Solceller i bebyggelsen

Transcription

Internationellt seminarium:
Solceller i bebyggelsen
Malmö den 13 september 2006
Plats: Augustenborgs solenergicentrum i Malmö
Tid: 9:00 – 16:00
Malmö Stad i samarbete med SolEl-programmet och det internationella solcellssamarbetet IEA
PVPS bjuder in till ett heldagsseminarium om den internationella och nationella utvecklingen
inom solceller i bebyggelsen. Solcellsbranschen växer mycket snabbt och seminariet kommer att
fokusera på vad som driver marknaden och exempel på internationella intressanta projekt
kommer att redovisas. Seminariet hålls på engelska.
09:00 – 09:30
Registrering
09:30 – 09:50
Peter Lindhqvist (Serviceförvaltningen Malmö Stad) hälsar välkomna och
berättar om satsningarna på solel i Malmö.
09:50 – 10:10
Christy Herig (projektledare för solceller i bebyggelsen inom IEA PVPS, USA)
presenterar det internationella samarbetsprojektet och stödformer i olika stater i
USA.
10:10 – 10:40
Maria Hall (Energimyndigheten) presenterar det svenska investeringsstödet och
visar exempel på projekt runt om i Sverige samt redovisar SolEl-programmets
verksamhet
10:40 – 11:00
Fika
11:00 – 11:20
Bruno Gaiddon (Hespul, Frankrike) presenterar ”Solar Cities” – exempel på
urban-scale BIPV i Europa. Bruno presenterar också olika bidragssystem i olika
länder och vilken effekt det fått på tillbyggnaden.
11:20 – 11:50
Tjerk Reijenga (Bear Architecten, Nederländerna) ger arkitektens syn på
byggnadsintegrerade solceller och visar upp bra exempel.
11:50 – 12:15
Keiichi Komoto (Mizuho Institute, Japan) presenterar storskaliga japanska
byggnadsintegrerade solcellsprojekt i bebyggelse.
12:15 – 13:00
Lunch
13:00 – 13:30
Torsten Persson (arkitekt Malmö Stad Stadsfastigheter) redogör för Malmös
satsningar ur ett arkitektoniskt perspektiv.
13:30 – 16:00
Guidad busstur till solel-projekt i Malmö samt till Västra Hamnen.
Anmälan
Tid:
Onsdagen 13 september
Plats:
Augustenborgs solenergi och grönatakcenter, Ystadvägen 56 i
Malmö
Kostnad:
300 kr exkl. moms, kaffe och lunch ingår. Faktureras i efterskott.
Anmälning:
Senast 5 september till [email protected] eller
fax till 040 – 12 36 94
Mer information:
Kontakta Martin Nilsson 040 – 34 18 42
[email protected]
Målgrupp:
Seminariet utgör en möjlighet att träffa internationella experter
inom området solceller i bebyggelsen och riktar sig mot dem som
redan har grundläggande kunskaper om solceller.
Den svenska insatsen i IEA PVPS finansieras av Energimyndigheten, mer info om
programmet finns på www.iea-pvps.org.
SolEl-programmet är finansierat av Energimyndigheten, elföretag, bygg/fastighetsintressenter
samt tillverkande industri, mer info finns på www.elforsk.se/solel.
Deltagarlista 060913
Dennis Aaro
Hans Peter Thoegersen
Karin Kappel
Henrik Åström
Monika Adsten
Kennet Lindqvist
Peder Vejsig Pedersen
Keiko Kjellsson-Sampei
Josephine Granell
Johnny Kronwall
Annick Stenman
Göran Fajerson
Håkan Skarrie
Emil Persson
Pontus Lundgren
Kalle Demeter
Leif Selhagen
Christer Olsson
Elisabeth Kjellsson
Jan Lindell
Tommy Nilsson
Per Paulsson
Peter Krohn
Henrik Davidsson
Lars Hansson
Stig Larsson
Dariusz Zlotnicki
Cecilia Wedberg
Johan Larsson
Maria Hall
Torsten Persson
Gaia Solar A/S
Schüco International
Solar City Copenhagen
Akademiskhus
Elforsk
Energirådgivare i Storfo
Cenergia Energy Cons
JETRO Stockholm
Sharp Electronics Nord
Malmö Högskola
boReal development
Project Consultant
Ringsjö Energi AB
Malmö Stad
Exoheat
Exoheat
Naps
Ericsson
LTH
Regionfastigheter
Gmki Elkonsult
Uppsala universitet
Vattenfall AB
LTH Energi bygg
Bauer
Nilssons Elektriska
Blue Seven
Malmö Stad
Malmö Stad
Energimyndgheten
Malmö Stad
Linus Palmblad
Mats Andersson
David Elzinga
Reinhard Haas
Tomoki Ehara
Keiichi Komoto
Shogo Nishikawa
Tommy Kleiven
Marcel Elswijk
Henk Kaan
Donna Munro
Emil ter Horst
Bruno Gaiddon
Christy Herig
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
Task 10
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Task 10 - Urban-Scale PV Applications
&
US Subsidy for BIPV
Swedish Stakeholders Workshop
Augustenborgs Solar Energy Centre
Malmo, Sweden
Sept. 13, 2006
Christy Herig
Segue Energy Consulting, LLC
[email protected]
IEA Work Leading to Task 10
BIPV in IEA Perspective
• IEA SHC Task 16
What is BIPV ?
