Government of Madhya Pradesh - e

Transcription

URBAN ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
Government of Madhya Pradesh
A SPECIAL PAPER ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM ORCHHA
City Development Plan -ORCHHA
Project Coordination:
City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh
LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi
July 2011
1 A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM ORCHHA
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.
Orchha is a place of historic importance and has tremendous importance at the national and
international level with respect to its architectural, natural and living heritage. The town has immense
natural beauty and is placed within the once dense forest region along with two major rivers, Betwa
and Jamni. Orchha is also famous as a worship centre with ritual ceremonies celebrated on various
occasions, which invite thousands of pilgrims from different part of the country. The paper is divided
into eleven sections. Section 1 introduces the paper. The sources of information and consultations
with key stakeholders have been detailed out in section 2. Section 3 discusses the legal framework
for heritage conservation. Sections 4 and 5 describe the significance and identification of the heritage
monuments in the town respectively. Section 6 describes the interrelationship between the present
urban fabric and the heritage of the town. The tourism and pilgrimage situation has been assessed in
section 7 and section 8 presents the tourist infrastructure gap. Section 9 discusses the issues related
to the sector and section 10 details out the SWOT analysis for the same. The last section presents
the strategy and action plan to protect and conserve heritage and promote tourism in the town.
1.2
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS
2.
Information on architectural and cultural heritage was collected from primary and secondary
sources of information. Consultations at various levels were conducted considering the importance of
heritage in Orchha. Knowledgeable persons on the heritage of the town were consulted. This included
key informants and experts from government and non-government organizations (Table 1-1).
Table 1-1: Sources of Information and Site Reconnaissance Surveys
 Orchha Heritage Walk. Archaeology, Archives and Museums, Government
of Madhya Pradesh.
 Orchha: Travel Guide. Diana George, et.al. Madhya Pradesh Tourism.
Secondary Sources of
Study
 Orchha: Rani’s Heart of Worship and Indian Architecture. Gautam
Gyanendra, et.al.
 Website of MP Ecotourism http://www.mpecotourism.org/orcha.asp.
 Site visits to Orchha by Key Personnel between 10th to 12th October 2009.
 Site visit to identify and assess status of heritage resources of Orchha from
Site Visits
2nd to 3rd November, 2009.
 Site visit and workshop with stakeholders on 4th November 2009.
 Mr. Kiran Kumar Ojha, Chief Municipal Officer, Orchha
 Mr. D.S Rathore, Sub Engineer, Nagar Panchayat, Orchha
 Mr. S P Mishra, Senior Guide, Archaeology Department, Orchha
 Mr. Sanjay Malhotra, Manager, Sheesh Mahal, MPSTDC, Orchha
Meeting with Key
 Mr. Govind Yadav, Councillor, Nagar Panchayat, Orchha
Stakeholders
 Mr. S K Gupta, Manager, MPSTDC, Orchha
 Mr. M S Rana, Manager, Betwa Retreat, MPSTDC, Orchha
 Ms. Asha Louk, Friends of Orchha, Orchha
 Mr. Anoop Khullar, Vice President, The Orchha Resort, Orchha
1-1
City Development Plan of Various Urban
Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh
A SPECIAL PAPER ON HERITAGE
AND TOURISM ORCHHA
1.3
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION
1.3.1
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958
3.
The Act provides for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and
archaeological sites and remains of national importance. The Act is also for the regulation of
archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and other like objects. It is
relevant to those ancient and historical monuments or archaeological sites and remains which have
been declared by the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains
(Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951 or by section 126 of the States Reorganisation Act
1956. It also gives power to the Central Government to declare ancient monuments or archaeological
site and remains not included in section 3 of national importance.
4.
The Act provides for the acquisition of rights in a protected monument, preservation of
protected monument by agreement, imposing restriction on enjoyment of property rights in protected
areas, conduct of archaeological excavations and protection of antiquities and also ensures
appropriate compensation for loss or damage due to entry or excavations to the owner or occupier of
such protected land.
1.3.2
Madhya Pradesh Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1964
and its Amendment 1970
5.
