolod saaTabagoSi, aramed mTel saqarTvelosa
da axlo aRmosavleTSi. msgavsad yvaryvare II didisa (14511498), romlis saxeliTac (gorgora, gurgura = yvaryvare)
evropelebi samcxe-saaTabagos aRniSnavdnen2. saqme gvaqvs
analogiur SemTxvevasTan: minadoi dedisimedis saxels mxolod erTxel axsenebs (vedova Georgiana, nominata Dedesmit
_ qarTveli qvrivi [qali], saxelad dedisimedi)3, sxvagan
yovelTvis moixseniebs rogorc `qvrivi~. is amave saxeliT
aRniSnavs samcxe-saaTabagosac _ `qvrivis samflobelo~.
rogorc Cans, don xuan de persiac, minadois gavleniT, dedisimedis saxels axsenebs mxolod erTxel4. sxvagan yovelTvis mas qvrivobiT moixsenieebs. isic sainteresoa, rom
es avtori saqarTvelos eqvsi uZlieresi mTavris CamoTvlas
qvriviT (dedisimedi) iwyebs5. osmalo istorikosi mustafa
selaniqi mas `dedabers~ eZaxis6.
davubrundeT dedisimedis lala-mustafa faSis banakSi
misvlis ambavs. `rodesac daqanculi, SimSiliT dauZlurebuli, mtris TavdasxmebiT, zamTrisa da mTebSi gaWirvebis
1 iqve, gv. 51.
2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 44,
Sen. 6.
3 Minadoi, p. 34, 82, 84, 102, 103, 104, 184, 185.
4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 66 r
5 Ibidem, p. 67 r,
6 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selaniqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, 1960,
t. 91, gv. 263.
394
daTmeniT [osmalebi] bolos mividnen qvrivis [dedisimedis]
cixe-koSkTan, saxelad alTunyalasTan... qvrivi Tavisi ufrosi SviliT aleqsandreTi1 Camovida cixe-koSkidan, moinaxula
[lala]-mustafas banaki, ZRveni miarTva da erTgulebas da
morCilebas dahpirda. mustafam Tavazianad miiRo [dedisimedi] da moaxsena Tu rogor kargad epyroboda manuCars,
romelic mas SirvanSi axlda. aqve myofma manuCarma [lalafaSas] naTqvami daadastura. hfaravda ra mtrobas aleqsandres [yvaryvares] mimarT, mustafam gulSi Caikra da qvrivs
sTxova es Svilic masTan daetovebina, arwmunebda, rom [dedisimedic] da aleqsandrec [yvaryvare] kmayofilni darCebodnen, radgan man orive unda gaagzavnos [sulTan] muradTan,
Tan gaayolebs maTi morCilebis gancxadebis sigels, [maT samflobeloebze osmalTa] jaris gavlis xelis Sewyobisa da,
saerTod, maTi damsaxurebis Sesaxeb, raTa sulTanma Rirseulad miiRos eseni da Tavisi wyalobiT gaamdidroso. qvrivma,
Sinaganad danaRvlianebulma da Sewuxebulma, saxeze sruli
kmayofileba da Tavaziani mzadyofna gamoxata, rom [Tanaxmaa]
dauTmos is, rac iZulebuli iyo aucileblad daeTmo, vinaidan meore Svili [manuCari] ukve mustafas ZalauflebaSi iyo.
qvrivma dautova ra mustafas ori Svili, TviTon TavisTan
dabrunda. mustafam ori dRe daisvena da... yarsisaken
gaemgzavra~2
`mesxuri matiane~ lala-mustafas mier yvaryvaresa da manuCaris stambolSi wayvanas sruliad sxvagvarad gadmogvcems
da dedisimeds Seupovar da gambedav qalbatonad warmogvidgens: awyuridan wasul lala-faSas `patroni yBryBre (yvaryvare - e.m.) gahyua motyuebiT da aRar dabrunda. patroni
manuCarc Tan wahyua~. rodesac dedisimedma gaigo, rom yvaryvare aRar dabrundao, daedevna, magram veRar miewia, Semdeg
1 Mminadoi yvaryvare aTabags ratomRac yovelTvis aleqsandres uwodebs.
2 Minadoi, p. 103-104.
395
àznauriSvilebi wauyena, veRar daabrunva~1. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom `mesxuri matianis~ damwers (dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom misi erT-erTi avtori dedisimedi iyo)
surs damalos lala-faSasTan garigebis arasasurveli faqti.
dedisimedis da aTabagis saxlis sxva wevrebis sicocxleSive
qarTlis mefe svimon I-ma da sxvebmac, maTi osmalebTan SeTanxmeba Ralatad CaTvales. svimon mefes Tu aTabagis ojaxis wevrebze xeli ar miuwvdeboda, samagierod dedisimedis
Zmaze, vaxtang muxranbatonze miuwvda. vaxtangma, elizbar
erisTavma da barZim amilaxorma, imisaTvis, rom qarTlis
samefo da, TavianTi mamulebic aklebisagan gadaerCinaT, lala-faSas ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebines2. ar Cans qarTlis dasaxelebulma Tavadebma sanacvlod ra SesTavazes lala-faSas.
ase iyo Tu ise, svimon mefem aRniSnuli garigebis gamo
Seipyro dedisimedis Zma vaxtangi da kexvis cixeSi gamoketa3.
1579 wlis noemberSi jer manuCari, xolo imave wlis
dasaruls Tu axali wlis martSi, yvaryvarec konstantinopolidan mobrunda. Zmebi oficialurad Cadgnen sulTnis
samsaxurSi. manuCarma, sulTnis mier yvaryvaresaTvis CamorTmeuli aTabagobis sanacvlod, faSoba miiRo4.
1582 wels manuCari aujanyda osmalebs da iranis mxares
gadavida. manuCaris mier amgvari seriozuli nabijis gadadgmisas, savaraudoa, dedisimedi misi Tanamzraxveli iyo.
varaudis gamoTqmis safuZvels iZleva is, rom Sah-moxamed
xudabandem manuCars CalabuTi, xolo dedisimeds `xuTi didi
sofeli~ misca5. sabolood (1585 w.), aTabagis ojaxis mowinaaRmdege Tavadebis da osmalebis Setevis gamo dedisimedi
iZulebuli Seiqmna mietovebina samcxe da borjomis xeobaSi,
1
2
3
4
5
396
samxreT
iqve gv.
iqve, gv.
iqve, gv
iqve, gv.
saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.
54.
51.
53.
54; q. cx. II, gv. 528
axaldabaSi gadasuliyo: „Semogviyenes moRalateni da veRarc
CBn (Cven) daudgeniT da CavediT axaldabas marts naxevar“1.
manamde, axaldabaSi colTan erTad gadavida aseve mtrebisgan
Seviwroebuli manuCari2. 1586 wlis dasawyisSi, rogorc
qronikaSia naTqvami, manuCari iZulebuli gamxdara, osmalTa
moTxovniT, dedisimedi, SviliSvilTan, yvaryvare IV-is vaJTan erTad, axalcixis faSasTan gaegzavna3. amiT mTavrdeba
`mesxuri matiane~ da amis Semdeg samcxis am saintereso,
kolorituli moRvawis Sesaxeb erTi cnoba gagvaCnia.
dedisimedis saxeli figurirebs 1595 wels osmalo moxeleebis mier Sedgenil `gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTarSi~, romelSic Sesulia samcxe-saaTabagos aRweris masalebi. aqedan kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT dedisimedis qristianobisadmi da garkveuli principebisadmi ukompromisobaze.
aseTebs dampyroblebi miwebs CamoarTmevdnen xolme da osmalo moxeleebs gadascemdnen. samcxis Serisxul TavadTa Soris vxedavT dedisimedsac. dampyroblebs misTvis mamuli CamourTmeviaT da osmalo moxelisaTvis gadauciaT4.
didia dedisimedis damsaxureba qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe. misi uSualo monawileobiTa da, xSirad, karnaxiTac, iwereboda samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelovanesi werilobiTi Zegli „mesxuri daviTnis qronika“5.
2 iqve, gv. 55.
3 iqve, gv. 56.
5 ix. qronikebi, II, gv, 527; samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv.
123-131.
397
3. saaTabagos urTierToba iran-osmaleTTan
XVI s. bolo meoTxedsa da XVII s.
I meoTxedSi
Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis Semdeg daiZaba iranis Sidapolitikuri mdgomareoba, sxvadasxva feodaluri dajgufeba Tavisi miznebis
misaRwevad sasurveli kandidatis gamefebaSi xedavda. aseTi viTarebiT isargebla osmaleTis saxelmwifom da farTo agresia daiwyo
sparseTis xeldebuli samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasiis dasapyrobad.
vidre osmalebi oms daiwyebdnen, manamde Sah mohamed xudabendem
osmalebTan molaparakebiT amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebis (1555 w.)
pirobebis dacva diplomatiuri molaparakebiT scada da osmaleTSi
Tavisi elCi miavlina, magram molaparakebam Sedegi ar gamoiRo.
omis dawyebis win rTuli mdgomareoba iyo samcxeSi. jayelebs
saaTabagos Tavadebi aujanydnen, riTac samTavros Tavdacvisunarianoba Zlier Sesustda. ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi
gamoiCina manuCar qaixosros Zem (SemdgomSi aTabagi manuCar II, 15811604). manuCari daibada, vaxuStis mixedviT, 1550 wels1. igi Tavisi
drois erT-erTi aqtiuri politikuri moRvawe iyo. rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamomJRavnda samcxis Tavadebis sakmaod saSiSi da
xangrZlivi (1576 wlis ivnisidan 1578 wlis Tebervlamde) ajanyebis CaxSobisa da oamalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros. manuCari
ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg, formalurad, Tavis Zma yvaryvare IV aTabagTan erTad gamodioda (maT erToblivad moarbies SalikaSvilebis
mTavari simagre _ Tmogvis cixe da qalaqi da sxva simagreebi),
sinamdvileSi, Zmis avadmyofobis gamo, ajanyebis dros, erTpirovnulad ganagebda saaTabagos saqmeebs.
osmalTa saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis ganzraxvasa da jaris saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan moaxloebaze saaTabagoSi cnobili iyo, rogorc amis Taobaze dedisimedi Tavis Svils TvalSveniers sparseTSi werda2.
1 vaxuSti, gv. 716
2 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 47.
398
osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis organizebas saTaveSi manuCari
Caudga. is sagangebod Sekrebil laSqariT Tavis biZaSvil erekle
muxranbatonTan erTad osmalebis jaris pirispir dadga. `patroni
manuCar da patroni erekle _ laSqari Seiyares _ wavides, urumT
pirs miudges. patroni yBryBre cotad ugunebud (!) iyo~1. savaraudoa, mematiane aq gadmogvcems manuCaris osmalTa samflobeloebSi
SeWras, nadavlis mopovebas, rac imave dros garkveul taqtikur
moqmedebasac, kerZod, mtris Zalebis mosinjvasac isaxavda miznad.
amave dros Cans isic, rom jayel-cixisjvrelebsa da yizilbaSebs
Soris urTierToba kvlav daZabulia varaza SalikaSvilis mokvlis gamo. yizilbaSebi samcxis mTavris winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli
Tavadebis meTaurs, varazas Svil kokolas exmarebian. Aamitomac
iyo, rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi SemoWrilma osmalebma upirvelesyovlisa kokolas samflobeloebi daipyres2. albaT, SalikaSvilebis gvarTan dapirispirebis gamo iyo, rom jayelebis SahisaTvis daxmarebis TxovniT ramdenjerme mimarTva uSedegod
damTavrda (amis Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan). qarTuli wyaros mixedviT, saaTabagos samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan myof yizilbaSTa
razms, romelsac yaraxani meTaurobda Tavs daesxnen Turqebi da
aTiode kaci moukles, Semdeg yaraxanma imarjva. es ambavi matianeSi gadmocemulia Semdegnairad: `mobrundes yaraxan, equsasi
kaci axlda, daesxa Tavsa (Turqebs-e.m.), amoswyuidna urumni, gaaqcivna, saxelsa zeda RBisasa da gaemarjva yaraxans da aivsnes
saqonliTa da iaraRiTa. mobrunda batoni manuCar da awyuÀrs
Camovida~3. yuradRebas ipyrobs mematinis bolo fraza: `mobrunda
batoni manuCar da awyuÀrs Camovida~, romelic SeiZleba gavigoT
ise, rom yizilbaSebs ar surdaT manuCarTan, rogorc aTabagis
ojaxis wevrTan urTierToba da isini uars amboben misi samxedro
Zalis gamoyenebaze osmalebTan Setakebebis dros. vfiqrob, yizilbaSTa amgvarma damokidebulebam jayelebis mimarT seriozulad
1 iqve.
399
ganapiroba yizilbaSTa warumatebloba amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTiranis omis daswyisSi.
`mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT, lala faSa agvistos dasawyisSi
artaanidan saqarTvelosken wamovida. samcxe-saaTabagos teritoriaze
SeiWra. qarTuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom pirveli cixe,
romelic osmalebs samcxis teritoriaze SexvdaT, iyo mgelcixe. igi osmalebma ori dRis brZolis Semdeg aiRes. amgvarad
osmalebi samcxe saaTabagoSi SeiWrnen. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT qarTuli da italiuri werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebs, davinaxavT, rom isini erTnairad gadmogvcemen osmaleTis
jaris laSqrobis mimarTulebas da cixeebis aRebasac. ibrahim
feCevis ki artaanidan pirdapir velis cixesTan mivyevarT1.
osmalebi ramdenime strategiuli mniSvnelobis cixe-simagres
(mgelcixe, qajTa cixe, veliscixe), da bolos Cildiris cixes
daeuflnen2. qarTuli da italiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, rodesac
manuCari Cildiris dasacavad mivida, igi osmalebs ukve dapyrobili
hqondaT. `mesxuri matiane“ gadmogvcems: 10 agvistos `patroni manuCar qajis (Cildiris – e.m.) cixes Seeyara. verc (osmalTa – e.
m.) laSqris omsa da verc cixebis aRebBÁs ver mieswra“3. savaraudoa, amjeradac yizilbaSebis mier jayelTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
ignorirebasTan gvaqvs saqme.
Qqajis (Cildiris) cixesTan momxdaris Sesaxeb ufro met cnobebs Seicavs italiuri wyaro. aqedan vigebT, rom manuCari osmaleb1 saqarTveloSi SemoWris pirvel dReebSi osmalebis mier dapyrobili cixeebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems ali-efendi. ix. Awinamdebare naSromis gv. 190-191.
2 osmalTagan Cildiris cixis aRebis sxvadasxva TariRi gvaqvs: `mesxuri
matinis~ mixedviT, osmalebma cixe aiRes 9 mariamobnisTves (agvisto). 14
agvistoa frangi di plomatis Juies mefe anri III-sadmi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi
(Charriére E., Negociations de la France dans le Levant et correspodences, memoires
et actes diplomatiques, III, Paris, 1853, p. 740). aseve 14 agvistos auRiaT osmalebs Cildiris cixe henri porSas TqmiTac (Porsius H., Narratio belli Persici inter
Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet Hodabande Persar regem gesti. In Reuisneri, Rerum
memorabilum in Panonia sub Turcar. Imperatoribus cet. gestar. narrationes, Francofurt,
1603, p. 176-177).
400
Tan saomrad yizilbaSTa jarTan erTad wasula Tavisi cxenosnebiTa
da qveiTebiT, magram daugviandaT. osmalebs saqme ukve moeTavebinaT.
àm dros movida sparseTis mefis generali mehmad xani1 Tavisi ormocdaaTi aTasi mxedriT2 da Svidi aTasi cxenosani da qveiTi qarTveliT, romelTac meTaurobda qarTvelTa qveynis erT-erTi mTavari
manuCari. isini mividnen xsenebuli qajis cixis (Cildiris _ e.m.)
dasaxmareblad, magram igi dapyrobili daxvdaT da Turqebis banakidan daaxloebiT sami miliT daSorebuli velis cixesTan
SeCerdnen“3.
qarTuli da italiuri wyaroebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian da saerToc aqvT. qarTuli wyaros mixedviT yizilbaSTa jari mahmad-sulTanis (italiuri wyaros _ mahmad-xani) meTaurobiT da saaTabagos jari manuCaris meTaurobiT cal-calke
moqmedebdnen. osmalebis mier yizilbaSebis daamarcxebis Semdeg manuCari CildirTan midis. aq gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im garemoebas, rom italiuri wyaroc qarTvelebis da yizilbaSebis dagvianebiT misvlaze aRniSnaven. `mesxuri matiane“ ki mxolod manuCaris misvlas aRniSnavs. ori avtoris (qarTveli da
italieli) monaTxrobSi is gansxvavebaa, rom qarTuli wyaros avtori cdilobs ise gadmosces ambavi, rom eWvi dabados manuCaris
moqmedebis patiosnebaSi. qarTvelma mematianem mizans miaRwia kidec.
qarTul istoriografiaSi manuCari moRalated aris gamocxadebuli im dRidan, roca osmalebma saqarTvelos sazRvari gadmolaxes.
`mesxuri matianis“ cnobebis amgvari interpretacia pirvelma SemogvTavaza qr. SaraSiZem. igi Tavisi mosazrebisaTvis damajereblobis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis i. hameris TxzulebaSi dacul erT
cnobasac iSveliebs da aRniSnavs, rom manuCari Cildiris brZolamde ramdenime kviris win `mihkedlebia“ Turqebs da TviTon awyuris
1 ibrahim feCevi yizilbaSTa jaris sardlebad asaxelebs Toqmak xans, imamyuli-xansa da yara xans. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 39.
2 ibrahim feCevisTan 30 aTasi, gv. 39. aseve 30 aTas mxedars asaxelebs
don xuan de persia, (65 r).
3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581, gv. 23.
401
sanjaxi miuRia, xolo mis Zmas _ yvaryvares ki olTisi1. i. hameris
TxzulebaSi, sadac saintereso ambis gadmocemisas damowmebulia
alis „nusreT-name“, naTqvamia, rom lala mustafa faSam `Cildiris
brZolamde ramdenime kviriT adre, Zmebidan umcross, manuCars miwvevis werili gaugzavna, imis Taobaze, rom rogorc TviTon aseve
misi Zma da deda CamoSorebodnen sparseTs, romelzec aqamomde damokidebulni iyvnen. manuCarma Tavis mokrZalebul pasuxSi moiTxova xelSekruleba da sigeli, agreTve moiTxova TavisTvis awyuris
sanjayi, Tavis Zma gregorisaTvis (yvaryvare - e.m.) olTisi da dedisa da sxva ZmebisaTvis soflebi lenis saxiT“2. aq ar Cans moxda
Tu ara osmaleTis sardlisa da aTabagis ojaxis SeTanxmeba. jayelebi, iqneb, drois gayvanis taqtikas adgnen?
sxvagvarad gadmogvcems lala mustafa faSas manuCarTan pirvel
kontaqts osmalo istorikosi abubeqr bin abdulahi. arzrumSi dabanakebuli osmaleTis jari 1578 wlis ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi aiyara
da artaanTan mivida. artaanis `cixis siaxloves mdebare qarTuli
vilaieTebi da oqroscixed wodebuli simagre erTma xaTunma (dedisimedma _ e.m.) daipyro da daimorCila“3. artaanSi Cayenebuli saaTabagos mecixovneni osmalebma Seipyres. artaanidan lala mustafa
faSam ùrjuloebis begTan“, manuCarTan kaci gagzavna da damorCileba mosTxova. Tu mis moTxovnas manuCari daemorCileboda pativs miagebda, Tu ara da akleba-ganadgurebiT daemuqra. `saswrafod modi,
islamis sarewmunoeba miiRe, Seni xalxi da vilaieTi Cven Cagvabareo“
– uTvlida lala faSa manuCars, romelmac Tavis xalxTan erTad
moiTaTbira da osmalo sardlisadmi damorCilebis gadawyvetileba
miiRes4. davujeroT abubeqrs, rom manuCarma osmalebisadmi morCileba gadawyvita? magram faqtia, rom is lala faSas banakSi mxolod
2 Hammer J., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, II, Pest, 1834, S. 482. ix.
javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, 1967, gv. 267-269.
3 abubeqr bin abdulahi, gamarjvebaTa wigni. Turquli teqstri qarTuli
TargmaniT, SesavliTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamzada m. iluriZem, Tb.,
2006, gv. 31.
4 iqve, gv. 31-32.
402
Cildiris brZolis Semdeg mivida da manamde arc raime moTxovna SeuTvlia. davubrundeT i. hameris Txzulebidan moyvanil amonarids.
rogorc irkveva mustafa faSam maSinve ver SesZlo manuCarisaTvis epasuxa. man manuCaris mier wayenebuli moTxovnebis Sesaxeb
weriliT acnoba sulTans1 da misgan pasuxs eloda. Cildiris brZolamde erTi dRiT adre mustafa faSas miutanes dedisimedis werili, romelSic igi sardals Tavisi vaJis manuCaris mZevlad gagzavnas da sulTnis yvela morCilis msgavsad ganszRvruli gadasaxadis
gadaxdas hpirdeboda. samagierod is iTxovda sigels, romliTac mas
da mis Svils yvaryvares daumtkicdebodaT misi qmris, qaixosros
samflobeloebi2. Turqi istorikosi iqve SeniSnavs, rom dedisimedma
dapireba maSinve ki ar Seasrula, aramed elodeboda osmalebisa da
yizilbaSebis Sejaxebas, raTa gamarjvebulis mxares damdgariyo.
manuCarma, savaraudoa, pasuxis dagvianeba Tavisi moTxovnebis
uaryofad CaTvala da jariT wavida Cildiris dasacavad, magram
daugvianda, rasac qarTuli wyaro gvamcnobs. amas adasturebs ibrahim feCevic, Tumca CildirTan misuli manuCars mxdalad da moRalated saxavs: `xsenebuli begi (manuCari-e.m.) eqvsi aTasi SeiaraRebuli aznauriT movida da mTis ferdobidan gamarjvebulebs da
damarcxebulebs Tvalyurs adevnebda. idga iq da imedi hqonda, rom
gamarjvebuli mxare mas Seiwynarebda. da, rogorc ki gaigo, Tu ra
bedi ewia Toqmak-xans, wamovida manuCari dilas da Rirseuli sardlis karavSi SeaRwia“3.
axla isev davubrundeT anonimi venecielis monaTxrobs: roca
qarTvelebma da yizilbaSebma gaiges, rom Cildiris brZolis Semdeg
daRlili osmalebi isvenebdnen, gadawyvites xelsayreli momentiT
esargeblaT da moulodnelad dasxmodnen Tavs. magram maT ver SesZles osmalTa banakSi SeWra, radgan karvebs Soris bagirebi iyo
gaWimuli, romelic gzas uketavda momxvdurs. osmalebma male SeniSnes mteri, Sesxdnen cxenebze da velze gaiWrnen, raTa brZola
1 abulaZe c., dasax. naSr., gv. 202.
403
gaemarTaT momxvdurTaTvis. pirvelsave Setakebisas daiRupa aTasze
meti osmalo da 30 sanjay-begi1.
veneciis sirieli elCis jovani miqelis TqmiT, yizilbaSebis
CildirTan damarcxebis Semdeg „manuCari, qvrivis umcrosi vaJi,
mivida (lala faSasTan – e.m.) da Tavis Tavi (sulTan – e.m.) muradis vasalad gamoacxada“2. daaxloebiT aseve gadmogvcems manuCaris
misvlas Turqebis banakSi petro biZaro3.
Turquli wyaroebis mixedviT, manuCari yizilbaSebis damarcxebis meore dRes mivida osmalTa banakSi4 da „Tavisi qveyanis cixeebis
gasaRebebi mTavarsardals miutana da Caabara“5. meore dRes, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daSinebisa da Tavisi meomrebis gamxnevebis
mizniT, lala faSam daxocili mtrebis mokveTili TavebiT gora
daadgmevina. man Sikriki gagzavna konstantinopolSi da sulTans
acnoba mopovebuli gamarjvebis Sesaxeb. `Turqebis am gamarjvebam, _
wers don xuan de persia, _ axali sababi misca am mxaris bevr adgilobriv mTavars, romelnic aqamde sparselTa ymebad iTvlebodnen,
umalve mis (mustafa faSas _ e.m.) winaSe gamocxadebuliyvnen da
sulTan muradisadmi morCileba eRiarebninaT. mustafa faSas jars
maSinve SeuerTdnen qarTveli mTavrebi: salmas qarTveli da levani6,
axlad damkvidrebuli mTavari saqarTvelos erTi mxarisa da saqarTvelos mTavari manuCari, batoniSvili dedisimedis Svili. yvela es
mTavari mustafa faSas droSas SeuerTda, romelmac didi TavazianobiT miiRo isini da maTi morCilebis Sesaxeb sulTans acnoba“7.
1 ibrahim feCeviT, òcdaaTze meti saxelovani aRa brZolis velze daeca~.
ibrahim feCevi, gv. 40. sxva cnobiT osmalebs 13 sanjay-begi daeRupaT. Porsius
H., Narratio belli Persici inter Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet Hodabande Persar
regem gesti, p.176-177.
2 Relazioni delli successi della guerra tra il Turco e il Persiano dall’anno 1577
fino al 1587 di Giovani Micheli ritornato console da Aleppo in Soria. krebulSi:
Alberi E., Relacioni… serie III, v. II, Firenze, 1844, p. 264.
3 Bizarus P., Op. cit., p. 633.
6 Ggaurkvevelia romeli qarTveli didebulebi iyvnen salmasi da levani.
7 Don Juan de Persia, p.65 r – 66 r.
404
Llala mustafa faSam manuCars uboZa awyuris sanjayi, mis Zmas
yvaryvares misi yofili samflobelo olTisis sanjayi, sxva Zmebs
kargi ziameTebi, dedisimeds ki sami sofeli xasis saxiT1
tomazo minadoi agviwers im zeims, romelic mouwyes banakSi
misul manuCarsa da mis Tanmxleblebs: imave dRes (16 agvisto),
rodesac lala mustafa faSam sisxliani RonisZieba daamTavra da
mokveTili Tavebis gora dasdga, mas acnobes, `qvrivi qarTvelis,
dedisimedis umcrosi vaJis“ manuCaris ganzraxvaze mis karavSi
mosvlis survilis Sesaxeb, raTa misalmeboda da usityvod damorCileboda. am siaxlem imdenad gaaxara mustafa faSa, rom brZana
yvela faSa da jaris meTauri sakravebiTa da qvemexebis gasroliT
da sxva Rirsebis niSnebiT wasuliyvnen manuCaris Sesaxvedrad da
ase moeyvanaT masTan. yvelaferi ise gakeTda rogorc mTavarsardalma brZana da roca manuCari mis karavTan miiyvanes, TviTonac artileriisa da arkebuzebis sroliT miesalma. manuCars gadawyvetili
hqonda mustafasTvis mierTmia yvelaferi rac mis mamulSi iyo“2.
abubeqric aRniSnavs osmalTa banakSi manuCaris sazeimod miRebis Sesaxeb, magram iseTnairad, rom qarTveli didebuli damcirebulad warmoaCinos Zlevamosili osmalebis fonze3.
vfiqrob, manuCaris CildirTan `dagvianebiT“ misvlis mizezi
SeiZleba gairkves don xuan de persias (is aRwerili ambis Tanamedrove da SeiZleba mxilvelic iyo da, rogorc samxedro pirovneba,
icnobda kidec yizilbaSTa sardals) monaTxrobiT CildirTan movlenebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. misi TqmiT, Toqmak sulTan xani erevnisa da naxiCevanis gamgebeli iyo. moxamed xudabendem igi daniSna
sparseTis da saqarTvelos sakmaod mcirericxovani jarebis mTavarsardlad. sparselTa jari Sedgeboda mxolod 30 aTasi mxedrisagan, Tumca qveiTebi mravlad yofilan. roca cnobili gaxda, rom
lala mustafa faSam arzrumi datova, yarsi gaiara da Cildirs
miaRwia. Toqmaks yalbi cnobebi miawodes, TiTqos, osmalTa jari
2 Minadoi T., p. 34-35.
3 abubeqri, gv. 35.
405
mxolod 40 aTasi mebrZolisagan Sesdgeboda, jaris erovnuli Semadgenlobac Wreli iyo da arc SeiaraReba uvargodaT. axalgazrda
sardlebi Toqmaks afrTxilebdnen, rom iseTi gamocdilebis sardali, rogoric is iyo, ar unda ndoboda mstovrebis motanili cnobebs.
Toqmakma „Tavisi uvicobiT“ Turqebis mowinave 40 aTasiani
jari ZiriTad Zalad CaTvala da dauyovnebliv ekveTa. magram, rodesac mustafa lala faSa mTeli ZaliT daatyda Tavs, Toqmakma
mxolod moxerxebulobiTa da daRamebis gamo SeZlo jaris nawilis
gadarCena. osmalebma mas 7 aTasi kaci moukles, 3 aTasi ki daatyveves, romlebsac Tavi mokveTes1.
rogorc don xuan de persias monaTxrobidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, Cildirisken wasul manuCars, romelic SeTanxmebuli unda
yofiliyi yizilbaS sardalTan Sexvedris adgilsa da droze, gamarjvebis iolad mopovebis surviliT Sepyrobili Toqmak xani aRar
daeloda. amiT unda aixsnas da ara RalatiT is, rom roca `patroni manuCar qajis cixes Seeyara, verc (sparselTa _ e.m.) laSqris
omsa da verc (osmalebis mier _ e.m.) cixebis aRebBÁs mieswra“.
ufro metic, henrix porSas TqmiT, Toqmak xanTan erTad brZolis
velze marcxi ganucdia manuCarsac: sparselebs daukargavT 5 aTasi
kaci, xolo manuCari Tavis 3 aTas TanamebrZolTan erTad dautyvevebiaT2.
vfiqrob, seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs isqander munSis
gadmocemac, romlis mixedviT manuCarma samcxeSi SeWril osmalebs
winaaRmdegoba gauwia da misi damorCileba mxolod iaraRis gamoyenebiT moxerxda. movusminoT isqander munSis: rodesac lala mustafa faSa àxalcixis velaieTSi movida, romelic saqarTvelos
ekuTvnoda, svimon-xanis siZis manuCar-xanis [sagamgeo] olqi iyo da
am mxaris (iranis) sazRvrebSi Semodioda. man (manuCarma) osmalTa
1 mowinaaRdegeTa mier Cildiris velze gancdili zaralis Sesaxeb ix.
Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 70-71.
2 Porsius H., Narratio belli Persici inter Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet
Hodabande Persar regem gesti, p.176-177.
406
morCilebisagan Tavi Sors daiWira da winaaRmdegobis gzas daadga,
Tavisi cixe gaamagra da TviTon ki svimon-xanTan mivida, lala faSam
misi cixe garemoicva, zarbaznebi miumarjva da brZola-WidiliT
daimorCila. mere Sig mcvelebi da ianiCrebi dastova da svimonxanis qveynisaken gaemarTa“1.
sefianTa xanis sparseTis saxelganTqmuli istorikosis Txzulebidan moyvanili amonaridi zogierT cnobil sakiTxze msjelobas moiTxovs. TiTqos dadgenilia, rom Sahma mohamed xudabendem
svimon I Tavis samefoSi daabruna osmalebis saqarTveloSi SemoWris Semdeg. isqander munSi ki svimonis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg gadmogvcems osmalebis saqarTveloSi SemoWris da manuCaris maTdami daumorCileblobis ambavs2. sparseli istorikosis
naTqvamis (manuCaris svimon mefesTan qarTlSi gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT) dazusteba SeiZleba àxali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli
teqstis“ saSualebiT: Sah ismail II-m svimoni alamuTis cixidan
gaanTavisufla, magram igi sparseTSi dastova. gamefda mohamed xudabende, daiwyo omi sparseTsa da osmaleTs Soris. `raodensame
xansame ukana gamovida lala faSa... maSin daxuda manuCar aTabagi,
Ze qaixosrosi da dedisimedisa, _ da amas esua colad daÁ sÂmon
mefisa, da daxuda ese manuCar aTabagi da daesxa romelsame TareSsa da nawyuedsa jarisasa, da mosra raodenime, da mere veRar
daudga da gamovarda qarTls sidedrTana. xolo lala faSam amoswyÂta yoveli samcxe da daiWira cixe da simagreni“3. amgvarad,
manuCari qarTlSi gadavida Tavis sidedrTan, svimoni ki isev sparseTSia. magram citirebul wyaroebSi (don xuan de persia, henrix
porSa, isqander munSi, anonimi venecieli, àxali qarTlis cxovreba,
pirveli teqsti“) umTavresi is aris, rom manuCari samcxeSi SeWril osmalebs ebrZoda. dasaxelebuli avtorebi, gansakuTrebiT
ki anonimi venecieli, erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad gvTavazoben
uaRresad saintereso versias, romelic uTuod angariSgasawevia
2 iqve, gv. 28-29.
3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 371-372.
407
samcxis aTabagis, manuCar II-is pirovnebis Sesaswavlad.
16 agvistosve osmalTa jari Cildiridan aiyara da, rogorc
anonimi venecieli gadmogvcems, TeTrcixisken gaeSura, romelic
datyvevebul manuCars ekuTvnoda. „iq misvlisTanave (lala faSam
– e.m.) ixmo manuCari da hkiTxa, ramdeni qalaqisa da cixis mflobeli iyo igi. [manuCarma] yvelaferze gasca pasuxi. generalma hkiTxa:
àxla, roca damarcxdiT, ra moeliT Tqvens samflobeloebs? manuCarma upasuxa: Tqvens gankargulebaSi varT mec da Cemi samflobeloebic da Seexvewa: madlobeli viqnebi, Tu sacxovreblad TiTo
cixes dagvitoveb me da Cem moxuc dedaso1. amiT kmayofilma generalma dautova yvelaferi rac manuCarma iTxova da sanjay-begobac
uboZa, Tumca qristianoba SeunarCuna“2. venecielisagan sruliad
gansxvavebul, sawinaaRmdego cnoba Semogvinaxa alim. aqedan vigebT,
rom Cildiris brZolamde erTi dRiT adre dedisimedma lala mustafa faSas gaugzavna werili, romelSic sTavazobda manuCars
mZevlad da, sxva qveSevrdomebis msgavsad, gadasaxadis gadaxdas
hpirdeboda. samagierod dedisimedi iTxovda sigels, romliTac igi
aTabag yvaryvaresTan erTad mflobeli da gamgebeli iqneboda gardacvlili qmris, aTabag qaixosros miwebisa3. rogorc zemoT moyvanil, i. hammeris mier damowmebuli imave nusreT-names cnobidan
gavigeT, dedisimeds lala faSasTvis gagzavnil werilSi, ZiriTadad, manuCaris mier dayenebuli moTxovnebi gaumeorebia da osmalebisadmi erTgulebis niSnad, damatebiT, mZevlad manuCari SeuTavazebia. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom dedisimedma da, saerTod, aTabagis
ojaxma icoda, SeiZleba isini SeTanxmebulic iyvnen manuCarTan, rom
es ukanaskneli vezir lala mustafa faSasTan mividoda da, faqtobrivad, nebayoflobiT mZevlad gadaiqceoda. erTi Turquli do1 svaniZe m., am wyaros imowmebs da da ambobs, rom manuCarma lala faSas
mosTxova misTvis gadaeca 40 qalaqi da 40 sofeli. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo
osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, XVI-XVII ss., Tb., 1971, gv. 110. italiur
wyaroSi mxolod is weria, rac zemoT iTqva.
2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581, gv. 24.
3 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan (XVI s. 80-iani wlebi).
`mravalTavi, filologiur- istoriuli Ziebani, Tb., 1989, gv. 200.
408
kumentis mixedviT, romelzec qvemoT vrclad iTqmeva, lala faSas
banakSi orive Zma _ manuCari da yvaryvare erTad misulan.
amgvarad, rogorc ganxiluli wyaroebidan Cans1, iseve, rogorc
saqarTvelos sxva mefe-mTavrebma, manuCarmac morCileba gamoucxada,
garkveuli pirobebiT, osmaleTis sulTnis gamarjvebul sardals.
sainteresoa, rom samcxis zogierTi feodali (albaT, isini vinc
jayelebs ebrZodnen), vidre mteri samTavros sazRvars gadmolaxavda, manamde eaxla mas, erTguleba Sehfica da jer kidev daupyrobeli cixeebic miuZRvna. `mesxuri matiane“ asaxelebs qoiar amilaxorisSvils, romelic 2 agvistos lala faSas artaanSi miegeba da
2 cixe „SeuZRvna“2. aseve aRniSnulia, rom arfaqsad amatkisSvilic
Sepirebuli yofila eqvsi cixis, maT Soris xerTvisis, gadacemas,
magram man amis praqtikulad ganxorcieleba maSinve ver SesZlo.
`mesxur matianeSi“ vkiTxulobT: àgreTve arfaqsad hbireboda equsiT cixiTa mas winaT da xerTvisi da xuTi cixe mas SeeZRuna da
patrons manuCars Tan mihyua, imwams gamoohguares, cixeebi gamoarTuÀs da xaxuli sasanjaxod misces“3.
arfaqsadis mier osmalebisaTvis cixeebis gadacemaze `mesxur
matianeSi“ moTxrobilia 10 – 17 agvistos Soris da cixeebis gadacema sruliadac ar ivaraudeba Cildiris brZolamde (`samcxis
qronikis“ mixedviT _ 9 agvisto) momxdar faqtad. 17 agvistos ki
manuCarma, imave wyaros cnobiT, lala faSas gadasca Tmogvis cixe
da kokola SalikaSvilisaTvis CamorTmeuli axalqalaqi4.
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cildiris brZolis Semdeg osmalebisadmi damorCilebulma manuCarma uSuamdgomla arfaqsad amatkisSvils masze gamwyrali lala mustafa faSas winSe da, rogorc
Cans, isini moariga: mas, cixeebis sanacvlod `xaxuli sasanjaxod“
misces. veziris amgvari gadawyvetileba, sagulisxmoa, manuCaris
interesebSi ar Sedioda. mas jayelebis mowinaaRmdege Tavadebis
1 im avtorebis Sromebs aRar davimowmeb, romlebic Mminadois, don xuan
de persias, anonimi venecielis da sxvaTa Txzulebebs eyrdnobian.
2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, 49.
3 iqve.
4 iqve.
409
TavisTvis damorCileba surda da amisaTvis xelsayrel moments
eloda, rac mogvianebiT gamoCda kidec.
zemoT warmodgenili faqtebisa da msjelobis Semdeg, vfiqrob,
aRaraviTri pretenzia unda rCebodes vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da iv.
javaxiSvilis mimarT1 da arc samarTliani iqneba aseTi daskvna:
àmgvarad, manuCaris yoveli nabiji 1578 wlis martidan moyolebuli, rodesac igi brZolis velidan mobrunda da awyurs Camovida,
amava wlis mariamobisTvis (agvistos) 17-dis, rodesac man Tmogvis
cixe misca lala-faSas, gamcemlobiT aris aRbeWdili“2. usafuZvloa manuCaris uaryofiT Sefaseba, Tu mis pirovnebas da saqmianobas, mis brZolas osmalebis winaaRmdeg qarTlis mefe svimon I-Tan
erTad, ganvixilavT misi drois saqarTveloSi Seqmnili socialuri
da politikuri viTarebis konteqstSi. manuCaric iseTive, SeiZleba
ufro metad patrioti, ufro metad gambedavi da Seupovari iyo,
vidre misi Tanamedrove sxva feodalebi.
* * *
saaTabagos damorCilebis Semdeg, rogorc anonimi venecieli
gvamcnobs, osmaleTis sardalma manuCaris moTxovnebi daakmayofila
da sanjaybegobac uboZa3 (sxva wyaroebiT manuCari Cildiris beglarbegi gaxda). Tbilisis dasapyrobad mimaval lala faSas, rogorc don xuan de persia gadmogvcems didi daxmareba gauwies
saaTabagoelebma: `mustafa faSam svla ganagrZo miiRo ra mxardaWera da Semweoba qarTvelTagan. es daxmareba Tumca ricxobrivad
mcire iyo, axali mokavSiris ZalasTan SedarebiT, magram Zalian
efeqturi Turqebis jaris uvneblad gasatareblad. es iyo Tavidanbolomde maTi sakuTari qveyana. qarTvelebma valdebuleba ikisres
mtrisaTvis gza eCvenebinaT. mustafa win miiwevda, Tumca didi da1 iqve, gv. 165. qarTlia cxovreba, IV, gv. 722, javaxiSvili iv., dasax.
naSr., gv. 268-269.
3 anonimi venecieli, gv. 24.
410
brkolebiT, Tavisi axali megobriT, gzis maCvenebeli manuCariT,
romelic Tan waiyvana“1. lala faSas mier manuCaris qarTlSi wayvanas qarTuli wyaroebic adastureben. `samcxis matianis“ cnobiT,
àxalqalaqidam faSa da patroni manuCar qarTls wavides“. igives
gvamcnobs vaxuSti batoniSvili2.
vaxuStis mixedviT lala faSas manuCari Tan axlda Sirvanazerbaijanze laSqrobis dros3. rodesac manuCaris osmalebisadmi
mimxroba da, ufro metic, sparseTis sawinaaRmdego omSi misi monawileobis Sesaxeb Seityves Sahis karze, problemebi Seeqmna iq myof
TvalSveniers, manuCaris umcros Zmas _ igi 26 agvistos daapatimres4.
Sirvanidan mobrunebulma lala mustafa faSam manuCari muxranidan samcxeSi gauSva, sadac 1578 wlis 4 oqtombers mivida5, albaT, Semdgomi garkveuli moqmedebisaTvis aTabag yvaryvares da dedisimedis Sesamzadeblad. samSabaTs lala mustafac jarTan erTad
mivida awyurSi6 da `gaRma lekze dadga“. yvaryvare did vezirs miegeba, xuTSabaTs dedisimedic eaxla7.
saintereso cnobebi dagvitova t. minadoim qarTlidan samcxeSi
mobrunebul lala faSasa da aTabagis ojaxis urTierTobaze. lala
faSa alTunyalasTan, im cixe-simagresTan gaCerebula, sadac im Jamad dedisimedis samyofeli iyo8: `qvrivi Tavisi ufrosi SviliT
aleqsandreTi (yvaryvare – e.m.) Camovida cixe-koSkidan, moinaxula
mustafas Stabi ZRvnebiT da dahpirda mas erTgulebas da morCile1 Don Juan de Persia.,p. 68 v.