• IEA PVPS Task 7
How can we do BIPV ?
• IEA PVPS Task 10
Let‘s do BIPV !
Stefan Nowak, IEA-PVPS Chairman, Feb 3, 2004, Vienna, AUT
Task 10 - Urban Scale PV Applications
Task 10 Countries Participating
Australia
Austria
Canada
Denmark
France
Italy
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Netherlands PV-UPSCALE
Norway
Portugal
Sweden
Switzerland
USA
Overall objective
The objective of IEA PVPS Task 10 is to enhance
the opportunities for wide-scale, solutionoriented application of photovoltaic power
electricity production in the urban environment
as part of an integrated approach that
maximizes building energy efficiency and
solar thermal and photovoltaic usage. Value
analysis, policy incentives, analysis tools as well
as system design and integration that have
proven successful in the IEA PVPS participating
countries will be developed to the extent
possible into a uniform international set of tools
for the global market.
Task 10-Workplan
SUBTASK 1: ECONOMICS AND
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
1.1 Value analysis
1.2 Barriers Resolution
1.3 Market Drivers
1.4 Market Roadmap
SUBTASK 2: PLANNING, DESIGN
AND DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Integrating PV development and
design practices
2.2 Urban Planning
SUBTASK 3: TECHNICAL
FACTORS
3.1 Building Industry/BIPV Products
and Projects
3.2 Codes and Standards
3.3 Electricity Networks
3.4 Market Driven Approach
3.5 Certification Practices
SUBTASK 4: TARGETED
INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT
INTERESTED PARTICIPANTS
4.1 Educational tools
4.2 Marketing Competition
4.3 Marketing approaches and
consumer aides
4.4 Stakeholder Perceptions
4.5 Continuous communication/results
Analysis and Research Results will have
Multiple Products Targeted at Stakeholders
• Building Sector: builders and developers, urban
planners, architects, engineers, permit and code
authorities;
• End-Users: residential and commercial building
owners;
• Government: supporting, regulatory and housing
agencies;
• Finance and Insurance Sector: Banks, insurance
companies, loan for houses;
• PV Industry: system manufacturers, PV system
supply chain, retail sector;
• Electricity Sector: network and retail utilities; and
• Education Sector.
Economic Values and Institutional Factors
Some examples
Material Saving – Facade
Values
Category
1. Avoided primary energy (MWh) -Æ
CO2 Saving (g/kWh)
-Æ
-Æ
NOX Saving (g/kWh)
SO2 Saving (g/kWh)
-Æ
(Water Saving (m³/kWh)
-Æ
2. External Cost Saving
(€/kWh)-Æ
3. Peak shaving €/kWp
-Æ
4. Market value €/kWp
-Æ
5. Other values (materials)
Supply Security
Environment
Environment
Environment
Environment)
Government/Society
Utility
Utility/PV generator
-Æ
Various
AT AT AT AT AT DE DE DE ES ES ES ES JP JP JP NL NL NL NL NL
Costs Range of PV System and Facade Materials (Stand 2004-2005)
PV
Metal
Glass
Stone
Polished Stone
PV
Metal
Natural stone PC curtain wall
PV
Black granite (ventilated)
Grey granite (ventilated facade)
Aluminum sandwich
PV
Metal
Glass
PV
Metal
Glass
Stone
Polished Stone
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
€/m²
Note: Price of PV system is excluding installation costs!
850
900
950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300
Some examples
Material Saving – Roof
Web-address
SE
NL
Commen used mat.
Roof mat (high price)
JP
PV
NL
Concrete roof (low price)
NL
SE
Cost Range of PV System and Roof Materials (Stand 2004-2005)
PV
JP
JP
PV
Metal roof
DE
DE
Ceramic tile, flat shape
Ceramic tile, curved shape
DE
ES
PV
ES
ES
PV
Metal roof
Roof material (common used)
http://194.71.254.36/solcell/
AT
PV
AT
AT
Tile roof
Commen used mat.
Roof mat (high price)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
€/m²
Note: Price of PV system is excluding installation costs!
Energy Payback Time Report –
The product
One overall presentation (2 A4 pages)
Technology Market Transition with…….
…..BIPV
Sustained Global “Solar” Market
…..Solar Communities
Governments set policy to ….
-improve economic development
-diversify fuel
-reduce environmental impacts
-increase Security
…..Solar Developments
Industry meets market demand
thus reducing manufacturing
costs through volume and
efficiency, resulting in lower
required incentives
Consumers, businesses, industry
participate if policy is set at a level
to promote market
© Prof. Kurokawa and Mr. Ozeki , TUAT
US Subsidies
• Federal
• State
• Local
Federal Tax Credit
• Commercial
30% of the "tax credit basis" that a company has
invested in “eligible property” that is “put into
service” during 2006 and 2007.