The Act provides for the preservation of certain ancient and historical monuments and
archaeological sites and remains and for the regulation of excavation of archaeological sites in
Madhya Pradesh. It gives power to the state government to declare ancient monuments to be state
protected monuments or archaeological site and remains to be state protected area, gives provisions
for the maintenance of protected monuments, preservation amenities of protected monuments,
imposing restrictions on constructing any building within the protected area.
6.
The Act provides for compulsory acquisition of protected monument, as per clause 12, under
the provisions of the Land Acquisition (LA) Act, 1894 (I of 1894), as if the maintenance of the state
protected monument were a public purpose to equate the purpose of LA Act. It has been amended in
1970 with amendment of section 2 which dealt with the meaning of ancient monument and has
inserted new sections, 23-A and 23-B which dealt with any antiquity and intimation regarding its
transfer or acquisition. Other amendments were with respect to section 29 and 37.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
7.
Orchha has a rich architectural heritage which symbolizes the Bundela architecture from
16th to 18th century A.D. The name Orchha is derived from the remark of a Rajput Chief who
exclaimed the land as ‘ondche’ as it lies low or far enough and is considered as a place with provides
natural security. The town is famous as a pilgrim centre of Lord Ram, who is worshiped in the
renowned Rama Raja Temple.
8.
The town was founded by Maharaja Rudra Pratap in 1531 AD. In 1783, Maharaja Vikramjit
shifted his capital to Tikamgarh and since then Orchha lost its importance as a major centre. It
however, has retained its past glory of unmatchable monuments and temples of architectural and
cultural importance.
1-2
AND TOURISM ORCHHA
9.
Altogether 56 monuments have been identified as heritage by the State Archaeological
Department. Out of these 36 are protected by the State Archaeological Department. The remaining
20 have been recommended for being declared as protected monuments and await formal gazette
publication. The protected monuments as per the Orchha Development Plan are shown in Figure
1-1. Table 1-2 gives a brief description of the important monuments under the protection of State
Archaeological Department and are in good condition except for Sunder Mahal, which is not under the
protection of the department. None of the heritage buildings in the town are under the protection of
Archaeological Survey of India.
10.
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has carried out a preliminary
condition assessment in the Orchha Heritage Zone. The study has listed 165 monuments as existing
within the Heritage Zone of Orchha spread over an area of 6 sq.km. The INTACH report has revealed
that many of the monuments are in dilapidated state and has listed 12 monuments as being in most
critical condition.
1.5
IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ORCHHA
11.
The heritage of Orchha may be grouped under three categories: architectural heritage,
natural heritage, living and traditional heritage.
12.
Architectural Heritage: The architectural heritage of Orchha represents traditional
architecture of the region which is mostly the Indo-Islamic architecture. Jahangir Mahal, which is one
of the most popular palaces in Orchha, is a colossal structure with each side measuring 67m,
ascending to three stories and crowned by eight domes. This notable architectural achievement is
often compared to structures at Fatehpur Sikri built nearly 150 years earlier1. The architecture of Raj
Mahal is said to be a blend of Rajput and Mughal styles (as evidenced from the multi-foiled arched
entrances and stone jaali work).
13.
Other structures with notable architectural styles in Orchha include, the Kanteela Darwaja,
Raj Mahal, Jahangir Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Ram Raja Temple, Chaturbhuj Temple, Laxmi Temple,
Chhatri, Palki Mahal and Phool Bagh, Rai Praveen Mahal, Unt Khana, Shahi Darwaja, Panchmukhi
Mahadev Temple, Raiman Dauji Ki Kothi, open Theatre of Indrajit Singh, Shyam Daua Kit Kothi,
Radhika Bihari Temple, Vanvasi Ram Temple and Ganesh Darwaja.
14.
Natural Heritage: The role of natural heritage is very significant in defining the urban
ecological image of Orchha. The town is endowed with good scenic beauty with the Nature Reserve
being the core attraction. The Orchha Nature Reserve is situated across the Betwa River, on way to
Khajuraho and Panna. The forest is bounded by the Jamni and Betwa Rivers on all sides. There is a
wildlife sanctuary which is located on the far bank of the Betwa River in Orchha. The sanctuary
spreads over an area of 15 km wide and 25 km long. There are about 200 species of birds and wild
animals such as wild boar, blue bulls and sloth bears. The forests around Orchha (Chandpura,
Ronda, Katelkhandi, Sujanpur and Larpura forest reserves) and the plantation in the heritage zone
especially the citadel area makes the region rich in flora and fauna.