2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 50; vaxuSti, gv. 722.
3 vaxuSti, gv. 722.
4 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 50. TvalSvenierze ix. aqve,
gv. 385-386. Sen. 6.
6 iqve, gv. 50-51. anonimi venecielis mixedviT, manuCari, yvaryvare da dedisimedi imyofebodnen oZrxeSi (gv. 34), Mminadois mixedviT ki, alTunyalaSi
(gv. 65).
8 don xuan de persia alTunyalas (oqros cixe) saaTbagos dedaqalaqad
moixseniebs (Don Juan de Persia.,p. 67 v).
411
bas. mustafam Tavazianad miiRo da acnoba rogor kargad epyroboda
manuCars, romelic mas SirvanSi gahyva. iqve myofma manuCarma es
mtkicebani daadastura. hfaravda ra mtrobas aleqsandres (yvaryvares – e.m.) mimarT, mustafam gulSi Caikra igi da qvrivs sTxova es
Svilic masTan daetovebina, arwmunebda, rom isic da aleqsandrec
kmayofilni darCebodnen, radgan man orive unda gaagzavnos (sulTan
– e.m.) muradTan, Tan gaayolebs maTi morCilebis gancxadebis sigels, (maT samflobeloebze – e.m.) jaris gavlis dros xelis Sewyobisa da saerTod, maTi damsaxurebis Sesaxeb, raTa sulTanma
Rirseulad miiRos isini da Tavisi wyalobiT gaamdidroso. qvrivma,
Sinaganad, danaRvlianebulma da Sewuxebulma, saxeze sruli kmayofileba da Tavaziani mzadyofna gamoxata dauTmos is rac iZulebuli iyo aucileblad daeTmo, vinaidan meore Svili ukve mustafas
ZalauflebaSi iyo. qvrivma dautova ra orive Svili mustafas,
TviT TavisTan dabrunda“1. mustafam ori dRe daisvena da yarsisken
wavida. pirvel dRes axalcixeSi (qvrivis samflobeloSi) SeCerda,
`sadac mas SeZlebisdagvarad, uzrunveli pirobebi Seuqmnes“2.
`mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT, yvaryvare Tavisi nebiT ki ar wahyva lala faSas, aramed motyuebiT wauyvaniaT, mas raRac manZiliT
unda gaecilebina osmalebi. roca igi aRar dabrunda, SeSfoTebuli
dedisimedi daedevana osmalebs, magram ver miewia, mere erTguli
aznauriSvilebi daadevna, magram verc isini gaxdnen rasme. rogorc
SemdegSi gairkva, lala faSas yvaryvare olTisis sanjay-begad dauniSnavs. sainteresoa, rom manuCaric olTisSi imyofeboda3.
Tu `mesxuri matianeSi“ moTxrobil ambavs verwmunebiT, maSin
gaugebari iqneba, ratom dasWirda lala faSas motyuebiT waeyvana
yvaryvare aTabagi da olTisis sanjay-begad daeniSna. amis gakeTeba
mas sxva formiTac xom SeeZlo? iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom
`mesxuri matianis“ Semdgenels surs damalos lala faSasTan garigebis arasasurveli faqti. aTabagis ojaxis wevrebis osmalebTan
1 Minadoi T., p. 103-104.
2 Ibidem, p. 104.
412
SeTanxmeba Ralatad miiCnia sparseTis tyveobidan axladdabrunebulma qarTlis mefe I-ma da maT winaaRmdeg moqmedeba daiwyo. cnobilia, rom is yvelgan ebrZoda da sdevnida osmalebis momxreebs
saqarTveloSi. swored amiT unda aixsnas mis mier dedisimedis Zmis,
vaxtangis Sepyroba da kexvis cixeSi Casma. mefis amgvari moqmedebis
sapasuxod lala faSam manuCari orjer gagzavna osmalTa jariT
qarTlis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, manuCarma pirvelad warmatebas ver
miaRwia, magram meored zemo qarTli daarbia1.
1579 wlis 23 marts manuCari arzrums wavida, sadac is yvaryvares Sexvda da 20 aprils, orSabaTs, oriveni konstantinopols
gaemgzavrnen2. isini daniSnulebis adgilze mividnen imave wlis 3
ivniss. yvaryvare da manuCari 9 ivniss sulTanma miiRo. Zmebma mas
saCuqrebi miarTves da, savaraudoa mZevalic (ZmisSvili an disSvili) miuyvanes, romelic 10-12 wlisa yofila. is maSinve gaamamahmadianes da seralSi moaTavses3.
1579 w. 15 ivliss manuCari da yvaryvare osmaleTis sataxtodan samSobloSi wamovidnen4. arasworia `mesxuri matianis“ is cnoba, TiTqos yvaryvare martis TveSi dabrunda samcxeSi. amave wyaros
mixedviT, Zmebi arzrumidan konstantinopolisaken gaemarTnen 1579
w. 20 aprils5, rac TavisTavad Seusabamobaa. germaneli misioneri
Sveigeri6 da safrangeTis elCi konstantinopolSi aRniSnaven, rom
Zmebi iq mividnen 1579 wlis 3 ivniss7. Sveigeris mixedviT, `1579
wlis 3 ivniss, konstantinopolSi Camovida ori qarTveli Tavadi,
daaxloebiT 150 kacis TanxlebiT8. maT Sesaxvedrad skutarSi ori
galera gagzavnes, rac sagangebo pativiscemis niSani iyo. aseTi pa1 iqve.
2 iqve, gv. 52.
3 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807-808.
4 Porsius H., Op, Cit., p.182.
6 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan. XVI saukunis germaneli misioneri-mogzauri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, `droSa~, 1961, #11. gv. 6-7.
7 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807.
8 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan, gv. 7.
413
tivi am qveynidan Camosuli arc erTi elCisaTvis ar uciaT“1. venclav budovicis 1580 wels konstantinopolidan gagzavnili werilidan vigebT, rom 3 ivniss didi da brwyinvale, 200 kaciani
amaliT mividnen Zmebi konstantinopolSi, sadac Turqebma sazeimo
miReba mouwyes2.
maTTan Sesaxvedrad misulan, agreTve, saberZneTis (rumeliis beglarbegi), raguzis, vlaheTis da moldaveTis elCebi3. sxva germanuli cnobiTac Zmebi 3 ivniss mividnen konstantinopolSi.
qarTvelTa amalas win miuZRoda sami sparsul oqroqsovil
tansacmelSi gamowyobili mxedari. sincendorfis varaudiT win mimavali mxedari yvelasagan gamorCeuli da mniSvnelovani piri _
manuCar-begi unda yofiliyo4. sincerdorfs 4 ivniss ukve scodnia,
rom `sulTans ganzraxuli hqonda manuCar-begi isev ukan dabrunebina saqarTveloSi, raTa ZaliT Tu nebiT axlo-maxlo raionebSi
daewesebina beglar-begoba. xma dadis TiTqos yvaryvare-begi portaSi yavT dakavebuli da Sin arc ise iolad gauSvebeno“5.
tomazo minadoi sainteresod gadmogvcems manuCarisa da yvaryvares sulTnis karze yofnis ambavs, maTs swrafvas sulTnisagan
mieRoT rac SesaZlebeli iyo meti privilegiebi da mamulebi. iqve
isic aris aRniSnuli, rom yvaryvare, manuCarTan SedarebiT zomierebas amJRavnebda. minadoi imasac xazgasmiT ambobs, rom yvaryvare,
Tavisi miznebis miRwevisaTvis qristes sjulis daTmobas ar apirebda da arc daTmo: àm dros konstantinopolSi mustafas mier muradTan gamogzavnili qarTveli ori Zma, qvrivis Svilebi elodebodnen Tu ra Sedegamde miiyvanda maT portaSi gagzavna. rac
Seexeba aleqsandres (yvaryvare _ e.m.), mas imedi hqonda, rom
[ufross] asakis gamo kidev ufro gaufarTovebdnen uflebebs, miT
umetes, rom dedam ukve mis gankargulebaSi gadasca samflobeloe1 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807.
2 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI
ss.), Tb., 1984, gv. 221-222.
3 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807.
5 iqve, gv. 134.
414
bi, da imedic ki hqonda Tavisi uflebebis ganmtkicebisa. amasTanave
manuCaric dakmayofilebuli iqneboda muradis sidiadis Rirsi raime saSualebiT da Tu ki am imedebze mas raime eWvi uCndeboda,
mtkiced gadawyvetili hqonda, rom sarwmunoebis gamocvla araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, ar SeiZleba laqa moscxos Tavis
suls amgvari sasircxvilo sulmdablobiT. umcrosi manuCari, romelmac gasul wels mustafasTan laSqrobis cxovreba gaiziara da
meomrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli meomris aSkara Tvisebebi gamoamJRavna, piriqiT, moxibluli im azriT, rom SesaZlebloba eZleoda dedis mamulebis mflobelobaSi Sesvlisa da mbrZaneblad gaxdomisa,
gadawyvita miemarTa yvelafrisaTvis, oRond ubralo jariskacad ar
darCeniliyo. nurc mixedavs Zmis pirmSoobas gamostacos
memkvidreoba, mSobliuri sarwmunoebis dakargvis fasad miaRwios
xrwnad da amao simdidres, magram aramc da aramc dauTmos Zmas,
gind muradis da satanis msaxurad gaxdoma mouxdes. da SeiZleba
sworad fiqroben zogierTni, rom mas mustafasTan saidumlo Segoneba hqonda Zmis sazianod da dasaRupad“. roca Zmebs islamis rjulis miReba SesTavazes, manuCari maSinve daTanxmda, yvaryvarem ki,
piriqiT, uari ganacxada SeTavazebul winadadebaze, mxolod is iTxova, rom àr eTqvaT uari damarxuliyo mSobliur miwaze Tavisi
papebis ferflis gverdiT, murads morCileba, Zmas ki siyvaruli da
pativiscema dapirda“. t. minadois TqmiT, sulTans manuCaris Tanxmoba sarwmunoebis Secvlaze awyobda, radgan igi misTvis sasurveli
kandidati iyo. mas eSinoda, rom yvaryvare manuCaris mokvlas Seecdeboda da aRsdgeboda Tu ara Tavis uflebebSi, saaTabagos ufro
urCobis gzaze daayenebda. àmgvarad, manuCars Seusrules windacveTa,
miiRo saxeli mustafa, faSis tituli da alTunyalas gubernatoroba da dedisa da Zmis yvela mamuli. serali zeimobda. aleqsandre gadasces Zmas xelSi, romelic axla Turqi gaxda. orive saxlisaken gaemarTnen“1.
manuCaris imgvarad gandideba, rogorc t. minadoi gadmogvcems,
ar miesadageboda osmaleTis saxelmwifos interess: osmalebs po1 Minadoi T., p. 124-126.
415
litikurad dasustebuli samcxe undodaT da ara gaerTianebuli,
Tundac sabeglarbego. amitom ufro sruli da simarTles Semcveli
unda iyos Turquli wyaro, romelSic naTlad Cans sulTnis brZanebiT rogor daanawiles saaTabago aTabagis ojaxis wevrebs Soris:
`qaixosros SvilTagans zemoxsenebul meliq manuCars _ awyuris
sanjayi, mis Zmas meliq yvaryvares ZvelTaganve misi dabadebis adgili _ olTisis1 sanjayi da sxva mis Zmebs _ didi zeameTebi da maT
dedas zemoaRniSnul dedisimeds _ sami sofeli _ saxaso mamuli“2.
imave wyaros mixedviT, manuCari mainc gansakuTrebiT gamoarCies da
gaugzavnes bednierebis sxvadsaxva niSnebi _ samefo droSa da
sulTnis mier naCuqari dafi da naRara. manuCarma lala faSas saxeli _ mustafa dairqva. mas ewyaloba oqros unagiri, vercxlis
raxti da sruli mowyobilobis karavi, `gansakuTrebiT ki sanukvari
xalaTebi da safadiSaho droSis Sesabamisad nairnairi pativiscemiT
iqna Sewyalebuli“3.
Saraf-xan bidlisis TqmiT, „manuCarma, yvaryvare gurjis Svilma4, axalcixis gamgebelma, morCileba gamoacxada da masTan erTad
islamis miRebis pativis Rirsi gaxda qarTvel aznaurTa mravalricxovani jgufi. samemkvidreo samTavro mas iqta-Tamlikis uflebiT
ewyaloba“5. iqta-Tamliki gulisxmobda miwis wyalobas sakuTrebis
sruli uflebiT6.
safrangeTRis elCis m. Juies mier 1579 wlis 4 ivliss konstantinopolidan gagzavnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom 25 ivniss moxda windacveTa, e.i. `qarTvelis gaTurqeba“. Juies werilis komenta1 olTisi osmalebma XVI s. 40-ian wlebSi dai pyres. erTi SexedviT yvaryvares dakarguli mama-papeuli miwa daubrunes, magram amas didi mniSvneloba
aRar hqonda, radgan osmalebs ukve Tavisad miaCndaT rogorc olTisi ise
mTeli samcxe.
2 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, XVI-XVII
ss., gv. 111.
3 iqve.
4 manuCari Svili iyo qaixosro II-s da SviliSvili yvaryvare III-sa.
6 gabaSvili v., qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba (SedarebiTi Seswavlis
cda), Tb., 1956, gv. 164.
416
tori amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs, rom dedofal dedisimedis
Svilma islami, saxeli mustafa da Cildiris faSoba miiRo1.
manuCaris windacveTa moxda stambolSi 1579 wlis 25 ivniss.
amasTan dakavSirebiT didi zeimi moewyo ipodromze. manuCari Cildiris beglarbegad dainiSna2.
manuCaris mier islamis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sxva
versiac, romlis mixedviT manuCari CildirSi, lala faSas banakSi
eziara islams da iq moxda misi windacveTa, rac damyarebulia abubeqris erT cnobaze. aqedan vigebT: `rodesac zemoaRniSnulma manuCarma islamis sarwmunoebis siwminde da siZliere igrZno... mTeli
guliT miendo am rwmenas, [mahmadis rjuls] eziara, saxelad mustafa uwodes da olTisis liva sanjayad uboZes“3.
abubeqris Txzulebis qarTuli TargmanSi (abubeqri ar uTiTebs
manuCaris gamahmadianebis konkretul drosa da adgils), manuCaris
mier rjulis Secvla mibmulia 1578 wlis 10 agvistos manuCaris
CildirTan osmalTa banakSi misvlasTan. konteqstis mixedviT, abubeqri manuCaris mier islamis miRebas aRniSnavs, rogorc faqts,
romelic sxva dros moxda. manuCari oficialurad da sazeimod
gamahmadianda erTxel _ 1579 wlis 25 ivniss stambolSi da ara
orjer _ erTxel CildirSi da meored stambolSi, rogorc m. iluriZe fiqrobs4.
sainteresoa Sveigeris, romelic manuCaris mier islamis miRebis dros konstantinopolSi imyofeboda, gadmocema: „da ai, rodesac orive Zmam Tavadebma sakmao dro dahyves sasaxleSi da maTi
survili Seuwynareblad iyo datovebuli da maT gamoucxades, rom
sulTans gadawyvetili aqvs, sabolood Camoayalibos sanjayi... maT
qveyanaSi, an daniSnos iq qveynis mmarTveli, maSin umcrosma Tavadma
memoires et actes diplomatiques, III, p. 807, Sen. 1.
2 Ibidem. p.807; Minadoi T., p. 124-126; Porsius H., Op. cit., 182. Cildiris
safaSos daarsebis Sesaxeb ix. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis
istoriidan, XVI-XVII ss., gv. 125-135.
3 abubeqri, gv. 35.
4 gansxvavebuli mosazreba ix. abubeqri, gv. 22-23.
417
(manuCarma – e.m.), mmarTvelobis sixarbiT da eSmakis CagonebiT,
sazizRar Tavganwirul saSualebas mimarTa. man ganacxada qristianuli sarwmunoebis uaryofis da windacveTis Tanxmoba, Tu mas
mmarTvelad daniSnaven, radgan ausrulda mas misi survili, igive
wesi Caatarebina 10 wlis yrmas _ Tavis RviZl Svils...“1
avstriis elCi venceslav budovici2 konstantinopolSi piradad
gaecno yvaryvare aTabags. yvaryvares, germanelTan saubarSi, interesi gaumJRavnebia germaniis eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da
sakmaod dawvrilebiT gamoukuiTxavs. SekiTxvebze budovics Tarjimnis saSualebiT mokled upasuxia. budovics yavaryvaresTvis uCuqebia bazelSi berZnul enaze gamocemuli wigni àugsburgis aRsareba“, romelzec warwera gaukeTebiaT elCsa da budovics. `miiRo ra
keTilganwyobiT es wigni, man maSinve ubrZana eTargmnaT igi Tavis,
iberiul, enaze, Tanac dampirda, rom am Targmans berZnul wignTan
erTad Tan waiRebda“3. budovicis naTqvams Sveigeric adasturebs da
misgan damtebiT vigebT, rom yvaryvares avstriis elCisaTvis miurTmevia 60 dukatis Rirebulebis oqros nivTi, elCs ki, Tavis
mxriv yvaryvare saaTiT dausaCuqrebia. yvaryvares da elCs konstantinopolSi erTmaneTTan momosvla hqondaT. Sexvedrebisass yvaryvare elCs mouTxrobda Tavisi qveynis wes-Cveulebebsa da sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb. Sveigeris aRweris mixedviT, yvaryvare fizikurad didi
kacis da vaJkacis STabeWdilebas axdenda. germanels yvaryvares
portretic dauxatavs da misi portreti 1608 wels gamoqveynebul
Tavis wignSi mouTavsebia. yvaryvare 1579 wels 30 wlisa yofila4.
samSobloSi dabrunebul yvaryvares didxans aRar ucocxlia. `mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT is 1581 w. 25 noembers gardaicvala. imave
dRes gardaicvala arCil muxranbatoni. matianeSi saocrad la1 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan, gv. 7.
2 werilidan Cans, rom budovici germaniis saelCos warmomadgeneli iyo
da ara poloneTisa, rogorc i. tabaRua fiqrobda.
3 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, gv. 222.
budovicis naTqvams Sveigeric adasturebs
4 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan. XVI saukunis germaneli misionerimogzauri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 7.
418
konurad, mSralad, mizezze miTiTebis gareSe aRniSnes am ori mniSvnelovani moRvawis gardacvaleba: `q˜kns sÁT, giorgobisTuÀs ke
patronis yBryres da patronis arCilisagan RBTi garisxda“1.
1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 54. qarTlis cxovreba,
II, gv. 526; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 723; qronikebi, II, gv. 419. T. Jordanias
ratomRac miaCnda, rom arCili gardaicvala sparseTSi 1582 wels. (qronikebi,
II, gv. 527). rogorc iTqva, arCili iyo bagrat muxranbatonis da elenes Svili,
Zma dedisimedisa. mis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze moRweulia fragmentuli
cnobebi. 1559 wlis 23 marts SeeZina vaJi erekle (samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 36) arCils es erTad-erTi Svili hyavda.
1573 wels „sparsTa Sei pyres mefis konstantines Zis Ze arCili dedawuliT da wariyvanes yazmins“; „RuinobisTuÀs, ocdaors, dResa xuTSabaTsa,
batoni arCil Sirazs gagzavnes yazminidama, q~ksa sÁa“ (iqve, gv. 41). rogorc
Cans, arCili iranSi colSvilTan erTad yofila (iqve, gv. 45), magram wyaroebSi aRniSnuli ar aris misi iranSi wayvanis mizezi. arCilisa da misi Svilis
cxovreba naTels xdis, rom muxranbatoni svimon mefis momxre iyo da masTan
erTad ebrZoda yizilbaSebs. maT amitom unda SeepyroT arCili.
vidre qaixosro aTabagi cocxali iyo da yazvinSi cxovrobda, arCilic am
qalaqSi yavdaT, SeiZleba sapatio patimrobaSi. aTabagis gardacvalebis Semdeg
(1473 w. 29 seqtemberi), imave wlis 22 oqtombers SirazSi gagzavnes (qarTlis
cxovreba, II, cx., gv. 514).
Sah ismailis gamefebis, svimon I-is alamuTis cixidan ganTavisuflebis
da misTvis samefo taxtze aRdgenis ambavi roca movida, „amave wels (1576)
ivnissa aTabagi yuaryuare, da Zma maTi manuCar, da biZaSvili maTi, muxranis
batonis arCilis Svili, patroni erekle mgelcixes wavides yaenTan elCis gasagzavnelad“ (qarTlis cxovreba, II, cx., gv. 518). magram ar Cans moxerxda Tu
ara elCis gagzavna. imave dReebSi, faqtobrivad daiwyo opozicioneri Tavadebis
ajanyeba jayel-cixisjvrelTa winaaRmdeg. savaraudoa, yvaryvares da manuCars
biZis, xolo erekles ki _ mamis ganTavisufleba SahisaTvis unda eTxovaT. Znelia Tqma, maTma Txovnam gaWra Tu ara, magram ivnisSi (ivanobisTve) arCili Sirazidan yazvinSi daabrunes colSvilianad (iqve, gv. 519). ufro sagulisxmoa,
rom misi tyveobidan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli, svimon mefisadmi erTguleba,
Tanadgoma da osmalebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo ganwyobileba iyo. albaT svimon
mefem Sahs sTxova arCilis masTan erTad saqarTveloSi gaSveba.
mamis msgavsad, svimon mefisa da misi ojaxisadmi erTgulebas iCenda erekle. qarTlis mefe sparseTidan jer ar dabrunebuliyo, misi ojaxi gaWirvebaSi
cxovrobda. „warvida muxranis batonis arCilis Svili erekle surams nestandarejan qarTlis dedofalTana. dedofali Raribad iyo, misTan samyofelad
Cavida“ (iqve, gv. 521). miuxedavad imisa, rom, arCilis Zmam vaxtangma (erekles
biZam), elisbar erisTavma da barZim amilaxorma lala-faSasTan morigeba SesZ-
419
imis gasarkvevad Tu rodis Seiqmna Cildiris safaSo da ra
Tanamdeboba uboZa sulTanma manuCars, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs 1579 wlis 9 dekembers (Cildiris brZolis wlisTavze) Cildiris beglarbegis manuCaryofili mustafas saxelze gacemul huqms. igi daiwera didvziris, mustafa lala faSas mier sulTanTan
gagzavnili werilis safuZvelze. dokumentSi aRniSnulia manuCaris
damsaxureba osmaleTis saxelmwifos winaSe, rac gamoixata imaSi,
rom CildirTan momxdari brZolis meore dRes manuCari da misi Zma
yvaryvare lala mustafa faSasTan mividnen. amis Semdeg maRal portas eaxla manuCari, islami miiRo, saxeli Seicvala da mustafa
dairqva, ris Semdeg Cildiris beglarbegoba eboZa. lala faSas
wardginebiT Seiqmna dokumenti, sadac CamoTvlili iyo is adgilebi, romlebzec manuCar-mustafas gamgebloba gavrceldeboda1. rogorc huqmidan Cans, manuCarma Tavisi sagamgeblo zogierTi adgili
TviTon Caawerina rac SemdegSi sulTanma Secdomad CaTvala da
1579 wlis 9 dekembris huqmiT gaaswora2.
damowmebuli evropeli avtorebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom gamuslimanebulma manuCarma faSoba3 miiRo, riTac igi osmaleTis saxelmles, erekle mainc osmalebs ebrZoda (iqve, 523).
Sah mohamed xudabendes mier ganTavisuflebul svimon I-Tan erTad dabrunda daavadebuli arCili da Tan moiyvana sparselTa tyveobidan daxsnili
mravali qarTveli (qronikebi, II, gv. 417). lala-faSa qarTlSi idga. somxiTSi
mosul arCils osmalo sardalTan molaparakeba ganuzraxavs, magram avadmyofobis gamo ver mouxerxebia (iqve, gv. 50). 1581 wlis 4 agvistos arCili samcxeSi
mivida sadac RvinobisTvemde darCa. am ambavs dedisimedi Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: „patroni arCil mobrZanda awyuÀrs. didi xnis unaxavni daÁ-Zmani SeviyareniT“ (iqve, gv. 54). sul mcire xnis Semdeg, 25 noembers, arCili gardaicvala
(T. Jordanias ratomRac miaCnda, rom arCili gardaicvala iranSi 1582 wels.
qronikebi, II, gv. 527). imave dRes gardaicvala dedisimedis vaJi, naaTabagari
yvaryvare IV (iqve; qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 526; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv.
723; qronikebi, II, gv. 419).
1 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan, gv. 198.
2 iqve, gv. 202.
3 osmaluri wyaroebi sxvadasxva gvarad gansazRvraven Cildiris safaSos
teritoriebs; erTis mixedviT masSi gaerTianebuli iyo axalcixis, artaanisa
da Woroxis yelze mdebare miwebi, sxva cnobiTY ki, olTissa da artaans. ix.
420
wifos moxele gaxda. marTalia, sulTnis brZanebiT misi sagamgeblo
gaizarda, man damatebiT miiRo osmaleTis mier XVI s. Sua xanebSi
dapyrobili dasavleTi samcxe, magram rogorc Semdgom aRmoCnda, manuCari ukmayofilo darCa osmaleTis mier misadmi damokidebulebiT.
manuCari osmalebTan urTierTobis dawyebisas TviTonve ayenebda maTdami morCilebis formas, saxeldobr, rom osmaleTis moxarke gaxdeboda. es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda samcxis mimarT osmaleTis saboloo
mizans _ samcxis da, saerTod, saqarTvelos srul inkorporacias.
manuCaris osmaleTisadmi mimxrobaze saubrisas ar gamovricxav
im moments, rom mas namdvilad hqonda ganzraxuli osmalebze
dayrdnobiT gamxdariyo mTeli samcxe-saaTabagos erTaderTi mbrZanebeli da patroni. arc imis gamoricxva SeiZleba manuCari, mosaCveneblad, garkveul dromde, uerTgulebda osmalebs, miiRebda mTel
samcxes erTpirovnul mflobelobaSi da ufro moxerxebulad izrunebda Tavisi samTavros gadarCenisaTvis.
manuCars osmalebisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqonda: man
faqtobrivad veraferi miiRo. aRmoCnda, rom manuCars ZmasTan urTierTobis gafuWebis, gamuslimanebisa da moRalatis reputaciis
sanacvlod SerCa mxolod sulTnis moxelis Tanamdeboba, romlis
dakargva SeiZleboda sulTnis yoveli kaprizis Sedegad.
manuCarma dainaxa, rogor iolad gamovida rTuli mdgomareobidan misi Zma yvaryvare. man mxolod TxovniT daaRwia Tavi sulTnis
pretenziebs. yvaryvarem qristianobac SeinarCuna da Zveli samflobeloebi aramcTu Seumcires, aramed gaufarToves kidec. `mesxur
matianeSi“ naTqvamia: `patroni yBryBre RTis winac SeurcxuÀneli
da kacTanac falavani daeca xuanTqarTana _ da qarTvelobiT gamoeSua, misis sabaÁtonos wyalobaÁ eqna [xonTqars] da martSi
mobrZanda“1. vaxuSti batoniSvili `mesxuri matianis“ zemomoyvanil
cnobas gadmogvcems Semdegnairad: `yuaryuaresaTÂs xonTqars falavani erkina, yuaryuares daeca. amisTÂs qristeanobiT gamoeSva da
svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 131-132.
421
Tvisi sabatono moeca“1 qarTul istoriografiaSi qronikis es cnoba gagebulia ise, rogorc vaxuStim SemogvTavaza: yvaryvarem Widaobisas dasca sulTnis falavani da amis gamo Seiwyales igi2.
vfiqrob qronikis teqsti unda gavigoT ase: yvaryvare aTabagi
RmerTTan ucodveli da kacTan falavani daeca sulTnis winaSe,
raTa misTvis qarTveloba (qristianoba) SeenarCunebina. rodesac
murad III yvaryvares udrek xasiaTs waawyda, dayola amjobina, yvaryvares dasjis SemTxvevaSi misi samflobeloebi manuCars unda
gadascemoda, rasac sulTnis gegma ar iTvaliswinebda. qristianad
darCenili yvaryvare IV-is mSvidobianad samSobloSi gamoSvebiT
Zmebs Soris garkveul ZalTa wonasworobas Seiqmneboda osmaleTisaTvis am mniSvnelovan regionSi.
manuCaris ukmayofileba osmalTa mimarT gansakuTrebiT gaizrdeboda, rodesac mas samflobeloebi kidev ufro Seumcires da
saaTabagoSi Tavisufali moqmedebis uflebac Seukveces, rac aisaxa
sulTan murad III-is zemoT dasaxelebul huqmSi. sulTani swers:
`keTilSobilma desTurma, Cemma vezirma mustafa faSam... werili
gamogzavna. manamde zemoxsenebuli Cemi veziri roca Tqvens mxareSi
movida, Sen da Seni Zma masTan mixvediT da radgan sruli morCileba gamoucxadeT, Tqveni mdgomareoba gamoasworeT. rodesac xelT
mogces uavgustoesi firmani, Cemi bednierebis karze gamocxaddiT,
vinaidan wminda islamiT gapatiosndi, Cildiris saxeliT cnobili
olqis beglarbegoba geboZa da Tqvenive karnaxiT zogierTi adgili
Tqvens beraTSi CaawerineT. Cemi RvTivdaculi qveynis mier gmirulad dapyrobil adgilTagan zogierTSi SeWra, radgan ar gagvagebine, saWiro gaxda Seni beraTis Secvla... erTi sityviT, zemoxsenebuli Cemi veziris mier gamogzavnil davTarSi [Cawerili] adre
dapyrobil xuT cixe-simagreSi _ Cildiris, Tmogvis, xerTvisis,
aspinZisa da awyuris saxeliT cnobil livebsa da maTze daqvemdebarebul adgilebSi nu SeiWrebi da nu iomeb, roca dapyrobisa da
2 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 168; svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis
urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 130.
422
damorCilebis dro dagidgeba, Tqvens xelSi myofi 17 cixisa da 141
soflis garda, sxva cixeebsa da soflebSi nu Sexval da Tavs nu
daesxmi“1.
amgvarad, kidev erTxel Tavi iCina osmaleTis saxelmwifos
mier ganxorcielebulma `gaTiSe da ibatones“ politikam. is mamulebi, romelTa sazRvrebSi manuCars SeiaraRebuli ZaliT Sesvla
ekrZaleboda, javaxeTSi mdebareobda da im ajanyebul feodalebs
ekuTvnodaT, romelTa vinaobas, mTlad gasagebad ara, magram mainc,
`samcxis matiane“ da vaxuSti batoniSvili gvamcnoben. eseni iyvnen
SalikaSvilebi: varazas (dedisimedis mier moklulis) Svilebi _
kokola da laSqara, maTi biZa gugaqi. SalikaSvilebs mxars uWerdnen: diasamiZe elia da misi Svilebi _ avTandili da Sermazani,
amatakisSvilebi _ amatak, abulyafar, rostomi da amatakis Ze sexnia2. isini orientirebulebi iyvnen yvela im Zalze, romelc maT
interesebs daicavda aTabagis wnaaRmdeg brZolis dros. mniSvneloba ar qonda es Zala sparseTi iqneboda Tu osmaleTi.
Sah Tamazma Tavisi colis Zmis varaza SalikaSvilis mokvlisaTvis Suris saZieblad roca saaTabago aiklo, dedisimedi da misi
Svilebi aWaraSi gadaixvewnen, xolo Sahma samcxe sulTans dauTmo,
vfiqrob, vaxuSti batoniSvils sworad aqvs SeniSnuli zemoT dasaxelebuli samcxeli Tavadebis osmaleTis sulTanTan urTierTobis damyarebis mcdeloba. maTi amgvari nabiji, gadagmuli iyo jayelebis winaaRmdeg. maT aTabagis ojaxis srulad amowyveta surdaT,
rogorc TviT SeTqmulni ikvexidnen3. magram SeTqmulTa gegmis Sesaxeb manuCarma Seityo da Tavis Zmas, aTabag yvaryvare IV-s gaagebina. jayelebma gaqceviT uSveles Tavs.
ajanyebulebma marcxi ganicades, magram isini sabolood ar
Seurigdnen aTabags. rogorc iTqva osmalebis saaTabagoSi SeWramde
yvelam Tu ara, zogierTma maTganma mainc, lala faSasTan kavSiri
1
2
IV, gv
3
abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan, gv. 202-203.
samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 155; qarTlis cxovreba,
719.
samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 44.
423
daamyara da TavianTi cixeebis misTvis ubrZolvelad gadacemiT,
rogorc sulTnis oqmidan Cans, sicocxle da mamulebic jayelebis
xelyofisagan daicves1. huqmSi CamoTvlili adgilebi jayelebis
mowinaaRmdegeTa cixe-simagreebia: Cildiri da Tmogvi _ SalikaSvilebis, xerTvisi _ amastakiSvilebisa, awyuri da aspinZa _ diasamiZeebis. sulTanma es feodaluri gvarebi Tavis xeldebulad
gamoacxada, rac erTis mxriv dasaxelebuli Tavadebis mier sulTnis karisaken mimavali gzis moZiebaze migviTiTebs da, meores mxriv, sulTnis karis mier energiuli beglarbegis _ manuCarisadmi
undoblobaze, rac am ukanasknelis ùkmayofilebis fialas“ bolomde Seavsebda.
sainteresoa, rodis gaigo manuCarma huqmSi Camoyalibebuli
sulTnis gadawyvetileba, romelic daTariRebulia 1579 wlis 9
dekembriT. amgvarad, weli TiTqmis dasrulebulia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT samcxisa da misi samxreT-dasavleTis mimdebare teritoriebis reliefsa da klimatur pirobebs, savaraudoa saqmis msvleloba
1580 wlis adreul gazafxulamde ver daiwyeboda. mxedvelobaSi
miRebuli unda iqnes is procedurac, romelic huqmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: brZaneba gaegzavna lala mustafa faSasTan karahisarSi, arzrumis muharrirs (mwerals, mdivans) _ omers da arzrumis
devTerdars. roca igi manuCaramde miaRwevda, mas sulTnis mier
adre boZebuli `beraTi“ unda gaegzavna lala faSasaTvis, `raTa
winaT SenTvis mizanSewonilad miCneuli uavgustoesi huqmis safuZvelze gacemuli Seni beraTi Seswordes da isev daubrundes Cemi
bednierebis karibWes, raTa imis mixedviT xelaxla gamovce wminda
beraTi“ _ brZanebda sulTani. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudoa, axali `beraTi“ manuCarmde sakmao drois Semdeg miaRwevda.
amaze imitom vamaxvileb yuradRebas, rom gairkves, rodidan iwyebs
manuCari osmalebisagan gandgomas.
manuCaris mier osmalebisagan gandgomis pirveli daufaravi nabiji iyo qorwineba svimon I-is asul eleneze. manuCaris qorwineba
1 ganxiluli masalebis sxvagvari Sefaseba ix. samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 202
424
orjer aris aRniSnuli `mesxur matianeSi“ _ erTxel 1581, meorejer ki _ 1583 wels.
1581 wlis TebervalSi manuCaris qorwinebaze mematiane uaRresad mSralad gvamcnobs: `qBknsa sÁT patronman manuCar guirguini
ikurTxa febervals“. isic ki ar aris miTiTebuli visze iqorwina
manuCarma. qr. SaraSiZis varaudiT, matianeSi manuCarisa da svimon
I-is asulis elenes im qorwinebaze unda iyos aRniSnuli1, romelzec naTqvamia `qBknsa s (200 _ e.m.) samocdaTerTmetsa (1583 w. _
e.m.), marts kd (24 _ e.m.), kuiras dRes, bzobaÁsa patronma manuCar
mefeT-mefis patronis sÂmeonis qali, patroni elene, moiyvana“2.
albaT marTalia qr. SaraSiZe, rom matianeSi aRniSnuli qorwineba
moxda 1581 wels, magram patarZali, raRac mizezebis gamo samcxeSi
moiyvanes 1583 wlis 24 marts. isic SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom manuCaris ori sxavdasxva qorwineba iyos aRniSnuli.
vaxuSti batoniSvili manuCaris da elenes qorwinebas aTariRebs 1582 wliT3. simarTle unda iyos 1581 w. radgan sxva cnobiT,
imave 1581 welSi aRniSnulia manuCaris gandgoma osmalebisagan. ai
ras vkiTxulobT frangi J. buasardos 1581 wels parizSi gamoqveynebul wignSi: `Turqebs Camoscilda moxuci qarTveli dedoflis
vaJiSvili, romelmac arc ise didi xnis win mahmadianoba miiRo. man
Tavis qarTvelebTan da sparselebTan erTad didi dartyma miayena
Turqebs“4.
ra Tqma unda sainteresoa, `mesxur matianeSi“ ratom aris gadmocemuli aTabagis ojaxisaTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani ambavi, rogoric iyo manuCaris qorwineba 1581 wels, ase mSralad gadmocemuli?
isic ki ar aRniSnes visze iqorwina manuCarma, maSin, rodesac rogor garkveviT da sazeimod aris naTqvami dedisimedis sxva Svilis,
manuCaris dis gaTxovebis Sesaxeb5. arc jayelebisTvis, da miTume1
2
3
4
5
nilia
samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 53.
iqve, gv. 54.
qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 413.
tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, gv. 114.
saerTod, `mesxur matianeSi~ qorwilebis Sesaxeb informaciebi Setamokled magram gasagebad (samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi,
425
tes osmalebisaTvis sasimovno ar iqneboda osmalebis da renegatebis dauZinebeli mtris qarTlis mefe svimonisadmi manuCaris dasiZeveba. es qorwineba maSin aRiqmeboda rogorc manuCaris
politikuri orientaciis Secvla.
J. buasardos TqmiT, manuCaris saqcieliT aRSfoTebul sulTans lala faSa Tanamdebobidan gadauyenebia da mis adgilas ferhad
faSa dauniSnavs. murad III-m ferhad faSas ubrZana `nebismieri saSualebebiT, ZaliTa Tu eSmakobiT xelisuflebisagan Camoecilebina
qarTveli dedofali (dedisimedi _ e.m.), xolo svimoni, revanis
sulTani tokmaki, qarTveli mmarTvelebi, romlebic sparselebTan
kavSirSi iyvnen, daexoca“1.
SeiZleba sulTnis brZanebis erTi nawilis ganxorcieleba iyo
aRmosavleTis jaris sardlis mehmed faSas mier mowyobili SeTqmuleba, moekla mustafa (manuCari) moRalateobis braldebiT. mustafa (manuCaris) winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaze gvamcnoben `mesxuri
matiane“, Saraf-xan bidlisi da minadoi.
imis gamo, rom mTavarsardali sinan faSa stambolidan wamosvlas aRar fiqrobda, mTavarsardlis uflebamosileba mas nominalurad hqonda. amitom aRmosavleTis jaris mTavarsardlad dainiSna
mehmed faSa, romelsac sulTanma arzrumis faSis tituli mianiWa
da masve dauqvemdebara yaramaniis faSa, mustafa (manuCar) faSa,
arzrumis mTeli laSqari da yvela sanjaxi. sul Seikriba 25 aTasi
meomari.
svimon mefis mier warmoebuli samxedro operaciebis gamo, Tbilisis osmalTa garnizoni uaRresad gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. osmalo sardlis mTavari amocana Tbilisis garnizonisaTvis daxmareba iyo.
rogor ganviTarda movlenebi, yvelaze vrclad da sinamdvilegv. 37, mx. 5; gv. 39, mx. 17); òravJandas Suili qaixosro aqaT gamoegzavna.
qkBns sÁv, enkenisTuÀs oTxs, xuTSabaTs qorwili uyaviT, masTan patroniSvils
Tamars. samebaman da saSinelma awyurisa RBismSobelman wBn qorwili bednierad
mouÃdinos. Wama agurianSi iyo, TaTarTa SiSiTa. dia CBni ugunebo qorwili
iyo~. samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 60.
1 iqve.
426
sTan axlos aRwera t. minadoim. amitom mis Txrobas mivyveT: 1581
wlis agvistos bolos mehmed faSa arzrumidan gavida, gaiara yarsi
da axalqalaqs mivida, sadac mustafa (manuCari) eaxla mTeli Tavisi jariT da bodiSi moixada, rom arzrumSive ver SeuerTda osmalTa laSqars. mehmed faSam manuCari sixaruliT miiRo, xalaTi,
fari da xmali uboZa. mehmed faSam manuCars sTxova, rom laSqari
Tbilisisaken uxifaTo da mokle gziT waeyvana. manuCarma mas Tavis
samflobeloze gavla urCia. mehmed faSam miiRo es rCeva. laSqarma
yovelgvari Seviwroebisa da sursaTis naklebobis gareSe gaiara
alTunyala da yarayala da gorisken aiRes gezi.
svimon mefe qarTvelTa da qarTulad Cacmuli yizilbaSTa
razmebiT gorTan elodeboda osmalTa jars. yizilbaSebi qarTul
tansacmelSi imitom gamoawyes, rom am dros mimdinareobda sazavo
molaparakeba sparseTsa da osmaleTs Soris da yizilbaSebi SiSobdnen maTi monawileoba svimonis jaris rigebSi, osmalebs molaparakebis CaSlis mizezad ar gamoeyenebinaT. rogorc Cans, yizilbaSebi sulTanTan molaparakebiT drois mogebas cdilobdnen da
undodaT, SeZlebisdagvarad, ufro myarad moekidebinaT fexi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.
mehmed faSa qarTvelebTan omSi Cabmas erideboda. man mosaTaTbireblad TavisTan miiwvia manuCari. sardals ainteresebda manuCaris azri, gadasuliyo mdinareze Tu dilamde daecada. manuCarma
urCia, umjobesi iqneboda gaTenebamde daecada, radgan mdinaris meore napirze mTeli jaris ucbad gadayvana ver moxerxdeboda da or
nawilad gayofil jars mteri iolad daZlevda1.
minadois TqmiT, mehmed faSas manuCarTan TaTbiri imisTvis
undoda, rom misi azri gaego da sruliad sawinaaRmdegod moqceuliyo. mehmed faSam `mtris danaxvis momentidan mtkiced SeimuSava
azri, rom mustafa (manuCarsa) da sparselebs Soris SeTanxmeba
arsebobda da rom mustafam mzakvruli ganzraxviT daayena jari am
gzaze. mehmed faSam brZana saswrafod daewyoT gadasvla mdinareze.
jaris erTi nawili gadavida Tu ara, maSinve qarTvelebma Seuties
1 Minadoi, p. 186-187
427
da osmalebma didi marcxi ganicades. maT dahkarges jaris didi
nawili, mTeli aRali da xazina. gadarCenili jaris mcire nawilma
Tbilisamde miaRwia1.
mehmed faSam ganizraxa qarTvelebTan gancdili marcxi manuCaris RalatiT aexsna da am gziT emarTlebina Tavi sulTnis winaSe.
mehmed faSam manuCaris mokvla Caifiqra2, magram kinaRam TviTon
Seiqmna manuCaris msxverpli3.