It is 10% of tax credit basis for property put into
service in other years.
• Residential – 30% max $2,000, 2006 & 2007
Cannot use two years
Advantages to condos and coops
• A tax credit is a dollar for dollar reduction of an
entity’s Federal tax burden. A tax deduction is
deducted from taxable income and therefore
has a value equal to the tax rate times the
deduction.
StateCorporate Tax Credits &
Deductions
State Public Benefit Funds for Renewables
•
Range from 10% 35%; $1,000 - $10M
•
Most are for several
technologies – usually
solar, wind, biomass
•
A few states use
production-based
credits
•
Most states allowing
carryover of any unused
credits
•
3 states have declining
credits over time
Cumulative 1998 - 2012
$10 M
$95 M
$22 M
$85 M
$80 M
MA: $383 M
RI: $10 M
CT: $338 M
NJ: $279 M
DE: $11 M
$127 M $20 M
$2,048 M
$234 M
15 State Funds =
$3.8B by 2012
Funded by Voluntary Contributions
Net Metering Rules
$111 M
State Personal Tax Credits
MT: $500
NY: 25%
$3,750
RI: 5%
MD: 15%
$2,000
CA: 7.5%
Net metering is
available in
38 states + D.C.
State-wide net metering for certain utility types
Net metering offered by one or more individual utilities
AZ: 25%
$1,000
HI: 20 – 35%
NC: 35%
$10,500
Multi-Technology
RE Fuel Vehicles
State PV Grants & Rebates
Renewables Portfolio Standards
( $/W or % of costs)
25%
$2
$4
MN: 1,125 MW wind by 2010
$4-5
$5-6
WI: 2.2% by 2011
$5
ME: 30% by 2000
MA: 4% by 2009 +
1% annual increase
RI: 16% by 2020
$3.90/$2.25
SE-PA:
$4/W+ $1/kWh
for 1 yr.
$3.20
CA: 20% by 2017
IA: 105 MW
W
*NV: 15% by 2013
PA: varies by utility
*MD: 7.5% by 2019
W
50%
$5.50
*AZ: 1.1% by 2007
*NM: 10% by 2011
W
TX: 2,880 MW by 2009
HI: 20% by 2020
Utility PV Rebates
CT: 10% by 2010
*NJ : 6.5% by 2008
W SWH eligible
State RPS
Non-punitive goals
W
*Minimum requirement and/or increased credit for solar
RPS in utility settlements
Source: North Carolina Solar Center, DSIRE
Production Incentives for PV
• Chelan PUD (WA)
Up to $1.50/kWh
• Mass Energy (MA):
6¢/kWh, 3 years
• Bonneville Env’l Foundation
• People’s Power & Light (RI):
6¢/kWh, 3 years
10¢/kWh, 5 years
• Energy Cooperative (PA),
20¢/kWh, at least 2 years
Aspen CORE
25¢/kWh, 4 years
W
• TVA Green Power Switch
Generation Partners Program
15¢/kWh, 10-year minimum
Mainstay Energy Rewards – National
2¢/kWh to 9.5¢/kWh, up to 10 yrs.
Solar Cities
1. San Diego
50 MW of solar/RE on public bldgs. by 2013
10% renewable energy use in public bldgs.
Expedited permitting for new homes using
50% RE and commercial bldgs. using 15%
RE
2. Austin
Austin Energy RPS: 20% renewables by
2020
15 MW solar by 2007, 100 MW by 2020
$5/W residential/commercial PV rebate
program
$0
Hawaii
Ohio
Indiana
Location
Nevada
Wyoming
Idaho
Nebraska
Virginia
Alaska
Arkansas
$10,000
S. Dakota
$8
Oklahoma
$12,000
Washington
Emissions Mitigation Value
N. Dakota
$14,000
Colorado
Missouri
West Virginia
Louisiana
Michigan
Mississippi
Florida
Tennessee
Alabama
Utah
Kansas
District of Columbia
Minnesota
Texas
Iowa
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
Kentucky
Maryland
S. Carolina
Georgia
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Vermont
New Mexico
Illinois
Maine
Delaware
Rhode Island
Oregon
Arizona
Montana
$6
California
BTC
New Jersey
$10
N. Carolina
Residential Consumer Value
Massachusetts
$/kW
PV Energy kWh/kW-yr
New York
Washington
Idaho
Montana
Oregon
South Dakota
Tennessee
Minnesota
Nebraska
Kentucky
South Carolina
Michigan
Alaska
Wyoming
Alabama
Mississippi
Oklahoma
Arkansas
West Virginia
Vermont
Missouri
Georgia
Indiana
Louisiana
Texas
Kansas
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Maine
Delaware
North Dakota
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Nevada
New Mexico
Rhode Island
Arizona
Massachusetts
Utah
Florida
Colorado
Virginia
Pennsylvania
Maryland
New Jersey
California
North Carolina
Hawaii
Illinois
New York
PV Demand/Capacity
Effective Load Carrying Capacity
2
Break-Even Turnkey Cost ($/W)
Breakeven Turnkey cost for commercial PV
$12
$16,000
Environmental Value
Emergency Value
Replacement Value
Solar Load Controller
Demand Savings
Energy Savings
Federal Incentive
$8,000
State/Other Incentive
$4
$6,000
$2
$4,000
$2,000
$0
Solar Reliability Value
Solar Reliability Value
-the cause of the peak demand is also the resource
-disaster mitigation/preparedness
Power
Outages
L.I. Jul. 3-8
110,000 customers
PV = 82% of ideal
PV Availability
as % of Ideal
Output
?