1
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, Islamic Period, 1942
1-3
AND TOURISM ORCHHA
15.
Traditional and Living Heritage: Orchha is famous for its unique arts and crafts. These arts
and crafts are community based economic activities which are mostly practiced in a small scale at
household level. Traditionally, the walls of temples, palaces and Chhatris were adorned by the
Bundela art. Bundela paintings depict all aspects of life and have strong religious overtones. The Ram
Raja Temple and the adjacent Chathurbhuj Temple are among the finest examples of how traditional
beliefs have made an impact on the present living pattern in Orchha. The location of protected
monuments is presented in Figure 1-1 and a brief description of major architectural and cultural
heritage properties is given in Table 1-2.
1-4
AND TOURISM ORCHHA
Figure 1-1 : Location of Protected Monuments
1-5
AND TOURISM ORCHHA
Table 1-2: Major Architectural and Cultural Heritage Properties
Name of the
Monument
Jehangir
Mahal
Description
Photo
Built by Raja Bir Singh Ju Deo in the 17th
century to commemorate the visit of
Emperor Jehangir to Orchha. Its strong
lines are counterbalanced by delicate
chhatris and trellis work, the whole
conveying an effect of extraordinary
richness.
Raj Mahal
Situated to the right of the quadrangle,
this palace was built in the 17th century
by Madhukar Shah, the deeply religious
predecessor of Bir Singh Ju Deo. The
plain exteriors, crowned by chhatris, give
way to interiors with exquisite murals,
boldly colourful on a variety of religious
themes.
Rai Parveen
Mahal
The palace built for poetess & musician
Rai Parveen, is a low, two-storeyed brick
structure designed to match the height of
the trees in the surrounding, beautifully
landscaped gardens of Anand Mahal, with
its octagonal flower beds and elaborate
water supply system. Skillfully carved
niches allow light into the Mahal which
has a main hall and smaller chambers.
Chathurbhuj
Temple
Built upon a massive stone platform and
reached by a steep flight of steps, the
temple was specially constructed to
enshrine the image of Rama that
remained in the Ram Raja Temple. Lotus
emblems and other symbols of religious
significance provide the delicate exterior
ornamentation. Within, the sanctum is
chastely plain with high, vaulted walls
emphasizing its deep sanctity.
1-6
Name of the
Monument
Laxminarayan
temple
Description
AND TOURISM , ORCHHA
Photo
A flagstone path links this temple with the
Ram Raja Temple. The style is an
interesting synthesis of fort and temple
moulds. The interiors contain the most
exquisite of Orchha's wall paintings.
Covering the walls and ceiling of three
halls,
these
murals
are
vibrant
compositions and cover a variety of
spiritual and secular subjects. They are in
excellent state of preservation, with the
colours retaining their vivid quality.
Phool Bagh
Laid out as a formal garden, this complex
testifies to the refined aesthetic qualities
of the Bundelas. A central row of
fountains culminates in an eight pillared
palace-pavilion. A subterranean structure
below was the cool summer retreat of the
Orchha kings. An ingenious system of
water
ventilation
connects
the
underground palace with Chandan
Katora, a bowl-like structure from whose
fountains droplets of water filtered through
to the roof, simulating rainfall.
Ram Raja
Temple
The palace which later became a temple
has soaring spires and grand architecture.
The monthly ritual of Pushya Nashatra is
famous for worship of Lord Ram Raja in
which about 25000 to 35000 pilgrims from
various regions participate every month.
Sunder Mahal
This small palace, almost in ruins today is
still a place of pilgrimage for Muslims.
Dhurjban, son of Jhujhar, embraced Islam
when he wed a Muslim girl at Delhi. He
spent the latter part of his life in prayer
and meditation and came to be revered
as a saint.