Tbilisidan alTunyalaSi dabrunebulma mehmed faSam `nawilobriv Tavisi, nawilobriv ki sxvisi CagonebiT ganizraxa mustafas
(manuCari _ e.m.) mokvla, romelzedac eWvi hqonda, rogorc Tavis
damarcxebaSi damnaSaveze. mas zogierT sxvasTan erTad miaCnda, rom
is iyo saidumlo kavSirSi mterTaNan ukidures SemTxvevaSi (rac
SeiZleba Zalian sworec iyos, rogorc sxvebi fiqroben) surda
(sulTani –e.m.) muradi miexvedrebina, rom yvela ubedureba gamomdinareobda ara misi uvargisobiT, aramed am qarTvelis mzakvruli SegonebiT, da amiT bodiSi moexada sulTnis winaSe Tavis marcxze. man
daiwyo saSualebebis gamonaxva Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad da
moigona aseTi ram: moewvia sabWo TiTqos miRebuli gankargulebis
wasakiTxad. TaTbirze mis TanaSemwes, ramdenime TanaSemwiT, Tavi unda
moekveTa mowveuli mustafasaTvis. amgvarad, gaixsna TaTbiri saWurisi karaemiTis faSis, ramdenime arzrumis sanjaxis, kapijibaSis da
mehmedis TanaSemwis monawileobiT. maT saidumlo fici dades, mustafas Ralatis sakiTxi ganixiles da kaci gagzavnes mis mosayvanad.
1 Minadoi T., p. 184-189. Saraf-xan bidlisi igive ambavs gadmogvcems Semdegnairad: `svimon gurjma yizilbaS amirebTan erTad... maT gadauketa gza da
waarTva [Tbilisis] cixisaTvis aucilebeli ormoci xarvari oqro da sxva
maragi, ramac Seadgina, daaxloebiT, 2 aTasi xarvari. brZolebisas daiRupa
bevri xalxi~. Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 241.
2 sainteresoa Saraf-xan bidlisis cnoba, rom manuCari meTaurobda ariergards da misi gaufrTxileblobiTa da waqezebiT gabedes osmalTa jarze Tavdasxma. amitom sardalma gadawyvita manuCaris dapatimreba da sulTnis karze
gagzavna, sadac mas danaSaulisaTvis dasjidnen.
3 Minadoi, p. 194-197. manuCaris sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebis arsebobas,
rogorc iTqva, adasturebs Saraf-xan bidlisi (с. 241-242). manuCaris sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaze gadmogvcems `mesxuri matiane~ (gv. 54)
428
manuCari sargeblobda ra mraval [TurqTan] kargi urTierTobiT
da imave dros frTxilic iyo, im droidan rac miTqma-moTqma daiwyo
jarSi misi misamarTiT, igrZno saiTken ixreboda saqme da saidumlod imanac miiRo Tavisi zomebi.
sabWoSi gamocxadebaze uaris Tqma ar SeiZleboda, radgan mis
iq ar yofnas SeiZleboda xazi gaesva misi danaSaulisaTvis da saqme iqamde misuliyo, rom misTvis dauswreblad miesajaT sasjeli,
ris Semdeg mTeli misi samflobelo [Turqebis] davla gaxdeboda.
sabWoze wasvlis win [manuCarma] gamonaxa saSualeba Tavi daeRwia
Turqebis xelyofisagan, SeiZleba ufro saSiSi TviT mehmedisaTvis,
raTa yvelas uCvenos Tu visTan aqvT saqme. man gamoarCia 50 yvelaze
erTguli jariskaci da uTxra, rom mas gahyolodnen sxdomis adgilas, romelic ukve mimdinareobda mehmedis [karavSi], dadgnen iq
momzadebulni da yuradRebiT da misi pirveli dayvirebisTanave yvela
swrafad Secvivdes karavSi. isini daicaven ra [manuCars], miscvivdebian Turqebs da aravis daindoben. isini sakmaod aRelvebulni Turqebis winaaRmdeg, davalebis Sesasruleblad moemzadnen. maT Tavis
mxriv xalisiT moiwvies kidev ramdenime Tavdadebuli kaci da gahyvnen mustafas mehmedis karvisaken. mustafa Sevida karavSi da mehmeds
hkiTxa, ris saTqmelad daibara igi. mehmedma maSinve brZana waekiTxaT
brZaneba. [manuCarma] yuradRebiT moismina ra is da radgan sxvebi
dasxdnen (TurqebSi miRebulia zezeurad moisminon sulTnis firmani), is gamoeTxova da dahpirda, rom mzad iyo aramc Tu amis, aramed
xelmwifis yvela brZanebis Sesasruleblad, rac unda Zneli yofiliyo. rodesac is gamodioda, kapijibaSim is saxeloTi moswia da dasajdomad miiwvia. maSin mustafam xmamaRla daiyvira, xmali gamostaca
da daartya mis win mdgom mehmedis TanaSemwes, romelsac xeliT fesi
moxada Tavidan, marjveniT ki swrafad, saerTo gancvifrebaSi, erTis
dartymiT Sua gaupo Tavi da kiseri da mkerdi muclamde, ise rom
araCveulebrivi sanaxaoba gamovida kacisa, romelic kvdeboda orTave
mxareze gadakidebuli mxrebiT. man meored xmali daumizna sazakuris
faSas Tavs, magram mas radgan Calma exura, xmali asxlta yurisaken
da moaTala Calmis nawili, mTeli yuri da ybis nawili. mTlad ga429
xurebuli [mustafa/manuCari] mivarda ukve fexze amdgar, gaognebul
mehmeds da 5 sasikvdilo Wriloba miayena, romelTagan ori gansakuTrebiT Rrma, mas sikvdilis karamde miiyvanda, marjve xeliT rom
ar ganekurnaT. sarwmunoebisagan gandgomili [mustafa/manuCaris] yvirilze Semocvivda misi xalxi. gamZvinvarebuli mustafas [manuCari]
mier atexili saSinelebisa da mis mier aCexilTa ayalmayalisagan,
banaki saswrafod aiyara da razmi gaemarTa yarsisaken, saiTac waiyvanes ori daWrili faSa~1.
`mesxuri matianis“ 1582 wliT daaTariRebul CanawerSi Zalian
mokled, magram sxva wyaroebTan mimarTebaSi sworad, naTqvamia:
`qBkns sÁo patrons manuCars uRalates urumTa. patroni morCa.
orniv faSa mZimed daikodnes da gaiqces da Temi CBnve dagurCa“2.
samcxeSi manuCaris ajanyeba daiwyo. man uaryo mahmadianoba da
Tavis Tavi gamoacxada manuCar II aTabagad. manuCari osmalebis mimarT pasiuri winaaRmdegobis gzas ki ar daadga, aramed iaraRiT
ebrZoda maT. manuCars oamalebis mier dapyrobili cixeebi gauTavisuflebia, romlebic SemdegSi isev osamlebma daipyres3. iranis Sahma muhamed xudabendem xelsayrelad CaTvala samcxeSi momxdari
ambebi da aTabagis ojaxs daukavSirda. `da yaeni ganjas movida. da
patrons manuCars CalabuTi mosca da dedisimeds xuTi didi
sofeli“4.
1 Minadoi T., p. 194-197. Saraf-xan bidlisi ramdenadme gansxvavebulad
gadmoscems mehmad faSas karavSi datrialebul trgedias: beglarbegebma mustafa/manuCari daibares da misi daWera surdaT. man ki icoda maTi mzakvruli
Canafiqris Sesaxeb, xmlis dakvriT daWra sardali mehmed faSa, diarbeqiris
faSa mehmed faSa yadimi, Semdeg Tavisi aznaurebis daxmarebiT mokla arzrumis mamasaxlisi mehmed faSa, romelmac manuCari welsaxveviT daiWira, TviTon
ki moaxta cxens da ramdenime TanamebZoliT wavida (Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с.
242). erT-erTi osmalo istorikosis gadmocemiT, manuCari `990 wels(=1582),
dagvifaros allahma, isev qristianobaSi moiqca. sursaT-sanovagis aRalis xelmZRvanelebi xadim mehmedi da bosnieli mehmed faSebi karavSi daWra da gaiqca.
tyuil-ubralod dakarga saaqaoca da saiqioca da daiRupa (ibrahim feCevi, gv.
115, Sen. 57).
3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд.
4 iqve.
430
gasagebia, rogori iqneboda sulTnis karis reaqcia manuCaris
moqmedebis gamo. igi Cildiris faSis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebulad
gamocxadda da mis adgilas dainiSna BTbilisis yofili beglarbegi,
iusuf faSa1. magram man Tavi ver gaarTva dakisrebul movaleobas _
verc manuCaris ajanyeba Caaqro da verc Tbilisis momarageba uzrunvelyo. iusuf faSa 1583 wels yarsis beglarbegad gadaiyvanes2.
manuCaris ajanyeba imdenad seriozul safrTxes uqmnida osmalTa yofnas samcxeSi, rom sulTanma daTmoba arCia. safiqrebelia,
osmalebma urCies manuCars, sulTnis winaSe bodiSi moexada, raTa
sulTani damcirebul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCeniliyo. mas Sewyalebas da Tavis rangSi aRdgenas hpirdebodnen.
manuCars, jerjerobiT naadrevad miaCnda osmalebisagan sruli
gandgoma. man `sulTans gaugzavna pataki yvela mis Tavze momxdari
ambis Sesaxeb, Cioda misTvis Seuracxmyofel, usafuZvlo eWvebze.
man imdeni wera da ise [moxerxebulad] faravda Tavis grZnobebs
monagoniT da monaWoriT, rom kmayofilma sulTanma saCuqrad fari
da tanisamosic ki gamougzavna“3.
ra Tqma unda, sulTani manuCars ar endoboda. is axal mTavarsaredals ferhad faSas (is osmaleTis aRmosavleTis jarebis mTavarsardlad dainiSna 1582 wlis 29 dekembers) urCevda, garkveul
dromde Tavi Seekavebina manuCarisadmi mtrobaze, radgan igi miaCnda
erTaderT pirovnebad, romelsac SeeZlo daubrkoleblad mietana
garnizonisaTvis saWiro Tanxa TbilisSi. manuCaris SemorigebiT
Tbilisisaken mimavali gza uxifaTo iqneboda da mTeli saqarTveloc morCilebaSi eyolebodaT“4.
osmalebTan `Serigebuli“ manuCari Semdgomi brZolisaTvis emzadeboda. manuCarma icoda, rom mxolod Tavisi ZalebiT warmatebas
ver miaRwevda. amitom iyo, rom rogorc iTqva, man colad SeirTo
I-is asuli elene da amiT Seikra kavSiri qarTlis mefesa da sam1 m. svaniZis varaudiT, iusuf faSa imereTis mefe giorgis Svili iyo.
svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 141-142.
2 iqve, gv. 153-154.
3 Minadoi T., p. 197.
4 Ibidem. p. 218.
431
cxis aTabags Soris. osmalTa jaris sardali SeaSfoTa am ambavma.
mas Semdegi moaxsenes: mustafa (manuCari) da svimoni Tbilisis
maxloblad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. manuCars 30 aTasi dukati mihqonda
Tbilisis garnizonisaTvis gadasacemad. svimoni didxans elaparakeboda manuCars da sayvedurobda, rom man uRalata qristianobas,
Tavs esxmoda qristianebs, magram mas sabolood osmalebi mainc
daRupavdnen. mefis mWermetyvelurma Segonebam gasWra, man Tavi
mohkveTa Tavis mxleblebs, svimons erTguleba Sehfica da garnizonis xazinac gauyo. amis Semdeg manuCarma Tavi Seafara miuval adgilebs da iqidan fiqrobda xeli SeeSala TbilisisaTvis daxmarebis yovelgvari mcdelobisaTvis. aRSfoTebulma ferhad faSam
eqvsaTasiani razmi gaagzavna manuCaris mamulebis asaklebad vinme
rezvanis meTaurobiT. man `gaiara mTeli es mxare, cecxls aZlevda
sacxovreblebsa da pureulobas da yvelaferze javrs iyrida TviT
nargavebzec ki. mravali tyve da saqoneli waiyvana, waiRo bevri
pureuli da sadac ki gaivlida yvelafers spobda“1.
svimon mefem da manuCarma partizanuli brZola gaaCaRes osmalTa winaaRmdeg da sadac moixelTebdnen musrs avlebdnen. arc
osmalebi aklebdnen da samcxe ganadgurebis piras mivida. xelT
gvaqvs ramdenime werilobiTi cnoba, romlebic naTels xdis ra
saSineleba trialebda manuCaris samflobeloSi.
zamTris moaxloebis gamo ferhad faSa iZulebuli gaxda yarsSi an arzrumSi dabrunebuliyo. manamde ki man ganizraxa aeklo
manuCaris samflobeloebi da javaxeTisaken gaeSura. magram axalqalaqisa da alTunyalas sanaxebidan mTeli mosaxleoba gaxiznuli
iyo da sursaTi ver iSova. amis gamo jari did gasaWirSi aRmoCda2.
don xuani da t. minadoi erTnairad amboben, rom dasaxelebuli
adgilebidan osmalebi axalcixisaken wavidnen, magram isic dacarielebuli daxvdaT. minadois TqmiT, osmalebma axalcixeSi adamianebisa da pirutyvis sakvebi blomad iSoves3, don xuani ki sruliad
1 Ibidem. p. 225-226.
432
sawinaaRmdegos ambobs. axalcixeSi osmalebs igive mdgomareoba daxvdaT, rac axalqalaqsa da alTunyalaSio1.
ferhad faSas axalcixeSi cixis ageba ganuzraxavs, magram ganawamebma jarma amis gagonebac ki ar isurva da saqme amboxebamde mivida. sardals mokvliT daemuqrnen, amitom igi iZulebuli gaxda,
axalcixe daetovebina da artaans wasuliyo. osmalTa jarSi Seqmnil
sagangaSo mdgomareobaze erTnairad gadmogvcems ramdenime wyaro2.
gzad mimaval osmalebs didi zarali miayenes manuCar aTabagis
razmebma. isic ki moxda, rom artaanSi `qarTvelebi Tavs daesxnen
saWurisebs, etlebsa da qalebs da yvelaferi daitaces“. don xuani
eWvs gamosTqvams, rom aseTi moqmedeba SeiZleboda ferhad faSaze
ganawyenebul ianiCrebsac CaedinaT, raTa sardlisaTvis saxeli
gaetexaT3. T. minadois TqmiT, zemoT aRniSnuli incindenti jariskacebis mowyobili iyo, magram ar gamoricxavs, rom igive qmedeba
mezobel tyeebSi damalul qarTvelebsac CaedinaT4.
manuCaris razmebi partizanuli brZoliT musrs avlebdnen osmalebs. isini yvelas xocavdnen, vinc ki jars mcire manZiliT CamorCeboda. jovani miqelis gadmocemiT, ase mouvida sami aTas Turqs, romlebic didi Tovlis gamo ZiriTad jars CamorCnen da
qarTvelebma amowyvites5. amgvarad, don xuan de persias da Sarafxan bidlisis cnobebs Tu davumatebT jovani miqelis naTqvamsac,
marTebuli iqneba, ferhad faSasTvis miyenebul zarals manuCars Tu
mivawerT. sainteresoa, rom evropuli wyaroebi mraval cnobas Seicaven 1584-1586 wlebSi saqarTvelosa da mis mosazRvre raionebSi
osmalebis mir gancdili mravali marcxis Sesaxeb, magram gamarjvebulebad zogadad dasaxelebuli arian qarTvelebi6. ueWvelia, rom
am gamarjvebebis gmirebi qarTlis mefe I da samcxis aTabagi manuCar
2 Minadoi T., p. 240; Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 246.
5 Alberi E., Relacioni… serie III, v. II, p. 286
6 dawvr. ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri
urTierTobani, gv. 225-231.
433
II iyvnen. ueWvelia, mefes da aTabags osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
mxars uWerda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da es iyo maTi warmatebis
umTavresi piroba.
1586 wlis Semodgomaze gaCenilma Savma Wirma arzrumTan dabanakebuli osmalTa jari gaanaxevra1. qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs
ferhad faSis banakze Tavdasxmis mSvenieri SesaZlebloba miecaT.
osmalebi sruli ganadgurebisagan ixsna mokavSireebs Soris Camovardnilma uTanxmoebam. qarTvelebma yizilbaSebi miatoves da samSobloSi dabrundnen2.
ar vici riT iyo gamowveuli qarTvelebsa da sparselebs Soris
uTanxmoeba, magram savaraudoa, rom amis mizezi unda yofiliyo
manuCaris mier sulTanTan mosalaparakeblad mociqulis gagzavna,
rogorc Tavisi korespondenti fugeris gazeTs 1586 wlis 31
oqtombers, xolo veneciidan safrangeTis mefis agenti imave wlis
4 noembers anri III-s acnobebda, osmaleTis sataxto qalaqSi `mivida saqarTvelos patriarqi sulTanTan mosalaparakeblad. es amtkicebs seriozul winaaRmdegobis arsebobas qarTvelebsa da iranis
Sahis vaJiSvils Soris“3.
stambolSi mociqulad gagzavnili `saqarTvelos patriarqi“
`mesxur matianeSi“ moxseniebuli mawyvereli episkoposi unda iyos.
manuCarma episkoposs Tan gaayola mZevlebic. àqa mawyuEreli gagzavnes kostantinopoles da sapatoni mZevlad: SalikaSvili ediSer,
SalikaSvili elia da amilaxoriSvili qoiar“4. matianis am cnobas
qr. SaraSiZe 1587 wliT aTariRebs, rac saeWvo Cans. vfiqrob, manuCaris mier elCisa da mZevlebis gagzavna unda momxdariyo 1586
wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi, mis mier sulTnis karze mociqulis
gagzavnis Sesaxeb cnobebs evropul wyaroebSi, rogorc zemoT iT1 tardi l., ungreT – saqarTvelos urTierToba, gv. 150.
2 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Centrale contemporaines de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélolodie~, vol.
XXXI, Paris, 1973, p. 192.
memoires et actes diplomatiques, IV, Paris, 1860.
434
qva, pirvelad vxvdebiT 31 oqtombers, meored ki, imave wlis 4
noembers.
sainteresoa, manuCarma ratom gaugzavna sulTans mZevlebad
aTabagis ojaxis dauZinebeli mtrebi _ SalikaSvilebi da amilaxoriSvili? maTi gagzavna sulTnis kars xom ise unda gaego, rogorc
manuCaris mier maTi motyuebis mcdeloba da, asec gaiges. albaT,
amitomac aris imave `mesxur matianeSi“ naTqvami, rom osmaleTSi
`mZevlebi daiWires; patroni manuCar veRar miendo“1. mawyverelis
Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.
sulTnis ganrisxebis sxva mizezic arsebobda. aTabag manuCaris
mier stambolSi episkoposis gagzavna osmaleTis mTavrobis pirdapiri gamowveva iyo. Tvis droze ukve iTqva manuCaris sazeimo
windacveTasa da gamuslimanebis Sesaxeb. exla mis mier qristianuli eklesiis, kerZod, samcxis eklesiis meTauris – mawyvereli
episkoposis mociqulis rangSi gagzavna sulTnis karze, logikurad
da faqtobrivadac niSnavda, rom manuCari oficialurad daubrunda
qristianobas. savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs m. svaniZe, rom `stambolSi episkoposisa da mZevlebis gagzavna imaze miuTiTebs, rom manuCari sulTnisagan moiTxovda, ecno igi qristianobiT aTabagad da
samcxesa da osmaleTs Soris damokidebulebis politikuri forma
damyarebuliyo moxarkeobis safuZvelze“2.
osmaleTis xelisuflebas saaTabagos bedi gadawyvetilad miaCnda _ is osmaleTis saxelmwifos nawili unda gamxdariyo da
aTabagis sasargeblod raime koreqtivis Setana sulTans saWirod
ar miaCnda.
1587 wels kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTis mfarvelobis miRebam
SeaSfoTa osmaleTi, radgan amas SeiZleboda gamoewvia misi mdgomareobis garTuleba, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasiaSi. amitom osmaleTis mTavrobam ganizraxa, radac ar unda
dajdomoda, qarTlis samefos da saaTabagos winaaRmdegoba gaetexa.
ferhad faSam jer aWara daipyro da mTeli ZalebiT (mas exmarebo1 iqve.
2 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osamleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 164.
435
da guriis mTavari) daiwyo brZola manuCaris winaaRmdeg. manuCarma
daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa Tavis simamrs svimon I-s, romelic dauyovnebliv gaeSura samcxisaken, magram osmalebis goris dasapyrobad
wasvlis ambavi rom Seityo iZulebuli gaxda ukan gabrunebuliyo.
osmalebma axalcixe daipyres da Cildiris safaSos SeuerTes.
samcxeSi osmalebis warmatebam aTabagis mowinaaRmdege feodalebis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia da ferhad faSa maTi daxmarebiT manuCarisa da misi momxreebis gandevnas cdilobda. rodesac ferhad
faSam gori daipyro, masTan gamocxadda gamuslimanebuli kokola
varazas Ze SalikaSvili (is axla dirazis Ze mahmud xanis saxels
atarebda) da svimon mefis Sepyrobas dahpirda. osmalo sardalma
daakmayofila misi Txovna da igi goris beglarbegad daniSna1.
1587 osmalebis waqezebiTa da mxardaWeriT, Sinauri moRalateebis xeliT, miRweuli iqna is, rasac mteri mTeli aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebda saaTabagoSi. samTavros da mTavris tragedia Zalian mokled, magram naTlad gadmocemulia `mesxur matianeSi“: `bevr rigi moRalate Semoadges patrons manuCars; veRar
daudgna da axaldabas coli waiyuana da wavida.
patroni dedisimedi da patronis yBryBres Svili _ patroni
qaixosro sakanafes cixeSi dadges.
da diasamiZe elia demoTias cixes savalinSvili saRalatod
Seuyena. uRalates, cixe waarTueÀs da bevri saqoneli da salaro
daiWires.
da gogoriSvilma beJan cixijuari ukuiWira da misca faSas.
Semogviyenes moRalateni da veRarc CBn daudgeniT da CavediT
axaldabas marts naxevar...
merme patroni manuCar veRar miendo; Rone veRar moigona ra.
dagviwyes mociquloba. patroni dedisimedi da patroni Cemi SvilisSvili patroni qaixosro gamougzavnes axalcixes faSasTana,
Sobis wina dRes“2.
amgvarad, osmalebma Eisargebles saaTabagos qarTvel feodal1 iqve, gv. 164-167.
436
Ta mniSvnelovani nawilis aTabag manuCarTan dapirispirebiT, agreTve, manuCarsa da yizilbnaSebs Soris uTanxmoebiT, ramac, bunebrivia
friad Seasusta osmalebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zalebi. ferhad
faSam SeimuSava gegma, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelodan unda ganedevnaT is gavleniani adamianebi, vinc osmalebs eurCebodnen.
ra Tqma unda, osmalebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi ki ferhad faSisTvis arasasurvel saqarTvelos gavlenian adamianebSi igulisxmebodnen manuCar II aTabagi da qarTlis mefe svimon I. osmaleTis mTavrobam
ganixila ferhad faSas gegma da mas mxari dauWira1.
ferhad faSas gegmis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
Sedegi iyo is, rom manuCar II-es mouspes svimon mefisagan daxmarebis miRebis imedi da SesaZlebloba. misi mdgomareoba unda daemZimebina, agreTve, aTabagis ojaxis mtris, kokola SalikaSvilis sparselTagan gandgomas da osmalTa samsaxurSi gadasvlas. radgan
manuCars saqarTveloSi aRar daedgomeboda, sxva gza aRar rCeboda
garda imisa, rom kvlav sparseTSi eZia daxmarebac da TavSesafaric.
Sahis karis misadmi keTilganwyobaSi mniSvneloba eqneboda mis
brZolas osmalebis winaaRmdeg svimon mefesTan erTad, romelic
didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda sparseTSi.
Znelia dadgena, rodis daiwyo manuCarma Sah abasis karTan daaxloeba da misi samsaxuri. SeiZleba frTxili varaudis daSveba, rom
manuCar aTabagi igulisxmeba isqander munSis mier orjer dasaxelebul manuCar begSi2.
isqander munSi Tavis TxzulebaSi asaxelebs Sahis karis moxeles vinme manuCar begs. XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze sxva begis
titulis matarebeli manuCari, CemTvis cnobil sparsul wyaroebSi,
ar Cans. manuCari Sahis karzea 1597/8 wels da mas eSikaRasibaSis
sakmaod maRali Tanamdeboba ukavia. aRniSnul wels is indoeTis
xelmwifis jelal ed-din mohamed aqbaris karze elCad gaigzavna.
1 tardi l., ungreT_saqarTvelos urTierToba, gv. 153-154.
2 unda aRiniSnos, rom isqander munSi sxvagan asaxelebs manuCar-xans,
da iqve miuTiTebs, rom is svimon-xanis siZea. sruliad mosalodnelia, rom
manuCar-begi (gv. 41-42) da manuCar-xani (svimon mefis siZe) (gv. 29, 44, 71, 73)
sxvadasxva pirovnebebia.
437
savaraudoa, manuCarma maRal doneze Seasrula masze dakisrebuli
movaleoba, radgan is imave Tanamdebobazea XVIUI s. dasawyisSic.
sainteresoa, rom isqander munSi masze mogviTxrobs maSin, rodesac
kvlav indoeTis xelmwife aqbaris elCi 1602/3 w. modis Sahis karze. am dros yizilbaSebs erevnis cixisaTvis alya hqondaT Semortymuli da Sahic iq imyofeboda. manuCarma indoeTis elCi erevnis
cixesTan miiyvana. èrTi sityviT, xsenebuli elCi Zlevamosil urdoSi movida erevnis cixis Zirze da manuCar-begis TanxlebiT mejlisSi iqna pativiT miRebuli“1.
sainteresoa, sad imyofeboda manuCari 1603/4 wels, im dros,
rodesac isqander munSi mogviTxrobs Sahis mier saaTabagoSi saTareSod jaris gagzavnis Sesaxeb: `hasan-xani zogierT amirTan erTad
gaigzavna saTareSod mesxeTis axalcixeze, romelic svimon-xanis
siZis manuCar-xanis òlqa“ iyo da osmalebs hqondaT dakavebuli.
man (hasan-xanma _ e.m.) es samsaxuri sasurvelad Seasrula, mravali
qali da bavSvi urjulo qarTvelebisa daatyveva da uvneblad da
keTilad daabruna“2. istorikosisi naTqvamidna gamomdinare axalcixis mxare iseTi upatrono da mitovebuli Cans, rom eWvi Cdeba,
cocxali iyo Tu ara am dros manuCari3. vfiqrob am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SeiZleba isev isqander munSis Txzulebis Semdegi cnobebis moSveliebiT. danamdvilebiT Cans, rom manuCari 1609 wels
cocxali aRar aris. isqander munSi, roca aRniSnul wels momxdar
ambebze ixsenebs, ambobs: `sanam manuCar-xani cocxali iyo, is cdilobda daxmareboda svimon-xans. mis Semdeg osmalebi im qveyanaSi
gabatondnen da svimon xanis qaliSvili, romelic manuCar-xanis
meuRle da energiuli mandilosani iyo, Tavis patara vaJiSviliT
da maTi ojaxis erTguli msaxurebis mcire ricxviT im qveynis
tyeebsa da mTebSi afarebda Tavs“4. manuCari cocxali aRar aris im
1 isqander munSi, gv. 41-42.
2 iqve, gv. 44.
3 manuCaris gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. m. svaniZe, dasax. naSromi,
gv. 295-is sqolio.
438
dros, rodesac Sah abass alyaSi mouqcevia erevani, rac sakmaod
didxans gagrZelda _ 1603 wlis noembridan 1604 wlis ivlisamde.
isqander munSis mixedviT viciT, rom erevnis cixis alyis dros
Sahis banakSi imyofebodnen qarTlis mefe giorgi X da kaxeTis mefe
aleqsandre II1. erevnis cixis alyaze da qarTvel mefeebze Txrobis
damTavrebis Semdeg, istorikosi gadmogvcems, imave alyis dros,
rogor aikles yizilbaSebma axalcixis mxare2. isqander munSi hasanxanis mier axalcixis dalaSqvris ambavs kvlav ixsenebs 1609 wlis
ambebze Txrobisas: ìm xanebSi, roca uavgustoesma [Sahma] azerbaijanSi gamoilaSqra da erevnis cixes Semoadga, Sah iusuf faSa,
romelic axalcixis erTi gamuslimanebuli batoniSvili iyo da
osmaleTis sulTnisagan faSis xarisxi hqonda miRebuli, im velaieTis zogi adgilis mmarTveli iyo. erTbaSad erTi razmi yizilbaSTa Zlevamosili jarisa, hasan-xan usTajlus meTaurobiT, rogorc
im wlis ambebSia aRwerili, xsenebul velaieTze Tavdasasxmelad
gagzavnes... Sah iusuf faSas da osmalebis saqme waxda“3. yizilbaSebis warmatebiT imedmocemulma manuCar II-is meuRlem Sahis kars
mimarTa, misTvis daebrunebinaT `Tavisi dakarguli qveyana“. Sah
abasma TbilisSi, zagemsa da ahsanabadSi myof Tavis amirebs daavala
manuCar II-is memkvidre manuCar III-sa da misi dedisaTvis daxmareba
da Tanadgoma gaewiaT.
Sahis brZanebis aRsruleba SesaZlebeli gaxda 1607 wlidan,
`roca didebuli almebi (e.i. Sahi) Sirvanze laSqrobdnen, im Tavgamodebulma mandilosanma (elenem-e.m.) yizilbaSTa amirebisa da
Tavis ojaxis erTgul msaxurebTan erTad iwyo brZola xsenebuli
qveynis dasapyrobad, gailaSqra Sah iusuf faSaze, daamarcxa, daiWira is as ormocdaaT kac osmalosTan erTad da axalcixis cixe,
romelic im velaieTis udidesi simagrea, xelSi Caigdo“4. axalcixis garda gamarjvebulebma daipyres saaTabagos didi nawili. da
1
2
3
4
iqve, gv. 41, 44.
iqve, gv. 44.
iqve, gv. 72.
iqve.
439
amis Semdeg, aTabagis qvrivma elenem Tavisi warmomadgenlebi SahTan
SemaxaSi gagzavna, TviTon ki Tavis Teqvsmeti wlis vaJTan, manuCarTan (isqander munSi mas aTabeg-xans uwodebs) erTad axalcixeSi
darCa1. elenes mociqulebi, 1607 wlis 29 ivliss, Sahs eaxlnen da
mopovebuli warmatebebis Sesaxeb moaxsenes2.
saeWvoa, rom elenes mociqulebi Sah abasTan mxolod amis mosaxseneblad misuliyvnen. maT raime mniSvnelovani saTxovaric eqnebodaT, SeiZleba manuCar meoris memkvidre manuCar mesamis aTabagad
aRdgenac da sxva ramec eTxovaT, magram amis Sesaxeb, dReisaTvis
cnobili wyaroebi arafers gvamcnobs3. sxvaTaSoris, isqander munSis aqvs erTi Zalian saintereso cnoba: rodesac sparseli istorikosi manuCar II-is gardacvalebaze da misi svimon I-sadmi mudmiv
Tanadgomaze gadmogvcems, iqve imasac aRniSnavs, rom mas Semdeg rac
osmalebi samcxeSi gabatondnen misi qvrivi da mcirewlovani vaJi,
erTgul msaxurebTan erTad tyeebsa da mTebSi afarebdnen Tavs. ìm
ocdaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, roca mTeli saqarTvelo osmalebis
qveSevrdomi da moxarke iyo, xsenebuli mandilosani bevrs ecada,
rom rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi osmalebi qarTvel
mmarTvelebs uTmobdnen [qveyanas] da xarkis aRebiT kmayofildebodnen, ise misi vaJisTvisac, romelic aTabagad iwodeboda, daeTmoT
1 vaxuSti batoniSviliT am dros manuCar II isev cocxali iyo. àman
manuCar mZlavrobisaTÂis osmalTa waruvlina (erevanTan mdgom – e.m.) Saabazs
Ze TÂsi manuCar, raTa mwe eyos, da misca xerTvisi da romelnime cixeni da
Seayena yizilbaSni mwed TÂsad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 724). Sah abazi
vidre erevanTan idga manuCar manuCaris Ze TavisTan hyavda, xolo roca erevans
gaecala igi erevnis gamgebel amirgune xanTan datova `da zrdida igi~.
manuCar II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, rac vaxuStiT moxda 1614 wels,
manuCar III, osmaleTis sulTnis brZanebiT erevnidan wamoiyvanes `da dasues
aTabagad. aman manuCar dai pyra qonebani mamisa TÂsisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV,
gv. 725-725).
2 iqve, gv. 72.
3 am cnobidan (yovel SemTxvevaSi misi qarTul Targmanidan) ar Cans, rom
Sahma daakmayofila elenes Txovna da misi vaJi manuCari scno samcxe-saaTabagos
gamgeblad moxarkeobis safuZvelze, rogorc m. svaniZe fiqrobs imave wyaroze
damyarebiT (svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierToba, gv. 295. ix. agreTve,
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1973, gv 254)
440
[qveyana] da xarki aeRoT. osmalebi ar daTanxmdnen amaze. mxolod
erTi nakveTi misces im velaieTSi mas da dedamiss cxovrebis saxsrad da isic gaWirvebiT atarebda cxovrebas“1.
zemoT moyvanili amonaridi mravalmxriv sainteresoa, magram
amjerad imas unda mieqces yuradReba, rom isqander munSi arafers
ambobs Sahis mier manuCar III-saTvis aTabagobis arc miniWebisa da
arc am rangSi misi damtkicebis Sesaxeb. manuCar II-is memkvidre
cnobili da aRiarebuli iyo aTabagad (àTabagad iwodeboda“),
qarTvelebisa da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sparselebis mier mainc. ase
unda gavigoT isqander munSis naTqvami.
osmalebis winaaRmdeg SetevisaTvis mokavSireebs moxerxebuli
dro SeurCeviaT. am dros anatoliaSi `jelailebis“ ajanyeba mimdinareobda. osmalTa sardalma murad faSam, mxolod maTi damarcxebis Semdeg SeZlo ferhad faSis dasaxmareblad yirimeli salamaT-girei-xanis TaTrebis marbieli laSqris gagzavna da
gamuslimanebuli mesxi feodalis mohamed faSas Svilis, `romelic
mesxeTis gamuslimanebul ufliswulTagani da osmalTa Soris
gazrdili da faSas xarisxsa da xelisuflebas miRweuli iyo,
axalcixeSi gagzavna“. 1608 wels aTabeg-xanma (manuCar III) da elenem winaaRmdegoba ver gaswies da qarTlSi gadavidnen. axalcixe kvlav osmalebma daipyres. mamidis da manuCaris dasaxmareblad qarTlis mefe luarsab II-m axalcixeze gailaSqra
da did warmatebasac miaRwia, Tumca axalcixis ganTavisufleba ver SeZlo. qarTvelTa tyveobaSi, sxva mraval faSasTan
erTad, aRmoCndnen ferhad faSa da zemoxsenebuli gamuslimanebuli mohamed faSas Svili. `ferhad faSas qarTveli batonebis TxovniT apaties [danaSauli], mohamed faSas Svili ki sikvdiliT dasajes“2.
manuCari III ase Tu ise viTarebas akontrolebda 1619 wlamde,
manamde vidre osmaleT-iranis zaviT axalcixe osmaleTs gadaecemoda.
osmalebma axalcixeSi Zlieri cixe aages, Sig mecixovneebi
2 iqve, gv. 72-73.
441
Caayenes da qveynis gamgeblad zemoxsenebuli gamuslimanebuli axalcixeli didebuli iusuf faSa daniSnes. TandaTanobiT, ganuxrelad,
mimdinareobda qristiani mesxebis gamuslimaneba da qarTuli miwaTmflobelobis osmaluriT Secvla. vaxuSti gadmogvcems imis Sesaxeb, osmalTa Zaladobis an calkeuli adamianebis warmatebis surviliT, rogor icvleboda mesxeTSi adaT-wesebi, aTabagTa odindeli
qveSevrdomebi axla urCoben, manuCari ki aseT mdgomareobas ar
egueba da ebrZvis maT. manuCar aTabagi rogorc SeeZlo ise ebrZoda
osmalebs, magram dro da saerTaSoriso viTareba mis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebda. isic iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi mamis gzas dadgomoda,
pirdapiri gagebiT, da imanac erTi piroba (1624 wels) Tavi Seafara axaldabas1. imave wels samcxe-saaTabagos cixeebi sparselTa
xelSi gadavida, rac manuCars Tavis samTavroSi dabrunebis saSualebas uspobda. amitom, rodesac man gaigo marabdis brZolisaTvis
mzadebis Sesaxeb, maSinve gaeSura Tavisi 300 mxedriT da monawileoba miiRo sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (1625 w.). qarTvelobis mier gancdili marcxis Semdeg manuCari axaldabaSi dabrunda
da osmalebTan morigeba gadawyvita: `movida axaldabasve, ezraxa
osmalTa, zav-hyo maT Tana, movida daipyro samcxe“. magram man ver
SesZlo qvyanaSi mSvidobis damyareba da amxedrebuli qveSevrdomebis damorCileba. radgan mas meti Zala aRar Seswevda, stambols
wavida xonTqarTan. osmaleTis mbrZanebelma Seiwynara manuCari da
qristianobis SenarCunebiT aRadgina aTabagad. saaTabagoSi momaval
manuCars Semoxvda Tavisi biZa beqa, manuCar II-is Zma, romelmac mowamla ZmisSvili da TviTon wavida stambols, gamuslimanda, „(sulTanma – e.m.) mosca aTabagoba da yoveli sazRvari samcxe-saaTabagosi da uwodes safar faSa da pativsces oriTa TuRiTa2. merme
warmoavlines da movida samcxes“. vaxuStis mixedviT, es moxda
1625 wels3.
1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 725
2 TuRi _ osmalo faSebis win satarebeli bairaRi cxenis Zuisagan damzadebuli (CubinaSvili n., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984, sv. 571).
442
safar faSas gamgeblobis dros (1625-1635) da mis Semdgom,
daiwyo axalcixis safaSos (ase iwodeboda am droidan yofili
samcxe-saaTabago) ganuxreli gamuslimanebisa da osmaluri wesebisa
da kanonebis danergva, eklesia-monastrebis Zarcva da gauqmeba,
`xolo morwmuneni hfarvidnen da malvidnen xatTa, juarTa da nawilTa wmidaTaTa da sxuaTa waraqundaT pirvelisaebr imereTs da
qarTls da ivltodianca warCinebulni, romelni sZulobdnen mahmadianobasa, rameTu ganagebda safar faSa nebiTa osmalTasTa yovelsave“. radgan safar faSam axalcixis faSoba memkvidreobiT miiRo,
amitom misi memkvidreni stambolSi midiodnen xolme da qrTamis
gadaxdiT faSis tituls ipovebdnen da safaSos ganagebdnen1.
amgvarad, safar faSas mmarTvelobiT damTavrda samcxe-saaTabagos istoria. amis Semdeg saaTabagos miwebi, qarTuli kulturis da
qristianobis umniSvelovanesi kera, osmaleTis erT-erT safaSod
gadaiqca.
1 iqve, gv. 726-727.
443
odiSis samTavros sagareo urTierTobebis
istoriidan
XIV s. damdegisaTvis monRolTa batonobam saqarTvelo
ekonomikurad daaqveiTa da politikurad daSala. giorgi
brwyinvalem (1318-1346) umniSvnelovanesi RonisZiebebi gaatara qveynis erTianobisa da ekonomikuri gaZlierebisaTvis.