San Francisco June 14, 2000
100,000 customers
PV = 99% of ideal
NYC Jul. 6-7
68,000 customers
PV = 93% of ideal
N.J. Jul. 5-8
112,000 customers
PV = 91% of ideal
Entergy Serv. Jul. 23
550,000 customers
PV = 90% of ideal
Chicago Jul. 30 – Aug. 1
1,000,000 customers
PV = 90% of ideal
Delaware Jul. 6
138,000 customers
PV = 91% of ideal
Task 10 - Urban Scale PV Applications
http://www.iea-pvps-task10.org
US Policy - www.dsireusa.org
How much revenue was lost on August 14th? $8 billion
What amount of dispersed PV would have supported the grid?
Initially 40-60 MW supporting cooling load, for the large outage, 500MW
Global Outlook
The Swedish PV programme –
Market support and RTD
• 5 GW installed PV capacity
• Annual PV production of >1 GW
• Annual market growth of 40 %
Maria Hall
• The 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and
Exhibition in Dresden had 2700 delegates and 400 exhibitors
Programme Manager Photovoltaics
• Japan and Germany are the largest module manufacturers
Swedish Energy Agency
• Germany, Japan and California are the largest PV markets
[email protected]
+46-(0)16-544 21 74
• While off-grid PV is cost-competitive in numerous applications,
grid-connected PV still needs financial support
www.energimyndigheten.se
• National support programmes are the market drivers for PV
• Feed-in tariffs causes a transition from stand-alone systems
to grid-connected systems
Swedish energy policy
Swedish PV policy
• The Swedish Energy Agency is the responsible governmental
agency for energy issues (except nuclear)
• Government support for PV has been devoted to research
• Goals for the Swedish energy policy
– Security of energy supply
– An energy system with low environmental impact
– Energy at reasonable prices for industry and households
• No specific goal for the deployment of photovoltaics in Sweden
• 17 TWh new renewable electricity during 2003–2016
• Economic incentives (taxes, RECs, investment subsidies, etc)
and RTD to fulfill these goals
• PV has been regarded as a business opportunity rather than
a contributor to electricity production in Sweden
• No specific market support for PV (until May 2005)
• REC prices and fuel taxes are to low to have an impact on PV
Research
• PV RTD is part of the long-term energy research programme
• Total budget of 90 million Euro per year for energy RTD
• Approximately 2 million Euro for PV RTD (not fixed)
PV in Sweden today
Applications
Industry
• Four module manufactures
(silicon modules)
• A new spin-off company (Solibro AB)
is developing a production process
for thin film CIGS modules
• No BOS manufacturers
• Increasing number of PV consultants
• A lot of new actors are entering the
Swedish PV market due to the
investment subsidy
• Scandinavian Photovoltaic Industry
Association (www.solcell.nu)
• Installed PV capacity is 4–5 MW
• <0.1 % of national electricity
production (nuclear power and
hydropower dominate)
• Building-integrated PV is gaining
market shares due to the new
investment subsidy for PV on public
buildings
Photos: Energibanken
• PV is mainly used in off-grid
applications (lighthouses, telecom,
recreational applications, etc)
Market stimulation programme
• Investment subsidy for PV on public buildings
• Part of a broader support scheme for energy-efficiency and
conversion to renewable energy in public buildings
• 70% of the total cost for the PV installation (investment+labour)
• 15 May 2005 – 31 Dec 2008
• 150 MSEK (approx. 16 MEUR) for PV installations
• Also support (30%) for an energy assessment of the building
• Expectations:
– Double PV capacity in Sweden, from 4 MWp to 8 MWp
– Create jobs in the building and PV sectors
– Increase electricity production from renewables
– Reduce CO2 emissions and dependency on fossil fuel
Photo: Energibanken
PV in Sweden today
Results so far
• The programme has run for 15 months
• According to plan
• Half of the budget (77 MSEK) has been used (August 2006)
• The responsible authorities (the counties) have received
75 applications, of which 58 have been approved
• Rather good spread across the country
• Stockholm and Malmö hold the top positions with 26 and 12
approved projects, respectively
• Malmö has fewer but larger projects
• Stockholm has several rather small projects (PV on schools)
Results so far – Approved amount per county
Alléskolan, Hallsberg
• High school renovation project
• South, east and west façades
• 289 glass/poly-Si/glass
modules with aluminium
frames from Schüco
• >400 m2, 45 kWp
• Cost: 3,5 MSEK
• Architect: Staffan Nordlund,
White
• Installer: Flex Fasader
(their first PV system)
Photo: Energibanken
Fjärås care centre
Schools in Stockholm
• Roof-mounted
• Pre-study by Energibanken AB
for PV on 13 kindergartens and
schools in Älvsjö, Stockholm
• 65 kWp – largest in Sweden
when installed
• Roof-mounted small standard
systems of 2.5 kW modules,
inverter, etc.