1-7
Name of the
Monument
Chhatris
(Cenotaphs)
Description
Photo
There are 14 Chhatris or Memorials to the
rulers of Orchha, grouped along the
Kanchan Ghat of the river Betwa.
Source: 1) Government of Madhya Pradesh, 2008, Orchha Heritage Walk. Archaeology, Archives and Museums
& 2) Reconnaissance visit, Orchha 2009
Source: Mr. Kushan Dave, Final Year Student, School of Architecture, Rajkot, Gujarat, 2010
1-8
1.6
HERITAGE AND THE PRESENT URBAN FABRIC-INTERRELATIONSHIP
16.
The gradual shift from a traditional system to the present day town characteristics has been
assessed in this section. The urban fabric retains some of its medieval character in its spaces,
streets, courtyards, junctions and vernacular housing. There is lack of care and management of
smaller heritage structures like pavilions and baradaris that fall within the limits of the ward
boundaries. The urban spaces including the residential areas, road network and public places have
been described with respect to the traditional system and the present uses (Table 1-3).
Table 1-3: Orchha-Comparison of Traditional System and Present Usage of Urban Spaces
Urban
Traditional System
Present Status
Spaces
Residential  Palaces and havelis with two or more
 Palaces are protected monuments;
Areas
one is used as heritage hotel –
internal courtyards characterized the
Sheesh Mahal used by MP Tourism
residential sectors.
Department.
 Havelis developed to make them
 Almost all monuments are kept open
conducive for extreme climates.
for the public and tourists. However
 Houses of middle-class people were twothe Chhatris, Garden area (Anand
storied building with one or two inner
Mahal) of Rai Praveen Mahal, Sunder
courtyards.
Mahal and Laxminarayan Temple are
 Labour class people such as artisans,
poorly maintained.
potters, etc. had either semi-pucca or
 The middle-class houses have been
katchha structure.
renovated mostly with the micro
 Two types of clustering patterns are seen
concrete materials and having very
in Orchha as Street cluster2 and Space
small inner courtyards.
cluster.

The courtyards are now used for
 Most striking features in the buildings are
different
purpose parking, storage,
the courtyards and terraces.
utilities,
etc.
Sense of open space/
 Each of the mohallas comprised of
community feeling can be seen in
common facilities like drinking water- well
outer town wards now.
(step-well in many places), workshop area,
 Implementation of building bye laws
temples, religious practices deities and
for conservation is poor
festivals, use
 Lack of awareness on heritage and
conservation.
Road
 Roads in front of Ram Raja Temple,
 Sand stone pattern with four gates3.
Network
the major market centre, is
 On the main streets, strict control was
encroached by the street hawkers,
exercised on the street facade, along
extension of Nagar Panchayat shops,
which shops and arcades were located. All
etc creating problems like insufficient
the buildings were one storey high up to
parking space, drainage, etc.
Chhatris.
 Increased vehicular ownership within
the town area and the huge influx of
tourist vehicles has led to chaos in the
core town area.
 Parking problem acute in front of Raj
Mahal, Ram Raja Temple areas.
 Major road is the State Highway
connecting Jhansi and Tikamgarh.
 Parking regulations are in place
during the festive occasions in Ram
Raja Temple. Absence of parking
2
3
Organization of houses around a space or a street and their connection to it show privacy notions of the people.
Ganesh Darwaja, Purana Darwaja, Kanteela Darwaja and Shahi Darwaja
1-9
Urban
Spaces
Traditional System
Present Status


Public
Places


Palace precinct hub of major public
activities. At the entrance of the Raj Mahal,
there were two audience halls, darbar-ikhas or the private audience hall and
darbar-i-aam or the public audience hall.
The latter one was an open stage probably
used for dance or musical performances.
Large and small pockets of open spaces
within each mohalla for informal gathering.
Temples and monuments were also used
for the public gathering.



norms and regulations in the core
town during non-festive occasions.
Infrastructure facilities like drainage,
road, etc insufficient in core town
wards. The rigid pavement of interior
roads limits further development of
drains and sewage channels.
Palace precinct are open for public.