1329 w. gardaicvala imereTis mefe miqel narin daviTis Ze.
amiT isargebla mefe giorgim, imereTSi gadavida, quTaiss daeufla da bagrat miqelis Zes Sorapnis erisTavoba misca. giorgis
siZlieris mnaxvelma mamia dadianma, gurielma, svanTa erisTavma
da afxazeTis erisTavma ServaSiZem morCileba gamoacxades 1330
wels. mefem Semdeg gaiara odiSi, afxazeTSi gadavida, `ganagna
muneburni da daipyra cixeni TÂsad da misca cxomis saerisTo
bediels~1. vaxuSti batoniSvilis es fraza bundovani da, amdenad, gaugebaria. ram aiZula mefe giorgi, miuxedavad imisa,
rom afxazeTis erisTavi mas daemorCila, mainc jariT Sesuliyo afxazeTSi da, faqtobrivad, daepyro igi.
albaT, saeWvo araa, rom bedieli (bediani), igive dadiani2, rogorc Cans, giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis pirvel periodSi erTmaneTis tolfasi es ori tituli paralelurad
arsebobda3. giorgis mefobis Semdeg igi aRar gvxvdeba4. dadian-bediani dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi msxvili feodali iyo da, savaraudoa, Tvali eWira cxumis saerisTavoze.
man isargebla mefis kargi ganwyobilebiT da cxumis saeri-
sTavo gamosTxova. mefem misi Txovna daakmayofila. amave
dros, ise Cans, rom bedians raRac uflebac ki hqonda masze.
vaxuSti gadmogvcems: `misca (mefem _ e. m.) cxomis saerisTavo bediels, viTarca pirvel cxomisa iyo~. igulisxmeba,
rom bediani adre cxomis erisTavi iyo? SeiZleba istorikoss imis Tqma undoda, rom adre cxomis saerisTavo calke iyo
afxazeTis saerisTavosagan? Tamar mefis dros cxumis saerisTavo xom calke iyo1. ase iyo Tu ise, giorgi mefe ratomRac gauwyra ServaSiZes da daipyro afxazeTis cixeebi, adgilobrivi saqmeebic TviTon moagvara (`ganagna muneburni~),
cixeebs TviTon daepatrona (`daipyrna cixeni TÂsad~) da
bedians gadasca cxumis saerisTavo, romelic, rogorc vaxuStis Txzulebidan SeiZleba gavigoT, giorgi V-is mier
dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebis win afxazeTis saerisTavos SemadgenlobaSi iyo. cxumis maSindeli kaTolike episkoposis petre geraldis naTqvamidan Cans, rom giorgi V-m
bedians saqarTvelos amirspasalarobac uboZa. petre geraldi inglisSi kenterberiis arqiepiskoposs swerda: àm
qveynis (odiSis samTavro _ e. m.) mbrZanebeli mTeli saqarTvelos jaris mxedarTmTavaric aris~2.
imave vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, cxumis saerisTavo
dadians daumtkica, agreTve, giorgi VII-m, magram dadianebi
mTeli afxazeTis dapyrobas lamobdnen. XIV s. damlevs vamey
dadianma ilaSqra ServaSiZis winaaRmdeg, afxazeTi aiklo da
ori erTmaneTis siaxloves arsebuli simagreebi _ uRaRno
da gagra daangria3. 1412 wels mamia dadianma ìneba damorCileba afxazTa~. magram afxazebi mtkiced daxvdnen dadians,
mokles, misi jari ki ukuaqcies4.
2 vaxuStisTan vxvdebiT ormag tituls _ dadian-bedieli, bediel-dadiani.
3 z. anCabaZe bediels da dadians sxvadsxva erisTavebad miiCnevda. Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Сухуми, 1959, c. 237.
4 Тамже, с. 177, 197.
1 Тамже, с. 172.
2 kiknaZe v. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, `mnaTobi~,
1982, #9, gv. 157.
3 TayaiSvili e., arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi. Zveli saqarTvelo, III, 1912-1913, gv. 133, 154.
1. odiSis samTavros genuis respublikasTan
urTierTobis istoriidan
444
445
aleqsandre I-ma (1412-1442) Sehyara jari da odiSSi
mivida. mefes daRupuli mamias vaJi lipariti miegeba da mamis codvebis miteveba iTxova. aleqsandrem mas erisTavoba
daumtkica da afxazeTSi waiyvana, sadac ServaSiZem maSinve
morCileba gamoacxada `da daemorCila brZanebasa missa viTarca pirvelTa mefeTasa~. aleqsandrem adgilobrivi saqmeebi moawesriga, xalxi daamSvida da quTaiss wavida1.
sainteresoa, afxazeTSi mimavalma mefe aleqsandrem Tan
ratom waiyvana liparit dadiani? an ra unda vigulisxmoT
mefis brZanebaSi ServaSiZis mimarT? vfiqrob, mefem ServaSiZes dadianisadmi morCileba ubrZana, magram rogorc beri
egnataSvili sxva periodTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnavda èse
ServaSiZe morCilebda ara yovelsave brZanebasa dadianisasa~2.
ServaSiZeebi damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini zogjer garkveul warmatebasac aRwevdnen, sabolood mainc iZulebulni iyvnen bedian-dadianis xelisuflebas damorCilebodnen. am umsxviles feodals
xSirad mefe uWerda mxars, romelsac, rogorc SemdegSi
davrwmundebiT, Tavisi interesebi hqonda afxazeTSi.
amgvarad, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,
XIV-XV saukuneebSi arsebobda damoukidebeli afxazeTis saerisTavo, xolo cxumis saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavoSi
Sedioda. am mosazrebas gansakuTrebiT aviTarebda z. anCabaZe,
magram imave periodis ucxour wyaroebs Tu movixmobT, sxvagvari suraTi warmogvidgeba.
XV s. pirveli meoTxedidan gvaqvs germaneli hans Siltbergeris erTi cnoba afxazeTis Sesaxeb. is saqarTvelos
`qveynebs“ Soris asaxelebs afxazeTis qveyanas3, romlis
1 iqve.
3 Ès ist ein Land und heist Abkas~. mamisTvaliSvili e. saqarTvelo hans
Siltbergeris `mogzaurobis wignSi, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1980, #2, gv.
108.
446
dedaqalaqi iyo cxumi (Zuchum). Siltbergeris naTqvami
sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac mTeli afxazeTis dedaqalaqad
soxums _ cxums asaxelebs1 da afxazeTi gaazrebuli aqvs
erT mTlianobaSi.
sainteresoa josafat barbaros naTqvami samegrelos Sesaxeb: ès samegrelo esazRvreba kaitakebs, romlebic kaspiis
mTis maxloblad cxovroben, Sav zRvas da mTagrexils,
romelic CerqezeTamdea gadaWimuli. igi nawilia saqarTvelosi2. maSasadame, barbaros dros odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda mTeli afxazeTi CerqezeTamde. barbaros cnobis sinamdviles azustebs genueli jorjo
interiano (XV s.), romelic kargad icnobda CerqezeTs da
safuZvlianadac aRwera.
interianos mixedviT, saqarTvelos sazRvari CerqezeTTan
gadioda angaqsiasTan. es unda iyos XIV_XV saukuneTa
italiur rukebze gagris maxloblad CrdiloeTiT aRniSnuli geografiuli punqti: Avobaxia – pietro veskontes (1318
w.), Anogasia – graciozo benikazas (1480 w.), Avogassia –
freduCes (1497 w.) rukebze, Anogasi – XVI saukynis ukanaskneli meoTxedis rukaze, romelic darTuli aqvs jovani
tomazo minadois Txzulebas3. angaqsia interianos TqmiT,
kolxeTis nawils Seadgenda4. ambrojo kontarinis gadmocemiT avogaziasTan gaZarcves papis elCi ludoviko bolonieli da uzun-hasanis elCi5. unda aRiniSnos erTi saintereso
detali: freduCes rukaze mcire monakveTi moniSnulia,
rogorc avogaziis sanapiro (costa Avogassia), xmeleTis SigniT ki, iq sadac kavkasionis qedi unda vigulisxmoT, kidev
meordeba igive saxelwodeba _ ufro msxvili SriftiT. avo1 iqve.
2 XV saukunis italieli mogzaurebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 55.
3 Minadoi G. T. Historia della guerra fra Turchi et persiani, Venezia, 1588.
4 «qvivi confinano con Angaxia, cioe parte di Colchide» (Interiano G., La vita
et sito de Zichi, chiamati Circass. Historia nobile, Venezia, Aldus, 1502, p. 4)
5 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119v.
447
gasis samxreTiT da gagris (Caccarj) CrdiloeTiT, e.i. am or
punqts Soris datanilia kidev erTi geografiuli punqti
(asea sxva rukebzec) _ laiaco-aiaco (Laiazo, Lenazo, Aiazo),
romelic p. ingoroyvam q. tuafses Zvel saxelTan gaaigiva1
p. ingoroyvas mosazrebas Tu gaviziarebT, maSin afxazeTis lokalizeba mogvixdeba ara iq, sadac dRevandeli afxazeTia, aramed bevrad Crdilo-dasavleTiT, magram zemoTdasaxelebuli rukebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, maSin ufro
swori iqneba laiaco dRevandeli adleris midamoebSi gvevarauda, xolo rac Seexeba avogazias, Tu aseTi saxelwodebis
qalaqi arsebobda2, maSin igi mdabareobda dRevandeli adleris siaxloves, sadac interianos mixedviT saqarTvelos
jiqeTTan sazRvari gadioda. dabolos, unda gavixsenoT XIV
s. arabi istorikosi al-muhibi (gard. 1384 w.), romelic
werda: `dadiani ganagebs suxumsa da abxazs~3. amasve aRniSnavda meore arabi istorikosi al-kalkaSandi4.
ganxilul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba koreqtivi SevitanoT vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobebsa da qarTul istoriografiaSi gabatonebul mosazrebaSi (afxazeTis saerisTavoze TiTqos ar vrceldeboda dadian-bedianis xelisufleba)
da vTqvaT, rom XIV-XV saukuneebSi afxazeTis orive saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda.
amgvarad, odiSis saerisTavos sazRvrebi XIV-XV saukuneebSi mdinare bzifamde ki ar vrceldeboda, rogorc z. anCabaZe fiqrobda5, aramed ufro CrdiloeTiT, mdinare fsou1 ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. qarTveli mwerali meaTe saukunisa, naw.
I, Tb., 1954, gv. 123.
2 veskontes, benikazas da freduCes rukebze avogazia iseTive pirobiTi
niSniT aris aRniSnuli, rogorc Savi zRvispireTis mniSvnelovani qalaqebi.
3 XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. arabulidan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo d. goColeiSvilma,
Tb., 1981, gv. 53.
4 iqve, gv. 54
5 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 240.
448
mde (mZimTa) da mTeli afxazeTi odiSis samTavroSi
Sedioda.
odiSis mTavris amgvari gaZlierebis miuxedavad (mas
emorCileboda guriis samTavro), rogorc imdroindeli
wyaroebidan irkveva, is mainc mefis uzenaes xelisuflebas
cnobda da emorCileboda. mefe gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi
samTavros saqmeebSi ereoda. es garemoeba sakmaod naTlad
aisaxa qarTul (vaxuSti batoniSvili, beri egnataSvili) da
ucxour wyaroebSi. iv. javaxiSvili kontarinisa da barbaros
cnobebze damyarebiT aRniSnavda: `bedianis samTavro am dros
Seadgenda calke politikur erTeuls, romelsac Tavisi
sazRvrebi da marTva-gamgeoba hqonda da sakuTari jari hyavda, mainc saqarTvelos mefes uzenaesi ufleba am samTavroze
SenarCunebuli hqonda da gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi is am
samTavros saqmeebSic ereoda xolme~1. marTlac kontarini,
rogorc TviTmxilveli, gadmogvcems, rom saqarTveloSi yofnisas, 1475 w. ivlisSi, samegrelos sazRvrebTan igi Sexvda
bagrat mefis jars, romelic samegreloSi iyo bedianis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT momxdari raRac uTanxmoebis
gamo2.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bedians, msgavsad aTabagisa,
antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad evropaSi sakuTari
elCi ar gaugzavnia. rogorc Cans, mas XV saukunis 50-iani
wlebis dasasrulisaTvis jer kidev ar moupovebia politikuri uflebebi imdenad, rom mefisagan damoukidebeli sagareo politika ewarmoebina.
bedianis avtoritetis zrdaze metyvelebs giorgi VIIIisa da yvareyvare aTabagis 1459 w. romsa da burgonSi gagzavnil werilebi, romlebSic CamoTvlilia vin gamoTqva
koaliciaSi Sesvlis survili. maTSi samegrelos mTavari
mefed moxsenieba. eseni iyvnen: yvaryvare II, giorgi sparseTis
1 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 104.
2 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119r.
449
mefe, daviT trapezuntis imperatori, bendia samegrelos
mefeman, rabia anakosiis (afxazeTis) mTavarma, da berdebeg
mcire somxeTis batonma1. rogorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnavda, ès
garemoeba, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba Sefasebuli iqnes, rogorc
giorgi VIII-is miswrafeba ganedidebina koaliciis wevrebi,
raTa dasavleT evropis mbrZaneblebze, romelTaganac daxmarebis miRebas cdilobda, mniSvnelovani STabeWdileba moexdina, magram, meore mxriv, es faqti ueWvelad imaze miuTiTebs, rom bediani saqarTvelos erT-erTi umsxvilesi da
gavleniani mTavari iyo~2.
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos erTi mniSvnelovani momenti,
kerZod is rom werilis laTinur teqstSi afxazeTi ar weria. igi m. TamaraSvilma Caamata da frCxilebSi moaTavsa
anakosiis ganmartebis mizniT _ afxazeTs niSnavso. es varianti, rogorc SeiZleba vifiqroT, misaRebad CaTvala z. anCabaZem3 da man, Tavis mxriv, laTinur teqstSi mcire Sesworeba Seitana, romliTac anokazia (Anocasia) apokasiad
(Apocasia) mogvevlina da man mkvlevrisaTvis sasurveli JReradoba (apokazia/afxazeTi) SeiZina. magram danamdvilebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc m TamaraSvilis mier gamoqveynebul
laTinur werilSi da arc mis fondSi dacul masalebSi arsad ar weria Apocasia. yvelgan aris Anocasia an Angosia4.
iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT anakoziis mTavari igive anakofiis mTavari iyo. adre, rodesac am sakiTxs vexebodi,
gaviziare iv. javaxiSvilis mosazreba da mxolod misi dazustebis mizniT moviSvelie z. anCabaZis naSromi da vTqvi,
rom rabia afxazebiT dasaxlebuli mTeli teritoriis erisTavi ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod im nawilisa, romelic sa1 TamaraSvili m. gv. 595-596.
2 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Сухуми, 1959, c. 239; Анчабадзе З. В., Очерк истории Абхазской АССР, ч. I, Сухуми,
1960, с. 90-91.
3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, с. 253.
4 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053.
450
bedianos SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedioda, mas afxazeTis saerisTavo erqva da XV s. meore naxevarSi damoukideblobas
inarCunebda. igi anakofiidan nikofsiamde iyo gadaWimuli1.
es saiontereso sakiTxi maSin kvlevis sagnad ar gamixdia
da mxolod arsebul gamokvlevebs veyrdnobodi. ra Tqma
unda, arc is iyo marTali, rodesac Anocacia da Angosia
anakofiasTan gavaigive. vfiqrob, Rabia dux Anocasiae iyo jiqeTis (afxazTa monaTesave) mTavari da ara afxazeTisa. erTi
SexedviT, amgvari mosazreba TiTqos saeWvoa maSin, roca
giorgi mefis mier burgonis dukasaTvis gagzavnil werilSi
cal-calke vxedavT `samegrelos mefe bendias~@ da ànikasiis mTavar rabias~. am werilSi afxazeTi naxsenebic ki ar
aris. magram roca vecnobiT 1460 wels saqarTvelos elCebis
mier papisaTvis wardgenil@mokavSireebis sias, sadac bediani
moixsenieba samegrelos da afxazeTis mefed (Bendas Megreliae et Abasiae Rex) da iqve mainc dasaxelebulia Fabia (igive
Rabia dux Anogasiae), araviTari safuZveli ar rCeba imisaTvis, rom angoziaSi afxazeTi vigulisxmoT. es asec unda
yofiliyo, radgan, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT da SemdegSi kidev
ufro davrwmundebiT, aRniSnul periodSi afxazeTis teritoriaze dadianisagan damoukidebeli sxva romelime politikuri erTeuli ar arsebobda.
qarTuli samefo kari dainteresebuli iyo odiSis samTavros samflobeloebSi moqceuli soxumis, igive sevastopolisis saSualebiT monawileoba mieRo saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi,
romelsac ZiriTadad genuelebi axorcielebdnen yirimis mTavari savaWro faqtoriis kafas meTaurobiT.
genuis respublika adreve dainteresda aRmosavleTTan
vaWrobiT. man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula jvarosnul
laSqrobebSi da savaWro privilegiebi moipova axlo aRmosavleTSi.
1 mamisTvaliSvili e. saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urToerTobani,
gv. 45-47.
451
veneciis mier inspirirebuli meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis (1204 w.) Sedegad bizantiis imperiis mospobiT da mis
teritoriaze e. w. laTinTa imperiis@ warmoSobiT, gaZlierda venecia. mis xelSi gadavida aRmosavleTTan vaWroba.
magram genua ar urigdeboda Secvlil viTarebas da bizantiis imperiis aRdgenas cdiolobda, rac ganaxorciela kidec
1261 wels. genuelebma Sav zRvaSi ubaJo vaWrobis ufleba
miiRes, maSin, rodesac venecielebs saerTod aekrZalaT iq
Sesvla. mcire xnis Semdeg (1266 w.), genuelebma oqros urdos yaenTan SeTanxmebiT, yirimis naxevarkunZulze miiRes
qalaqi feodosia, romelsac kafa ewoda. es qalaqi gadiqca
genuelebis mTavar dasayrdrnad Sav zRvaSi.
mokle droSi genuelebma aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,
tanadan sevastopolisamde (cxumi) daarses 39 kolonia da
dasaxleba. aqedan Svidi kolonia iyo saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi, romlebic mniSvnelovan ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul rols TamaSobdnen mimdebare qveynebisa
da xalxebis cxovrebaSi XIV-XV saukuneebSi.
cxumis vaWroba ZiriTadad genuelebis xelSi iyo. es
qalaqi, rogorc barbaro aRniSnavda, bedianis samflobeloebSi Sedioda. cxumi, germaneli mecnieris v. heidis TqmiT,
erT-erTi mtkiced nagebi cixe-simagre iyo da amave dros
kavkasiis Savi zRvispira qveynebisaTvis umniSvnelovanes
`saqonlis sawyobs~ warmoadgenda1.
bedians ekuTvnoda, agreTve, zRvispiras mdebare didi Tu
mcire dasaxlebuli adgilebi. sainteresoa, rom graciozo
benikazas mier 1400 wels Sedgenil rukaze, freduCes 1497
w. rukaze da XV saukunis ucnobi kartografis rukaze cxumis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, mcire daSorebiT, iq sadac md.
kelasuri zRvas erTvis, aRniSnulia SedarebiT naklebmniSvnelo-vani punqti `megrelebis navsadguri~ (Porto
Megrello). am navsadguris aRmocenebas X saukuneSi (adrin1 Heyd W., Geschichte des Lenantehandels im Mittelalter, S. 695.
452
del rukebze igi ar Cans) z. anCabaZe Sav zRvaSi genuelTa
koloniuri sistemis likvidacias da masTan erTad cxumis
dasustebas miawerda1.
XIV@saukunidan cxumSi ukve iyvnen genuis respublikis
konsulebi2. cxumis pirveli konsuli Cans 1354 wlidan. igi
iyo ambrojo de pietro3. cxumSi konsulis yofna, genuelTa
savaWro faqtoriis arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
genuis analebidan (1424 w.) vigebT, rom am qalaqSi,
iseve, rogorc Savi zRvis sxva faqtoriebSi, genuis mTavroba adgilobriv mflobelTan, e.i. bedianTan SeTanxmebiT
niSnavda konsuls, gadamwerebs da sxva moxeleebs4. aqve iyo
romis kaTolike episkoposis rezidencia.
cxumSi pirveli kaTolike episkoposi dainiSna 1318 wels.
moRweuli cnobebi am qalaqis sami kaTolike episkoposis
vinaobas aRniSnavs. zemoT dasaxelebuli petre geraldis
werilidan irkveva, rom cxumSi iyo qarTveli marTlmadidebeli episkoposis rezidenciac. imave werilidan gamomdinare
ver gaviziareb TiTqos cxumSi da ara biWvinTaSi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosis samyofeli. werilSi naTqvamia: `zemoT naTqvami sasaflaos micemiT Zalian ganawyenebuli
darCa sqizmatikosi (qarTveli marTlmadidebeli – e.m.)
episkoposi da samRvdeloeba~. cota qvemoT aRniSnulia: `mesamed aRmarTuli (jvrebi, qvebi) sqizmatikos episkoposTa
episkoposTan waiRes~5. amonarididan Cans, rom episkoposTaepiskoposis, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosis rezidencia, sadRac sxvagan, albaT, biWvinTaSi iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1318 w. cxumSi ukve imyofeboda
kaTolike episkoposi, 1330 w., rogorc episkoposi geraldis
2 Donaver , La storia della republica di Genova, 1913, p. 160.
3 Heyd W., Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, S. 192.
4 Annali della repubvlica di Genova, 1854, p. 304.
5 kiknaZe v., saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, `mnaTobi~,
1982, #9, gv. 157.
453
werilidan irkveva, kaTolikebs jer kidev ar hqondaT TavianTi eklesia, episkoposic usaxlkarod imyofeboda da Tavs
irCenda qarTvelebisagan SewirulobebiT1. aseT viTarebaSi
saeWvod meCveneba imis Tqma, rom kaTolikuri saeklesio kaTedra Tbilisis garda cxumSic arsebobda2.
cxumi Tavisi kargi mdebareobis gamo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi kavkasiis SavizRvispireTis vaWrobis centrad iTvleboda. cxumSi gacxovelebul savaWro urTierTobebze miuTiTebs 1449 wels genuaSi miRebuli dadgenileba Savi zRvis
faqtoriebisaTvis. masSi Cans cxumis konsulis uflebebi
eqsport-importze Rirebulebis erTi procentis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb, rac TavisTavad am qalaqis savaWro
mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs3.
cxumze bedianis xelisufleba vrceldeboda da, ra Tqma
unda, mas vaWrobidan miRebul qalaqis Semosavalze pretenzia eqneboda. savaraudoa, amis gamo xdeboda bediansa da
kolonist xelisufalT Soris konfliqti4, romlis TavianT
sasargeblod mogvarebiT genuelebi didad dainteresebulni
iyvnen.
genueli vaWrebi cxumSi iZendnen adgilobrivi warmoebis
sagnebsa da produqtebs: xe-tyes5, cvils, bewveuls, soflis
meurneobis produqtebs. genuelebs SemohqondaT marili, fufunebis sagnebi, iaraRi da dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva nawarmi.
cxumi iTvleboda, agreTve, monebiT vaWrobis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan centrad. monaTvaWroba uZvelesi da mtkivneuli
problema iyo mTeli Savi zRvispireTis mosaxleobisaTvis.
1 iqve.
2 iqve, gv. 158.
3 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей, X, c. 809.
4 Nuovo Archivio Veneto. Nuovo serie – anno XIV, t. XXVIII, parte I, Venezia,
1914, p. 392.
5 afxazeTis teritoriaze xe-tyiT vaWrobis centri iyo biWvinTis maxloblad mdebare kavo buqso. Ibidem.
454
didi mwuxarebiT werda cxumis kaTolike episkoposi petre
geraldi 1330 wels cxumSi da sxva adgilebSi adgilobrivi
didkacobis mier qristianTa muslimebze gayidvis gamo.
episkoposs mohyavs erTi aseTi magaliTi: àmgvarad, aq aris
pativmoyvare qalaqi (cxumi – e.m.), sadac daumsaxureblad
daniSnuli var umaRlesi mRvdelmTavris (papis – e.m.) nebasurviliT. rogorc xma dadis, erT dros aq asi qristiani
mihyides sarkinozebs. maT es qristianebi sarkinozTa qveyanaSi waiyvanes da iq sarkinozebad aqcies... miuxedavad imisa,
rom aq mbrZaneblebi qristianebi arian, arc am sakiTxsa da
arc sxvaSi ar migoneben~1.
monebiT vaWroba genuelebTan sruli TavisuflebiT
sargeblobda da am saqmis iniciatorni dasavleT saqarTveloSi TviTonve iyvnen. rogorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnavda: isini
`Semdegi drois Turq monaTvaWrebis Rirseuli winaprebi
iyvnen2.
Savi zRvispireTSi arsebuli genuis koloniebis 1449
wlis wesdebaSi dakanonebuli forma aqvs monebiT vaWrobas.
masSi vkiTxulobT: `TiToeuls ra wodebisac ar unda iyos
igi, ufleba aqvs sruliad Tavisuflad, konsulis mxriv
raime SezRudvis gareSe, piradad an sxvebis SuamavlobiT
SeiZinos mamuli, saqoneli da adamianebi. Tu konsuli myidvels an gamyidvels SeuSlis xels, yvela SemTxvevaSi dajarimdeba 5 somniT~3. monebiT vaWrobaSi genuelebs arc
venecielebi CamorCebodnen, rogorc yirimis savaWro koloniebis istoriis cnobili italieli mkvlevari j. kanale
SeniSnavda, venecielebs yvelaze metad izidavda vaWroba
qarTveli bavSvebiT, `romlebic egvipteSi mihyavdaT, sadac
SiSis zaris damcem mamluqTa brboebs qmnidnen~4.
1 kiknaZe v., saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 157.
3 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей, V, c. 396.
4 Canale G., Della Crimea, p. 65.
455
XV s. meore naxevari, iseve, rogorc italielebis Savi
zRvispireTis sxva koloniebisaTvis, cxumisTvisac sabediswero aRmoCnda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom genuis koloniebze
Steva osmalebma cxumis aklebiT daiwyes. italiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, 1454 w. ivlisSi1 osmaleTis floti (52 galera) Sav zRvaSi Sevida da genuis koloniebze Tavdasxma
monkastroTi (dRevandeli akermani) daiwyo, magram igi ver
aiRes. amis Semdeg cxums daecnen da gaZarcves2. aqedan kafasken gaeSurnen da yirimis xanis daxmarebiT scades am
qalaqis aReba, magram ver SeZles. osmalebi imiT dakmayofildnen kafas konsulma yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda
rom ikisra3.
osmalebis samxedro moqmedebaze Crdilo-dasavleT Savi
zRvispireTSi zogierT damatebiT cnobas gvawvdis vaxuSti
batoniSvili, Tumca es ambavi daTariRebuli aqvs 1451 wliT.
sulTnis floti 50 katarRiT (rogorc zemoT iTqva, sxva
cnobiT osmalebs 52 galera hyavdaT) da sakmaod didi jariT miadga afxazeTis sanapiros da aRaoÃrnes da moswyÂdnes
cxomi da afxazeTi da zRvis pirni.. ukun iqcnen da warvidnen~. mefe giorgi VIII saswrafod gaeSura afxazeTSi SeWrili mtris mosagerieblad, magram daigviana. osmalebi ukan
gabrunebuliyvnen. mefem gaxiznuli xalxi ukan daabruna, mxare gaamagra, saqmeebi moawesriga da geguTSi dabrunda4.
amgvarad, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, osmalebma mxolod cxumi ki ar gaZarcves, aramed afxazeTis sanapiroxe
arsebuli genuis sxva koloniebic.
osmalTagan aklebis Sedegebs jer kidev ar gaevlo,
rodesac 1455 wlis 28 ivliss cxumma axali Tavdasxma
1 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT osmalebma cxumi aiRes 1454 w. ivnisis dasaruls
an ivlisis dasawyisSi. svaniZe m. saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi,
Tb., 1990, gv. 112.
2 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей,, VIII, c. 114.
3 Тамже.
456
ganicada. amasTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs erTaderTi laTinuri
wyaro _ werili cxumis maSindeli konsulis gerardo
pinelisa. werilSi naTqvamia: `me Cavibare sevastopolisis
konsuloba... davyavi iq mcire xani... moulodnelad mas Tavs
daesxnen avogazebi da mosaxleoba erTianad gaiqca Tavis gadasarCenad. mec maTsaviT moviqeci. [avogazebs] surdaT [mosaxleobis] didi nawilis datyveveba. amis Semdeg me, davkarge
ra yvelaferi, davbrundi kafaSi~1. gamomcemelma a. viniam am
werils daurTo mcire anotacia, romelSic avogazebi afxazebad CaTvala. anotaciaSi weria, Semdegi: `gerardo pineli,
sevastopolisis konsuli proteqtorebs moaxsenebs afxazebis mier koloniis gaZarcvaze da iTxovs mfarvelobas~2.
avogazebSi jiqebi rom unda igulisxmebodnen, amaze ukve
iTqva.
z. anCabaZe, eyrdnoboda ra f. brunis gamokvlevas, cxumze
Tavdamsxmelebad afxazebi miaCnda da am faqts gaiazrebda,
rogorc afxazebis ajanyebas genuelebis winaaRmdeg. imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom afxazebi cxumSi adrec ibrZodnen eqsploatatorTa winaaRmdeg, z. anCabaZe imowmebs ukve ramdenjerme xsenebul kaTolike episkoposs petre geralds,
romelic TiTqos ambobs, rom cxumSi genuelebi sistematur
Seviwroebas da saSiSroebas ganicdian am qalaqSi mcxovrebi
àRmosavleTis qristianebisgan~3. gansvenebuli mecnieri àRmosavleTis qristianebSi~ afxazebs xedavda. Znelia amgvari
mosazrebis gaziareba, radgan petre geraldi afxazebs saer1 À qua inrecognitionem laborum susceperam consulatum Savastopolis. In
quo loco dum me reposuis... lattu ilo fun...paucissimo spatio ibidem commorano inopinate locum Auogasij. Cuntispue fugientibus ut saltem saluas facerant personas.
Ego ceteros sum secutius. Qvo actum est ut perdiderimus oppidum et plures duxerint in captiulatem. Sic puod expilianus omni facultate Caffam redij~ (Atti della
societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. I, Genova, 1868, doc. 129, p.318).
2 `Gerardo Pinelli console di Savastopolli notifica al protettori il sacco dato
alla colonia dagli Abasii e loro si raccomanda~ (Ibidem, p. 317)
3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 247
457
Tod ar axsenebs, albaT, imitom, rom isini maSin cxumSi
saerTod ar cxovrobdnen. igi Tavis werilSi mxolod erTxel miuTiTebs àRmosavleTis qristianebze~, roca dasavleTis qristianul samyaros mimarTavs: `SeibraleT aRmosavleTis
qristianebi,
romlebic
iCagrebian
da
TavianT
gaWirvebaze tirian~1.
rac Seexeba jiqebis (Tundac afxazebi vigulisxmoT),
rogorc TviTmxilvelis naTqvamidan Cans, cxumze Tavdasxma,
ajanyebulTa SurisZiebis gamoxatuleba ki ar iyo, aramed
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan gansxvavebul ucxotomelTa
mier nadavlisa da tyveebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT qalaqis
akleba.
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ukmayofilo iyo genuelebis
kolonizatoruli moqmedebiT. genuelebi TavianT faqtoriebs
qalaqis teritoriaze qmnidnen da zogjer maT xelSi qalaqis mTeli kvartalebi aRmoCndeboda xolme. isini TavianTi
adaTebiTa da kanonebiT cxovrobdnen da angariSs ar uwevdnen mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masis interesebs. mkvidri
mosaxleobisTvis ucxo iyo kaTolicizmic, romelsac ZaliT
axvevdnen marTlmadidebel qarTvelebs. mravlis mTqmelia
cxumis kaTolike episkoposis petre geraldis werili, saidanac Cans, rom mis dros cxumSi qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobdnen muslimanebi2 da ebraelebi. roca dadianma kaTolikebs calke sasaflao gamouyo, aman cxumelebis didi
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. aRSfoTebulma xalxma laTinTa sasaflaos SuagulSi amarTuli jvari amoglija da 15 sasaflaos qvac daamtvria. `laTinebma xelaxla aRmarTes isini,
1 kiknaZe v., saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 157.
2 cxumSi mcxovrebi muslimanebi, ZiriTadad rumis sasulTnodan mosuli
Turq-seljukebi iyvnen. isini did rols asrulebdnen saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.
am mosazrebis safuZvels warmoadgens saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, maT
Soris, zRvispireTSi aRmoCenili rumis sasulTnoSi moWrili monetebi. beraZe
T. zRvaosnoba da sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (sadoqtoro
disertacia), Tb., 1985, gv. 110.
458
aqaurma sqizmatikosebma, Rvdlebma da xalxma, sarkinozTa da
iudevelTa xelis SewyobiT, mesamed aRmarTuli (jvrebi, qvebi) sqizmatikos episkoposTa episkoposTan waiRes~1.
adgilobrivi marTlmadidebeli qarTveloba ukmayofilo
iyo dadianis keTilganwyobiT laTinebis mimarT. àm qveynis
mbrZanebeli, _ wers episkoposi geraldi, _ romelic saqarTvelos jaris mxedarTmTavaric aris, mzad aris mTeli Tavisi
laSqriT, dasavleTis qristianebTan erTad (muslimanebis winaaRmdeg – e.m.) gasalaSqreblad. igi ase iqceva: romauli
eklesiisadmi morCilebasa, kaTolikobis miRebaze da sarwmunoebis erTianobaze Tanaxmaa. aqaur kaTolikebs sasaflaoc
misca~2.
laTinebisa da qarTvelebis dapirispirebaSi garkveul
rols asrulebda genuelTa qedmaRloba. petre geraldi daufaravad wers qarTvelTa Semwynareblobaze, isini ar asxvavebdnen marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikebs, winaaRmdegni
ar iyvnen qonodaT saerTo sasaflao. magram genuelebi
ukadrisobdnen da TavianT micvalebulebs qarTvelTa sasaflaos gareT marxavdnen.
genuelTa sawinaaRmdego ganwyobilebas aRvivebdnen cxumSi mcxovrebi muslimanebi da iudevelni, romlebic, albaT,
ZiriTadad, savaWro saqmianobas eweodnen da, bunebrivia, cxumSi genueli vaWrebis mokalaTeba maTs interess laxavda.
amitom isini marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebis mokavSireebad
gamodiodnen genuelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
cxumis zedized orjer aklebis Semdeg genuelTa mdgomareoba uaRresad arastabiluri Seiqmna: 1454 wlis 23 oqtombers genuaSi airCies Semdegi, 1455 wlis, konsulebi Savi
da azovis zRvebis koloniebisaTvis. cxumis konsulad airCies filipo klaverenca. konsulebi arCeuli iyvnen, Cveulebriv, genuaSi gabatonebuli patriciebis rigebidan, magram
1 kiknaZe v. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 157
2 iqve.
459
maT uari sTqves ficis dadebaze, radgan ar surdaT zemoTdasaxelebul adgilebSi wasvla saSiSi mdgomareobis gamo. am
dros genuasa da osmaleTs Soris imdenad daZabuli mdgomareoba iyo, rom genuis floti Sav zRvaSi veRar Sedioda
da koloniebTan kavSirs xmeleTiT axorcielebda. proteqtorebi iZulebulni gaxdnen konsulebad dabali warmoSobis
adamianebi aerCiaT. cxumis konsuli gaxda xsenebuli gerardo pineli.
1456 w. 6 Tebervals genuaSi kvlav Catarda Savi zRvis
faqtoriebis konsulebisa da sxva moxeleebis arCeva. cxumis
konsulad airCies franCesko lomelino1, magram man iseve,
rogorc Savi zRvis sxva koloniebis axlad arCeulma konsulebma, uari ganacxada am Tanamdebobis dakavebaze. imave
wlis 23 Tebervals xelaxla moewyo arCevnebi. amjerad konsulad airCies kaspare de kolunus alberti2. me ar vici
daikava Tu ara man Tanamdeboba, magram erTi ram cxadia, Semdgomi drois dokumentebSi (romelTa naxvac SevZeli), mTeli
17 wlis ganmavlobaSi araviTari cnoba ar aris cxumis konsulis arCevaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom genuelebma SemdegSi mainc SeZles
afxazeTsa da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi dabruneba3, Zveli poziciebi veRar aRidgines. am droidan iwyeba
cxumis dacema da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom erT dros ayvavebuli savaWro da administraciuli centri, imave saukunis
70-ian wlebSi barbaros mier mxolod cixe-simagredRa ixsenieba4.
XV s. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi sabedianos gavlenis qveS arsebuli teritoriebi imdenad Semcirebula,
1 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. 529.
2 Ibidem, p. 532. m. volkovis mixedviT, 1456 w. cxumis konsulad airCies
oliver kalvi, magram wyaros ar uTiTebs. ix. Записки Одесского Общества
Истории и Древностей,, VIII, 1882, c. 137.
3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, №№ 129, 658, 670, 790, 1032.
460
rom kontarinis TqmiT, misi gavla sam dReSi SeiZleboda1.
imave kontarinis cnobidan irkveva, rom bedians daukargavs
baTumi da misi mimdebare teritoria, romelic aTabagis xelSi gadasula. magram kontarins ar aviwydeba aRniSnos, rom
baTumi `megrelebis qveyanas ekuTvnis~2.
XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, msgavsad samcxe-saaTabagosi, arc sabediano Cans antiosmaluri koaliciisadmi
keTilganwyobili. Tumca am mosazrebis damamtkicebeli raime
pirdapiri sabuTi ar Cans. magram is masalebi, romlebic maSindel viTarebas asaxavs, aseTi varaudis daSvebis safuZvels
namdvilad iZleva.
XV s. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Savi zRvis sanapiroebis mTel rig punqtebSi jer kidev genuelebi batonoben. aseve iTqmis sevastopoliszec (cxumi), romelic, rogorc
barbaro aRniSnavda, bedianis samflobeloebSi Sedioda. aseve
ekuTvnoda bedians saqarTvelos Savi zRvispiras mdebare
didi Tu mcire dasaxlebuli adgilebi3, romlebTanac genuelebi met-naklebad dakavSirebuli iyvnen da savaWro urTierTobac hqondaT.
saqarTvelosTan vaWrobas kafas genueli xelisufalni
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen da ufrTxildebodnen.
kanonmdebloba ibrZoda kafasa da saqarTvelos Soris vaWrobis saqmeSi calkeuli pirebis raime monopoliuri uflebis
winaaRmdeg. juzepe kanale aRniSnavda, rom am principuli
miznis ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda genuis respublikis
dadgenilebebi 1382-1434 wlebSi4. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eqceoda imasac, rom vaWroba Seuferxeblad warmarTuliyo.
kafas xelisufleba cdilobda daecva, rogorc saqarTveloSi komerciiT dakavebuli genuelebis interesebi, iseve im
1 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 118r.
2 Ibidem, p. 114v.
3 Ibidem, p. 96v.
4 Canale G., Della Crimea, del suo commercio e dei suoi dominatori dall origini
fino al di nostri, v. II, Genova, 1856, p. 352, 374.
461
qarTveli vaWrebis interesebic, romlebic kafaSi daiarebodnen an mudmivad iq cxovrobdnen.
saqarTvelo afxazeTSi da, saerTod, Crdilo da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis genuis savaWro koloniebs ukavSirdeboda saxmeleTo gziT, romliTac, imave dros, Crdilo
kavkasiasTan da ruseTTan urTierToba xorcieldeboda. am
saqaravno gzas, romliTac qarTvelebs garda sargeblobdnen
mezoblebic, misi av-kargianoba aRwera barbarom1.
saqarTvelo genuis respublikasTan kavSirs axorcielebda kafas saSualebiT. am urTierTobas asaxavs XIV s. bolos
kafas sabWos mier miRebuli dadgenilebebi, romlebSic sxva
qveynebTan erTad (trapizonis imperia, oqros urdo da sxv.)
moxseniebulia saqarTvelo2.
1398 wlis erTi sabuTidan vigebT, rom giorgi VII-sa
trapizonis imperators saCivari aRuZravT maTi qveSevrdomebis kafaSi Seviwrovebis gamo. raTa gamoerkviaT samarTliani
iyo Tu ara kafas konsulisa da sabWos moqmedeba, genuaSi
daadgines, Seqmniliyo komisia oTxi kacis SemadgenlobiT
(ori vaWari, ori iuristi). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konsulisa
da sabWos mier qarTvelebisa da trapezunelebis SemzRudveli kanonebi usamarTlod iqneboda miCneuli, maSin isini
unda gauqmebuliyo3.
kafasa da saqarTvelos Soris rom gacxovelebuli
savaWro urTierToba arsebobda, amaze metyvelebs Cvenamde
moRweuli ramdenime sabuTi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1468 w. 15 maisis erTi werili, romelic genuidan
kafaSia gagzavnili. masSi laparakia im davis Sesaxeb, romelic wamoiWra, erTis mxriv, kafas moqalaqeebsa _ avrambeisa.
xoja kotulsasa, amirbeis vaJebsa da, meores mxriv, saqarTvelos mefes Soris. es dava imdenad seriozuli iyo, rom
2 Canale G., Op. cit., p. 352, 374.
3 Ibidem, p. 352.
462
genuis proteqtorebi misi SeswavliT dakavebulni iyvnen
mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi. saqme imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
saqarTvelos mefis erT-erTma qveSevrdomma, quTaiselma giorgi kecaZem (gvaris zustad dadgena Znelia), zemoT dasaxelebul kafelebs zarali miayena, romlis saerTo Rirebuleba
TanxebSi gadayvanili Seadgenda 83.191 kafas vercxlis aspers.
werilidan ar Cans, ra formiT ganicades kafelebma zarali
(valis ar dabruneba, qonebis miTviseba Tu sxv.), magram faqtia, rom im droisaTvis es uzarmazari Tanxa iyo.
werilidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs is gadawyvetileba, romelic kafas konsuls miuRia: kafaSi mcxovrebi
qarTvelebis qonebis konfiskaciiT moexdinaT zaralis kompensacia. kafas konsulma Tavisi es gadawyvetileba genuis proteqtorebs acnoba da imedi hqonda, rom iqidan Tanxmobas miiRebda cxovrebaSi misi gatarebisaTvis. magram genuis sagareo
mdgomareobis seriozulad ganxilvis Semdeg, proteqtorebma
daadgines: ar daeSvaT kafaSi qarTvelebis Seviwroeba, radgan
es gamoiwvevda urTierTobis gamwvavebas saqarTvelos mefesTan. genuaSi aucileblad CaTvales masTan mSvidobis SenarCuneba. ùmjobesia fulis dakargva,- werdnen proteqtorebi,vidre omi mezobel siniorTan~. isini dazaralebulebs imiT
amSvidebdnen, rom dadgeboda xelsayreli dro da maSin Seecdebodnen maTi qonebis dabrunebas. imave dros masariebs1 ubrZanes, rom zaralis nawilobriv anazRaurebis mizniT 26.393
aspri waerTmiaT giorgi kecazes kreditori somxebisaTvis2.
saqarTveloSi genuelebisaTvis miyenebul zaralze laparakia, agreTve, Semdgomi periodis (1472 w. 18 ivnisi) werilSi, magram, amjerad, saqme ise mogvarebula, rom genuelebi kmayofilni darCenilan3.