• Annual production of about
45 000 kWh, which equals
annual electricity consumption
• 10 applications was approved
• Net-metering (agreement with
the utility company Fortum)
• Owner: Skolfastigheter i
Stockholm AB (owned by the
municipality of Stockholm)
• Owner: Eksta Bostads AB
• Inaugurated by energy
minister Mona Sahlin
Photo: Energibanken
Photo: Energibanken
Ullevi soccer stadium, Göteborg
Results so far –
• Planned PV system on the VIP stand for high visibility
• 84 kW, about 630 m2
• Pre-study by Switchpower, financed by the SolEl programme,
Got Event, Higab and Göteborg & Co
Impact on the PV innovation system
“The sun is always shining on Ullevi”
Source: ABAKO Arkitektkontor AB
Breda, Holland
The
Linus Palmblad (M.Sc. thesis, Chalmers) has found that:
• The investment subsidy has lead to a number of new PV projects
• It has influenced the dynamics in the Swedish innovation system for
PV in a number of positive ways
• New actors have entered the Swedish PV market
• Important changes are the creation of an industry association and that
the regulatory framework (e.g. for grid-connection and metering) is
questioned
• Too early to make statements about the occurrence of self-reinforcing
mechanisms
• PV in Sweden needs continued market support
The report is available on www.elforsk.se/solel
Focus areas for SolEl
programme
An applied PV RTD programme
SolEl aims at reducing the cost
of PV systems in Sweden by
• Increasing the knowledge in
Sweden about PV
• Develop, evaluate and
demonstrate new PV applications
• Increase the PV competence
within academia and industry
•
Building-integrated PV
•
Demonstration of new and interesting PV
applications
•
Grid-connection issues and standardisation
•
System aspects
•
Information and education
•
Technology and market assessments, conference
reports
•
Evaluation and monitoring of PV systems
Scholarships
Photo: Carl Michael Johannesson
•
Attending EUPVSEC(2 scholars per year)
•
MSc thesis (2 scholars per year)
Västra hamnen, Malmö, foto: Carl Michael Johannesson
Annual call for proposal
Financing institutions
Exemples of SolEl BIPV projects
Sharp
NCC/Byggsektorns utvecklingsfond
Stiftelsen för Arkitekturforskning
Brostaden
EkoSol AB
Malmö Stad Stadsfastigheter
Statens Fastighetsverk
Utility companies: Vattenfall AB, E.ON AB, Göteborg
Energi AB, Mälarenergi AB, Jämtkraft AB, Borlänge
Energi AB, Falkenberg Energi
• Web based BIPV tool,
www.solcell.nu
• Pre-studies for PV systems in
Malmö
• PV-thermal hybrid systems for
building-integration
• SolEl Roadshow
• Assessment of the potential for
PV on roofs in Sweden (10 TWh)
More information about SolEl
More information about Swedish
PV RTD and market
• www.elforsk.se/solel
• Programme manager Monika Adsten
([email protected])
Breda, Holland. Foto:Carl Michael Johannesson
• Annual seminars
• IEA i Sverige, www.iea-sverige.org
• Scandinavian Photovoltaic Industry
Association, www.solcell.nu
Breda, Holland. Foto:Carl Michael Johannesson
• Maria Hall
Programme Manager Photovoltaics
[email protected]
+46-(0)16-544 21 74
www.energimyndigheten.se
• Newsletter twice per year
Potential for photovoltaics in Sweden
kWh/m2/yr
Approximately the same annual solar
irradiation as northern Germany and
50 % of the irradiation of the Sahara
A 10 % efficient 1 kW PV system
produces 1 MWh per year in Sweden
and 2 MWh in the sun belt
PV on 50 % of the island of Gotland
can fulfill Swedens electricity demand
PV on 5 % of the Sahara desert can
fulfill global electricity demand
Foreword
Cumulated PV power end 2005
kWp
1 600
Vilken effekt det fått på
tillbyggnaden
1 537
1 400
1 200
1 000
1
400
23
21
11
5
Sweden
33
United Kingdom
36
Austria
51
Luxembourg
58
France
0
Italy
200
Netherlands
Bruno Gaiddon
600
Spain
13 September 2006
Malmö
800
Germany
ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES ET EFFICACITE ENERGETIQUE
Exempel på urban-scale
BIPV i Frankrike
2
Effect of the feed-in tariff
Feed-in tariffs in Germany
Annual market in Germany
MWp
Ê 45.7 c€/kWh for PV on free surfaces
700
3
500
400
300
Feed-in
law
200
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
0
1994
100 000 roof
program
100
1993
600
New feedin law
4
Ê 54 c€/kWh for roof PV systems > 100 kW
Ê 54.6 c€/kWh for roof PV systems between 30 and 100 kW
Ê 57.4 c€/kWh for roof PV systems < 30 kW
Ê 59 c€/kWh for PV façades > 100 kW
Ê 59.6 c€/kWh for PV façades between 30 and 100 kW
Ê 62.4 c€/kWh for PV façades < 30 kW
French PV market
New French feed-in tariff
Annual market in France
MWp
Ê Officially published on the 26 July 2006
7
5
4
Net metering
contract
3
2
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
0
1994
1
1993
6
Feed-in law
0,15 Euros/kWh
5
Ê and also 50% tax rebate plus reduced VAT
rate for domestic owners
PV systems in Lyon
Ê Definition of eligible “BIPV systems”:
– Roofs, tiles, slates industrially manufactured
– Brise-soleil (shading elements)
– Solar windows
– Glazing structures (greenhouses)
– Balconies
– Façades
?