Music and daily show sponsored by
MP Tourism Department during
evening hours every day.
Chabutra (platform) are built in
various mohallas for public gathering
and recreation activities.
Open spaces near/around the Phool
Bagh, Chathurbhuj Temple and Ram
Raja Temple are used for commercial
activities.
Source: Reconnaissance visit, Orchha 2009
1.7
TOURISM AND PILGRIMAGE
17.
Orchha is a premier tourist destination as well as a pilgrim centre in Madhya Pradesh and is
one of the vertices of the Orchha-Khajuraho-Bandhavgarh tourism circuit. The town has emerged as
one of the most sought after destinations on the tourist map of India. In the scenario of absence of
data on pilgrim inflow, estimation for the same has been based on discussions with the ULB. The
assessment of demand for tourist facilities has been done for both tourists and pilgrims.
1.7.1
Tourist Inflow
18.
The tourist inflow may be broadly categorized in the following ways: a) domestic tourists who
visit Orchha for spending the day mainly for picnic purposes, b) domestic tourists who visit Orchha for
the monuments, c) foreign tourists who spend a day in Orchha on their way to khajuraho, d) pilgrims
from surrounding area and e) pilgrims from far away areas who congregate in Orchha during festivals.
19.
As per the latest estimates obtained from the State Archaeology Department, the total
number of tourists visited during November 2008 to October 2009 is 137091, in which the foreign
tourists constituted 30 percent (Table 1-4). This estimate is based on the number of tickets issued in
these monuments and obviously the actual figure could be much higher. Gives the location of major
tourist places in Orchha. The number of tourists increases phenomenally during the festival days to
around 1-1.5 lakh. Five melas are organized in Orchha during the auspicious occasion of Makar
Sankranti (January), Ram Navmi (April), Ganga Dussehra (June), Shravan Teej (August) and Vivaha
Panchami (December).
Year
2008
Table 1-4: Tourist inflow in Orchha during 2008-2009
Domestic
Foreign
Total
Month
Tourist Inflow Tourist Inflow Tourist Inflow
April
4565
2488
7053
May
4778
1123
5901
June
6299
637
6936
July
5493
2140
7633
Percentage
Growth
---16.33
17.54
10.05
1-10
Year
Domestic
Tourist Inflow
9398
4701
6739
6413
9902
14433
7817
6971
5704
4500
5164
11657
9175
7072
7747
Month
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
2009
Foreign
Tourist Inflow
5408
3137
5534
7432
3349
3893
4542
3815
2563
832
545
1844
4330
2533
4858
Total
Tourist Inflow
14806
7838
12273
13845
13251
18326
12359
10786
8267
5332
5709
13501
13505
9605
12605
Percentage
Growth
93.97
-47.06
56.58
12.81
-4.29
38.30
-32.56
-12.73
-23.35
-35.50
7.07
136.49
0.03
-28.88
31.23
Source: State Archaeology Department, Orchha, 2009.
20.
The inflow of domestic tourists is observed to be higher during the month of January and for
foreign tourists, the peak season is October and November. The lean season for domestic tourists is
April to June (Figure 1-2). At the same time, the lean season for foreign tourists is during the month of
May to July (Figure 1-3).
21.
The domestic tourists include those pilgrims who visit Orchha on festive occasions. One of
the important religious rituals of Orchha’s Ram Raja Temple is the Panchkosi Parikrama
(circumambulation of temples) which is performed over a period of two days every month. The
pilgrims coming by foot from distant places; from as far as 50-70 km first take a holy dip in the Betwa
River and do the Parikrama of 12km along the periphery of the town mainly surrounding the Ram
Raja Temple. The Parikrama starts from the monument site of Cenotaphs situated on the banks of
Betwa River. Feeding the poor people is another major custom in Orchha. There are several Sadhus
around the temple complex to whom the pilgrims and tourists offer small contributions.
Dom estic Tourist Inflow
Foreign Tourist Inflow
8000
16000
7000
Number of Tourists
Number of Tourists
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
6000
1000
Figure 1-2: Average Monthly Inflow of Domestic
Tourists in Orchha (2008-09)
1.7.2
October
September
August
July
May
2008-2009
June
April
March
February
January
December
0
November
October
August
September
July
May
2008-2009
June
April
March
January
February
December
November
4000
Figure 1-3: Average Monthly Inflow of Foreign
Tourists in Orchha (2008-09)
Entry Fee for Tourists
22.