1 masariebi _ sazogadoebrivi Semosavlis zedamxedveli moxeleebi.
2 Canale, v. I, Genova, 1855, p. 352, 374; Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p.
534-535.
3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. 875.
463
kafaSi rom mravlad iyvnen qarTveli vaWrebi, amaze miuTiTebs erTi cnoba, romelic kafas dacemisa da misi mosaxleobisadmi osmalebis mopyrobis ambavs asaxavs. `1475 wlis
6 ivniss qalaqi mters danebda, xolo 7 da 8 ricxvebSi
yvela qristiani _ valaxebi, polonelebi, rusebi, qarTvelebi, Cerqezebi da sxvani daatyveves, qoneba waarTves, maTi
nawili monebad gayides, nawilsac borkilebi gauyares~1.
miuxedavad imisa, rom genuelebs sevastopolisSi konsuli da sxva moxeleebi hyavdaT, rogorc Cans, am qalaqis
sruli batonpatroni mainc bediani iyo. amaze pirdapir miuTiTebs barbaro2. Tavisi amgvari mdgomareobis gamo sevastopolisi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda Savi zRvispira sxva
savaWro faqtoriebisagan, romlebSic genuelebi sruliad
damoukideblad grZnobdnen Tavs. sevastopolisSi da bedianis sxva samflobeloebSi isini iZulebulni iyvnen angariSi
gaewiaT bedianis pretenziebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, genuelebs mainc xSirad uxdebodaT masTan konfliqti, rac
uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda maTs savaWro saqmianobaze3.
genuelebi bedianTan kargi urTierTobiT dainteresebulni
iyvnen, radgan sevastopolisi kavkasiasTan vaWrobis umniSvnelovanesi centri iyo. genuel vaWrebs aq didi mogeba hqondaT, xolo TviT genua mniSvnelovan gadasaxadebs iRebda4.
genua Tavisi umTavresi konkurentis, veneciis dasustebiT imdenad dainteresebuli iyo, rom saqristianos dauZinebel mterTan, mehmed II-sTan, kavSirsac ki ar erideboda.
genuelebisaTvis kargad cnobili iyo venecielebis antiosmaluri saqmianoba da yovelnairad uSlidnen xels. genuelebma, albaT, isic kargad icodnen, rogori urTierToba
1 Canale G., Della Crimea, p. 350
3 Heyd W. Geschichte des Lenantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart,
1879, S. 392.
4 Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А. Очерки по истории генуэзских колоний на
Западном Кавказе. «Исторические записки», #3, Л., 1936, с. 85.
464
arsebobvda veneciasa da antiomalurad ganwyobil qveynebs
Soris da isini yvelafers akeTebdnen antiosmaluri koaliciis sazianod. vimeoreb, amgvari varaudis damadasturebeli
raime pirdapiri cnoba ar gagvaCnia, magram aq ar SeiZleba ar
gavixsenoT is momenti, rodesac XV s. 60-iani wlebis Sua
xanebSi genuis respublika bedianTan kavSirs amyarebda kafas
konsulis meSveobiT.
bediansa da genuelebs Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba
XV s. Sua xanebidan iwyeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi sabuTebi am
periodidan gvaqvs, romlebsac qvemoT gavecnobiT.
kafis konsulis rafaele monterosis 1464 w. 14 da 17
seqtembris werilidan vigebT, rom bedianma Zaladoba gamoiCina kafel vaWrebze, riTac kafas xelisufalTa da, ra
Tqma unda, TviT dazaralebulTa didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. kafas konsulma dauyovnebliv saCivriT mimarTa genuis
san-jorjos bankis proteqtorebs da daxmareba sTxova
`samarTlianobis~ aRsadgenad1.
genuis proteqtorebi kargad grZnobdnen Secvlil viTarebas, maT ar SeswevdaT unari iaraRiT daecvaT TavianTi
moqalaqeebis sicocxle da qoneba da kafas mesveurebsa da
dazaralebul qveSevrdomebs ubrZanes: SurisZiebisaTvis nu
aCqardebian, xelsayrel dros daelodnon, manamde ki bedians
Tavi moaCvenon megobrad.
vaWrobis garda, genuelebi bedianTan kargi urTierTobis
SesanarCuneblad samxedro TvalsazrisiTac dainteresebulni
iyvnen2.
genuidan gagzavnili rCeva-darigeba kafelebs WkuaSi
daujdaT da SurisZiebis nacvlad bedians megobroba SesTavazes. magram bedianis gulis mogeba kafelebisaTvis ioli
1 Atti della societa Ligurie, p. 321.
2 Ibidem, p. 335, 338-339. werili Sedgenilia 1465 w. 15, 18 da 25 maiss.
rogorc werilidan Cans, igi sxvadasxva dros iwereboda, imisda mixedviT,
rogori TanmimdevrobiT ganixilavdnen genuaSi kafasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. werili sakmaod vrceli da SinaarsiT mravalferovania.
465
ar unda yofiliyo. 1465 w. 1 dekembers genuadan kafas konsulisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom `Cven kmayofilni varT mengreliis baton bendianosTan saqmeebis kargad SeTanxmebiT. magram ukeTu raime xarjebi iqneba gaweuli,
gibrZanebT, mTlianad an nawilnawil daakisroT im genuelebs,
vinc mis teritorize vaWroben an droebiT cxovroben~1.
zemoT moyvanili werilidan, marTalia, ar Cans, magram,
saeWvoa, rom genuisaTvis iseTi rTuli sagareo viTarebis
dros
bedianTan
dadebul
xelSekrulebaSi
mxolod
vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
rogorc Semdgomi drois werilidan Cans, genuas ar akmayofilebda bedianTan arsebuli urTierTobis done. igi
ufro mWidro kavSirisaken miiswrafoda.
1472 w. 15 dekembers kafas konsulisaTvis gagzavnil
oficialur werilSi genuis proteqtorebi did kmayofilebas gamosTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom konsuli cdilobda mSvidobiani urTierToba daemyarebina yvela im xalxTan da mTavarTan, romlis teritoriazec mdebareobda respublikis
faqtoriebi: àseve kmayofilni varT imiT,- werdnen isini,rasac Tqven gvwerdiT sevastopolisis mTavar bendianTan
mtkice mSvidobis damyarebis imedebze~2.
rogorc imave wlis 18 ivlisis erT-erTi vrceli werilidan Cans, kafas konsuls gofredo lerkaris proteqtorebis imedebi gaumarTlebia da bedianTan saqme ise mougvarebia, rom Tavidan aucilebia SeiaraRebuli konfliqti3.
unda vifiqroT, rom bedianTan `mtkice mSvidoba~,
romelzec proteqtorebi ase did imeds amyarebdnen, antios1 Ibidem, p. 357. Sdr. Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А., Очерки по истории
генуэзских колоний на Западном Кавказе, c. 114; Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории
средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), c. 246.
2 Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А., Ук. труд, c. 112-113; Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии УК. труд, c. 246.
3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. II, parte I, p. 875.
466
maluri koaliciis wevrebTan samegrelos mTavris kavSirs
gamoricxavda.
cxumis dacema, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo Sav zRvaSi
osmalebis moqmedebasTan. osmalebisagan Seviwroebulma genuelebma TandaTan miatoves TavianTi koloniebi. z. anCabaze
varaudobda, rom genuelebs cxumi unda mietovebinaT kafas
dacemamde (1475 w.) ori wliT adre, e. i. 1473 wels1. magram
genuelebis cxumidan wasvlis TariRis ufro dazusteba SeiZleba, radgan aRniSnul wels cxumis konsulia qristoforo
de kanevale2. amdenad, ufro swori iqneba Tqma imisa, rom
kafas dacemasTan erTad genuelTa koloniam cxumSi arseboba
Sewyvita.
1474 wlis gazafxulze, rodesac veneciis elCi katerino
Zeno uzun hasanis davalebiT evropaSi brundeboda, man,
rogorc iTqva, poloneTidan werili gaugzavna `samegrelos
mefe melikos~3. am dros odiSis mTavari iyo Samadavle dadiani (1474-1477), liparit dadianis Ze. Zenom mas osmalebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwoda. magram genuelTa zemoqmedebiTa da da Tavisi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve
50-60-ian wlebis mijnaze da 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi arsebuli erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli viTarebebis Sefasebis Semdeg, is mxars aRar uWerda antiosmaluri
koaliciis Seqmnis ideas, romlis ganxorcieleba axlo
aRmosavleTsa da amierkavkasiaSi mxolod ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos poziciebisa da gavlenis gaZlierebas gamoiwvevda. gansxvavebuli politikis gatareba miT ufro gamarTlebuli
Canda, rom genuis poziciebi Savi zRvispireTSi sustdeboda,
osmaleTi ki jerjerobiT odiSis samTavros raime seriozul
safrTxes ar uqmnida. osmalebis mier Savi zRvispireTis ak1 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 248.
2 Canale G., Della Crimea, II, p. 338.
3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 35. `meliqi~
arabulad niSnavs mflobels, gamgebels, mefes.
467
lebas bediani, albaT naklebad angariSgasawev epizodad Tvlida, maSin, rodesac yvela qarTvelisaTvis zedmiwevniT kargad cnobili iyo uzun hasanTan `megobrobis~ Sedegebi.
2. odiSis samTavros osmaleTTan
urTierTobis istoriidan
(XVI s. 50-iani wlebi)
osmaleTis gavlena dasavleT saqarTveloSi ise myari ar
iyo, rogorc iranisa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. imereTis
samefosa da samTavroebis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida maTi swrafva gankerZoebisaken. odiSisa
da guriis mTavrebi jer kidev amasiis zavamde (1555 w.)
atarebdnen iseT politikas, romliTac isini sulTnis
morCilebaSi aRmoCndnen.
sainteresoa erTi anonimi venecielis cnoba, saidanac
vigebT, rom odiSis mTavari osmaleTs xarks ar uxdida.
rogorc sulTnis vasali, igi valdebuli iyo, 30 (!) aTasi
mxedriT emsaxura sulTnis jarSi, yovelTvis roca sparselebis winaaRmdeg saomrad wavidoda. `qarTvelebi berZnuli
rwmenisani, Tavisufalni da dauxarkavni arian, maT mTavars
dadiani hqvia. yovelTvis, roca sulTani sparselebis winaaRmdeg saomrad midis, dadiani 30 aTasi mxedriT emsaxureba
sulTans~1.
saeWvoa, rom maSin amxela samxedro Zala hyoleboda
samegrelos samTavros. magram, am SemTxvevaSi imas ki ara
aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ramdeni jari hyavda dadians,
aramed dadianis sulTnisadmi valdebulebis faqts. dadianisaTvis amgvari valdebulebis dakisreba, vfiqrob, amasiis
zavis Semdeg unda momxdariyo.
1 Archivio storico italiano, ossia raccolta di opera e documenti finora inediti e
divenuti. La storia d’Italia, t. VIII, parte I, Firenze, 1843, p. 314.
468
amasiis zavamde, rom odiSis samTavrosa da osmaleTis
saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, kargad Cans ungreli diplomatis anTal veranCiCis mier konstantinopolidan mefe ferdiandisaTvis gagzavnili moxsenebiTi baraTidan. veranCiCis cnoba exmaureba e. alberis im
cnobasac, romelSic gadmocemuli iyo qarTvel-sparselTa
jaris mier osmalebisaTvis miyenebul zianze kapadokiaSi.
anTal veranCiCis 1554 w. 3 maiss konstantinopolidan mefe
ferdinandisTvis gagzavnil moxsenebiT baraTSi naTqvamia,
rom `sulTani gagzavnis 10 galeras Sav zRvaSi, raTa maTi
saSualebiT gadaiyvanos yirimeli TaTrebi kapadokiaSi
qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg, romelTa ricxvi, rogorc amboben,
50.000-s Zlivs adgens~1. imave wlis agvistosTvis gairkva,
rom ìs samniCbian galerebs, romlebic Sav zRvaSi TaTrebis
gadasayvanad iqnen gagzavnilni, kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebma megrelebma... mdinareSi moZraobis saSualeba ar
misces da axla am galerebs arc win da arc ukan ar SeuZliaT svla. axla kidev sam xomalds amzadeben am galerebis
gamosaxsnelad, Tumca STabeWdileba iseTia, rom maTi gagzavna SedarebiT ufro nela iqneba ganxorcielebuli~ _ aRniSnavs a. veranCiCi2. rogorc a. veranCiCma 1454 wlis seqtemberSi gaarkvia, `gasul zafxuls sulTnis brZanebiT Sav
zRvaSi gavidnen samniCbiani (triremi) galerebi, _ pirvelad
xuTi, xolo mogvianebiT ki sami, magram ara im daniSnulebiT,
rac zRvaSi gasvlisas iyo gamocxadebuli. saqme imaSia, rom
Turqebi arafers ar akeTeben dezorientaciis da dezinformaciis gareSe. pirveli xuTi galera imisTvis ki ar iyo
gagzavnili, yirimis TaTarTa aziaSi gadayvana daecvaT da
danarCeni sami galerac imisaTvis rom saCqarod daxmareba
gaewiaT md. rionze saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi moxvedril
winamorbed galerebisaTvis, ara, sulac ara, radganac isini
1 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi, gv. 139.
2 iqve, gv. 137-138.
469
xom mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi srulebiTac ar imyofebodnen saSiS mdgomareobaSi. mTavari mizezi mdgomareobda, rom
gadasaxadi aeRoT megrelebisgan da kolxeTis miwaze mcxovreb sxva qarTvelebisagan, Tan yuradReba mieqciaT iqauri
sanapiro wylebisaTvis, raTa evropelebs ar miscemodaT SesaZlebloba rom sparselTaTvis zarbaznebi gadaecaT. saqme
imaSia, rom Turqebma marTlac miiRes amgvari saxis cnoba,
rom mzaddeba aseTi aqcia q. kafaSi mcxovrebi komersantebis
meSveobiT. swored es iyo pirveli xuTi galeris gagzavnis
mTavari mizezi. momdevno sami galera gagzavnili iyo azovis
zRvaSi kazakebisa da rusebis winaaRmdeg, raTa yirimis
TaTrebs daxmarebodnen~1.
rogorc moyvanili vrceli amonarididan Cans, megrelebs
md. rionSi marTlac moumwyvdeviaT osmaleTis galerebi da
gadasaxadebis gadaxdazec uars ambobdnen.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, Sah Tamazis daintereseba odiSis samTavros dasustebiT da mezoblebTan misi
cudi urTierTobiT. amitom iyo, rom Sahi imereTis mefes
aqezebda odiSis samTavros dasapyrobad2. rogorc Cans iranis
diplomatebis amgvarma agitaciam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo da
dadiansa da mefes Soris urTierToba uaRresad daiZaba.
1557 wels odiSis mTavarma levan I-ma (1532-1572) dadianma sulTans xarkis gadaxda aRuTqva da ZRvnad Zvirfasi
qvebi gaugzavna. samagierod mTavars osmaleTis flotiT imereTis (`kolxeTis~) mefe bagrat III-isaTvis angariSis gasworeba surda3. dadiani amgvarad cdilobda Tavisi damoukideblobis SenarCunebas. ai rogor agviwers marino kavali
dadianis osmaleTTan urTierTobas 1560 wels: `megrelebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es marTlmadidebeli qristianebi, osmalebTan daaxloebulni da maTi qveSevrdomni arian, cdiloben
1 iqve gv. 139.
2 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490, p. 249.
3 Ibidem.
470
yvelaferi maT gareSe gaakeTon. oTxi Tu xuTi wlis win1.
maTi mefe Tu mTavari dadiani, romelsac sisxlismRvreli
omi hqonda CerqezebTan, piradad wavida konstantinopolSi
sulTanTan daxmarebis saTxovnelad2 da eqvsi galera miiRo.
magram osmalebi ise daexmarnen, rom misTvis naTeli Seiqmna,
sulTnis mona da masze ufro damokidebuli xdeboda, vidre
daxmarebas iRebda. es mterTan brZolaze mZime iyo. amitom
Semdeg wels, man madloba moaxsena sulTans gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis, Cerqezebs mourigda, romlebTanac meti samarTlianoba naxa, vidre TurqebTan~3.
qarTulma wyaroebma ician levan I dadianis stambolSi
mogzaurobis ambavi, magram zogierTi detali mainc dazustebas moiTxovs.
dadianis viziti sulTanTan, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, unda momxdariyo 1568-1572 wlebs Soris4. marTalia, arc
marino kavali iZleva zust TariRs, magram naTelia, levani
1560 wlamde (ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva XVI saukunis
50-iani wlebis meore naxevari) yofila stambolSi. dadianis
stambolSi yofnis dros dazusteba da zogierTi sxva informaciis mopoveba SeiZleba ungreTis mefis stamboleli elCis
anTal veranCiCis5 àngariSebidan~. 1557 w. 16 Tebervals veranCiCi werda, rom stambolSi samegrelos mTavars eliano.
veranCiCis imave wlis 1 martis moxsenebaSi naTqvamia, rom
dadiani ukve stambolSia. ùkve gvaqvs zusti cnobebi samegrelos mTavris Camosvlaze, _ swers veranCiCi, _ igi Camo1 albaT, 1557 wels.
2 habsburgebis elCis konstantinopolSi busbekis mixedviT, dadiani 1560
wels Casula osmaleTis sataxtoSi. The turkish letters of Ogier Chiselin de Busbecq imperial ambasciador at Constantinople 1554-1564. Newly translated from the
latin of the elzevir edition of 1633 by S. Foster, Oxford, 1937, p. 223.
3 Alberi E., p. 279.
5 anTal veranCiCi (1504-1573) _ ungraTis humanitaruli istoriografiis
gamoCenili warmomadgeneli, cnobili di plomati da poeti. orjer (1553-1557
da 1567-1568) iyo ungreTis mefis elCad konstantinopolSi.
471
brZanda zRviT, Cveni 16 Tebervlis angariSis gamogzavnis
meore dRes. mis Camosvlasa da mdgomareobaze imitom gatyobinebT, rom Cvenma xlxma mTavris avtoritetulobaze imaze
meti warmodgena ar iqonios, vidre sinamdvileSi Tavad aris.
igi Camovida, rogorc `mefe sruliad samegrelosi~. man es
tituli sul axlaxan miiRo, magram amis miuxedavad am Cvens
mters did mniSvnelobas nuravin nu mianiWebs. dae, Tqvenma
udidebulesobam icodes, rom am pirze ver ityviT egviptis
romelime nebismier patara mefeze mets. miuxedavad imisa,
rom igi vrcel mamulebs flobs da saTaveSi udgas sakmaod
mravalricxovan xalxs, didi simdidris patroni mainc ar
aris. ise iqceva, rogorc Cveulebrivi xalxis wridan gamosuli ubralo adamiani. tituli rom ar hqondes, aravin
ifiqrebs mis mefobas. ar icavs sasaxlis ceremonialebs da
wesebs. Tavisi qceviT ifuWebs avtoritets, araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs sakuTari Rirsebis warmoCenas. SevecadeT moeyvanaT CvenTan misi amalis romelime wevri, raTa Segvetyo
raime samegrelos Sesaxeb. rodesac amis Sesaxeb acnobes, man
ganacxada, rom mzad iyo aramcTu sxva vinme, aramed TavaT
mosuliyo, Tuki qalaqis gubernatoris nebarTva iqneboda.
saqme isaa, rom igi CvensaviT mkacri dacvis qveS imyofeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom samegrelos mTavari TviTon Camovida
elCis saxiT, Tumca man es gaakeTa mezobel Cerqezebze SurisZiebis mizniT1, radganac maT mouklavT mamamisi2. am mizniT
mefes maT winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia jari, magram man migvaxvedra,
rom misi saxmeleTo samxedro nawilebi ver gauZlebdnen
Cerqezebis Zlier laSqars. igi darwmunebula, rom sazRvao
flotis gareSe verafers gaxdeboda mtris winaaRmdeg. man
sulTans saCuqrad Camoutana Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili Tasi,
raTa sTxovos mas niCbiani galerebi. am Txovnis Sesrulebis
SemTxvevaSi mefem gadasaxadebic ki ikisra, romlisganac igi
aqamde Tavisufali iyo~1.
rac Seexeba dadianis mogzaurobis mizans, vis winaaRmdeg
sWirdeboda mas osmalTa daxmareba, marino kavalic Cerqezebs asaxelebs. dadianis stambolSi Casvlis mizezsa da
mizanSi ver garkveula busbekic2, roca ambobs: èrTni amtkiceben, rom samegrelos mTavari konstantinopolSi suleimanis mopatiJebiT Camovida TurqeTTan samxedro kavSiris
dasadebad. es awyobT am ukanasknelT sparseTis winaaRmdeg
omis sawarmoeblad. meoreni irwmunebian, rom igi aq Camovida
suleimanisaTvis ramdenime xomaldis saTxovnelad, mezoblebTan omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi gamosyeneblad. imasac
amboben, rom man suleimans xarkis gadaxdac ki aRuTqva, Tuki
Txovnas Seusrulebda~3@vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, dadiani imereTis mefe giorgi II-s (1564-1585) da giorgi guriels (1564-1583) ebrZoda. qarTuli wyaroebiT, sulTani
dadians xomaldebiT ki ar daexmara, rogorc kavali ambobs,
àramed mwe eyo dadians xonTqari, mosca azrum-trapizonis
spani~4. kavalis cnobas unda miesadagebodes e. TayaiSvilis
mier gamoqveynebuli sigeli, romelic, marTalia, levan II
dadianis (1611-1657) xanas ganekuTvneba (e. TayaiSvili sabuTs
aTariRebs 1639-1657 wlebiT), magram levan I-is mmarTvelobis erT epizods asaxavs. `papa Cueni lion dadiani stambols
wasula, _ wers levan II, _ ... da qristekoCi5 stambols
warutania, da iq papa Cuens gamarjvebia, da imaTi ZaliT
1 beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, levan I dadiani sulTans jariT daxmareba
sTxova imereTis mefe giorgi II-isa da giorgi gurielisagan TavdacvisaTvis
(qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 361; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816).
2 levan I dadianis mama giorgi dadiani marTlac jiqebTan brZolaSi
daiRupa 1533 wels (iqve). amasve gadmogvcems vaxuSti batoniSvili (qarTlis
cxovreba, IV, gv. 811.
1 tardi l. ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 77.
2 auherius busbeki elCobis wevri iyo anTal veranCiCTan erTad.
3 tardi l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 85.
4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816; qarTlis cxovreba II, gv. 361; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, gv. 124.
5 waCxuris mTavarangelozisaTvis Sewiruli yma.
472
473
gamarjvebuli mosula, da cxra xomaldi1 bedniers xvanTqars
wyalobad mieca, da maTs aqeT wamobrZanebula, qristekoCi iq
stambols daugdia xomaldebis winamZRuarad, da mdivnobac
uboZebia, da ufrosobai xomaldis~2.
qarTul wyaroSi gadmocemul ambavs, marTalia, TariRi
ar uzis da arc imazea miTiTebuli, ra mizniT sWirdeboda
lavan I-s sulTnis xomaldebi da arc am xomaldebiT miRweul Sedegzea raime naTqvami, magram vfiqrob, levan II da
marino kavali levan I-is stambolSi erTsa da igive mogzaurobaze gadmogvcemen. levan II-s sigelis Sedgenis dros ar
sWirdeboda vrclad SeCerebuliyo amjerad saintereso sakiTxze. mas surda waCxurulis ojaxisa da misi Zmis, qristekoCis, eklesiisaTvis Sewirulobis dadgena, raTa kvlav gaeaxlebina maTze eklesiis ufleba. amisaTvis ès Zveli wignebi
vnaxeT lion dadianis, mamias da manuCaris da mamis Cvenis
(manuCar I dadiani _ e.m.), da mokiTxuli vqeniT da wignebicai vnaxeT, asre Sewiruli gamovida~3.
SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom levan I dadiani mxolod erTxel ar eaxla sulTans samxedro daxmarebis saTxovnelad. levan II da marino kavali gadmogvcemen levan I-is
Casvlaze daaxloebiT 1557 wels. busbekis mixedviT, igi
stambolSi yofila 1560 welsac4, xolo vaxuSti batoniSvili, rogorc ukve iTqva, mis mogzaurobas aRniSnavs 15681572 wlebs Soris periodSi.
rodesac marino kavalis cnobas vadarebT masze adre
moyvanil ungreTis istoriuli wyaroebidan amoRebul cnobas, ise Cans, rom 1557 wels dadianma levan I-ma jer despani
gagzavna sulTanTan, xarkis gadaxda aRuTqva da Zvirfasi
saCuqrebic miarTva imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg daxmarebis
sanacvlod. magram safiqrelia, rom dadianis despani stambolidan uariT gamoistumres. amitom iZulebuli dadiani
piradad wavida stambols da sulTans azri Seacvlevina.
levan II amitom ambobs: ìq papa Cuens gamarjuebia, da imaTi
ZaliT gamarjvebuli mosula~, e. i. xomaldebi moiyvana.
magram imis garkveva, levan I-s imereTis mefe bagratTan
Tu CerqezebTan sabrZolvelad sWirdeboda osmalTa xomaldebi, amis dadgena damatebiTi wyaroebis mopovebis gareSe
ver xerxdeba. SeiZleba mxolod varaudi, rom stambolSi,
sadac levan I-is agentebi, albaT, imyofebodnen, Segnebulad
avrcelebdnen xmas, TiTqos levan I dadians xomaldebi Cerqezebis winaaRmdeg sWirdeboda. am gziT unda gaCeniliyo
marino kavalis informaciaSi cnoba samegrelos mTavris Cerqezebis winaaRmdeg omisaTvis mzadebis Sesaxeb.
1 marino kavalis mixedviT, sulTans dadianisaTvis 6 xomaldi miucia.
2 saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, e. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, tf., 1909,
gv. 79.
3 iqve.
4 The turkish letters of Ogier Chiselin de Busbecq imperial ambasciador at
Constantinople 1554-1564, p. 223.
474
475
wyaroebi da literatura
abubeqr bin abdulahi, gamarjvebaTa wigni. Turquli teqstri
qarTuli TargmaniT, SesavliTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamzada m.
iluriZem, Tb., 2006
abulaZe c., oTxi Turquli dokumenti imereTis mefis solomon II-is Sesaxeb, Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 121, Tb., 1967
abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan (XVI s. 80-iani wlebi).
`mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, Tb., 1989
araqel davriJecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani,
Sesavali da komentarebi k. kuciasi, Tb., 1974
arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Targmani italiuridan al. Wyoniasi. meore gamocema l. asaTianis winasityvaobiT, redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1938
beraZe T., zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1981
beraZe T., zRvaosnoba da sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1985
berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze. `saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi~, IV, Tb., 1967
bocvaZe T., Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi ruseT-saqarTvelos
urTierTobaSi (XVI-XVII ss.). `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis
istoriis sakiTxebi~, II, Tb., 1972
brose m., saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1895
gabaSvili v., qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba (SedarebiTi Seswavlis cda), Tb., 1956
gabaSvili v., qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan (saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri koaliciebi XV-XVII ss.). „masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTRvis“, nakv. 31, Tb. 1964
gabaSvili v., XVI-XVIII ss. saqarTvelos qalaqebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis savaWro urTierTobaTa Suqze. krebulSi:
narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriidan, Tb., 1966
476
gelaSvili n. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan,
T., 1995
georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, VIII. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca
da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yayxCiSvilma, Tb., 1970
giorgaZe b., venecieli avtoris marino sanutos cnobebi
saqarTveloze (XV-XVI ss. mijna). krebulSi: evropis istoriis problemebi, II, Tb., 1978
dumbaZe m., aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilo) istoriidan, Tb.,
1953
evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna,
komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I, qarTuli Targmani, Tb ., 1971
evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna,
komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. II,
gamokvleva, komentarebi, Tb., 1973
vaTeiSvili d., nikifore irbaxis kvaldakval. gaz. `komunisti~, #175, 177, 178, 1983
TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris,
tf., 1902
TamaraSvili m., qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. redaqcia gaukeTes, winasityvaoba daurTes da gamosacemad moamzades z. aleqsiZem da j. odiSelma, Tb., 1995
TayaiSvili e., sami istoriuli qronika, tf., 1890
TayaiSvili e., saqarTvelos siZveleni, III, tf., 1910
TayaiSvili e. arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi.
Zveli saqarTvelo, III, 1912-1913
Toma mewofeli. Targmani, Sesavali werili da komentarebi
prof. l. meliqseT-begisa, Tb., 1937
TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581. italiuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e.
mamisTvaliSvilma, Tb. 1987
477
Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos
istoriisaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi qarTuli TargmaniT,
gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem, Tb., 1983
ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb.
teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi
daurTo s. jiqiam, Tb., 1964
ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. qarTveli mwerali meaTe saukunisa, naw. I, Tb., 1954
isqander munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsuli
teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da SesavliTurT gamosca v. fuTuriZem, Tb., 1969
kandelaki n., qarTuli saelCo mWermetyveleba, Tb., 1966
kasraZe t., romis propaganda da kaTolikuri misiebi saqarTveloSi (sadisertacio naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 1947, gv. 79.
kacitaZe d. XVI-XVII saukuneTa sparsuli dokumenturi
wyaroebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962
kacitaZe d. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan.
Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964,
kacitaZe d., ìskanderis anonimis~ cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, 116, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, Tb.,
1966
kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobidan, `ciskari,
#8, 1978
kacitaZe d., saqarTvelo XIV=XV saukuneTa mijnaze (sparsuli da sparsulenovani wyaroebis mixedviT) Tb., 1968
kiknaZe v. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan,
`mnaTobi~, 1982, #9
kiknaZe r. saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis istoriidan XV
saukunis meore naxevarSi. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi, VI, Tbi, 1964
478
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MAMISTVALISHVILI ELDAR
FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMACY OF GEORGIA
IN 15th - 16th CENTURIES
Georgia, one of Christian countries of the East has held the attention of Europe from the military point of view, since the time of
the crusades. However this interest became keener in the period of
predatory wars waged by Turkey, which brought some European
countries to an economic and others to a political catastrophe. Together with some Moslem countries who were in jeopardy of Turkish sggression. Georgia was considered in Europe as a potential ally.
In Europe some information about Georgia began to be accumulated
which nowadays serves as an important source for research into the
foregn policy of Georgia of that period.
Western politicians followed the developments in the Near East
with great interest. They wei all eyes as regards possible allies and
enemies of Turkey and the military potential of Iran, the main rival
of Turkey. In the sources reflecting Iranian-Turkish interrelation we
can find some information about Georgia. From these sources it is
clear that the Europeans considered Georgia an irreconcialable and
might enemy of Turkey. Military actions of the Georgian people
and reference to them in official and private letters and raports had
a certain propagandistic purpose: to shou how Christian Georgia together with Iran fought against Turkey while other great Christian
powers failed to organize joint operations against Turkey. In connection with this some of the information which was in European
sources is exaggerated and is not sufficiently reliable for us to reconstruct the real picture of the foreign relations of Georgia of that
period.
The present monograph is an attempt to study foreign relations
of Georgia in the 15th-16th centuries. The author studies the relations
497
of the Georgian states with Iran, Turkey, Russia and a number of
West-European countries and shows how the political figures of
Georgia tried to use the contradictions betwen Iran and Turkey in
favour of their country. In the work the author also shows the most
important moments of the Georgian people’s fight against foreign
invaders.
In the 15th-16th centuries there was no inited Georgia. It consisted of sewparate political units, whose foreign policy was conditioned by their resations with the two agressive neighbouring countries – Iran and Turkey.
According to the Amassia Paece Treaty in 1555 Georgia was
partitioned in twain Iran and Turkey (Nou Kartli, Kakheti and the
East of Samtskhe-Saatabago belonged to Iran, but Western Georgia
– Imereti, mengrelia, Guria and the West of Samtskhe – Saatabago
belonged to Turkey).
In fact this partition had been done much earlier – since the
reign of the Safawi Dinasty began. Though some of these separate
political units recognized the pover of both the Sah and the Sultan,
they nevertheless preserved the right to pursue independent home
and foreign policy.
The political influense of Turkey and Iran on Georgia was not
always the same. They often were in difficulty themselves and the
kingdoms and principalities of Georgia tried to use such situations
to set them against each other or both of them against the a third
force. For the scarcity or lack of the proper sources it is difficult to
determine what course of foreign policy each kingdom and principality of Georgia pursued during this or that period of time, but on
the whole we may say that some of Georgia’s feudatory states mantained contacts with Iran and others – with Turkey. But it does not
mean that thies partnership was permanent. They changed their
partners according to situations, though there existed some regularity: during wars between Iran and Turkey the Georgian kingdom
498
and principalities tended to side with Iran but during peace between
these two countries they ware inclined to Turkey.
Georgian political figures tried to keep the balance of power between Iran and Turkey constant and yet tense so as not to give them
a possibility to attack Georgia. It was a wellknown fact that one of
the reasons of their conflict was their desire to rule over Georgia.
The political line of Georgian diplomats attracted the attention
of Europe. The Main aim of policy of Habsburg dynasty, of Hungary and the Venician Republics was to keep consistant tension between Iran and Turkey: therefore they considered Georgia their
natural ally. In the same period the French diplomacy was interested
in directing the Turkish aggression towards the West, in particular,
against the Holy Roman Empire. That’s why the activities of those
Georgian diplomats who paid visits to Istanbul to induoe the Sultan
to act against Iran hurt the interests of France.
All she above mentioned facts aroused a lively interest in Georgia and in the activities of Georgian diplomats, which was reflected
in secret diplomatic correspondence of the politicians and statesmen
of that time, in literary memoirs and in the press. The interest in
Georgia particularly increased in the periods of Iranian-Turkish
wars and we observe abundance of European meterials about Georgia just at that time.
From the sources partaining to the period of Iranian-Turkish
wars we see that East Georgia was involved in anti-Turkish wars.
Maybe it was caused by the influence of Iran, which needed Georgia
for the sake of her own military and political purposes: I. The armies
of Georgia’s kingdoms and principalities could play an important
part in the war against Turkey-a sworn enemy of Iran. 2. Georgia, as
an Eastern christian power was always esteemed in European
states.
The efforts of Georgian politics was to create an anti-osman
coalition (in the 50-ies of 15th century up to 60-ies of the 16th cen499
tury) were taken under the influence of Iran and served her inmterests. Georgia wanted neither Iran nor Turkey to be strengthened,
because no matter which of them took the upper hand, the victor
would rule Georgia. Therefore Georgian diplomats strove to maintain the balance of power and constant tension between those two
countries.
Iran and Turkey tried to comouflage their aggressive intentions
against Georgia and had to confine themselves to the necesaity of
having Georgia as an àlly~ or al `vassal~ while using still the letter’s economical and military resources in the fight against each
other.
Judging by the European sources Georgians ware especialli activ2 in their struggle against Turkey; hence we can find the abundance of relevant materials there. Maybe the Georgian politicians of
the period in qvestion considered that the easter policy of the European countries was mainly determined by their relations with Turkey. Iran was considered one of the most potential enemies of Turkey and at the same time qvite a desirable partner in commerce. This
accounts for the fact that Georgia failed to find anti-Iranian powers
in Europe. In this respect Moscow deserves particular interest as it
paid a certain attention to Georgia from the commercial and political point of view. But Turkey was Moscow’s main enemy in the
Caucasus. It could render Georgia only moral support.
The fall of Constantinople was an event of greatest importance
for Georgia. The Cristian cultural Byzantium with which Georgia
had been maintaining economic, political and cultural ties, now
gave place to the aggresive mighty Osman Empire. It became difficult to continue contects with Europe which impaired a leter devolepment of Georgia
Georgia had long-standing commercial contacts with Europe
particularly with state-touns of North Italy Genoa end Venice. The
commercial roads crossing Georgia played a great part in this com500
merce, which was in the interests of both the western and eastern
countries.
The idea of a crusade against Turkey was put forvard by the
Pope. The European and the papal courts knew that in the East there
still existed Christian countries who would fight against Turkey.
At the call of the Pope (the mission of Lodovico di Bologna in
Georgia) the whole of Georgia rose to fight against Turkey (King
George VIII, atabag Kvarkvare II, the Prince of Mengrelia, the
Prince of Guria). Besides, the Georgian King and prince, the Emperor of Trebisond, the Prince of Minor Armenia, the Amir of Karamania and Padishah of the state of Ak-koiunlu just taking shape at
that time were to form a coalition.
Georgians hed their own plans of utter defeat of Turks which
they offered to the futyre allies and they also promised them to provide a large army.
Georgian ambassadors together uith those of the eastern allied
countries visited the courts of the the European countries (Hungary,
the Holy Roman Empire, Venice, Florence, Rome, France, Flandres), but without ang result. The economic and political contradictions among European countries, were so grave that their alliance
turned out to be impossible.
The court of The Sultan appraised the situation properly and
continued its aggressive policy. The Eastern ambassadore were still
in europe (1461) when the turke conquered the Trebizond Empire,
which meant a defeat of the Eastern allies.
In 1463 the Venetian-Turkish war broke out. The first diplomatic contacts of Venice and Ak-koiunlu state were esteblished.
The King Usun-Kasan considered Turkey his main enemy. The war
between these two states was inevitable and Usun-Kasan considered
Georgia a very important ally in casa of war with Turkey.
The sources of the 70-ies of the 15th century state that not all the
kingdoms of Georgia were for the anti-Osman coalition. Samtske501
Saatabago and Sabediano did not support this idea. For SamtskeSaatabago Usun-Kasan became a more dangerous enemy than the
Sultan. Samtske only paid tribute to the Sultan.
The Prince of Megrelia was under an economic and political influence of Genoa, which was interested in a foreign political orientation
of the Prince due to their commercial interests. Genoa knew about the
activities ov Venice to create an antiosman coalition and tried its best
to influence on the Prince of Megrelia to act against this coalition.
The disintegration of Georgia into different kingdoms and princiopalities put an end to the cource of joint foreign policy. This fact
became ostensible in the 90-ies of the 15th century. The kingdom of
Kakheti sought ties with Moscou, while Kartli – with , the WestEuropean countries. But their attempts had no result.
The formation of the Safawi Stats in Iran marks a new stage in
foreign interrelations of East Georgia. As is seen from the Persian
and West-European sources, Shah Ismail I who usurped the throne
intended to make Georgia (Kartli, Kakheti and Samtske-Saatabago)
his vassal _ i.e. recognize his power, pay him annual tribute and
supply troops for his aggressive purposes. Sah Ismai’s measures towards East Gaorgia determined the norms of relations between
Georgia and Iran in the course of a whole century. Sah Ismail’s policy towards Georgia was aimed at deepening the political decentralization of our country.
The Georgians played an important part in the formation and
strengthening of the Safawi khizilbash state. The Georgian political
figures regarded the Safawi state a potential opponent of Turkey.
Before the beginning of the first Iranian-Turkish war (1514)
Saatabago, proceeding from the imternal situation in Georgia, rendered Turkey economic support.
Having been defeated by Turkey, Sah Ismail decided to create
an anti-osman league which comprised Iran, Egypt, Kartli and
Kakheti, though this league proved to be still-born.
502
The dynastic strif in Samtske-Saatabago caused Iran’s and Turkey’s interference into its internal affairs, but shift of the Turkish
aggression to West Europe strengthened Iran’s positions not only in
Samtske-Saatabago but also in the whole East Georgia. The Sultan
eculd not stand the Shah’s success in Georgia and in 1553 the war
flared up again.
After the Amasia Peace Treaty in 1555 the defeated and weakened Iran’s positions in East Georgia ware no longer strong; therefore Georgia now became the main point of his active foreign policy.
He often had to use the Kizilbash troops to suppress uprisals in the
kingdom of Kartli.
Neither were the Sultan’s positions strong in West Georgia. The
Sultan’s inerference into the internal affairs of Imereti and other
principalities caused their decentralization. Owing to their wrong
policy the Princes of Odishi and Guria found themselves under the
power of sultan before the Amasia Peace Treaty.
The relations between Turkey and West Georgia differed from
those between Iran and East Georgia. In West Georgia Turkey didn’t
have to overcome any obstacles. A Peace Treaty with Iran was necessary for Turkey to arrange their affairs in Europe.
During the ensuing peace (1555-1578), in the course of the diplomatic relations with Iran, Turkey alwais stressed that the qvestion
of East georgia was always the subject of his interest and tried to
play the part of her protector. In fact, Turkey wanted to conquer the
whole of Georgia and the Caucasus.
Kartli became the main field of the Iranian-Turkish war of 15781590. During this war the real intentions of Turkey were revealed.
Kartli and Kakheti faced great danger. Headed by King Swimon I
Kartli began to fight against the Turkish aggression in alliance the
Khizilbashs, bat the king of Kakheti alexander II tried to stave off
danger by means of diplomatic manoeres.
In the 80-ies of The16th century the aggressive policy of Turkey
503
and the Crimean khannate speasrheaded against the nations of Transcaucasia compelled them to turn to neighbouring states for help
against Turkey. Iran could not be counted on because it was wakened at this period. Attention was drawn to the Moscow kigdom
which had long been advancing to the Caspien Sea and the North
Caucasus. In 1556 Moscow conqvered Astrakhan and established
direct commercial contacts with Iran. Under such circumstances
conquest of the Caucasus by Turkey and weakening of Iran was not
acceptable to Moscou.
Moskaw begins to look for allies in the Caucasus. Moskaw had
more information about than about other Kingdoms. Kakheti wes involved in the international trade in silk and was now conected with
Moscow trough Astrakhan. Tes way lay trough Dagestan and Sashamkhlo. The Prince of Sashamkhlo was the Sultan’s vassal and acted
under his instructions. Detachments of Samkhal troops often raided
frontier regions of Kakheti. That’s why Russia’s entering the Nort Caucasus was of vital importance for Kakheti. This wiould tear Sashamkhlo off Turkey and plased it between two Christian countries.