Ê Tram service station
– 80 kWp
Ê Additional feed-in tariff of 0,25 Euros/kWh for
“building integrated PV systems”
Æ 0,55 Euros/kWh !
Ê 20 year purchase contract
6
New French feed-in tariff
7
Ê Base feed-in tariff : 0,3 Euros/kWh, an
increase of 100% !
8
PV systems in Lyon
PV systems in Lyon
Ê ZAC les Hauts de Feuilly
– First French Solar PV Community
– 19 x 1 kWp
– 3 x 2 kWp
Ê Solar car park
– 150 kWp
9
10
PV systems in Lyon
Energy Conservation in
Buildings in Lyon
Ê La Darnaise – Venissieux
– Large Urban Renewal
– 12 buildings with 4 to 12 kWp
11
12
Ê RESTART project (EU funded)
– Design of construction of energy efficient social
homes
Ê Local innovative policy
– Developers must design energy efficient residential
building if local community involved in the project
– Objectives : primary energy consumption for
heating < 60 kWh/m²/year
– 40% above the national thermal regulation
The Lyon-Confluence project
The Lyon-Confluence project
Perrache
Hôtel de Ville
Confluent Rhône / Saône
150 ha
13
“A combination of the Grand-Lyon experience in
Energy Conservation in Buildings and
Renewable Energy Systems in a extraordinary
site”
14
15
Ê 3 sections of Estate
Ê 75 000 m² of useful floor
Ê 15 European developers in competition
Ê An integrated guideline :
– 60 kWh/m²/year for the heating
– 80% of RES on heating and DHW needs
– 50% of RES on electricity for common spaces
Awarded teams
Lyon-Confluence
First residential project
16
Ê Section of Estate “A”
– Developer : Nexity Apolonia
– Main architect : T. Conko
Ê Section of Estate “B”
– Developer : Marignan Bowfonds
– Main architect : M. Fuksas
ÊSection of Estate “C”
– Developer : ING Real Estate
– Main architect : W. Maas
RES to be implemented
Ê Wood chip boilers
– 3 x 500 MW
Ê Solar thermal systems
– 1 250 m²
Ê PV systems
– 250 kWp
17
18
19
Regional Council
Portzamparc
?? kWp
Thank you for your attention
Confluence Museum
COOP HiMMELBLAU
200 kWp
Other buildings with PV
20
HESPUL
21
114, boulevard du 11 novembre
F-69100 Villeurbanne
Tel : +33 4 37 47 80 90
Fax : +33 4 37 47 80 99
[email protected]
www.hespul.org
Photovoltaics in an Architectural Context
Henk Kaan
13 September 2006
Bringing PV to the client
Use PV in a”neutral”way
PV can “Upgrade” the building
PV can strengthen the image of the occupier
Architectural criteria for good PV integration:
Natural integration of the PV system
The PV system is architecturally pleasing
Good composition of colours and materials
The PV system matches the context of the building
(Contextuality)
The system, and its integration, are well-engineered
The system, and its integration, are well-engineered
The application of PV
has lead to innovative
designs
Incorporation of PV in the building design:
- PV is applied invisible
- PV is added to the design
The PV system adds to
the architectural image
The PV system determines
The PV system determines
The PV system leads to
new architectural concepts
Architects who apply PV in well-thought-out way
can make their clients happy and thereby
contribute to a greater acceptance of PV!!