Tourists are to pay fee for entry into the Raj Mahal Fort Complex. There is a separate entry
fee for Orchha nature reserve. An analysis of the fee structure shows that the fees levied on foreign
tourists are exceptionally higher than that levied for domestic tourists. An overview of the fee structure
1-11
shows that the percentage is higher by 67% (for film shooting at Nature Reserve) to that of 2400 (for
entry into Raj Mahal Fort Complex) for foreign tourists (Table 1-5).
Table 1-5: Entry Fee Details to Major Tourist Centres at Orchha
Category
Nature Reserve
Two wheeler
Light vehicle (Jeep, Car, Gypsy) upto 8 person
Mini bus (9 to 32 persons)
Bus (more than 32 persons) (additional fee)
Visit to places of interest by bicycle or by foot
Trucking or long route cycling along specific route
Auto rickshaw
Film shooting
Still photography
Raj Mahal Fort Complex
Person
Domestic
Foreign
Percentage
Difference
40
400
1000
50
15
100
80
15000
5000
200
1500
10000
500
150
1000
400
25000
10000
400
275
900
900
900
900
400
67
100
10
250
2400
Source: Reconnaissance visit, Orchha 2009.
1.7.3
Tourist Accommodations
23.
Orchha provides a wide range of accommodation facilities to cope up with the demands of
the tourists belonging to different economic classes. The accommodation facilities are available
ranging from resort hotels to Dharmashalas spread all over the town. According to an estimate by the
Nagar Panchayat, there are 5 hotels in the luxury category with room rents of above Rs.1500 (Picture
1-1), 13 medium and small hotels with room rent of Rs.500 per night (Picture 1-2) and other
Dharmashalas and guest houses with room rents of less than Rs.250 per night (Picture 1-3 and
Picture 1-4). Table 1-6 shows the various kinds of tourist accommodations available in Orchha.
Table 1-6: Details of Accommodation Facilities in Orchha
Hotels
Dharmashalas/ Yatri Niwas
Palki Mahal, Mansarovar
Hotel Sunrise
The Orchha Resort
Amar Mahal
Bundelkhand
Madhya Pradesh Tourism
Development Corp.
Sheesh Mahal
TOTAL
No. of Beds
16
29
12
32
47
29
Room Rents
(Rs./Night)
Less than 250
400-1000
More than 1500
24
7
196
Share (%)
8.16
14.80
6.12
16.33
23.98
14.80
12.24
---
3.57
100.0
Source: Orchha Development Plan, 2001 and Consultations during Reconnaissance Visit,2009.
1-12
Picture 1-1: Premium budget hotels: highlighting Orchha as
an international tourist destination
Picture 1-2: Medium budget accommodation facilities
in Orchha
Picture 1-3: Private owned Dharmasala
Picture 1-4: Dharmasala operated by the Nagar
Panchayat
1.8
1.8.1
TOURIST INFRASTRUCUTRE GAP
Basic Infrastructure Facilities for Tourists:
24.
The provision of basic infrastructure services like water, sanitation facilities (sewerage and
toilet), drainage and solid waste management (SWM) should be made available at heritage sites for
the tourists. These services have been included as on site infrastructure development for select
heritage sites. The existing situation and future demand of on and off site infrastructure services also
have been assessed. A gap analysis of these services has been carried out considering the projected
tourist population in Orchha for the years 2015, 2025 and 2035 (Table 1-7).
Table 1-7: On and Offsite Infrastructure Facilities for Tourists: Gap Analysis
Number
2010-2015
5
Year
2015-2025
2
2025- 2035
0
Number
5
2
0
500
0
0
5
2
0
Location
Facilities
Unit
On-site Infrastructure
Facilities
Drinking Water Points
Public
toilets
(2WC+2U)
Storm
Water
Drainage
Solid
Waste
Collection Bins
Pathway along Fort
Square Meter
Rmt
Number
2700
1-13
Off-site Infrastructure
Facilities
Wall
Pathways
Street lighting
Drinking water points
Public
toilets
(2WC+2U)
Solid
Waste
Collection Bins
Square Meter
Number
Number
3000
200
19
0
100
33
0
0
54
Number
2
4
7
Number
15
29
50
Source: LASA Estimates, 2010
1.8.2
Hotel and Accommodation
25.