In 1586 King Alexander II asked the King of Moskaw to protect
his state from the attaks of Sashamkhlo and the expected aggression
on the part of Turkey. The diplomatic move’s of the king of Kakheti became known to Sashamkhlo and it bagan to act against Kakheti.
Since that time entry of Russia troops into Sashamkhlo became a
top-priority probleme of Kakhetian diplomacy.
True, there is no direct information about contacts betveen the
Georgians and the Cossacks from the Don but some Russian and
West European sources are indicative of the axistence of such contacts.
The mere existence of contacts between Kakheti and Moscou
was a fact of great importance for the whole Caucasus and near
East. from now on those who wished to preserve good relations with
Moscou had to obtain from hostilities with Kakheti. The Sultan was
well aware of the fact that any procrastination in the setting the
504
question of Kartli could bring about an analigous situation, all the
more that Moscow desired to extend protection over Kartli too.
But King of Kartli Swimon I was a realist in polities and realized that contact between Kartli and Moscow in the present situation
was imposible. A man of common sence, knew that he could not
accept any real help from Russia just then. Kartli was at war with
Turkey and Swimon knew very well what a cerbal pledge of Russia
to protect Kartli would intensify the Turkey’s military operations.
Neithep would the Shah favour this step of Swimon.
The contacts between Kakheti and Moscow expedidet the peace
treaty between Kartli and Turkey (1587). Kartli’s secession from
the war assisted war Turkey in defeating Iran. Tran tried to use Russia as an ally in the war against Turkey but the question of Kakheti
prevented normal relations between Russia and Iran.
The ties between Russia and Kakheti deterioraled the relations
between Kakheti and Turkey, but increased the international significance of Kakheti. It was obvious that Russian troops had entered
the Caucasus not without encouragement from Kakheti, and both
Iran and Turkey could not afford to disregard this fact. The court of
Kakheti was aware of its increased role in the Near East and tried to
develop contacts with Russia.
Alexander II knew that he could solve the question of Sashamkhlo only with the help of Russia, but he also knew that this question was closely con neeted with the question of Turkey; therefore
during the talke with Russia the Georgian diplomatss put forward
the question of Turkey and Sashamkhlo together.
But Russia and Kakheti could not agree with question of Turkey. In the course of talks Moscow diplomats tried to convince the
court of Kakheti that Turkey was not likely to attack that countri
because Alexander II was a liegeman of Moscou Tsar. Ruissia could
not share Kakheti’s plans of beginnig a war with Turkey. This was
not desirable for Russia at that time.
According to the Iranian-Turkish Peace Treaty of 1590 Turkey
505
extended his `rights~ over East Georgia, but Kartli and Kakheti retained their rights to have interrelations with foreign countries. As
Turkey directed her aggression towards the West the Holy Roman
Empire and the Pope began to muster antiosman powers.
In this context Iran and Georgia attracted their attention as
countries which would not accept the provisoion on the Istanbul
Peace Treaty. In the anti-osman schemes of the Pope and the emperor Moscow featured prominently as a power capable of exerting
some influence over Georgia another Christian Ortodox. However
the political course of Russia did not plan a war with Turkey.
Kakheti established contacte With European countries through
Russia While King Swimon I of Kartli did the same through Iran or
idependently.
Anti-osman countries realized that greater success could be
achieved if Kartli and Kakheti acted together. Both Moscow and
Iran tried to solve this problem. They tried to spread their influence
over Kartli and Kakheti.
Alexander II King of Kartli wa inclined to Moscow. In hiss
opinion if Kakheti and Kartlijoined under the influence of Moskow
he should be King of united Georgia.
Swimon I King of Kartli retained pro-Iranian orientation to end
the of his days. As Kartli fought against Turkey together with Khizilbashes Swimon I could not pursue foreign policy unacceptable to
the Sah and therefore avoided contacts with moscow. He always
acted under the Shah’s instructions and invariably described the
Shah as the organizer of war of eastern countries against Turkey.
In the 90-ies of the 16th century Shah Abas increased his political influence on Kakheti and in 1595 he compelled Alexander II to
join the Iran-Kartli alliance. In fact, he founded the Iran-KartliKakheti League. According to the historical sources of that period,
Alexander II did not accept all the purposes of this coalition. Kakhetians politicians could not reconcile to the secesions of Russia from
the war against Turkey.
506
When the members of East anti-osman coalition lost hope for
real assistence from Europe they began to act. In 1597 the Shah began a war against Turkey’s allies and in 1598 Swimon I took advantage of Turkey’s weakness and, with the Shah’s approval resumed
hostilities against Turkey. According to the European scurces (but
their objektivity is doubtful) Swimon I had a certain success first but
in 1599 during one of the battles he was captured by the Turks.
Swimon’s disappearance from the political and military arena
cosderably weakened Georgia’s anti-osman might. This circumstance complicated Alexander’s position, because Turkey which
had hitherto been fighting against Kartli abstained from drastic measures against Kakhreti. Alexander II decided to be mor active in
pursuing Russian policy in the Caucasus and gettiung real assistence from his protector, but this effort remained fruitless. It should
be supposed that Russia could not ignore Iran’s interests in Georgia.
Besides it became clear that the King of Poland and the Khan of the
Crimea had talks about war against Russia (1601) . So, Russia did
act want to complicate relations with Iran for the sake of Kartli. The
Shah decided to consolidate his position in Georgia forever. In 1605
King Alexander II was killed by his own son Konstantine, who had
been brought up at the Shah’s court was Mohammedan.
The capture of Swimon I by the Turks and the murder of Alexander II by the Khizilbashs mark the end of Georgia’s participation
in anti-osman coalition which had lasted a century and a half.
Oppressed by Iran and Turkey the fudal kingdoms of Georgia fo
for qvite a long time lost the power to pursue independet foreign
policy. Kartli and Kakheti became an arena of sanguinary feudal
wars and inroads by the Khizilbashs. But the foreign policy of the
kingdoms and principalities of West Georgia was mainly confined
to contacts with Turkey.
From the XV century, while destroying the united feudal monarchy it is seen that the patriarchs of Antioch tried to meddle with
the church affairs of the South and West Georgia. The hearths of
507
separatism appeared. Political units could be independent only by
the support of church. In the XV century and later too the patriarchs
of Antioch were encroaching the sovereignty of the country by meddling with internal affairs of Georgia.
At first the Patriarchy of Antioch paid attention to Samtskhe,
where the separative movement started the earliest of all and the
leaders were the bishops from Matskhvereli.
The aspiration of the Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch for making Georgian Church their flock was known in Rome. That’s why
the Pope’s administrative unit tried to influence on Georgia with the
same way, to join its kingdom-principalities to antiosmanian coalition and to change the church into Catholicism.
In 70s of the XV century Georgian church was divided into two
parts - Eastern or Mtskheta Church and Western or Gelati Church.
The division of the church finally finished the wholeness of the
country.
Samtskhe-Saatabago (Principality) became the independent political unit and had independent foreign policy. The aristocracy of
Samtskhe was especially active towards the Shah of Iran, they were
appointed on quite high posts. They became so strong that by the
help of Iranian feudal lords they intended to ascend the throne to the
prince Heidar-Mirza, who was Georgian by his mother. The struggle
lasted several years and finally it ended with misfortune of the Georgians.
In the II half pf the XVI century widow of Kaikhosro II, Dedisimedi, played a great role in the history Samtskhe- Saatabago.
In her life like mirror - the overthrow of the Georgian Orthodox
Church and the hearth of Culture of the ancient and the largest feudal unit of Samtskhe- Saatabago and the tragedy of her separation
by Turkey from Georgia was reflected.
Earlier the Republic of Genoa was interested in trade with the
East. It played a great role in Crusades and gained trade privileges
in the near East.
508
In a shot term the Genuians established 39 colonies and settlements by the East Black Sea, from Tana to Sevastopol (Tskhumi). 7
colonies from those 39 ones were by the Georgian Black Sea, which
played great economical, political and cultural role in the life of
people’s of the nearby countries in the XVI-XV centuries.
In the XIV century the colonies of the Republic of Genoa already existed in Tskhumi. The first consul is already seen from
1354. He was Ambrojo De Pietro. The existence of a consul indicates to the existence of the trade colony of the Gentians.
In spite of existence of the Catholic bishop in Tskhumi in 1318,
the Catholics did not have their own church, the bishop was homeless too and lived on the donation by the Georgians.
I doubt that the Catholic church pulpit existed somewhere except Tbilisi, even in Tskhumi.
Tskhumi was governed by the ruler of Samegrelo and it would
have had the pretention on the city income from trade. There was a
conflict between the ruler and the colonist rulers, and the Gentians
were interested in solving it for their own profit.
In the II half of the XV century the Osmanians began the attack
of the colonies of Genoa from routing of Tskhumi.
The local population was dissatisfied by the colonizational behaviour of the Gentians. The Gentians used to establish their colonies on the territory of the city and sometimes they possessed the
whole blocks. They used to live according to their traditions and
laws and did not take into consideration the interests of the most
part of the population. The Catholicism was unknown for the local
population, but the Orthodox Georgian were dictated by force to it.
The Muslims and Judaists living in Tskhumi kindled the opposite feelings of Gentians, who, maybe, mainly had a trade business
and it is natural, that the settlement of Gentian traders living in
Tskhumi humiliated their interests. That is why they were allies of
the Orthodox Georgians in the struggle against the Genuians.
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МАМИСТВАЛИШВИЛИ Э.М.
ВНЕШНЯЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ДИПЛОМАТИЯ
ГРУЗИНСКИХ ЦАРСТВ И КНЯЖЕСТВ
В XV-XVI ВЕКАХ
Грузия, одна из xристианских стран Востока привлекала к
себе внимание Европы еще со времен крестовых походов, в основном, с военной точки зрения. Однако, особый интерес к ней
возникает во время захватнических войн Турции, которые привели одну часть европейских стран к экономической, а другую
– политической катастрофе Грузия вместе с некоторыми мусульманскими странами, которым также угрожала турецкая агрессия, рассматривалась европейцами как потенциональный
союзник. В Европе накапливалась информация о Грузии, которая в наши дни стала важным источником изучения внешней
политики Грузии интересующего нас периода.
Политические деятели Западной Европы с большим интересом следили за развитием событий на Ближнем Востоке. Их
интересовали возможные союзники и противники Турции, а
также военный потенциал Ирана, который являлся главным соперником Турции. В источниках, отражающих ирано-турецкие
взаимоотношения, мы находим сведения о Грузии. Из этих источников видно, что европейцы считали Грузию непримиримым врагом, а также важным противником Турции. Упоминания о военных акциях грузин в официальных и частных письмах,
докладах и прессе служили определенным пропагандитским
целям: показать как христианская Грузия в союзе с Ираном боролась против Турции, в то время как крупные христианские
государства не смогли организовать совместные действия против той же Турции. В связи с этим многие сведения из европей510
ских источников приувеличены и не дают возможности
восстановления реальной картины внешних взаимоотношений
Грузий того периода.
Предлагаемый труд представляет собой попытку монографического изучения внешних сношений Грузии XV-XVI вв. В
нем изучены взаимоотношения грузинских государств с Ираном, Турцией, Россией и целым рядом западно-европейских
стран, а также показано как политические деятели Грузии старались использовать противоречия между Ираном и Турцией
на благо своего государства. Здесь же показаны и важнейшие
моменты борьбы грузинского народа против иноземных захватчиков.
В XV-XVI веках единой Грузии не существовало. Она состояла из отдельных политических единиц, внешняя политика
которых была обусловлена их взаимоотношениями с двумя агрессивными соседями – Ираном и Турцией.
Хотя раздел Грузии на сфери влияния между Турцией и
Ираном de jure был объявлен Амассийским мирным договором
(Восточная Грузия – Картлийское и Кахетинское царства, а
также восточная часть Самцхе-Саатабаго отходили к Ирану, а
Западная Грузия – Имеретинское царство, Мегрельское и Гурийское княжества и западная часть Самцхе-Саатабаго – к Турции), фактический он был осуществлен со времен воцарения
династии Сефевидов в Иране. Несмотря на то, что отдельные
политические единицы Грузии признавали власть иранского
шаха и турецкого султана, они все-таки сохраняли способность
проведения независимой внутренной и внешней политики.
Политическое влияние Турции и Ирана на Грузию не всегда было одинаковым. У них самих нередко бывали периоды
трудностей, чем неоднократно пользовались подвластные им
царства и княжества Грузии. Они старались столкнуть Иран и
Турцию, или противопоставить им третью силу. Ввиду недо511
статка источников, а чаще всего ввиду отсутствия их, трудно
установить внешнеполитический курс каждой отдельной политической единицы в разные промежутки времени, но в основном можно сказать следующее: из европейских источников
следует, что одна часть грузинских царств и княжеств была
связана с Ираном, а другая – с Турцией. Однако ж это вовсе не
означало, что постоянным политическим партнером одной части политических единиц бил Иран, а другой – Турция. И тем не
менее нельзя не отметить определенную закономерность: во
время ирано-турецких войн они склонялись в сторону Ирана, а
во время мира между этими двумя завоевателями в сторону
Турции.
Усилия грузинских политических деятелей были в основном
направлены на то, чтобы между Ираном и Турцией не нарушалось равновесие сил, а взаимоотношения были постоянно напряжены. Это лишало их возможности нападения на Грузию. Грузины хорошо понимали, что одним из объектов столкновения
интересов Ирана и Турции являлось господство над Грузией.
Политическая линия грузинской дипломатии обратила на
себя внимание европейцев. Ведь главной целью империи Габсбургов, Венгрии и Венецианской республики было сохранение
постоянных напряженных взаимоотношений между Ираном и
Турцией. Поэтому они считали Грузию своим естественным
союзником. В то же время французская дипломатия была заинтересована в том, чтобы направить турецкую агрессию на запад, в частности, против Свяшенной Римской империи. поэтому деятельность тех грузинских дипломатов, которые посещали
Стамбул с целью побудить султана к действиям против Ирана,
французское правительство расценивало как ущемление интересов своего государства. Все это обусловило живой интерес к
Грузии и деятельности грузинских дипломатов со стороны руководителей европейских государств, что отразилось в тайной
512
дипломатической переписке, мемуарной литературе и прессе
того иремени. Интерес к Грузии особенно оживлялся во время
ирано-турецких войн. Этим вызвано обилие сведений европейских источников о Грузии в соответствующие периоды. Из источников эпохи ирано-турецких войн мы видим, что Грузия, в
основном, ее восточная часть, была вовлечена в антиосманские
войны. Можно предпологать, что это было вызвано давлением
Ирана, который хотел использовать Грузию в борьбе против
Турции в собственных военно-политических целях: 1. Вооруженные силы грузинских царств и княжеств могли сыграть значительную роль в борьбе против Турции – заклятого врага Ирана; 2. С Грузией как с христианской страной Востока считались
при дворах европейских монархов.
Усиля руководителей грузинской политики-по созданию
антиосманской коалиции (с 50-ых годов XV века до 60-ых годов XVI века) направлялись иранскими властями и служили
интересам Ирана. Грузию не устраивало усиление Турции или
Ирана. В случае победы Ирана над Турцией Грузия оказывалась под непосредственным господством Ирана. Та же судьба
ожидала страну и в случае победы Турции над Ираном. Поэтому усилия грузинских государственных деятелей были направлены на сохранение равновесия и напряжения во взаимоотнощениях между ними. Иран и Турция, считая друг друга врагами,
старались замаскировать свои агрессивные намерения по отношению к Грузии. Они вынуждены были довольствоваться
«союзничеством» или вассальной зависимостью грузин и использовать военно-экономические ресурсы Грузии в борбе против друг друга.
Судя по европейским источникам, особое усердие грузины
проявляли в борьбе против турок. Поэтому их взаимоотношения с Европой отражаются лишь в этом аспекте, в то время как
для Грузии были одинакого опасны как Иран, так и Турция.
513
Можно предпологать, что грузинские политические деятели
принимали в расчет то обстоятельство, что восточная политика
европейских государств была обусловлена в основном их взаимоотношеннями с Турцией. В Европе Иран считался один из
главных потенциальных противников Турцией. С Ираном считались и как с выгодным партнером в торговле. Поэтому найти
антииранские силы в Европе грузинам было практический невозможно. В этом отношении особое внимание привлекало
Московское государство, которое исходя из своих торговых и
политических интересов, еще ранее устремило взоры на Кавказ. Однако, до тех пор, пока главным противником Московского царства на Кавказе оставалась Турция, Москва не могла
активно выступить в зашиту Грузии от насилия Ирана. Она
могла лишь морально поддерживать грузин.
Падение Константинополя было событием огромной важности для Грузии. Вместо культурной и христианской Византии, с которой Грузия издавна поддерживала экономические,
политические и культурные связи, воцарилась агрессивная и
мощная Османская империя. Затруднились взаимоотношения с
Европой, что отрицательно сказалось на дальнейшем развитии
Грузии. Долгое время Грузия поддерживала торговые связи с
Европой, особенно северо-итальянскими городами-государствами – Венецией и Генуей, для которых торговые пути, проходящие через Грузию играли особую роль. В эксплоатации этих
путей были заинтересованы как западные, так и восточные государства.
Идея крестового похода против Турок исходила от Папы
Римского. В середине XV века в Европе, особенно при папском
дворе, было хорошо известно, что на Востоке еще существовали
христианские государства, которые могли выступить против
Турции.
По призыву Папы (миссия Людовика Болонского в Грузию)
514
на борьбу с Турцией восстала вся Грузия (царь Георгий VIII,
атабаг Кваркваре II, князь Мегрелии Дадиани, князь Гурии). В
коалицию, кроме грузинских правителей, должны были объединяться также император Трапезундской империи, князь Малой Армении, эмир Карамании и падишах, находящегося в стадии объединения, государства Ак-Коюнлу. Грузины имели
свой собственный план разгрома Турции, который и предлагали возможным союзникам в Европе с обещанием выставить довольно крупные военные силы. Грузины не довольствовались
дипломатической перепиской с Европой. Послы Грузии вместе
с послами восточных союзников посещали дворы западно-европейских стран (Венгрии, Германии, Венеции, Флоренции,
Рима, Франции и Фландрии), однако безрезультатно.
Экономоческие и политические противоречия между европейскими странами того периода были настолько сильны, что
объединения их для достижения общей цели невозможным.
Турецкий двор в должной мере оценил существующее положение и продолжал завоевательную политику. Восточные
послы находились еще в Европе (1461 г.), когда турки завоевали Трапезундскую империю, что было равносильно поражению
их восточных противников.
В 1463 году началось венециано –турецкая война. Особое
значение придавалось объединению в антиосманской коалиции
непосредственых соседей Турции. Именно в это время устанавливаются первые дипломатические контакты между венецией и
государством Ак-Коюнлу в связы с той же Турцией. Узун-Гассан считал своим главным соперником турецкого султана.
Война между ними была неизбежна. В условиях войны с
Турцией Узун-Гассан придавал особое значение Грузии.
Как выясняется из источников 70-ых годов XV века, грузинские правители уже неодинакого относилиь к идее создания
антиосманской коалиции. Ясно видно, что Самцхе-Саатабаго и
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Мегрельское княжество не оказывали более поддержки
образованию этой коалиции. Для Самцхе-Саатабаго Узун-Гассан превратилсся более опасного завоевателя, нежели султан.
Турция, со своей стороны, довольствовалась взиманием дани с
атабага.
Правитель Мегрелии наxодидся под экономическим и политическим влянием генуезцев, для которых, исходя из их
собственных торговых интересов, большое значение имела
внешнеполитическая ориентация князя Мегрелии. Генуэзцы
хорошо знали о попытках создания венецианцами антиосманской коальции и всячески мешали им. Они питались повлиять на
правителя Мегрелии во вред венецианцам, а также антиосманской коалиции.
Распад на отдельные царства и княжества положил конец
единому внешнеполитическому курсу Грузии, что получило
наглядное проявление в начале 90-ых годов XV столетия. Кахетинское царство видела путь к свободе в союзе с Московским
государством, а Картли – с Западной Европой, но их попытки
не увенчались успехом.
Вместе с формированием государства Сефевидов в Иране
начинается новый этап внешних взаимоотношении Грузии.
Как следует персидских и западноевропейских источников,
занявший иранский престол шах Исмаил I вознамерился превратит Грузию (Картли, Кахети, Самцхе-Саатабаго) в своего вассала, что предполагало признания власти шаха Исмаила и выплату
ежегодной дани, поставку определенных контигентов войск для
осуществления широких захватнических планов Ирана.
Можно сказать, что проводимые шахом по отношению с
Восточной Грузии меры, определили нормы взаимоотношений
Грузии и Ирана почти на протяжении всего века.
Политика шаха Исмаила по отношению к Грузии ставила
также целью дальнейшее углубление политической децентрализации страны.
516
Грузины сыграли большую роль в образовании и усилении
кызылбашского государства Сефевидов. Грузинские политические деятели видели в этом государстве силу, способную
противостоять туркам.
Перед началом первой ирано-турецкой войни (1514 г.)
вследствие политического положения, создавшегося в Грузии,
и под влиянием Турции Самцхе-Саатабаго оказывало ей экономическую поддержку.
Потерпев поражение в борьбе с турками, шах Исмаил решил создать антитурецкую лигу, в которую входили Иран, Египет и Восточная Грузия (Картли и Кахети). Однако антитурецкая лига оказалась нежизнеспособной.
Династическая борьба, проиcходившая в Самцхе-Саатабаго, способствовала вмешательству Ирана и Турции во внутренные дела княжества. Однако перемещение основного направления турецкой агрессии в Западную Европу вызвало усиление
позиции Ирана не только в Самцхе-Саатабаго, но и во всей
Восточной Грузии.
Турция не могла примириться с усилением влияния Ирана
в Грузии и в 1553 году возобновила войну с Ираном.
После заключения Амассийского мирного договора 1555
года Иран, обессиленный в борьбе с Турцией, не имел устойчивых позиции в Восточной Грузии, главным объектом активной
внешней политики по-прежнему оставляет Грузию. Шах не
смог достичь здесь желаемого положения. Ему часто приходилось использовать вооруженные силы для подавления восставшего Картлийского царства.
Позиции султана в Западной Грузии были также не особенно устойчивы. Турция не смогла окончательно покорить Западную Грузию. Вмешательство султана во внутренние дела имеретинского царства и княжеств Западной Грузии вызвало
стремление этих княжеств к децентрализации. Князя Одиши и
517
Гурии, еще до Амассийского мира, вследствие неверных политических действий, оказались под вдастью султана.
Отношение Турции к Западной Грузии отличалось от отношения Ирана к Восточной Грузии. Туркам не приходилось преодолевать каких-либо серьезных препятствий в Западной Грузии. Мирный договор с Ираном Турции был необходим для
упорядочения своих дел Европе. Она удовлетворялась взиманием дани с грузинского царства и княжеств. В период мира
(1558-1578 гг.), в ходе дипломатических сношений с Ираном,
турецкий двор был заинтересован вопросом Восточной Грузии,
выступая ее защитником ради усиления своего влияния, что
вызывало недовольство Ирана. В действительности же Турция
намеревалась захватить всю Грузию и Закавказье.
Главной ареной ирано-турецких войн 1578-1590 годов становится Закавказье, в частности Картли. Именно во время этой
войны ясно проявились намерения Турции по отношению к
Грузии. Она стремилась к полной инкорпорации Грузии. Царства Картли и Кахетии оказались перед лицом большой опасности. Картлийское царство под предводительством Свимона I в
союзе кызылбашами развернуло военные действия против турок. Царь же Кахетии Александр II старался дипломатическими маневрами отвести от себя удар и избежать судьбы Картли.
В 80-ые годы XVI века агрессивная политика Турции и
Крымского ханства по отношению к народам Закавказья, заставила последних искать помощи у соседних государств. То, что
Иран не мог быть такой силой, не вызывало сомнений. Иран не
мог защитить даже себя, о помощи другим не могло быть и
речи. Поэтому внимание было перене сено на Московское государство, которое все дальше продвигалось к Северному
Кавказу и берегам Каспийского моря. С завоеванием Астрахани (1556 г.) Россия установила непосредственные торговые
контакты с Ираном. В подобных условиях захват Кавказа осма518
нами и ослобление Ирана было неприемлемо для Московского
государства.
Московское царство начинает искать союзников на Кавказе. О Кахетии Москва была информирована лучше, нежели о
других грузинских княжествах. Кахетия активно участвовала в
международной торговле шелком и имела путь в Москву через
Астрахан. Дорога эта проходила через Дагестан и шамхальские
владения. Шамхал являлся вассалом турецкого султана и действовал по его указанию. Отряды Шамхала разоряли пограничные районы Кахетии. Поэтому вступления России на Северный
Кавказ имело жизненно важное значение для Кахетии.
Наличие русских войск на Северном Кавказе способствовало отделению шамхальских земель от Турции. Владения Шамхала оказывались между двумя христианскими странами, что
облегчало им обуздание шамхальства.
Москва восстановила контакты с Кахетией. В 1586 году
царь Кахетии Александр II обратился за помощью к московскому государю, который должен был защитить Грузию от набегов
шамхальских отрядов и предполагаемой турецкой агрессии.
Антишамхальская дипломтия кахетинского царя была известна шамхалу. Поэтому он активизировал действия против
Кахетии. В подобных условиях вступление русских войск в
шамхальские владения стало задачей первостепенной важности для дипломатических отношений с Кахетией.
Правда, точных сведении о связи грузин с донскими казаками нет, однако на подобный факт указывают некоторые сведения русских и западно-европейских источников.
Установление контактов Кахетинского царства с Москвой
имело огромное значение для всего Закавказья и Ближнего Востока. Отныне, кто не хотел портить отношений с Московским
царством, должен был избегать враждебных акций по отношению к Кахетии. Султану было ясно, что малейшая задерж519
ка в решении картлийского вопроса, может привести к аналогичной ситуации, тем более, что Москва была заинтересована в
принятии Картли под свою защиту.
Однако царь Картли Свимон I был реалистом в политике и
понимал, что в данный момент связь между Картли и Москвой
была невозможна. Свимон приветствовал вступление русских
войск в Кахетию, однако считал невозможным принятие помощи от русских в данных условиях. Картлийское царство находилось в состоянии войны с Турцией, и Свимон хорошо понимал, что словестное заявление России о принятии Картли под
свою защиту могло иметь отрицательные последствия и вызвать усиление военных действий со стороны Турции. Подобный шаг мог быть отрицательно оценен и иранским шахом.
Установление связей между кахетинским царством и Московским государством ускорило заключение мирного договора
между Картлийским царством и Турцией (1587 г.). Выход Картлийского царства из войны сиграл большую роль в деле победы Турции над Ираном. Иран попытался исползовать Московское государство в войну против Турции. Однако развитию
нормальных взаймоотношений между Ираном и Россией препятствовал кахетинский вопрос.
Сближение России с Кахетинским царством ухудшило кахетино-турецкие отношения, однако способствовало возрастанию международного значения Кахетии. Видно было, что Россия вступила на Кавказ при содействии Кахетии, и с этим не
могли не считатся могущественные агрессивные соседи. Кахетинский двор положительно оценивал повышение своей роли
на Ближнем Востоке и старался поддерживать взаимоотношения с Россией.
Александр II знал, что лишь посредством связи с Россией
шамхальский вопрос мог быть решен в его пользу, но ему хорошо было известно также, что вопрос о шамхальстве был тесно
520
связан с вопросом о Турции. Поэтому в ходе переговоров с Россией грузинские дипломаты ставили оба вопрса вместе.
Между Московским государством и Кахетией не было согласия в вопросе политики по отнношению к Турции. Во время
переговоров московские дипломаты старались убедить кахетинский двор в том, что Турция не нападет на Кахетию, так как
Александр II был поданным московского царя. Россия не разделяла планов кахетинского царя о начале войны с Турцией. На
данном этапе война с Турцией была нежелательна для России.
1590 году, после заключения мирного договора между Ираном и Турцией, «права» Турции были распространены и на восточную Грузию. Несмотрия на это, Кахети и Картли сохранили
взаимоотношения с другими странами. Вследствие новой агрессии Турции на Запад Священная Римская Империя и Папа
Римский начинают мобилизовать антиосманские силы. Они обратили внимание на Иран и Грузию, которые не хотели мириться с условиями Стамбульского мирного договора. Антиосманских планах императора и папы значительная роль отводилась
Московскому царству, каторое могло повлиять на единоверную
ей Грузию. Однако при русском дворе был выработан свой курс
во взаимоотношениях с Турцией, который не предусматривал
начала войны с ней.
Кахетинское царство установливало связи с европейскими
странами посредством Московского государства. Царь же Картли, Свимон, питался установить связи с теми же странами (иссключая Россию) вместе с Ираном или же самостоятельно.
Все антиосмански настроеные государства понимали, что
большего успеха в этой борьбе можно было достичь путем
сближения Кахетинского и Картлийского царств. Разрешить
эту задачу пытались и Иран и Московское царство. Таким образом они могли упрочить свое влияние в Кахетии и Картли.
Кахетинский царь Александр II склонялся в сторону Моск521
вы. По его расчетам, объединение Картли и Кахети под влиянием
последней предполагало его воцарение в объединеной Грузии.
Свимон I как и во время ирано-турецких войн, так и по
окончании их и до конца своих дней сохранил проиранскую
ориентацию. Картлийское царство вмсте кызылбашами принимало участие в борьбе с турцией, поэтому оно не могло проводить неприемлемую для шаха внешнюю политику и избегало
контактов с Москвой. Даже в переговорах с европейскими странами картлийский царь действовал по указке шаха и неизменно
называл иранского шаха организатором борьбы с Турцией на
Востоке.
В середине 90-ых годов XVI века шах Аббас усилил политическое влияние на Кахетию и в 1595 году вынудил Александра присоединиться к союзу Картли и Ирана. Так образовалась
Ирано-Картлийско-Кахетинская лига. Источники этого периода указывают, что Александр II не до конца разделял цели этой
коалиции. Кахетинские политики не могли примириться с выходом России из борьбы с Турцией.
Когда члены восточной антиосманской коалиции убедились,
что ждать помощи со стороны Европы бесполезно, они приступили к активным действиям. В 1597 году шах начал войну с союзниками Турции, а в 1598 году, воспользовавшись бедственным положением Турции и с согласия шаха, возобновил войну с
турками Свимон I . Если верить источникам того времени (их
объективность сомнительна) Свимон достиг вначале определенных успехов, но в 1599 году был пленен турками в битве.
Уход Свимона с политической и военной арены значительно ослабил антиосманские силы Грузии. Это обстоятельство
усложнило также положения царя Кахетии, Александра, так
как Турция, которая до сих пор боролась с Картли, избегал крутых мер по отношению к Кахетии.
Александр II решил во что бы то ни стало активизировать
522
московскую политику в Закавказье и добиться реальной помощи от своего покровителя. Попытка царя Кахетии не увенчалось успехом. Нужно предпологать, что Московское царство
считалось с интересами Ирана по отношению к Грузии. В это
же время стало известно (1601 г.) о переговорах короля Речи
Посполитой и крымского хана о начале военных действий против России. Вследствие этого обострение отношений с Ираном
из-за Кахетии не служило интересам Москвы.
Шах аббас оценил создавшуюся ситуацию (в России началась иноземная интервенция и крестьянская война;Иран добивается успехов в борбе с Турцией) и решил окончательно упрочить свои позиции в Грузии. Александр II в 1695 году был убит
сыном, Константином, воспитанным при шахском дворе и принявшим мусульманство.
Пленение Свимона I турками, затем гибелью Александра II
от руки кызылбашей, заканчивается длительное, полуторавековое участье Грузии в антиосманских коалициях.
В условиях насилия со стороны Ирана и Турции феодальные царства Грузии надолго теряют способность проведения
независымой внешней политики. Картли и Кахети превращаются в арену кровопролитных феодальных бытв и набегов
кызылбашей. Внешняя политика западных царств и княжеств
Грузии в основном ограничивается взаимоотношениями с Ираном иТурцией.
523
saZieblebi*
I. pirTa
abazi 308
abas-mirza (muhamdis Svili)
375
abdulahi (Cildiris beglar
begi) 262
abubeqr bin abdulahi (osmalo
istrikosi) 402
abubeqri (istorikosi) 37, 405,
417
abulaZe c. 119, 187, 324, 403,
408, 409, 420, 423
avaliSvili z. (Àâàëîâ Ç.) 41,
65, 71, 74, 87
avTandili (diasamiZe elias
Svili) 423
avrambei (kafas moqalaqe) 462
azimameti (elCi) 73, 74
aTabeg-xani (manuCar III) 441
aias faSa (arzrumis gamgebeli)
151
aidar mirza 358
al-aSraf said ad-din kaitbei
(1468-496; egviptis mbrZanebeli mamluqi) 96
alah-Tau Cerqezi 172
alah-yuli-sulTan ijek oRlu
(usTajlus gvaris umniS* Seadgina m. inasariZem
524
vnelovanesi beladi) 353
alah-yuli _ sulTani (ustajlus tomis beladi) 367
alberi e. (Alberi E.) 176, 208,
215, 239-241, 469, 471
aleqsiZe z. 310
aleqsandre VI (romis papi)
99, 101
aleqsandre I (1412-1442) 75,
446
aleqsandre I (1476-1511; kaxeTis
mefe) 96, 105, 106
aleqsandre II (kaxeTis mefe)
96, 170, 172, 175, 191, 219,
226, 230, 231, 246, 248,
271, 274, 276, 277, 290,
297, 300-302, 304, 306,
308, 317, 320, 323, 330-332,
339, 382, 439.
aleqsandre (dedisimedis ufrosi Svili, minadoi yvaryvare
aTabags ratomRac yovelTvis aleqsandres uwodebs)
395
aleqsandre (yvaryvare) 411,
412
aleqsandre sadari xayani (is-
mail I- e. m.) 104
aleqsandre begi ix. aleqsandre
II kaxeTis mefe
al-kaSkaSandi (arabi istorikosi) 448
al-muhabi 448
alyas mirza (ismailis biZa)
344
aleqsandre 216, 217
aleqsandre (levan xanis Ze)
213
aleqsandre II 214, 215
aleqsandre mefe 210, 211
aleqsandre (kaxTa mefe) 203
aleqsandre xani (aleqsandre
II) 213
aleqsandre mefe (levan xanis
Zes an aleqsandres Zes
uwodeben) 209
aleqsandre 212, 213
aleqsandre 208, 209
aleqsandre II 206, 207, 268
aleqsandre I 48
aleqsandre I-is asuli (colad
hyavda imperator ioane IVs) 48
aleqsandre mefe 284, 288,
289
aleqsandre mefis diplomatebi,
elCebi 286, 287
aleqsandre mefe 255. 258,
268
aleqsandre xani 255. 276
aleqsandre mefe 254-257
aleqsandre (vinme somexi vaWari)
278
aleqsandre (kaxTa mefis levanisa da mamia gurielis
asulis _ TinaTinis vaJi)
170
alvendi (`sparseTis mefe~)
106-108
alvendi (ay-yoinlus sulTani)
105
alvize filareto 135
ali beg (haramxanis mcveli)
370
ali-begi (ismail II-is mowinaaRmdege) 345
ali-efendi (istorikosi) 187,
193, 204, 206, 208, 209,
213, 218, 219, 400, 408.
ali-mirza 336
ali-sulTan Taqalu (igi mokles kilbad (gulbaaT) gurjis vaJebma) 345, 360
ali faSa 240, 244
ali-yuli begi 239
aliyuli-xan Samlu 337
aliyuli-xani (jaris meTauri)
199, 200, 222, 224, 225
ali xani (mesxi ioTamiSvili)
358
ali-xan begi (qarTveli didebuli) 372
525
al-adil saif ad-din tumanbai (1500-1501; warmoSobiT
Cerqezi 122
ali-xani (heidar mirzas dedis
Zma) 341
alixani (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335
alixan-gurji (heidar mirzas
biZa; zaal begis Zma) 336,
348, 355, 357, 361
ali efendi, ali faSa 245,
246
alumuti (alvendi) 108
amargune xani (erevnis gamgebeli) 440
amatakisSvilebi 423, 424
amatakisSvili abulayafar 423
amatakisSvili amatak 423
amatakisSvili arfaqsad 409
abrojio kontarini (veneciis
elCi) 18, 51, 52, 73, 82,
88, 449, 461
ambrojo de pietro (cxumis
pirveli konsuli) 453
amilaxori 908. 433-435
amir aslan begi (afSarebis beladi, mniSvnelovani
sardali da princ ahmadis
aRmzrdeli) 354
amir aslani 364
amir al-ubara hasan faSa 240
amirbeis vaJebi 462
amir sunjaki 35
526
amurati (Turqebis sardali)
192
ana xanumi (zeinab begumis deda)
336
andi-begi (iranis Sahis mohamed
xodabandes elCi) 280
andrea kornaro (venecieli
didebuli) 65, 79
anTal veranCiCi 151
anonimi venecieli 105, 107, 108,
148, 152, 185, 186, 189, 190,
207-213, 222, 223, 226,
251, 256, 333, 377, 378,
403, 468
anri III (safrangeTis mefe) 186,
188, 400, 434
ansari (xalifa; kahkahes cixis
gamgebeli) 363, 364, 371,
372
ansar faradaRlu (alamuTis
cixis ufrosi) 361
ànikasia~, anakofia 451
anakofia ix. ànikasia~
antonio de govea 337
antonovi (elCi) 284, 286
anCabaZe z. (Àí÷àáàäçå Ç.Â.) 52,
444, 448, 450, 453, 455, 457,
466, 469
anjol datri (siciliis mefis
elCi) 73
anjolelo 90, 91, 117
ardu eduardsi (nedli abreSumis kompaniis agenti)
181
arzrumis beglarbegi 254
arzrumis faSa 383
arqanjelo lamberti 191, 192
arRun-yaeni (1284-1291) 10
arCili (bagratis (barnabis) Ze)
389, 390
arCili (dedisimedis Zma) 387
arCili (mefe konstantines Zis
Ze) 419
arCili (bagrat muxranbatonisa
da elenes Zma, Zma dedisimedisa) 419, 420
asan faSa 251
aslan-beg afSari 356, 369
afSari (Turqmenebis tomidan)
354
afxazeTis mTavari 50
aqbari 438
aSoTan bagratis Ze (barnab
beris Ze) 389. 390
aSoTani (dedisimedis Zma) 387
aSoTan muxranbatoni 388
ay-yoindus mbrZanebeli 47
ay-Sahri 384
ayTa huseini 348
axmed-bei 212
ahmad-mirza (Sah Tamazis Ze monasTan) 336, 353
ahmad jelaieri, jelairi 25,
28, 34, 35
ahmed-begi (arzrumis vilaieTis
SavSeTis sanjaybegi) 187
ahmedi (baRdadis sulTani) 24,
26, 36
ahmedi (vinme, daviT mefis SirvanSi mimavali jaSuSi)
136, 137
ahmed III (sulTani, 1603-1613)
328
ahmed faSa (ix. haji bin-zade)
ahmed faSa (Tbilisis gamgebeli) 229
ahmedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335
babingeri f. (Babinger Fr.) 126
bagrat III (imereTis mefe 15101548), 45, 53, 142, 143, 152,
153, 383, 470, 475
bagrat V (1360-1393) 27
bagrat VI (qarTlis mefe) 56,
71, 86, 91, 92
bakaki (bagrati _ imereTis
mefis levanis Zmiswuli)
262, 263
bagrat miqelis Ze (misces
Sorapnis erisTavoba) 744
bagrat muxranbatoni 385, 419
bagrati (Ze Teimurazisa, vaxtangis Zisa) 262
bagrati (dedisimedis mama,
aRikveca berad barnabes
saxeliT) 389
527
baiazi I (osmaleTis sulTani)
18, 35, 36
baiazid II (1481-1512) 111-113
baiazid III (1389-1402) 17, 19
baiazidi (ufliswuli) 161-163,
169, 347
bake-gramoni (istorikosi) ix.