Residential PV system
installation in Japan
- Example of PV community -
Trends in residential PV system
installation in Japan
Stakeholders Workshop - IEA PVPS Task10
13 September, 2006
Malmö, Sweden
Keiichi KOMOTO
(Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc., Japan)
Stakeholders Workshop - IEA PVPS Task10, Malmö, Sweden
Cumulative PV installation in Japan
K. Komoto (MHIR)
2
Shipments of PV cells/modules
1,422
Cumulative installed PV power (MW)
Grid-connected centralised
1,400
Grid-connected distributed
Off-grid non-domestic
1,200
1,132
Off-grid domestic
1,000
860
800
637
600
452
19
24
31
43
60
600
500
400
350
300
Others
200
100
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Calendar year i 2̀001 j ^
Fiscal year i
2002 `
Ref: JPEA (Japan Photovoltaic Energy
Association)
133
91
Domestic shipments
700
1999
209
200
800
0
330
400
Export
Import
900
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Calendar year
Annual domestic shipments of PV cell/module
(MW/year)
PV cells/modules shipments in Japan (MW/year
1,000
1,600
300
Public & industry
Residential
250
200
150
100
50
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Fiscal year
Ref: IEA/PVPS, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications
K. Komoto (MHIR)
3
K. Komoto (MHIR)
4
Residential PV system installation by
national subsidy program (1)
Cumulative installation
Annual installation
300,000
60,000
Cumulative installed PV power
Installed PV power
250,000
Installed PV power (MW/year)
800
250
Cumulative number of residentials
700
200,000
600
150,000
500
400
100,000
300
200
Number of residentials
Cumulative installed PV power (MW
900
50,000
200
Number of residentials
40,000
150
30,000
100
20,000
50
50,000
Number of residentials (/year)
1,000
10,000
100
0
0
0
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Fiscal year
K. Komoto (MHIR)
5
Capacity of system
Type of installation
4-5 kW
3-4 kW
40,000
-1 kW
20,000
10,000
0
Annual installed No. of residentials (/year)
60,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Others
50,000
Fiscal year
Existing house: roof-mounted
Existing house: roof-integrated
40,000
6
1,200
2-3 kW
1-2 kW
30,000
K. Komoto (MHIR)
Averaged price of PV systems
5 kW50,000
60,000
Annual installed No. of residential (/year)
Annual installation
Fiscal year
Ref: NEF
New house: roof-mounted
New house: roof-integrated
30,000
Price of and payment for PV system (JPY/kW)
Ref: NEF (New Energy Foundation)
1062
1074
User's payment
939
1,000
844
758
800
710
690
675
661
2002
2003
2004
2005
600
400
200
0
20,000
1997
1998
1999
2000
10,000
2001
Fiscal year
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Installation
Ref: NEF
BOS
PV module
Ref: NEF
Fiscal year
K. Komoto (MHIR)
7
K. Komoto (MHIR)
8
Residential PV system installation
Annual installed PV power
Annual installed PV power for residentials
(MW/year)
300
Shipment for residential
250
Areal installation of residential PV systems
Installation by subsidy
program
(Example of PV community in residential area)
200
150
100
50
0
1999
2000
2001
Ref: NEF & JPEA
2002
2003
2004
2005
Fiscal year
K. Komoto (MHIR)
9
Definition of PV Community
Name
Further deployment of
conventional installation
of residential PV systems
Plus
Areal installation of PV
systems to residential area
Definition of PV community
Copyright: MSK Corporation
K. Komoto (MHIR)
10
Examples of PV Community in Japan
Option for the future
Area where a significant
number of dwellings
are equipped with PV systems
K. Komoto (MHIR)
11
Location
No. of
houses
Total PV Power
101 kW
108 kW
+ 15 kW
Tiara Court Kasukabe
Villa Garten Shin-Matsudo
Kasukabe, Saitama
Matsudo, Chiba
Tamanodai
Cosmo-Town Kiyomino
Cherry-Town Izumi-Chuo
Jo-Town Kanokodai
Laperta Tahi
Cherry-Town Izumi-Sunagawa
Solche Katsuyama-Kita
Sekisui
Harmonate-town
Shin-kamagaya
Sekisui
Harmonate-town
Tsurunoura
Panahome-city Seishin-Minami
Jo-Town Rinkuu-Hawaiian-Village
Hills-Garden Kiyota
Pal-Town Jyosai-no-mori
Kasugai, Aichi
Yoshikawa, Saitama
Izumi, Osaka
Kobe, Hyogo
Takamatsu, kagawa
Sennan, Osaka
Osaka
Kamagaya, Chiba
35
36
+5
40
79
30
95
49
43 (planned)
16
29
Kurashiki, Okayama
32 (planned)
Kobe, Hyogo
Tajiri, Osaka
Sapporo, Hokkaido
Ota, Gunma
100
258 (planned)
500 (planned)
533
237 kW
90 kW
285 kW
100 kW
129 kW (planned)
48 kW
Start of
Operation
Dec. 1998
Jan. 1999
+ 2002
Sep. 1999
Aug. 2001
Jan. 2002
Sep. 2002
Sep. 2003
Apr. 2004
Aug. 2004
2004 - 2005
2006-
296 kW
516 kW (planned)
1 500 kW (planned)
2 160 kW
2005 - 2006
(2003-) 2006
K. Komoto (MHIR)
12
Outline of some PV communities
Tiara Court Kasukabe
Location: Kasukabe, Saitama
No. of houses: 35
Total PV power: 101 kW (2,9 kW/house)
Start of operation:
Dec. 1998
Villa Garten Shin-Matsudo
Location: Matsudo, Chiba
No. of houses: 41 (=36+5)
Total PV power: 123 kW (2,9-3,1 kW/house)
Start of operation:
36: Jan, 1999
+5: 2002
Copyright: POLUS Group
Copyright: POLUS Group
K. Komoto (MHIR)
13
K. Komoto (MHIR)
Tamanodai
Location: kasugai, Aichi
No. of houses: 40 (all-electric houses)
Total PV power: ??