The present status of accommodation facilities and the future requirement have been
estimated for the projected tourist population. In Orchha, the existing number of beds available in
various accommodation places is 400, which is not sufficient to meet the requirements of present
tourist inflow. At present, there is an additional requirement of 2282 beds in 2009 and there would be
a requirement of 8306 beds by 2035. The area required to accommodate the additional bed has been
worked out to be 5ha in 2009 and 17 ha in 2035 (Table 1-8).
Table 1-8: Tourist Inflow and Accommodation Facilities (Bed Requirement) in Orchha: Gap
Analysis
Category/Year
Annual tourist inflow
Average monthly tourist inflow
Bed requirement during peak month*
Monthly bed requirement based on number of night-stay**
Daily bed requirement
Total bed requirement
Existing number of beds
Additional bed requirement
Area Requirement for additional beds (ha)
Domestic
Foreign
Domestic
Foreign
Domestic
Foreign
Domestic
Foreign
Domestic
Foreign
2010
95818
47610
7631
3792
17005
7775
51016
31102
1646
1037
2683
400
2282
5
2015
120208
59673
10017
4973
22324
10196
66972
40783
2160
1359
3519
400
3120
6
2025
189194
93741
15766
7812
35135
16016
105406
64066
3400
2136
5536
400
5136
10
2035
297772
147257
24814
12271
55300
25160
165899
100640
5352
3355
8707
400
8306
17
*Domestic tourist inflow is observed to be highest during January and foreign tourist inflow is highest during November
**Average night stay is assumed to be 3 nights for domestic tourists and 4 nights for foreign tourists. The estimate is based on
peak month demand as per M. P. Tourism Statistics Source: LASA Estimates, 2010 (based on data collected during Reconnaissance Visit, 2009 and Annual Final
Report: Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Madhya Pradesh, Department of Tourism,
Government of India, 2006).
26.
The bed requirement under various categories of accommodation also has been estimated.
The estimates are based on the distribution pattern of tourists staying in various types of
accommodation units. As per the estimates, an additional number of 468 beds will be required under
starred hotel category in 2009 and the requirement will be about 1703 in 2035 considering the nightstaying tourists (Table 1-9).
1-14
Table 1-9: Bed Requirement and Type of Accommodation in Orchha
Category
Type of Accommodation
Starred Hotel
Un Starred Hotel
Heritage
Guest House/Rest House/Tourist
Bungalow
Youth Hostels/YMCA etc
Dharmasala
Year
2015
2025
Additional Bed Requirement
2282
3120
5136
468
640
1053
698
955
1572
32
44
72
2010
% Distribution*
20.5
30.6
1.4
2035
8306
1703
2542
116
32.6
744
1017
1674
2708
0.6
14.3
14
326
19
446
31
734
50
1188
* Annual Final Report: Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Madhya Pradesh, Department of
Tourism, Government of India, 2006
Source: LASA Estimates, 2010
1.9
HERITAGE AND TOURISM RELATED ISSUES
27.
The major issues with respect to heritage and conservation include excessive
commercialization, insufficient infrastructure facilities, encroachment on streets by hawkers and
vehicles, inadequate parking facility and lack of awareness. In Orchha, there is a need to balance the
built heritage with nature conservation, local community demands, and visitor needs.
1.9.1
Need for preservation and conservation of heritage sites and structures
28.
Many of the heritage sites and properties have gradually degenerated due to lack of reuse,
inadequate maintenance and inappropriate development framework required for integrating them into
urban economy of the town. INTACH has carried out a preliminary condition assessment in the
Orchha Heritage Zone. The study has listed 165 monuments as existing within the Heritage Zone of
Orchha spread over 6 square kms. The INTACH report has revealed that many monuments are
dilapidated and has listed 12 monuments most vulnerable to destruction.