Jan lui bake gramoni
baraTaSvilebi 90. 168
baraTaSvili saCino 326
barbaro ix. pavle II
barbaro josafat 51, 52, 92,
93, 447, 449, 452, 461,
462, 464
barkas Tuqali ix. barlas
Tuqali
barlas Tuqali, barkas Tuqali
32, 34
barnabe (dedisimedis mamis _
bagratis saxeli berobaSi)
389. 196
bartolo kontarini (veneciis
kviproseli elCi) 126
bartolomio da mosto
kviprosidan 135
barZim amilaxori 396, 420
basTan jagiri (ardebilis gamoCenili mbrZanebeli) 32
batista (naxWevanSi moRvawe wm.
dominikes wesis mRvdeli)
145
batori iStvan (1576-1586)
265-267
528
batori zigmund (translvaniis
mTavari) 287, 288. 302,
309, 310)
baSi aCuki ix. levani (imereTis
mefe, igive baSiaCuki)
bahram mirza (sulTan ibrahim
mirzas mama, Sah Tamazis
Zma) 354
bediani, benda, `bendia~ (samegrelosa da afxazeTis
mefe) 50, 51, 53, 56, 86,
444-446, 449-452, 461,
464-466, 468
bedfordi (hercogi) 46
bei isaki (uzun hasanis mier warmogzavnili kaci) 73, 76
bekari bernardino 322
bekir begi 220
Áåëèíåöêèé Ë. Ì. 336
Áåëîêóðîâ Ñ. À. 160, 203
benda, ix. bediani
`bendia~ ix. bediani
bendiano 366
benikaza ix. graciozo benikaza
Áåð À. 13, 15
beraZe T. 458
berdebegi, berdbeki (mcire
somxeTis mTavari) 54, 57,
450
beri egnataSvili 169, 200, 201,
203, 262, 264, 338, 339,
341, 358, 376, 380-382, 385,
390, 446, 449, 472
bertradon de la brokieri
(bedfordis mrCeveli) 46
berZeniSvili n. 83, 137, 138,
255, 270, 284, 287-289,
298, 300, 305, 308, 330
Berchet G. 65, 66, 79, 85, 88, 115,
247, 268, 303, 306, 316
betruCio kontarini 76
beqa (manuCaris biZa, manuCar IIis Zma) 342, 442
bexrem-faSa (arzrumis gamgebeli) 189
behrem faSa (diarbeqiris beglarbegi) 220, 221, 224
birkin rodion (rusi elCi)
269, 277, 289
Bizarus P. 222
bolotnikovi 331
bocvaZe T. 160, 271, 298
Breyer F. 55
Brown E. G. 363
brose mari (Brosset M.) 24-27,
51, 82, 201, 321
bruni f. 23, 457
buasardo J. (istorikosi) 246,
425
buaCiZe g. 123
buda’ yazvini, buda yazvini
(sparseli istorikosi) 131,
171, 361, 365, 371
buda yazvini ix. buda’ yazvini
budoviCi venclavi, venceslav
budoviCi (avstriis elCi)
414, 418
burgoniis hercogi 49, 53, 55,
65, 88, 451
burgonis duka ix. burgonis
hercogi
busbeki (habsburgebis elCi
konstantinopolSi, istorikosi) 471, 473, 474
butak begi (mohamed hodabandas
elCi) 281
Áóøåâ Ï. Ï. 296-298, 300, 305,
331
gabaSvili timoTe 3, 16, 139,
173, 178, 292, 294, 304,
307, 320
gaiZvera reaOTagani (romelsac
werili mihqonda aleqsandre mefesTan) 231
Galibert L. 68
gamezardaSvili z. 311, 312
gamzid-begi (ufliswul suleimanis `saWurvelmtvirTveli~) 370
gacabeki (yvaryvare II-is mama _
beqa II) 55
geraldi petre (kenterberiis
arqiepiskoposi, cxumis kaTolike episkoposi) 445,
453, 455, 457-459
gerardo pinedi 457, 460
giorgi II (1564-1585; imereTis
mefe) 186, 217, 472, 473
529
giorgi II-is (imereTis mefis)
elCi 190
giorgi (persTa, didi armeniis
da mcire iberiis mefe, romlis mama aleqsandre iyo)
ix. giorgi VIII
giorgi (ieses Zma, levan kaxTa
mefisa da mamia gurielis
asulis TinaTinis ufrosi
vaJi) 166, 170, 174, 175
genuis san-jorjos bankis proteqtorebi 463, 465
gogoriSvili beJan 436
godunovi boris 292, 296-298,
300, 320, 330
gorgaZe b. 109
gorgijaniZe farsadan (istorikosi) 35, 168, 200, 204,
222, 228, 259, 264, 377,
385
gorgora ix. yvaryvare II
giorgi brwyinvale (V; 1318- gotie (Ãîòüå Þ. Â.) 178
1346) 444, 445
gofredo lerkari (kafas kongiorgi mefe (erTiani saq. mefe
suli) 460
1446-1466 wlebSi, kaxeTis goCa (batoniSvili) 323
mefe (1466-1476 wlebSi) goColeiSvili d. 448
56
graciozo benikaza (1480), begiorgi (Soroso) 27, 28, 32, 50
nikaza 447, 448, 452
giorgi VII 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, gregori ix. yvaryvare IV aTabagi
445, 462
(1574-1581)
giorgi XIII (saq. mefe) 45, 47, Ãðåêîâ Á. 29, 30
48, 54, 55, 75, 328, 440- grigori vasilCikovi (moskovis
451, 456, 473
elCi iranSi) 256
giorgi X 439
guagura beki (saqarTvelos
giorgi (usufi, m. svaniZis vamTavari. igi iyo Sah-iakubis
raudiT) 229
bebiis Zmis simamri _ yvargiorgi (kaxeTis mefis levanis
vare II) 111
Ze) 167, 171, 326-328
gugaqi (SalikaSvilebis _ kokogiorgi kecaZe (qarTveli vaWari)
lasa da laSqaris biZa)
463
429
gelaSvili n. 132, 138, 171, 174, gulbaaTi 358, 360
175, 200, 340, 341, 344, gurgura, mzeWabuki aTabag 196
362, 365, 375, 376
gurguram-beki ix. yvarvare II
530
gurieli giorgi (1564-1583;
guriis mTavari) 46, 47,
143, 186, 188, 261, 262, 383,
436, 444, 468, 473
guCua v. 135
dadiani ix. levan I (odiSis
mTavari 1532-1572)
dadianis despani ìx. qristekoCi~
dadianis vaJi (es unda iyos
mamia II, levan I dadianis
vaJi, 1572-1590) 183
dadiani (levan I, samegrelos
mTavari, 1532-1572) 143,
186, 383, 471
dadian-bedieli 444
dadiani (samegrelos mTavari)
47, 48, 448. 458, 459
dadiani giorgi (levan I dadianis mama) 472
dadiani vamey 445
dadiani liparit (mamia dadianis
vaJi) 446
dadiani mamia IV 191, 261, 262,
446
dadiani manuCar 24
daviT-begi ix. dauT xani
daviTi (ioane IV-is Zma) 48
daviT komnenosi (trapizonis
imperatori) 48, 50, 61, 62,
78, 84, 450
daviT ungandi (habsburgebis
imperiis elCi) 343, 379
daviT X 129, 134, 136-139
daviT IX (dauTxani) 168, 197
daviT batoniSvili (giorgi
X-is Svili) 328, 329
daviTi (zaal begis Zma) 355
daviT I (kaxeTis mefe, imefa
mcire xans, `hyvanda colad
asuli aSoTan muxranis
batonisa _ qeTevan, daO
dedisimedisa~) 388
davriJeci araqel (somexi istorikosi) 322, 326, 327
dalilxan-begi (ramlus tomidan) 370
danilovi (elCi) 270
dasavleT saqarTvelos [kokatis (quTaisis patriarqi)
(savaraudod, malaqia I
baSiZe)] 146
dauT-xani, dauT-begi, daviTi
(svimon I-is Zma) 167, 170,
173, 174, 177, 182, 183, 190193, 197, 202, 217, 235,
241, 244, 380
debora ix. dedisimedi (bagrat
muxranbatonis asuli)
dedisimedi (bagrat muxranbatonis asuli, aTabag qaixosro
II-is meuRle, aTabagebis _
yvaryvare IV-isa da manuCar
III-is deda) 339, 342, 382,
385, 386, 387, 390-398,
404, 407, 411-413, 417, 419,
420, 426, 430
531
de olivaresi (grafi don enrike de gusmani) espaneTis
mefis elCi) 278, 279
diakvniSvili (goreli vaWari,
romelmac mefe svimonis
neSti stambolSi Camoasvena) 329
diarbeqiris faSa 383
diasamiZeebi 425
diasamiZe elia 423, 436
diasamiZe vaxuSti 385
div-sulTan rumlu (osmaleTis
sardali) 128
div-sulTani (Coxur saadis
mmarTveli) 130
doliZe i. 200
dominike (naxWevanSi moRvawe wm,
dominikes wesis mRvdeli)
145
donaldo da leZe 114
don enrike de gusmani (espaneTis mefis elCi) ix. de
olivaresi
don xuan de persia (igive uluR
beg baiaTi) 172, 188, 191,
192, 197, 199-202, 211,
229, 242, 335, 344, 345,
348-350, 362, 363, 369,
371, 374, 377, 378, 394,
401, 404, 407, 409-411,
432, 433
dosiTeoz kaTalikosi 200
532
duka (bizantieli istorikosi)
62
dumbaZe m. 166
egviptis sulTani 124
egnataSvili beri ix. beri egnataSvili
edigei 30
eduard klarki 180. 181
evgeni IV (romis papi 1431-1447)
21, 41
evlia Celebi (Turqi istorikosi) 192
elene (dedisimedisa da qaixosros asuli; adre gardaicvala) 385, 390, 399
elene (bagrat muxranbatonis
meuRle) 419
elene (manuCar III-is meuRle)
440, 441
elene (svimon I-is asuli)
424
elizbar erisTavi 396, 420
elimirza (kaxTa mefis levanisa
da mamia gurielis asulis
_ TinaTinis vaJi) 170
emanguli (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335
emin-aRa (kaxeTis mefis kaci)
217
eneas silvius pikolomini [sienas episkoposi, SemdegSi
pius II (1458-1464)] 39
enrike III (1390-1407; kastiliis
mefe) 19
enriko dandolo (veneciis
doJi) 12
enriko jenkinsoni (`moskovis
kompaniis~ agenti) 179
erekle (aleqsandre II-is Ze)
212-215, 255-258, 339, 382,
390
erekle bagratis (barnabe beris)
Ze 389, 390
erekle II 284
erekle muxranbatoni 399
erekle (vaJi muxranbatonisa)
419
erik VII (daniis mefe) 20
efendievi o., Eôåíäèåâ Î. À.
(istorikosi) 114, 365
eCmiaZineli mRvdlebi 311
eCmiaZineli somexi (romelic
mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi
sparseTSi imyofeboda _
e.m.) 312
vali-beg avSari (sasaxlisa da
haramxanis meTauri), 354,
361
valter hainc (germaneli mecnieri) 63
vanteevi (rusi elCi) 295
varaza (oTar SalikaSvilis Ze;
Sah Tamaz I-is colisZma,
mokla dedisimedma) 187,
334, 338, 339, 381, 382,
392, 399, 423
varaza ogulari 187
varawa oRlu kaikud xani ix.
kikola SalikaSvili
varkaCi nikolai (`romis saRmrTo imperiis~ elCi) 268,
285, 295-297
Âàñèëüåâà Ó. È. 125, 239
vaCnaZe yaflan (qarTveli elCi)
272
vaxtangi (svimon I-is Zma) 259,
326
vaxtangi (arCil muxranbatonis
vaJis _ erekles biZa) 419,
420
vaxtangi (dedisimedis Zma) 387,
413
vaxtang muxranbatoni 396
vaxtangi (bagratis _ barnabe
beris Ze) 389, 390
vaxtang VI 284, 337
vaxuSti batoniSvili 44, 89-91,
134, 156, 170, 177, 201-203,
209, 211, 213, 214, 262,
290, 320, 321, 334, 338,
340, 381, 388, 389, 391,
398, 410, 411, 421-423, 425,
440, 442, 444-446, 449,
456, 471, 473, 474
vaxuSti qarTveli (haqimi)
384
533
veli (armanis sanjaybegi) 323
venclav budovici ix. budoviCi
vanclav (avstriis elCi)
venceslav budovici ix. budoviCi venclav.
veranCiCi anTal (ungreTis
mefis stamboleli diplomati) 469, 471
Âåñåëîâñêèé Í. 280, 298, 308,
339
veskonte (geografi) 448
vetore soranco (veneciis warmomadgeneli) 72
Âèíòåð Ý. 265
vinCenco deli aleqsandri
(veneciis respublikis elCi
Sah-Tamazis karze) 164
violante (katerino Zenos
meuRle, arqipelagis hercogis nikolo krespos
qaliSvili) 78
vitovci (litvis mTavari) 20
viqtori (siri) 72, 77
viRac somexi (1563 w. kaxeTis
elCi) 182
vladislav II (poloneTis mefe)
46
vladislav III (poloneT-ungreTis mefe) 21
vlasievi aTanase (moskovis
elCi) 320
vlaheTis elCi 414
volkovi m. 460
534
Âîëèí Ñ. À. 23
vsevolodski ivane (ruseTis
elCi) 300
zaal begi (Sahis karze aRzevebuli, qarTvelTa meTauri
da amira, imamyuli _ mirzas
biZa) 341, 348, 351, 355-357,
360, 363, 368, 371, 372
zaal-xani ix. zaal begi
zaza-begi (es unda iyos saxlTuxucesi zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili) ix. fanaskertel-ciciSvili zaza
zahra baji 336
Çåâàêèí Å. Ñ. 10, 354, 366,
464
zeinab begumi (Sah Tamazis
qaliSvili qarTveli qalisagan) 336, 337, 340
zein ol-mirza 336
zeixavandis gvari (qarTvelebi)
354
zvenigorodski andria (elCi)
299
zvenigorodski semion (ruseTis
elCi) 273, 275, 284, 286
zigmund III 331
zigfridi 356
TaTreTis imperatori 30
TaleSis gvari (qarTvelebi)
354
Tamazi (Sah Tamaz I) 176
Tamazi (zaal begis Zma) 355
Tamar mefe 445
Tamari (qaixosrosa da dedismedis asuli) 385, 390
TamaraSvili m. 42-45, 47, 4955, 57, 60, 61, 75, 100,
304, 308, 310, 311, 318,
326, 450
TayaiSvili e. 205, 304, 390,
445, 473, 474
Taheri batoniSvili 27, 28
Tevdore ivanes Ze (ruseTis
mefe) 267, 269, 270, 272274, 276, 281, 282, 284,
285, 303, 306, 314
Teimuraz I 278, 284
Teodosi (imperatori) 328
Teodora (ioane II-is qaliSvili) 48
Temurlengi 13, 17-20, 22-29,
31, 33, 35-38, 79, 114
TvalSvenieri ivane (qaixosrosa
da dedisimedis Ze) 385,
386, 390, 398, 441
TinaTini (mamia gurielis asuli) 170
TinaTini (mefe svimonis ulamazesi SviliSvili, romelic
sparsul da evropul wyaroebSi cnobilia gulCaras
(gulCahras) saxeliT) 328,
329
Tokmak-xani ix. Toqmak sulTan
xani (erevnisa da naxiCevanis
gamgebeli)
Tomas herberti 379
Toma mewobeli (istorikosi)
34
Toqmak sulTan xani (erevnisa da
naxiCevanis gamgebeli) 189,
401, 403, 405, 406
Toqmak-xani (SaTamazis elCi
konstantinopolSi) 350
ToxTamiSi (oqros urdos yaeni)
27, 29, 30
TulaSvili (`mefe kimons cxeni
wauqcia brZolasa Sina~)
327
TurmaniZe sulxan 325
iagailo (poloneTis mefe) 20
iakobi (1563 w. kaxeTis samefos
elCi) 182
ianoS huniadi (poloneT-ungreTis mefis vladislav III-is
voevoda) 21
ianoS huniadi (poloneTis mefe
vladislav II-is da ungreTis voevoda) 46
iauyb-yaeni (uzun-hasanis memkvidre) 95
ibn nasri (gilaneli eqimi)
360
ibrahim vali (Seixi) 32
ibrahimi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335,
379
535
ibrahim feCevi (istorikosi)
147, 155, 156, 186, 208-213,
222, 224, 226, 229, 231,
237, 238, 244-246, 248,
266, 379, 400, 403, 404,
430.
ieronim laski (ungreTis mefe
ferdinandis elCi) 143
iese (kaxTa mefis _ levanisa
da mamis gurielis asulis
_ TinaTinis vaJi, isqander
munSi ieses, SecdomiT,
alixans uwodebs) 165, 170173, 179, 204, 211, 257, 375,
377, 380.
iese (kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre
II-is Zma, ufliswuli) 176,
177, 201, 212, 235-277
ieso qriste 100, 146, 195,
196
ivane aTabagi (mesxeTis mflobeli) 38
ivane III (1462-1505; moskovis
mTavari) 96
ivane IV (ruseTis mefe) 159,
160, 180, 182
izabela (espaneTis dedofali)
99
izma-xani (Sah Tamazis Svili)
379
iluriZe m. 402, 417
imamyuli (dediT qarTveli
ufliswuli), imam-yuli
536
mirza 353-357, 372
imam-yuli-mirza (Sah Tamazis
vaJi qarTveli mona qalisagan) ix. imamyuli
imamyuli-xani (yizilbaSTa
jaris sardali) 101, 219,
222, 237, 238
imerliSvili v. 151
ingoroyva p. 448
interiano j. (istorikosi),
jorjo interiano 52, 447,
448
ioane galifanteli (episkoposi) 19
ioane IV (1446-1458, imperatori) 48
ioane VIII paleologosi (bizantiis imperatori) 20, 101
ioane presviteri 60
ioTamaSvil-SalikaSvilebi 355
ioram-begi 206, 207
iorga (Jorga N. rumineli istorikosi) 65, 72, 87
ioseliani avT. 252
iranis Sahi (Sah abas I) 321
iranis Sahis vaJiSvili ix. hamza
mirza
isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvili
(Sah Tamaz I-is coli)
339
isa-xani ix. iese
islenievi danila 295
ismaili (sinopis batoni) 53
ismaili (Sah Tamazis Ze, SemdegSi ismail II) 335
ismail I 104, 105, 107-109, 114,
116-118, 121-123, 125, 126,
131, 134-141
ismail II Sahi 151, 194, 197, 198,
200-202, 204, 235, 239,
334, 335, 339, 341, 343-346,
350-352, 356, 358, 361-368,
372-374, 376-382.
isqander munSi (istorikosi)
135, 148, 164, 166-168, 175,
177, 201, 203, 204, 210,
211, 231, 235, 256, 259, 351,
352, 356-358, 362, 365, 384,
406, 407, 437-441
isqander faSa 147
italieli diplomati romSi
135
iuzbaSi rumlu 371
iusuf-begi (qurTi) 188
iusuf faSa [Tbilisis yofili
beglarbegi, imereTis mefe
giorgis Svili (m. svaniZis
varaudiT) iyo] 431
iusuf faSa (gamuslimebuli axalcixeli didebuli) 442
iStvan batori ix. batori
iStvan
iju Sarmazan 384
kazimeJ IV (poloneTis mefe)
72, 87
kakabaZe s. 35. 168
kaluli (uzun hasanis ufrosi
vaJi) 85
kaliqstus III (romis papi) 4,
40, 44, 45
kanale juzepe (Canale G., istorikosi) 455, 461, 462,
464, 466
karabegi (maRris sanjaybegi)
323
karailiuki (mesopotamiis mefis
mama, Turqmani) 55
karl V (1519-1556; imperatori)
139, 140
karpovi s. (Êàðïîâ Ñ. Ï.) 46,
47
kasim bei 220, 224
kaspare de kolunus alberti
460
kasraZe t. 21
kastodinusi (metri, saqarTvelosa da mesopotamiis
mefis elCi) 59
katerino Zeno (veneciis elCi)
69, 71, 73, 74, 77-79, 81,
85-87, 105, 106, 117, 121,
467
kafas konsuli 465
kacitaZe d. 18, 38. 135, 151, 152,
340, 355
kaxaber yorRanaSvili ix. forRanaSvili kaxaber
537
kefarsa, igive `bei isaki~ ùzun
hasanis elCi, erovnebiT
espaneli, sarwmunoebiT
ebraeli~, uzun hasanis
mTavari eqimi 73, 76
kvirini lazaro 65. 77
kiknaZe v. 445, 453, 458, 459
kiknaZe r. 33, 81, 92, 105, 174
kilbad (gulbaaT) gurjis 358,
360
kilikiis mTavari 48
kirile (kaxeTis mefis elCi
moskovSi) 285
kir-nilo, nilo (qarTlis mefe
konstantines karis eklesiis moZRvari) 96, 97,
98-101
klavixo rui gonsales 25
klementi VIII (romis papi)
290-295, 299, 302, 306,
311, 314
kikola SalikaSvili (varaza SalikaSvilis vaJi _ kokola
cnobili iyos rogorc
mahmud xan dirazis Ze,
Turquli wyaros mixedviT
_ varaza oRlu kaikudxani) 189, 190, 191, 399,
409, 423, 436, 437.
komnenosebi 48, 69, 84
konstantine batoniSvili ix.
konstantine I
konstantine I (1407-1412, daiR-
538
upa SavbatknianebTan brZolaSi 1412 w.) 38
konstantine II (1478-1501) 71,
75, 90-92, 95-97, 99-101, 106,
117, 332, 390, 419
konstantine (kaxeTis ufliswuli, aleqsandre II-is Ze)
235, 255, 256, 298, 300
konstantine laskarisi (elCi)
111
kontarini toma sier (konstantinopolis bailo) 136
kontarini ix. ambrojo kontarini (veneciis elCi)
Cornet E. 72, 73, 75, 76
kotetiSvili v. 195
Êðûìñêèé Å. À. 308
Krumbacher K. 20
Kuntze E. 260
kumuloviCi aleqsandre 294,
301, 302, 306
kuCena temriuk idaroviCis asuli, romelic SeirTo ivane
IV-m, da moskovSi daarqves
maria 180
kucia k. 322
laioS II (ungreTis mefe) 142
lala mustafa faSa 185-192,
201, 202, 206-212, 218,
219, 222, 223, 224, 227,
245, 257, 378, 393-396,
400, 402, 404, 405, 408410, 412, 413, 420, 423,
424, 426
lanua 46
Lanoz K. 140
laSqara (kokola SalikaSvilis
Svili) 423
levan av-giorgis Ze 131, 134
levan I dadiani (odiSis mTavari
1532-1572) 470-473, 475
levan II dadiani (odiSis mTavari) 192, 473-475
levani (imereTis mefe, igive
baSiaCuki, 1583-1590) 196,
262, 263, 279
levani (kaxeTis mefe; saqarTvelos mefe), levan xani
131, 137, 140, 141, 143, 146,
164-166, 171, 178, 182, 192,
246
levani `saqarTvelos mefe~ ix.
levan kaxTa mefe
levan-xanis Svili ix. iese
levan xani ix. levan kaxTa
mefe
Leo H. 69
levanis asuli, romelic colad gahyva svimon I-s 164
leonardo bembo 125
Lanz K. 139, 140
leunklaviusi, Leunclavius L.
(istorikosi) 119, 120
lion dadiani ix. levan I dadiani
lipartiani 186
liparit dadiani 467
Ëèñîâñêèé À. Â. 20
luarsabi (ufliswuli, svimonis Ze) 235
luarsab I (qarTlis mefe 15341556) 143-145, 147, 152, 156,
157, 174, 194, 195, 201, 310,
358, 359, 383, 387
luarsab II (qarTlis mefe, 16061615( 441
luarsab Sermazaan oRli 381
ludoviko bolonieli (cnobili
diplomati, franciskanelTa
ordenis wevri) lui de
bolonia 40-47, 54, 56. 59,
61, 77, 88, 447
lui de bolonia ix. ludoviko
bolonieli
lui XI 60
luis xili fernandesi 278,
280
Ìàãèäîâè÷ È. Ï. 20
maisuraZe g. 311
makleri f. Macler F. 304, 309,
310
maksud-xani (Sahis elCi) 228,
229
Malcolm J. 361, 369
malipiero alesandro (venecieli
diplomati) 303, 306, 316
539
malpiero hanibal 117
malus armenieli (somxeTis
batoni) 55
mama iakobi (saqarTvelos mefis
elCi romSi) 311, 314-318
mamarti (raindi, somexTa elCi)
59
mama Cveni (manuCar I dadiani)
474
mamedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335
mametanacabi (Mametanazab, uzun
hasanis elCi) 66
mamia III dadiani (1512-1532)
444, 474
mamia IV dadiani (1572-1592
188
mamia (gurielis vaJi) 262
mamia (giorgi II-is Zma, m.
svaniZis gamokvleviT mamia
giorgis Svili iyo da ara
Zma) 217
mamisTvaliSvili e. 19, 44, 69,
93, 101, 123, 139, 185, 279,
333, 393, 433, 446, 451
mania (guriis erisTavi) 53
Ìàíàíäÿí ß. À. 10
manuel I (1143-1180, bizantiis
imperatori) 12
manuil II paleologi (13911425; imperatori) 17
manuCar begi (romelsac osmaleTis divanma saqarTvelos begoba uboZa) ix. manuCar II
540
manuCari (yvaryvare I didis vaJi,
yvaryvare III-is biZa, 14751487) 127
manuCar II (manuCar-xani, aTabagi
1582-1613), umcrosi Tavadi
127, 128, 130, 191, 193, 218,
233, 236-238, 241-243, 250,
253, 385, 386, 390, 393,
396-408, 410-421, 424-426,
428-431, 433-442
manuCar III (manuCar II-is Ze),
aTabag xani, 439, 441
manuCar xani ix. manuCar II
margarita avstrieli (dedofali) 172
mariam sulTan xanumi 336
marko rosi (ruseTis elCi)
88
marino kavali 470, 473-475
matiaS korvini (1458-1490,
ungreTis mefe) 55, 73,
83, 87
masum beg safavi (saxelmwifo
mdivani) 345, 354
maqsimiliane (avstriis erchercogi) 312, 316
mawyvereli 435
Ìàõìóäîâ ß. Ì. 14, 17, 66,
87, 88
mahmadi (Sahi mohamed xudabende)
199
mahmadi-sulTani (oficialuri
wyaros mixedviT mahmadxani) 401
mahd-ulia (mahdi mazandaranis
gamgeblis qaliSvili) 349
mahmud-mirza (Sah Tamazis meeqvse vaJi qarTveli mona
qalisagan) 334, 353
mahmud xan dirazis Ze ix. kokola varazas Ze SalikaSvili,
romelic cnobili iyo am
saxeliT
mahoni [mcire TurqTa (ay-yoiunlus _ e.m.) elCi] 59
mahumuti (Turqmani) 55
mehmed aRa da misi amxanagebi
189
mehmed begi (Tbilisis gamgebeli, sxva cnobebiT kostomanis beglar-begi) 193
mehmed girei (yirimis xani) 219,
221, 225
mehmed II (1444-1446, 1451-1481)
39, 40, 58, 61-63, 66, 67, 80.
85
mehmad xani (`sparseTis mefis
generali~) 401
mehmed xani (arzrumis beglar
begi) 143
mehmed sokolu (didi veziri)
224
mehmed sokolus vaJi 224
mehmed faSa (Tbilisis beglarbegi) 222, 225, 246
mehmed faSa 246
mehmedi (osmalo vaWari) 269
mehmedi (ufliswuli; SemdegSi
mehmed II, 1595-1603) 233
mehmed III (1595-1603) 323
mehmedi (ovsilis sanjaybegi)
323, 324
mehmed xani (sulTani, murad
xanis Ze) 324
mehmed faSa (arzrumis mamasaxlisi) 426-430, 464
mgalobliSvili m. 197
meliqseT-begi 34
menabde l. 124
mesxia SoTa 262
mesir hansi (raindi, romelic
iyo ioane presviteris
elCi) 60
mesopotamiis mefe (Tumca
araqristiani, magram qristianebis megobari, romlis
mama Turqmani karailuki
iyo) 54
metreveli el. 24
Ìåöîïñêèé Ôîìà 34
mehmed faSa (Tbilisis gamgebeli) 220
mehmed faSa (osmaleTis sardali) 428-430
mehmed faSa yadimi (diarbeqiris
faSa) 430
mehmed xani (sulTani, murad
xanis Ze) 324
541
mzeWabuk I aTabagi (1502-1515),
janiki 106, 112, 115, 116,
118
mzeWabuki (qaixosrosa da dedisimedis Ze) 385, 390
miguel de abrue de limasi
(portugaliis elCobis meTauri) 375
mikloS varkaCi (avstriis imperatorisa da ungreTis
mefis elCi) 282
milanis hercogi 67
minado jovani tomazo (Minadoi)
175, 176, 191, 194, 197, 199,
201-204, 207, 210-212, 242,
243, 344, 345, 348, 349, 351,
362, 376, 394, 395, 405, 409,
411, 412, 414, 415, 424, 428,
430-433
Minadoi T. 176, 197, 215. 217,
221, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232,
240, 241, 321, 335, 364-366,
369, 371
minorski m. (Minorsky V.) 25,
26, 81, 91
mirabeti ix. mirza beki
miranSah batoniSvili 27
miran Sahi 37
mirza ali bei 212, 219
mirza beki anu mirabeti 105
mirza mohamed-xani 375
mirza omari (Seqis erT-erTi
542
mmarTvelis Svili) 215
mirxondi (sparsulenovani istorikosi) 32-35, 38
miqaeli (raindi) 59
miqel (narin daviTis Ze) 444
mixai (valaxeTis voevoda)
309
mixeil aldigieri (trapizonis
imperatori) 54
moraki ix. xoja miraki
mirati ix. xoja miraki
moreas mirliva ali-beg bunavi
(lores beglar-begi) 240
morTaza mehdi faTemi 354,
355
moldaveTis elCi 414
monpelie (safrangeTis venecieli
elCi) 144
Morley W. H. 175, 202, 375
Ìîõîâ Í. 299
mohamadi 344, 345
mohamed faSa (gamuslimanebuli
mesxi feodali) 441
mohamed-xanis vaJebi 345
mohamed-xan lala 345
mohamed mirza (Sah Tamazs hyavda
isa-beg isubeg Turqomanis
qaliSvilisagan) 334, 339
mohamed hodabanda (iranis Sahi),
mohamed xudabande 175-177,
193, 200-202, 205, 211, 228.
234, 235, 280,. 334, 337,
340, 341, 343, 349, 362,
374, 380-382, 386, 396,
398, 407
mohamed xudabande ix. mohamed
hodabanda
mohamed xudabendes deda 334
muafi (halabis faSa) 232
munejim-baSi (osmalo istorikosi) 81, 113, 218
murad-mirza 336
muradi (uzun hasanis SviliSvili) 108, 109
murad III (1574-1595, sulTani
185, 199, 219, 223, 227,
260, 261, 324, 350, 378,
395, 404, 412, 414, 422,
426, 428
murad xani ix. muradIII
murad faSa (osmalTa sardali)
441
Ìóðçàêåâè÷ Í. 11
murati (kaxeTis mefe, aleqsandre II-is mier moskovSi
gagzavnili elCi) 96
Ìuratori L. A. 67
musa _ mirza 336
mustafa naima (istorikosi)
194, 195
mustafa selianiqi (osmalo istorikosi) 209, 233, 291244, 255, 259, 304, 404
mustafa faSa ix. lala mustafa
faSa
mustafa faSa (zulyadris
beglarbegi) 220, 221
mustafa (maraSis beglarbegi)
223
mustafa ali (Turqi istorikosi) 231
mustafa ix. manuCar II
mustafa-mirza (dediT qarTveli
ufliswuli, Sah Tamazs
hyavda qarTveli mona qalisagan) 334, 335, 349, 353,
372, 379
mustafa lala faSa 403, 406,
411, 412, 415, 420, 422
mustafa (manuCari) 426, 427,
430, 432
muxranbatonebi 389
muxranbatoni arCili 419
muhamedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 379
muhamedi (cru winaswarmetyveli) 196
muhamedi (Sah ismail II-is Zma)
375
muhamed xudabende 430
mcire somxeTis mTavari 47
nabuT-aRa (iranis elCi) 232,
233, 236
naTaZe gr. 413, 418
Íàêàøèäçå Í. Ò. 331
nasrola falsafi (iraneli istorikosi) 335, 336
neapolitaniis mefe 312
negroni (Tarjimani) 315
543
Neck R. 141
nestan darejan (qarTlis dedofali) 419
nestan darejani (kaxTa mefe
levanis asuli) 157
nizami (laCinis sanjaybegi)
323
nikoli (metri; frangi maswavlebeli, damrigebeli) 59
nikolo krespo (arqipelagis
hercogi; misi qaliSvilebi
colad hyavdaT katerino
Zenos da uzun hasans) 15,
78
nikolo (elCi) 73
nikolo justiniani bailo 115117
nikoloz Tbileli 54, 75
nikoloz V (romis papi) 40,
41
nilo ix. kir-nilo (qarTlis
mefe konstantines karis
eklesiis moZRvari)
niniZe d. 28
Íîâèêîâ Íèêîëàé 294
Íîâîñåëüöåâ À. Ï. 113, 153
Íîâîñåëüñêèé À. À. 331
nuri ali (isboris sanjaybegi)
323
nusreT-name (ist.) 408
odiSeli 310
odiSis mTavari 262, 468
544
ozbegebi 386
ozdemir-oRlu 213
omar Tobani 32-34, 37
omar mirza 30, 32-34, 37
omar mirzas mama 34
omar mirzas Zma 34
omar faSa 236, 252
onibene paolo 86, 87
osman faSa (Sirvanisa da naxWevanis gamgebeli) 193,
213, 218-219, 226, 244,
246-249
oqros urdos yaeni 452
pavle II [piero barbo; 14641471] barbaro 67, 90, 91
pavle III (romis papi) 145
paiWaZe d. 41, 44, 56, 60
paleologi mixeili 8, 9
pasinis begi 187
petre geraldi (kenterberiis
arqiepiskoposi) ix. geraldi petre
petre maroniti (ismailis elCi,
beri) 140
petre I 284
petro biZaro, pietro biZaro
197, 208, 222, 404
petro de negro (ferninand I-is
elCi) 140
petruSevski i.p. (Ïåòðóøåâñêèé
È. Ï.) 36, 37, 74, 108, 336
Ïåí÷êî Í. À. 10, 464, 466
Ïèãóëåâñêàÿ Í. Â. 336
pietro biZaro ix. petro biZaro
pietro barro ix. pavle II
pietro veskonti (1318 w.)
pietro miqele 246
pivovi petre (rusi elCi) 269,
277, 289
pineli gerardo ix. gerardo
pineli
pius II (enea silvius pikolomini, romis papi 1458-1464)
39, 45, 54, 57, 60, 319
Ïëåøêîâà À. 7
Porsilus H. henrix porSa (istorikosi) 400, 406, 407,
413
poluxanovi stefane 277, 289
portugaliis mefe 65
posevino 265-267
Jak keri (Sarl VII-is mrCeveli
da xazinadari) 7
Jana d’ arki 46
Jan de balbi (elCi, romelic
karl V-m gagzavna sefianTa
saxelmwifoSi) 139
Jan lui bake gramoni, bake gramoni (istorikosi) 112, 127,
128, 131, 137
Jan Sardeni 197, 202
Jirov-zasekin [aleqsandre Tevdoris Zis elCoba (16001601)] 331
Jordania g. 102, 311
Jordania T. 89, 419, 420
Jofrua da tuzi 46
Juie m. (frangi diplomati) 186,
188, 400, 416, 417
JuJunaZe o. 21, 101
raba, rabia, fabia [anakosiis
(anagosiiis) mTavari, xelmwife] 49, 52, 450, 451
raguzis elCi 414
ramazi (daviT X-is Ze) 31
Ramusio G. B. 18, 48, 51-53, 73,
82, 83, 88, 105, 107, 108, 447,
449, 461
rafaele monterosa (kafis konsuli) 465
Ðàõìàíè À.À. 250
rezvani (osmalo sardali)
432
rodvan faSa 240, 241
rizvan faSa (diarbeqiris
beglarbegi) 221
Ðîìàñêåâè÷ À.À. 23
romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori ferdinand I
rosTem faSa (didveziri) 157,
158
rostom amatakisSvili 423
rostomi (imereTis mefe 15901605) 262, 264, 320
rudolf II (impetatori) 294,
295, 300, 309, 311, 312,
317, 320
545
rui gonsales de klavixo,
Ðþè Ãîíçàëåñ äå Êëàâèõî
(dabadebis weli ucnobia.
gardaicvala 1412 wels;
kastilieli didebuli,
Tavisi droisaTvis kargad
ganaTlebuli. kastiliis
mefem erike III-m elCad
gagzavna TemurlengTan samaryandSi) 19, 28-37
rumlu (Turqmenebis tomidan)
354
rusin-danilovi (astraxanis
meTofeTa asisTavi, tolmaCi) 269
rustem faSa 240
saam mirza (Sah-abas I-is Zma)
204, 211
saam-mirzis asuli 175
saakaZe giorgi 259
saakaZe siauS (giorgi saakaZis
mama) 259
sadr ad-din xani 372
saveri (aleqsandre mefem gagzavna lala faSas banakSi)
210
sazakuris faSa 429
salamaT-girei xani 441
salamaT qarTveli (qarTveli
mTavari) 404
santa severini (kardinali)
315
546
sanuto marino (venecieli avtori) 109, 111, 115-117, 126,
135, 143
san franCesko 77
sara-xaTuni (uzun hasanis deda,
romelic mehmed II-sTan
mosalaparakeblad gagzavna) 62
satofbei 111
safar faSa (beqa jayeli, aTabagi) 442, 443
safrangeTis elCi konstantinopolSi 113
seid-beg qamene 372
seid sajadi (arabistanis gamgebeli) 375
selim I (1512-1520), Sah-zade
selim-xani 112-120, 122,
123, 125, 126, 128
selim II (1566-1574) 161, 162,
183
selimi (ufliswuli) ix. selim II
sevinduq-begi (sparseli didebuli) 151
semender begi 220
serasqeri manuCar ix. manuCar
II
sefe al-din isxaki (1252-1334;
sefianTa ordenis damaarsebeli) 374
`sefevidi princesa~ (Sahis Zmis
saam-mirzas asuli) 204
sexnia amatakis Ze 423
svaniZe m. 113, 115, 147, 150, 152,
190, 191, 206, 214, 217,
222-224, 227, 229, 234,
236-238, 245, 255, 259-261,
306, 307, 321, 328, 329,
336, 340, 393, 397, 408,
416, 417, 421, 422, 431,
435, 438, 440, 456
svanTa erisTavi 444
svimon de lili (ferdinand I-is
elCi) 140
svimon I (v. hincis TqmiT, islamis miRebis Semdeg mahmuds
eZaxdnen) 124, 156, 157, 161,
164-167, 169, 170, 173-175,
177-179, 182, 183, 194-205,
217, 218, 222-224, 227-229,
232-234, 236, 241, 244,
248-253, 258-265, 275-280,
289, 290, 302-304, 306-318,
320-326, 328, 329, 332,
375, 377, 380, 396, 406,
407, 410, 419, 420, 426428, 432, 436-438, 440, 441
svimon xani, svimon gurji
aq arian Setanili.
svimon mefis saidumlo agenti
316, ix. agreTve svimon
mefe.
svimon xanis qaliSvili 438, ix.
agreTve svimon mefe
siaoS-beg (gamoCenili qarTveli
mxatvari) 352
sigizmundi (germaniis imperatori, romelic amave dros
ungreTis mefec iyo) 20
sinan begi (arbkeris mmarTveli)
220
sinan-faSa (didveziri, mTavarsardali) 127
sinan faSa (jer mesame veziri,
Semdeg didveziri, aRmosavleTis jarebis mTavarsardali), xoja sinan faSa
227-233, 254
sinan faSas vaJi 254
sinopis mTavari 48
sincendorfi ioahim (germaniis
elCi konstantinopolSi)
414
siqstus IV (romis papi) 75
siqst V (romis papi 1585-1590)
267
siciliis mefe 65, 75
Ñêðæèíñêàÿ Å. Ð. 9
Ñìèðíîâ È. À. 180, 237
Ñîêîëîâ Í.Ò. 13
solaq-zade (XVII saukunis
Turqi istorikosi) 112,
113, 224
soleimani (ufliswuli) 370
soleiman xalifa Samlu (sulTaniis gamgebeli) 354,
363
547
solimani (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335
solomon II (imereTis mefe)
324
solomoni (kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-is warmomadgeneli)
286
soranco vetore ix. vetore
soranco
sorso mefe (giorgi VII) 29
spandujino Teodoro (Spandugino T.) 109, 111, 117
sparseTis Sahi ix. Sah-abas I
spediari (kastimenes mama) 53
sreznevski i. 5, 29
stefnaZe j. 173
Ñòðîåâà È. Â. 336
suleiman I (1520-1565; sulTani)
134
suleiman II kanuni (1520-1566,
sulTani) 139, 143, 150,
153, 155, 156, 163, 383
sulTan ibrahim-mirza (bahrammirzas vaJi da Sah Tamazis
Zmis Svili, saxlTuxucesi,
poeti, mxatvari, musikosi)
350
sulTani ix. suleiman II
suleiman-begi 159
Sah-Tamazs Svilebi hyavda Samxalis disa da Cerqezi xarWebisagan 334, 379
sulaiman-mirza
axmad-mirza
548
junaid-mirza
suleiman faSa (osmaleTis didveziri) 144
sulTan zade xanumi (Sah Tamazis coli) 348
sulTan ismaili ix. ismail II
(Sahi)
sulTan ismailis momxreTa
moZule, 356, ix. agreTve
ismail II (Sahi)
sulTan muradi ix. murad III
sulTan-mahmud-xani (gamuslimanebul svimons sulTanmahmud xani daarqves) ix.
svimon I
sulTan ziad oRli 159
sulTan Taheri 26
sulTan mohamed xudabanda
surgulaZe i. 44
suriano francisko (Suriano
Franc) 124
tabataZe k. 28, 112, 162, 170,
174, 339, 340, 357, 360
tabaRua i. 100, 146, 147, 173,
309, 310, 414, 418, 425
tardi li (Tardy L.) 55, 74, 79,
80, 86, 99, 143, 151, 153, 155,
161, 169, 183, 243, 244, 246,
247, 249, 251, 252, 282, 285,
293, 294, 296, 299, 301, 302,
304, 306, 308, 311-316, 318,
320-322, 379, 414, 434, 437,
441, 469, 473
tarsa (mefe aleqsandres warmomadgeneli) 276
taxiril (baRdadis mflobelis
ahmedis Svili, hulaRuyaenis STamomavali) 24, 25
temriuk idaroviCi 180
ter-iakobi (svimon I-is elCi)
157, 308, 310, 311, 313-314,
316-318
ter-iakobis vaJi 311
tivaZe T.g. 96, 182, 281, 282,
298, 311
tokmaki (revanis sulTani)
426
torxi (diaki, ruseTis elCi)
273
trapizonis imperatori, trapezundis imperatori (daviTi) 40, 47, 56-57, 59,
463
transilvaniis mTavari 299,
310
transilvaniis imperatori ix.
transilvaniis mTavari
uzun hasani (1453-1478; trapezuntis imperatoris siZe)
48, 51, 53, 54, 61-66, 69-76,
78-93, 95, 108, 110, 115,
447, 467, 468
uluR beg baiaTi ix. don xuan
le persia
umcrosi Tavadi ix. manuCar II
aTabagi
uspenski T. 54
uruSaZe l. 174
usTajlu (tomi) 353, 354,
357
fabia (anagoziis mTavari ix.
raba
falsafi 337
falmeraieri (Fallmereyer Jac.