Start of operation: Sep. 1999
Cosmo-Town Kiyomino
Location: Yoshikawa, Saitama
No. of houses: 79
Total PV power: 237 kW (3 kW/house)
Start of operation:
Aug. 2001
Source: NEDO website (http://www.nedo.go.jp)
K. Komoto (MHIR)
14
15
K. Komoto (MHIR)
16
Jo-Town Kanokodai
Location: Kobe, Hyogo
No. of houses: 95
Start of operation:
Sep. 2002
Jo-Town Rinkuu-Hawaiian-Village
Location: Tajiri, Osaka (under construction)
No. of houses: 258 (planned)
Total PV power: 512 kW (planned)
Kansai Int’l Airport
Osaka
Rinkuu-Hawaiian-Village
K. Komoto (MHIR)
17
K. Komoto (MHIR)
Panahome-city Seishin-Minami
Location: Kobe, Hyogo
No. of houses: 100
Start of operation: 2005
Pal-Town Jyosai-no-mori
Location: Ota, Gunma
No. of houses: 553
Total PV power: 2,16 MW
NEDO’s R&D project (FY2002-2007)
Copyright: Kyocera Corporation
18
Copyright: Kyocera Corporation
K. Komoto (MHIR)
19
K. Komoto (MHIR)
20
Nagoya-city public houses: Hazama-so (rental
houses)
Location: Nagoya, Aichi
No. of buildings: 8
Total PV power: 200 kW (11-30 kW/building)
Multi dwelling houses equipped with PV
PV systems supply electricity for intercommunity.
Copyright: Mitsubishi Electric Co.
K. Komoto (MHIR)
21
K. Komoto (MHIR)
Ikuji public-house (rental houses)
Location: Kurobe, Toyama
No. of houses supplied PV electricity: 12
Advance-21 Kifune
Location: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi
No. of houses supplied PV electricity: 16
Total number of houses: 24
22
Total number of houses: 32
Total PV power: 32 kW
Total PV power: 48 kW (3kW/house)
plus 3 kW for intercommunity (Total 51 kW)
Copyright: YKK Corporation
Copyright: Harakosan Co. Ltd.
K. Komoto (MHIR)
23
Copyright: Harakosan Co. Ltd.
K. Komoto (MHIR)
24
New-Gaia (all-electrified rental houses)
Location: Kitakyusyu, Fukuoka
No. of houses: 43
Concluding remarks
All houses are supplied PV electricity
Total PV power: 64,5 kW (1,5 kW/house)
plus 1.6 kW for intercommunity (Total 66 kW)
Copyright: Shibaura Tokki (Shibaura-Group)
K. Komoto (MHIR)
25
K. Komoto (MHIR)
26
Concluding remarks
National subsidy program for residential PV
system by METI was terminated.
Subsidy programs by METI will be moving to
for public & industry buildings.
Some local governments have their programs
for residential PV system in the regions.
Areal installation is a promising option for
further deploying PV systems in urban-area.
Programs for developing ‘environmentalfriendly urban-area’ are expected for
deploying urban-scale PV installation.
K. Komoto (MHIR)
27
Thank you for your attention !
K. Komoto (MHIR)
28
Malmö, facade
Malmö, window shades
Malmö, demo
Malmö, presentation of operation
Malmö PV Power systems
Facade: 3,5kWp DC & 3kWp AC
Window shades: 6,5kWp DC & 5kWp AC
Demo: 0,96kWp DC & 1,1kWp AC
Solar center of Augustenborg
100 m2
PV
11 kW
Student Union Building
180 m2 PV, 25 kW. Solar shading system
Museum of Technology
515 m2
64 kW
The biggest PV system
in Sweden
Sege Park
Architect: Torsten Persson, Stadsfastigheter
2 systems of total 1 100 m2
Will be installed next year
Mellanhed school
250 m2 PV as
solar shading
Will be installed
later this year
Augustenborg
400 m2, connected to the central heating system
Solar thermal collectors
Place
Size
Augustenborg
420 m2
Bunkeflostrand
27 m2
Stensjön
50 m2
Helenholm
1100 m2
Totalt
1600 m2
Ready
June 2005
Oct 2005
Dec 2005
Sep 2006
PV
Augustenborg
Tekniska museet
Kårhuset
Mellanhedsskolan
MINC
Sege Park
Totalt
Mars 2005
Sept 2006
Sept 2006
Dec 2006
Dec 2006
May 2007
100 m2
515 m2
180 m2
250 m2
50 m2
1100 m2
2200 m2
Western Harbor in Malmö

Solceller i bebyggelsen

Transcription

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