PH) 48, 50, 55, 81
fanaskertel-ciciSvili zaza,
zaza-begi 171
Ôàðçàëèåâ À. Ì. îãëû 186-189,
191, 193, 207, 210, 214, 216218, 220, 221, 229-231, 233,
245, 399,405, 406, 446
faraji (egviptis sulTani)
36
fari-beg yojlu qorCi Turqemani 356
faroxzad begi (qarTveli umaRlesi xazinadari) 352,
372
farsadan gorgijaniZe ix. gorgijaniZe farsadan
ferdinandi (neapolitaniis
mefe) 67, 76, 77, 99
549
ferdinan I (imperator karl
V-is umcrosi Zma, ungreTis mefe, SemdegSi saRvTo
romis imperiis imperatori
1526-1529) 140, 141, 155,
158, 284, 469
feri-xan-xanumi (Sah Tamazis
asuli) 335, 343, 348, 349,
351-353, 363-365, 368-371,
379, 380
ferixan-xanumi (ismail II-is
coli) 376
ferhad-faSa 238, 243, 245, 250254, 259, 263, 307, 321,
426, 427, 431-435
filipe II (espaneTis mefe) 271,
295, 309, 311
filipe III keTili (1419-1467;
iyo burgundiis hercogi)
46, 47, 50, 54, 60
filipo klaverenca 459
filipo s. (Filippo S.) 93
fir axmedi (yaramaniis mTavari)
65
fir-mohamedi 348
Fisher S. 112
Foscarini 14, 65
fransua I (1515-1547; safrangeTis mefe) 140, 144
Francesco Manuel Alves 202
franCesko lomelino 460
550
franCesko vendramini (veneciis
elCi) 312
freduCe (XV saukunis kartografi; 1491) 447, 448,
452
fridrix III (1455-1493; imperatori) 55, 56
fugeri (gazeTis gamomcemeli)
321-323, 434
fuTuriZe g. 192, 209, 233,
242-244, 255, 259, 404
fuTuriZe v. 105, 171, 135
qaixosro (yvaryvare III-is
mcirewlovani memkvidre)
113
qaixosro II aTabagi (1535-1573)
146, 147, 187, 338, 381-384,
388-390, 403, 407, 408,
416, 419, 426, 436, 439
qaixosro II-is qvrivi 382, ix.
agreTve dedisimedi
qasqadin axalcixeli 55
qeTevan dedofali, wamebuli
388
qemali (= Samxali) 363
qoiar amilaxorisSvili 409
qristekoCi (waCxuris mTavarangelozis yma, waCxurelis Zma, dadianis despani)
473-475
qristefori (veneciis doqi)
79
qristofore uZrugi (varkaCis
msaxurTuxucesi) 296
qristoforo de kanevale (cxumis konsuli) 467
quCuqi (samanis sanjaybegi)
323
Razi girei (yirimis xanis adil
gireis Zma) 219, 331
Razi (selmasis sanjaybegi)
323
RvaberiZe c. 139
Rolami (Cerqezi, vinc, SarafxaniT, mokla heidar mirza)
371
yazi ahmed Rafari 171
yara iaziCi (1599-1603; anatoliaSi osmaleTis sulTnis
winaaRmdeg ajanyebulTa
xelmZRvaneli) 322
yaramaniis (kilikiis) mTavari
47, 48, 53
yaramaniis amira ix. yaramaniis
mTavari
yara-iusufi 34-36
yaraxani (yizilbaSTa jaris
meTauri) 222, 401
yauxCiSvili s. 62, 63
yaflani (kaxeTis mefis elCi
moskovSi) 285
yvaryvare II didi (1451-1498,
aTabagi, gurgura, gurgu-
ram-beki 43, 46-53, 55, 56,
61, 80, 81, 93, 104-106, 111,
121, 394, 449
yvaryvare III aTabagi (1515-1535)
127-133, 137, 143, 146, 187,
383, 416
yvaryvare IV aTabagi (1574-1581),
gregori 187, 191, 218, 342,
384, 386, 388, 390, 393,
396, 398, 402, 403, 408,
409, 411, 413, 414, 416,
418-422, 449
yizil-ahmad oRli mirza (mehmed mirza begi (baiburTis
gamgebeli) 128-130
yirimis xani 20, 293, 300
yorRanaSvili kaxaber 183, 326
yurSita (kaxeTis mefis elCi
moskovSi) 285
SalikaSvilebi 190, 342, 398,
399, 423, 424
SalikaSvilebis qali 202, 337,
343, 389
SalikaSvili ediSer 434
SalikaSvili elia 434
SalikaSvili varaza. ix. varaza
SalikaSvili
SalikaSvili kokola ix. kikola
SalikaSvili
SalikaSvili oTar (samcxis
umsxvilesi feodali) 143,
334, 337, 338, 381, 386,
387, 390
551
Samadavle dadiani (1474-1477;
odiSis mTavari, liparit
dadianis Ze) 467
Samxali, romelmac mokla heidar mirza 371-373, 379
Samxal sulTani, Cerqezebis
beladi ferixan xanumisa da
suleiman mirzas biZa) 353
Sarad ad-din ali iezdi 25
Saraf-xan biTlisi (Øàðàôõàí Øàìñàääèí Áèäëèñè,
istorikosi) 125, 131, 132,
163, 201, 202, 219, 334,
339, 346, 348, 354-356,
360, 361, 367-373, 376, 381,
388, 426, 428, 433
Saraf-xani 347
SaraSiZe q. 385, 401, 425, 434
Sardeni ix. Jan Sardeni
Sarl V valua
Sarl VII 7, 46, 60
Sah-abasi, Sah-abas I (1587-1529),
172, 258, 280, 281, 283, 288,
291, 296, 298, 304, 305, 307,
312, 316, 317, 319. 320, 328,
332, 336, 337, 375, 386, 437,
439, 440
Sah-abasi 312, 353, 355, 356,
358-367, 369, 376-379, 381,
382, 384, 386-388, 391, 392,
398, 423, 470
552
Sah-abasis Zmis saam-mirzas
asuli (romelic colad
SerTes ieses) 213
Sah-zade selim-xani ix. selim I
Sah-Tamaz I (1524-1576; ismail
I-is vaJi) 139, 140, 143-145,
147-153, 155-157, 161-163,
165, 167, 169, 171, 173,
185, 193, 195-198, 200,
204, 205, 234, 255, 256,
333-337, 339, 340, 342350, 352
Sah-iakubis bebia 111
Sahverdi sulTani (yarabaxis
gamgebeli) 155
Sah-ismail I (1502-1524); sefianTa saxelmwifos damaarsebeli, sefianTa dinastiis
pirveli warmomadgeneli)
103, 110, 111, 115, 118, 119,
124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 175,
200, 201, 333
Sah ismail II 341, 342, 374, 375,
407, 409
Sah iusuf faSa 439
Sah-rostom luri 375
Sahsevanebi (Sahis megobrebi)
352
Sah yulu bin hamza mira
(sparseli didebuli ustajulus tomidan) 151
Sah-xudabanda ix. mohamed xudabanda
Seiban-xani (uzbekebis mbrZanebeli) 109, 110
ServaSiZe (afxazeTis erisTavi)
444, 446
ServaSiZeebi 446
Sveigeri (germaneli misioneri)
413
Seixavende 357
Sengelia n. 113, 218, 219, 223,
224, 260, 262, 264, 325,
326
Sermazan oRli (haqimi) 381
Sermazani (diasamiZe elias
Svili) 423
Sehsufar-ojli (zul-yadries
begi) 127
Sidraddin-xan (saxelmwifo mdivnis masum beg safavis vaJi,
heidar-mirzas aRmzrdeli
zei-xavandis gvaridan) 354
Siltbergeri hans (raind raixartingenis saWurvelmtvirTveli) 22-24, 279,
446, 447
Stefan rezvani (moldaveTis
mTavari) 309
SCelkaSi andrei (dumis anu sabWos mdivani, diaki) 273
CerqezTa Samxalis da 353
Cikali faSa 253
ColayaSvili (`WkuiT suleli
da uRmrTo~) 391
ColoyaSvili beena 123, 124
ColoyaSvili garsevan 137
ColoyaSvili oTar (aleqsandre mefis saxlTuxucesi)
339, 382
CoCievi v.g. 113, 128, 139, 144,
153, 165, 188, 258, 292
CubinaSvili l. 442
Caladini pietro (kunZul xvaris episkoposi) 295, 296
CerqezeTis Samhali 256
xadim mehmedi 430
xalifa ansar faradaRlu (ismailis satusaRos ufrosi)
352, 353, 373
Öàãàðåëè À.À. 124
Zwiedirek _ Sü denhorst H. 14
cincaZe 96, 97, 178, 179, 275
Zinkeisen I. W. 20, 68
ciciSvili farsadan 325
cru dimitri I 331
cru dimitri II 331
wareci hovanes 322
waCxuris mTavarangelozi 473
waCxurulis ojaxi 474
WiWinaZe z. 329
Wyonia al. 129
553
Charrière E. 140, 144, 219, 226,
252, 413, 414, 417
xalkokondile laonike (Chalcocondilae L.) 62
Õåííèã Ð. 20
xvorostini andrei ivanes Ze
297-298
xolafa 370
xolefa-begi (iraneli sardali)
104, 105
xondemiri (sparsi istorikosi)
131, 132
xose manuel floristani 278,
280
xotovi (yabardos mTavari)
257
xoja kostulsa (kafis moqalaqe) 462
xoja miraki (cnobili julfeli
vaWari) ix. moraki, mirati
xoja sinan faSa ix. sinan
faSa
xusrev faSa (mTavarsardlis
movaleobis Semsrulebeli)
227, 254
javaxiSvili ivane 27, 29, 38,
49, 50, 54, 92, 93, 145,
157, 166, 171, 234, 257, 273,
290, 291, 293, 402, 410,
449, 450
jakomo juliano 116
554
jakomo (italiaSi mcxovrebi
vinme somexi) 313
janbaz Cukuri 189
janiki ix. mzeWabuk I aTabagi
jan feri xanumi (zaal begis
asuli; Sah Tamazis pirveli
coli) 355
jargazi _ Samxal- avSari 373
jafariZe g. 123
jafar faSa (osmaleTis sardali) 253, 323, 327
jafar faSa (desTuris aRmsrulebeli) 324
jayelebi 342, 398, 400, 402,
409, 410, 423-425
jayelTa dinastia 338
jayelTa ojaxi 218
jayel-cixisjvrelebi 386, 399,
416
jahan-ara (istorikosi) 81
jelal ed-din mohamed aqbari
437
jenkinsoni anton 173, 174,
180-182
jilberi 46
jiqia sergi 194, 195, 209, 259,
261, 324, 328
jovani (ianoS) vitezi (episkoposi) 39
jovani maria anjolelo 82,
115
jovani meqeli (istorikosi)
209, 240, 243
jovani miqeli (veneciis sirieli elCi) 404
jovio paolo (Giovio P.) 103,
104, 112
`jorjanebi~ (aleqsandro beks,
gurguram beks, mirabets ase
uwodebda maT Zeno) 105
jorjo interiano (ist.) ix.
interiano jorjo
josafat barbaro 18, 82, 84,
85, 87, 88
juzepe kanale ix. kanale j.
hamza mirza (iranis taxtis
memkvidre, Sah xodabendes
vaJi) 234, 250, 259, 375
hamza (Sah Tamazis Svili) 379
Hacluyt R. Voiages 181
hameri i. (Hammer J.) 25, 26, 115,
193, 229, 231-233, 306, 329,
360, 372, 401-403, 408
hanibal malapiero ix. malipiero hanibal
hasan-beg rumlu [sefianTa xanis
(XVI s.) istorikosi] 104,
105, 128, 130, 138, 148, 159,
165, 167, 171-174, 358, 384,
385
hasan faSa (osmaleTis sardali)
224, 225, 238-240, 244,
246, 247, 252, 292
hasan-xan usTajlu 439
haji bin-zade (am saxeliT cnobili iyo ahmed-faSa) 220,
221, 224, 285
haji xosrovi (varkaCis mixedviT, xaji xosrovi warmoSobiT litveli yofila.
tyveobaSi Cavarda da iranSi
moxvda) 296, 298
heidi v. (Heyd W.) 10, 57, 60,
452, 453
heidari (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335,
336, 343, 346-353, 355-358,
360-364, 366, 368-375, 349,
382
heidaris deda 341, 342
heidar faSa 245
henri VI (inglisis mcirewlovani mefe) 46
henrix porSa ix. Porsius H.
herberti 343
heqim Celebi 195
hinci valter (Hinz W.) 70, 91,
201, 204, 205, 335, 345, 353,
356, 360, 363, 366, 368, 372,
375
hosein-beg iuzbaSi usTajlu
356, 369, 371
hulaRu-yaeni 24
huseini (Turqi istorikosi)
113
husein faSa 220, 221, 321
husein begi (dainiSna goris
sanjaybegad) 217
555
husein beg usTajlu (aseulis
meTauri da amira, mustafamirzas aRmzrdeli) 353,
366, 367, 372
husein-yuli xolafa rumlu
353, 356, 367-369, 372,
373
ßêóáîâñêèé Ë.Þ. 16, 17, 29, 30
II. geografiuli saxelebi
adleri 148
adrianopoli 157
avniki 142
avogazia 447, 448
avstria 6, 139, 142, 184, 265,
268, 281, 294, 226-298,
312
avRaneTi 14
azerbaijani 11, 15, 25, 30, 31,
34, 37, 74, 103, 108, 109,
142, 165, 187, 215, 291,
411, 439
azia 18, 73, 301, 322
azovis zRva 9, 10, 470
azovis zRvis koloniebi 459
àzrum-trapizoni~ 473
akermani (yofili monkastro)
450
akra 7
ala-TaRis veli 32
alamuTis cixe, kahkahes cixe,
yalyalas cixe, yahyalas
cixe 151, 165, 173, 193, 197,
200, 202, 204, 209, 245,
346, 350-351, 362, 363, 372,
373, 375, 379, 407, 419
556
algeTi 327
alepo 66, 125, 126, 135, 176,
246
alTunyala, oqros cixe, dedisimedis koSki, 242, 395,
402, 411, 427, 428, 432,
433, 442
alinja ix. alinji
alinji, alinja, alinjis cixe
22, 28
alinjis cixe ix. alinja
amasia, amasiis zavi 117, 121, 133,
151, 153, 154, 158, 162, 184,
185, 188, 189, 229, 250,
346, 380, 387, 388, 398
amasiis zavi ix. amasia
amalfi 5
amani 126
amierkavkasia 13, 17, 31, 41, 94,
154, 157, 183, 185, 208,
210, 218, 219, 221, 227,
229, 253, 282, 305, 329,
330, 400
anagozia 53
anakosia (afxazeTi), anakofia
52, 450, 451
anakofia ix. anakosia
anatolia 49, 53, 57, 148-150,
158, 322, 441
angaqsia 447
angozia 451
angora 19, 22
antioqia 7, 59
arabeTi 69
arabkeri 220
aragoni 6
aragonis samefo 68
aragui 213
araqsi (md.) 28
ardebili 103, 253, 363, 373,
374
arezispireTi 28
areSi 212, 218
arzrumi 31, 142, 143, 148, 185,
189, 215, 217, 218, 222, 228,
232, 233, 236, 242, 244,
249, 322, 344, 346, 383,
413, 424, 428, 432, 434
armani 323
armenia 62
artaani 49, 112, 156, 190, 242,
400, 402, 421
artanuji 148
apokasia (afxazeTi) 450
astraxani 18, 266, 269-271,
274, 280, 288, 301
astraxanis saxano 159
atika 17
afrika 99
afxazeTi 53, 56, 444, 446, 448,
449, 456, 460, 462
afxazeTis saerisTavo (masSi
sabediano ar Sedioda) 52,
448, 451
aRmosavleTi (levanti) 7, 16
aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia 179,
212, 213, 225-238
aRmosavleTi afrika 279
aRmosavleTi evropa 10, 16,
70
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo 93,
102, 135, 153-155, 186, 187,
280, 281, 296, 333, 427, 468
aRmosavleTi somxeTi 291
aRmosavleTi qveynebi 8, 10, 14,
45, 47, 94
aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTi
452, 462
ay-yoiunlus (TeTrbatknianTa)
saxelmwifo 14-16, 41, 42,
46, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69, 70.
75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83-89,
92, 95, 105, 108, 109, 319,
467
awefi 327
awyueri 81
awyuri 218, 422, 424, 426
awyuri, awyuEri, awyuris sanjayi, awyuris cixe 393,
395, 399, 401, 402, 405,
410, 411, 416
awyuEri ix. awyuri
557
awyuris sanjayi ix. awyuri
awyuris cixe ix. awyuri
aWara 112, 143, 253, 392
axaldaba 398, 436, 442
axalqalaqi 191, 236, 383, 409,
411, 427, 433
axalqalaqi javaxeTis 383
axalcixe, axalcixis vilaieTi
242, 253, 406, 412, 432,
433, 436, 440, 441
axalcixis vilaieTi ix. axalcixe
axalcixis safaSo [ase iwodeboda yofili samcxe-saaTabago] 443
axalcixis mxare 438, 439
axalcixis cixe 439
axlo aRmosavleTi 9, 37, 42,
94, 99, 120, 159, 160, 164,
277, 283, 297, 301, 305,
321, 329, 451
axCis qvabis cixe 191
ahlaTi 142
ahsanobadi 439
barselona 7
basiani 104, 156, 168, 383
baqo 237
baqos zRva (kaspiis zRva) 104
baRdadi 17, 26, 35-36, 109, 126,
142, 163, 169, 347
bedianis samTavro 449
belgradi 139
beiruTi 14
bizantia, bizantiis imperia
7-9, 13, 12, 20, 35, 70,
296, 452
bizantiisa da trapizonis
saxelmwifoebi 97
biWvinTa 459, 454
bosfori 19
brabantis sahercogo 46
bulgareTi 11, 21
buda (ungreTis dedaqalaqi)
139
burgoni 54, 55, 60, 65, 449
burgundia 46
burgonia 51
burgosas xelnawerTsacavi 99
bursa (qalaqi) 14, 15, 53, 61
babiloni 23, 25, 163
babiloni (baRdadi) 23
baTumi 22, 46, 51, 52, 253
balkaneTi 6, 19, 39, 253
baiazidi 163
baiburTi 112, 113, 128
baraTiani 90
gagra 445, 447, 448
ganja 32, 159, 182, 228, 254,
430
geguTi 456
gelaTi 383
geliyaris klde 326
genti 60
558
genua 5-7, 10, 11, 15, 68, 460,
462, 464, 466
genuis kolonia 456
genuis respublika 444, 451,
453-455, 461, 462, 465
genuis san-jorjos banki 454
genuis SavizRvispireTis savaWro
koloniebi 462
germania 77, 94, 296, 317-319
germaniis saamiro 6, 16-10, 39
gilani 14
golgoTa 123
gorgora, gurgura (evropelebi yvaryvare II didis am
saxeliT aRniSnavdnen samcxe-saaTabagos) 394
gori, Sida qarTli 92, 93, 130,
166, 203, 216-218, 222, 223,
236, 245, 246, 249, 253, 264,
323, 326, 327, 427, 436
goris cixe 195, 324, 325
goris juari 203
gremi 228
gurgura ix. gorgora
guria 56, 133, 134, 253, 436
guriis samTavro 449
gurjistani 187
gurjistanis sabeglarbego
213
`dad-eli~ (anu tao) 130
damasko 14, 125, 128, 220,
229
dania 20
dardaneli 19, 66, 84
darubandi 237, 275, 280, 287,
288, 292, 308
darubandis gza 226
dasavleTi evropa 5, 10, 12, 41,
58, 94, 95, 99, 135, 195,
295, 277, 278, 450, 454
dasavleTi irani 291
dasavleTi samcxe 421
dasavleTi saqarTvelo 112, 113,
141, 146, 184, 264, 288,
290, 291, 332, 445, 455,
460, 468
dasavleTis qristianuli samyaro 458
daRestani 237, 266, 269, 280
dedisimedis koSki ix. alTunyala
demoTis cixe 436
darbaqiri 324
diarbeqiri 283
didi armenia 54
didi iberia 55
dmanisi 229, 231, 232, 240,
245, 254
dmanisis gza 225
dmanisis viwrobebi 220
dmanisis xeoba 225, 238
doni (mdinare) 55
dunai (mdinare) 47, 55
dunaispireTi 20
559
egeosis zRva 20
egvipte 12, 34, 36, 74, 96, 121124, 455, 472
edirne (qalaqi) 114
evropa 1, 8, 14-20, 22, 39, 40,
42, 46, 47, 51, 64, 65, 70,
71. 73, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95,
99, 102, 106, 123, 139, 141,
142, 179, 194, 223, 250,
252, 268, 278, 287, 288,
292-294, 299, 304, 307,
311-314, 319-321, 467, 449
evbea ix. negroponte
evfrati (mdinare) 69, 85, 117
eTiopia 41
elbrusis mTebi 351
enos sagrafo 46
erayi 14, 109
erevani 244, 247, 293,
405, 439
erevnis olqi 130
erevnis cixe 439
erzinjani 62, 104, 112,
139
erwo-TianeTi 89
espaneTi 31, 94, 97-99,
172, 265, 279, 280,
295, 296, 300, 303,
311, 318, 319
eCmiaZini 311
560
385,
113,
141,
287,
309,
valaxeTi 309
vale 191
vani 142, 316, 324
vanis provincia 316
vanis qvabi 384
varna 21
varZia 381
velis cixe 400, 401
vena 139, 312
venecia 5-8, 12, 14, 15, 40, 56,
57, 64-68, 71-74, 76-79, 8388, 117, 125, 126, 142, 176,
246, 265, 296, 300, 312,
313, 404, 434, 452, 464,
465, 467
veneciis koloniuri imperia
13
veneciis respublika 13, 57, 110,
142, 265, 268, 284, 310
vlaxeTi 254, 294
volga 288
volgispireTi 159, 161
volga-astraxanis magistrali
160
zagemi 439, 215
zani (qalaqi) 316
zelandiis sagrafo 46
zenjani 291
zulyadri 223
zul-yadre 127
Tavrizi 14, 15, 17, 26, 31, 32,
34, 36, 38, 74, 86-88, 105-
109, 116, 117, 119, 121, 147,
155, 228, 239, 248-250,
253, 268, 317, 324, 344,
345, 351, 386
Tbilisi, Tfilisi, tfilisi
90-93, 136, 138, 139, 166160, 174, 182, 191-194, 199,
202, 206, 211, 213, 215-217,
219-223, 227-230, 236, 238,
240, 241, 246, 251, 252,
276, 320, 321, 359, 387,
410, 428, 431, 432, 439
TeTrcixe 408
TeleTi 138
Tergi 270. 275, 280
Tergis cixe 271
Terjana ix. Terjani
Terjani, Terjana 86, 88, 129
Terjola 262
Tmogvi, Tmogvis cixe 191, 342,
384, 386, 392, 409, 410,
422, 424
Tmogvis cixe ix. Tmogvi
TorTumi 112
TurqeTi 74, 126, 143, 178, 273,
279, 306, 312
TuyaTi 84
Tfilis ix. Tbilisi
iaRlujis mTa 138
ìberia~ (am saxeliT moixseniebdnen sxvadasxva samefo-
samTavroebad danawilebul
saqarTvelos) 298
iedi kules cixe (mdebareobda
zRvis piras. Turqulad
yedi niSnavs Svids, kule
_ cixes, e.i. SvidkoSkiani
cixe) 195, 327, 328
iekbri (yazvinidan ori dRis
savalzea) 313, 315
ierusalimi 41, 97, 122, 134,
139, 278, 307
iveria 194, 298
ikorTa 145
imereTi 45, 56, 60, 82, 86, 92,
93, 95, 142, 143, 150, 152,
183, 186, 188, 196, 261-264,
278, 290, 294, 383, 443,
444, 470, 475
imereTis samefo 468
imierkavkasia 288
inglisi 6, 141, 145
indi (mdinare) 69
indoeTi 10, 14, 41, 47, 301,
437, 438
indoeTis zRva 69
iori (mdinare), kapri, kafuri
29, 206, 209
irani 15, 23, 34, 47, 77, 98,
99, 103, 104, 111, 114, 118,
127-129, 132-134, 136, 138,
143, 147-149, 151-155, 158,
159, 166, 175-179, 182-186,
190-192, 195, 204, 206,
561
211, 223, 228-230, 233, 234,
250, 251, 253, 256, 259,
265-269, 272, 273, 277,
278, 280, 281, 284, 291295, 297-300,. 302, 304307, 311, 316-319, 330-334,
346, 354-356, 360, 375, 378,
379, 383, 386, 387, 392,
396, 400. 419, 430, 434,
441, 468
iranis azerbaijani 27, 29
iran-osmaleTi 329, 398
isbori 323
ispiri 112
italia 5, 6, 8, 12, 40, 56, 64, 67,
68, 296, 313, 317-319
itriis eklesia 200, 205
kavkasia 11, 55, 127, 134, 157,
159-161, 184, 188, 194, 225,
237, 253, 266, 267, 269,
276, 281, 283, 290, 291,
293, 301, 302, 305, 308,
329, 331, 464
kavkasiis SavizRvispireTi 454
kavkasiis SavizRvispira qalaqebi 452
kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebi 29
kavkasionis qedi 447
kafo buqso 454
kairo 96, 97, 124
kalmarini (qalaqi mdebareobda md. araqsze. rogorc
562
varaudoben es unda iyos
sumari) 28
kapadokia 150, 151, 469
kapri (mdinare) ix. iori (mdinare)
karahisari 424
kaspiis zRva 69, 159, 184, 269,
288, 301
kaspiis zRvis samxreT-dasavleT
sanapiro 281
kaspiis zRvis Crdilo sanapiro
281
kaspiis mTa 447
kastilia 6, 35
kafa (feodosia) 10, 11, 41, 74,
86, 451, 452, 457, 461-465,
470
kafuri (mdinare, s. jiqias
gamokvleviT kafri igive
ioria) ix. iori
kaxeTi 83, 92, 95, 96, 103-106,
118, 131, 134, 135, 138, 141,
155-159, 161, 164-166, 175,
203, 206-208, 210-215, 217,
219, 226, 230, 233-235,
238, 246, 248, 254, 255,
257, 266, 268-274, 276,
278, 280, 282-284, 246,
289, 290, 292, 298, 300,
302-308, 314, 315, 329, 330,
332, 382, 388, 391, 435
kahkahes cixe ix. alamuTis
cixe
kelasuri (mdinare) 452
kexvis cixe 396, 413
kviprosi (kunZuli) 135, 312
kilikia 48, 53
kioja 12
klarjeTi 143
klitxea 51
kola (patara artaani) 112
kolxeTi 63, 447, 470
komo 265
kompieni (qalaqi) 46
konia 14
konstantinopoli 5, 7, 9, 12,
13, 17, 39, 56, 57, 60, 66,
98, 115, 125, 126, 136, 143,
155, 162, 169, 176, 288,
294, 371, 413, 414, 417,
418, 469, 473
laTinTa imperia 6, 13, 452
laiaco-aiaco 448
laCini 323
levanti, aRmosavleTi 7, 12, 16,
142
livonia 20
limburgis sahercogo 46
litva 20, 97, 265, 284, 294
lore 92, 240, 245, 321, 323
lores cixe 320, 321
luristani 291
luka 6
lukis respublika 68
luresTani 372
luristani 14
luqsemburgis sahercogo 46
lucki (qalaqi) 20
makedonia 11
malaTia (md. mtkvris napirze)
85
mamluqTa egvipte 123
mantua 56. 58
mantuis samarkizo 68
marabda 442
maranda 33
maraSi 243
marko otobano 314, 315
marmarilos zRvispiri 327
maroko 10
marseli 7
maRzulangurji 32, 34
maRranis cixe 134
maRri 323
maxlobeli aRmosavleTi ix.
axlo aRmosavleTi
mahmudi sof. 109
mgelcixe 90, 388, 419
`megrelebis navsadguri~ 452
`meore romi~ (konstantinopoli) 60
mervi (qalaqi) 109
merqiopes xidi (gadebulia md.
sakijanze) 109
563
mesopotamia 54, 59
mesxeTi 38, 393, 442
mesxeTis axalcixe 438
milani 6, 61, 66, 67
modenis sahercogo 68
moldaveTi 254, 294, 309
monkastro (dRevandeli akermani) 456
monkastros gza, akermani 77,
82
monpelie 7
morea 11
moskovi 160, 161, 170, 180, 182,
252, 253, 256, 267-274,
276, 277, 279-289, 292306, 314, 320, 330, 331
moskovis samefo, samTavro saxelmwifo 95, 96, 159, 141,
169
mtkuari ix. mtkvari
mtkvari (mdinare), mtkuari 193,
213, 220, 236
muxaTgverdi 167
muxrani 90, 92, 411
muxranis veli 237
mcire azia 6, 9, 13, 22, 39,
41, 109
mcire iberia 54
mcire somxeTi 54, 69, 450
564
namiuris sagrafo 46
narbona 7
naxWevani 26, 32, 38, 130, 145,
189, 226, 239, 240, 405
neapoli 74, 76, 87
neapolitania 67, 75
negroponte, evbea (kunZuli)
68
niderlandebi 319
nimfea 8, 9
nikopoli 17, 22
nokofsia 52, 451
niqozia 117
odiSi 133, 143, 183, 446, 447
odiSis saerisTavo 448
odiSis samTavro 444, 449, 451,
467-469
ovsili 323, 324
olTisi, olTisis sanjayi 112,
402, 405, 412, 416, 417,
421
orbeTi 90
ormuzi 303
osmaleTi 13, 15, 16, 18, 20-22,
35, 36, 40, 42, 46-49, 5558, 63-66, 68, 70, 71, 75,
78-83, 86-88, 90-93, 96, 98,
101-103, 110-112, 115, 121123, 125, 127-129, 133, 134,
136-143, 145, 147, 148, 151155, 158, 159, 169, 176, 177,
182, 184-186, 194, 201, 204-
209, 213, 223, 227, 229,
230, 232, 237, 244-246,
248-251, 253-255, 257-261,
265, 268, 269, 271, 272,
275, 277-285, 287-289, 291297, 299. 301, 304, 306,
307, 311, 316-320, 330-332,
346, 348, 380. 386, 387,
393, 394, 398, 400, 407,
409, 410, 420, 421, 423,
427, 435-437, 441, 443,
460, 467-470
osmaleTis divani 128
osmaleTis imperia 147
osmaleTis sazRvrebi siriaSi
136
otrara 36
oqros urdo 10, 17, 18, 27, 29,
30, 69, 452, 462
ofSkviTi 264
oqros cixe ix. alTunyala
oZrxe 411
portugalia 6, 141, 279, 375
praRa 309, 317, 318
prusia 20
palestina 6, 124
parizi 425
pasinis begi 187
peloponesi 17
piza 5, 6, 8, 10
pikardiis olqi 46
poloneTi 20, 21, 46, 77, 86,
87, 97, 254, 279, 284, 294,
302, 311, 418, 469
porta 414, 420
saaTabago 121, 130, 151, 342,
383, 386, 391-394, 398. 401,
402, 410, 439
sabaraTiano 198, 326
sabediani 93, 460
save (qalaqi) 345
savois sahercogo 60
saTaTreTi 69
sakijani (mdinare) 109
saloniki 20
raguza (qalaqi) 116
raWa 92
reimsi 60
rioni (mdinare) 191, 192, 469,
470
rodosi 66
romi 42, 43, 53, 57, 61, 65, 77,
87, 97, 101, 140, 146, 147,
265, 278, 284, 287, 293,
296, 306, 315, 318, 449
rumelia 156, 159, 161
rumis sasulTno 458
ruseTi 39, 88, 134, 178, 180182, 184, 203, 254, 257,
265-267, 270, 273, 277,
278, 280-292, 294-298,
300-305, 307, 329-331,
415, 462
565
samani 323
samaryandi 31
samegrelo (bendia) 22, 47, 49,
51, 53, 56, 184, 233, 290,
308, 447, 449, 451, 467,
472, 475
samegrelos samTavro 468
samuri (mdinare) 165
samcxe 46, 50-52, 56, 69, 81-83,
93, 118, 119, 121, 127, 128,
133, 138, 147, 148, 156, 170,
190, 206, 237, 240, 251,
293, 377, 385-388, 390,
391, 392, 396-399, 408,
411, 416, 421, 423-425, 430,
431, 435, 436
samcxe-saaTabago 80, 81, 83, 93,
105, 111, 113, 115, 118, 121,
127-131, 135, 186, 326, 334,
338, 339, 381, 382, 384, 391,
394, 397, 400, 442, 461
samxreTi azerbaijani 36, 103
samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropa
145, 184
samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasia
398
samxreT ruseTis velebi 51,
55
samxreTi saqarTvelo 112, 113,
389, 397, 419
samxreTi somxeTi 17
sarai berqe 17
sarTiWala 211
566
safrangeTi 6, 7, 46, 58-60, 94,
123, 140, 142, 144, 145, 218,
318, 319, 434
saqarTvelo 11, 14, 15, 27-32,
36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44-48,
50-52, 55-57, 59, 62-64,
69-75, 77-79, 81-83, 86-90,
92-95, 98, 99, 102-105, 110,
111, 113, 114, 118-123, 125,
127-130, 132-139, 141-147,
149, 150, 152-158, 160-163,
167, 172-174, 182, 184, 186,
188-190, 192, 194. 196, 199,
200-205, 215, 219, 221-225,
228, 234, 240, 242-245,
248, 249, 251, 253-255,
257, 259, 265-268, 270,
272, 276, 280, 284-286,
288-292, 348, 355, 358, 384,
387, 388, 394, 398, 400,
401, 405-407, 409, 410,
413, 414, 435, 437, 440,
447-450, 461-463
saqarTvelos sazRvari 190
saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi
452
saqarTvelo-CerqezeTis gza 53
saqarTvelos jiqeTi 448
saqsonia 6
saSamxlo 269-275, 280, 281,
283, 286, 305
saSamxlo-daRestani 160
sebastopolisi ix. soxumi
sevastopolisi ix. soxumi
selmasi 323
sent-omeri (qalaqi) 60
seuti (maroko) 10
sefianTa irani 123, 136, 142
sefianTa saxelmwifo 112, 125
sefianTa yizilbaSuri saxelmwifo 110-112, 125
sienis respublika 68
sivasi 188
sinea 6
sinopi 48, 53, 62
siria 6, 7, 12, 36, 39, 125-128,
136, 246, 312
sionis mTa 124
skanda 92, 93
skutari 413
sogmeni 115, 118
somxeTi, somxeTi didi 13, 27,
30-32, 34, 35, 41, 46, 55,
74, 90, 91, 113, 147, 194
somxeTi didi ix. somxeTi
somxiTi 381, 420
somxiT-sabaraTiano 167, 168
soxoista 150, 383
soxumi, cxumi, sevastopolisi,
sebastopolisi 10, 11, 56,
74, 86, 447, 451-458, 461,
464, 467
sparseTi 10, 11, 62, 104, 105,
154, 155, 176, 185, 217,
279, 306, 312, 314, 379,
398, 402, 405, 407, 427,
437, 473
sparseTis yure 10, 11, 42
stamboli, stambuli 127, 128,
156, 157, 159, 214, 218, 228,
229, 232, 233, 236, 237,
242, 243, 247, 248, 250253, 261, 262, 245, 276,
291, 306, 317, 322, 327,
329, 339, 382, 383, 391,
396, 417, 434, 435, 442,
471, 473-475
stambuli ix. stamboli
sulTania 354, 363
sumari ix. kalmarini
sunja-saCaCno-xunZaxi (Tergidan
kaxeTisken mimavali gza)
270
surami 130, 419
tabaxmela 251
tamani 11
tana (q. azovi; azovis zRvis umniSvnelovanesi navsadguri)
10, 11, 52, 55, 452
tao 143
tao-klarjeTi 387
taSiri 321
Òåðåê 274
tiumeni 288
togati 15
toledo 140
translvania 254, 309, 310
trapezundi ix. trapizoni
trapizoni, trapezunti, trapi-
567
zonis imperia 16, 39, 45,
47, 48, 50, 54, 57, 59, 61,
63, 65, 69, 72, 84. 95, 98.
111-113, 141, 293, 319, 450,
462
trapizonis sazRvrebi 107
tripoli 7, 14, 125, 312
tuafse 448
turini 12
tfilisi ix. Tbilisi
ulusi 29
ungreTi 17, 20, 21, 39, 47, 55,
86, 87, 139-143, 145, 147,
157, 158, 184, 191, 194,
434
uRaRno (cixe-simagre) 445
fazisi (mdinare) 62, 192
farsi 31
farcxisi 326
ferara (1437-1439 ww. Sedga
florenciis kreba) 100,
101
feraris sahercogo 68
feodosia ix. kafa
flandria 60
florencia 5, 6, 21, 57, 58,
67, 68
florenciis respublika 67,
68
foTi 191
foTis cixe 191
568
frangis qveyana 134
fsou (mZimTa) 448-449
qarTli 32, 83, 89, 92, 95,
103-105, 112, 118, 123, 130,
131, 134-138, 141-145, 147,
148, 150, 152, 154, 158-161,
164, 165, 171, 184, 202-205,
223, 228, 260, 290, 292,
294, 303, 304, 306, 314,
315, 318, 320-322, 324, 226,
360, 380, 383, 384, 387, 411,
426, 437, 441, 443
qarTl-kaxeTi 125
qaSani 372
qajTa cixe, SaiTanyala, Cildiris cixe 103, 105, 107,
191, 308, 324, 342, 400,
401, 406
qvemo qarTli 169
qoChisari 125
quTaisi 11, 92, 93, 192, 344,
444, 446
qurTistani 125
Raza 122
yazbegi 351
yazvini, yazmini 163, 167-169,
171, 172, 174, 183, 196, 198,
200, 209, 253, 300, 311-313,
315, 339, 340, 343, 350,
351, 358-360, 362, 363, 373,
374, 377, 388, 419
yazmini ix. yazvini
yalyalas cixe ix. alamuTis
cixe
yarabaRi, yarabaxi 159, 160, 180,
182, 188, 254, 257, 266,
359, 382
yarabaRis veli 30
yrbaxi ix. yarabaRi
yaramania 47, 48, 65, 69, 84, 85,
111, 156, 237
yaramaniis saamiro 95
yarayaRa 427
yara-yoiunlus (SavbatknianTa)
saxelmwifo 38, 67
yaraxani 399
yaraja-ardahani 130
yarsi 38, 119, 142, 188, 194,
221, 223-225, 228, 231, 242,
247, 249, 253, 293, 295,
412, 430, 432
yahyahes cixe ix. alamuTis
cixe
yvelis cixe 392
yivCaReTi 69
yizilbaSebis saxelmwifo 103,
108, 114
yizilbaSuri irani 102
yirimi 11, 73, 219, 225, 226,
275
yirimis naxevarkunZuli 452
yirimis savaWro koloniebi
455
yirimis saxano 268, 274, 275
yumi 372
Savi zRva, SavizRvispireTi 9-11,
51, 52, 135, 183, 447, 450,
452, 455, 456, 461, 467
Savi zRvis koloniebi 459
SavizRvispireTi ix. Savi zRva
Savi zRvis samxreTi navsadgurebi 13
Savi zRvis faqtoriebi 460
Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare
qveynebi 13
SavSeTi 387
SaiTanyala ix. qajTa cixe
Samaxia 103, 105, 107, 178, 308
Saruri (sof.) 107
Saqi 102, 171, 175, 182, 209,
211, 211, 258, 384
Sida qarTli ix. gori
Sirvani 14, 15, 32, 101, 104, 107,
136, 163, 170, 185, 187, 193,
206, 207, 209-215, 219,
225-227, 234, 281, 291,
292, 393, 395, 411, 412
Sirazi 198, 344, 419
Siraqis veli 210
Semaxa 410
Semaxia 178, 181
SvedeTi, Svecia 6, 265, 331
Svecia ix. SvedeTi
Sorapani 444
Sua azia 14, 36
SxeTis cixe 262
569
Caldirani 125
CaxruxaZis saydari 325
Ceremikis sadgomi 188, 189
CerqezeTi 52, 180, 182, 267,
302
CerqezeTi _ xevi _ mTiuleTkaxeTi _ Tergidan kolxeTisaken mimavali gza 270
Cildiri, Cildiris veli 253,
264, 400, 403-406, 408410, 416-418, 420, 422,
424, 431, 436
Cildiris veli ix. Cildiri
Cildiris cixe ix. qajTa cixe
Cildir Cukuri 188
CineTi 14, 37, 47
Corumi 20
Coxur-saadi (erevnis olqi _
e.m.) 104
CrdiloeTis qveynebi 45
Crdilo daRestani 292
Crdilo italia 8
Crdilo kavkasia 184, 280,
462
cixedidi 170, 171
cixijuari 436
cxinvali 324
cxumis saerisTavo 444-446
waxuris zemo weli 165
wm. franCeske 45
570
WaneTi 112, 143
Woroxis yeli 421
xaxuli 409
xerTvisi 409, 422, 424
xvarazmi 14
xvari (dalmacos kunZuli) 295,
296
xmelTaSua zRva 6, 7, 11, 66
xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT
nawili 12
xorasani 19, 386
javaxeTi 242, 342, 383, 423
jvarcmis eklesia 124
jvris monasteri 124
jiqeTi 451
`jorjania~ (am saxeliT moixseniebdnen sxvadasxva samefosamTavroebad danawilebul
saqarTvelos) 106
julfa 311
habsburgebis imperia 142, 145,
147
hamatani 223, 247
hasan-yala 291
heraTi 344, 345
holandiis sagrafo 46
hormuzi 279
eldar mamisTvaliSvili
saqarTvelos
saq
arTvelos sa
sagareo
gareo ppolitika
olitika da
diplomatia
I
(XV-XVI ss.)
gamomcemloba `meridiani~
Tbilisi 2009
redaqtori neli elizbaraSvili
teq. redaqtori inga navrozaSvili
gamomcemloba `meridiani~,
al. yazbegis gamz. #47
E – mail: [email protected] « 39-15-22

samefo politika

Transcription

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