29.
The cluster of Cenotaphs situated on the banks of the Betwa River is the testimony to the
once powerful rulers of the Bundela dynasty. Though the State Archaeology Department has
appointed one caretaker, the present condition of Cenotaphs as well as the surrounding area is
dismal. The approach roads leading to these Cenotaphs also are in a poor condition. A peripheral
level of cleaning used to be done every month by the Nagar Panchayat in lieu of the monthly
festivities of Ram Raja Temple as the Panchkosi Parikrama, the circumambulation starts from the
approach road leading to Cenotaphs.
30.
The situation of Laxminarayan Temple and the approach road to the monument is equally
bleak. The maintenance of these important monuments, which abode many valuable paintings and
mural, is not appropriate. The Sundar Mahal which is visible from the Laxminarayan Temple is also in
a poor state of maintenance. The maintenance of even enlisted monuments is hampered partly due to
the lack of adequate number of staff at the Orchha office of the State Archaeology Department. The
present staff strength includes a curator, a senior guide and 10 caretakers, which is inadequate to
maintain and manage 56 monuments in Orchha.
1-15
31.
Several historic structures have been reused due to which they are in a better condition.
These include the Jhujhar Singh palace, Keshav Bhavan, Purani Haveli and the barracks (all 17th
century structures) which are functioning as a tehsil court, an intermediate school, a primary school
and a boy’s hostel respectively.
32.
The transformation of the very distinctive vernacular buildings in stone and brick into faceless
concrete hotels is another noteworthy aspect in Orchha. Vernacular housing techniques have been
marginalized as the modern building industry is aggressively promoting new materials.
1.9.2
Pollution of Betwa and Jamni Rivers
33.
Betwa and Jamni Rivers are important ecological precincts of Orchha. The entire stretch of
Betwa River flowing through Orchha along with the adjacent land is ecologically sensitive. At present,
the main polluting factors besides other anthropogenic activities are the dumping of solid waste in the
river and open defecation on the banks of the river due to lack of adequate facilities for the pilgrims.
Domestic waste water also eventually drains into the river. This will have an effect on the ecosystem
of the river over a period of time.
1.9.3
Lack of infrastructure facilities
34.
The core town area (Atpula Bridge, area around Raj Mahal monument complex, market area
of Ram Raja Temple, residential area and road leading to Laxminarayan Temple, Ganesha Darwaja)
was once at the zenith of prosperity in terms of culture. The town is now a congested place due to
vehicular traffic and parking problems and lacks basic urban services, care and maintenance. An
appropriate renewal and improvement framework to pursue the cause of urban conservation is
required at the outset.
35.
The public comfort station for tourists is lacking and many of the foreign tourists visiting the
Raj Mahal monument complex depend on the heritage hotel Sheesh Mahal. The public comfort
station built aside the Atpula Bridge is in a poor condition; the water supply is irregular and lacks
maintenance making it unhygienic for the tourists and the citizens.
36.
Ram Raja Temple is a major pilgrim centre in Orchha and famous for monthly and seasonal
religious rituals. The present sanitation facilities and accommodation facilities are inadequate to lodge
the massive number of pilgrims.
37.
The transport infrastructure for a guided tour along the Nature Reserve area is lacking. This
ultimately results in losing the otherwise economic benefits for the Nature Reserve from the large
inflow of foreign as well as domestic tourists to Orchha.
1.9.4
Entry fee structure
38.
The fee structure fixed for entry to various places such as Raj Mahal Fort Complex and
Nature Reserve is tremendously high for foreign tourists. A discussion with key resource persons has
revealed that the present fee structure does not encourage foreign tourists with low-budget profile.
The Korean tourists are almost not seen in Orchha for last several years and the hiked free structure
is pointed out as one factor behind this reduced inflow of certain tourists.
1-16
1.9.5
Encroachment of heritage sites and other core locations in the town
39.
The numerous shop areas encroached around the Ram Raja Temple area and alongside the
Chathurbhuj Temple reiterate the need for proper administrative and legislative interventions.
Excessive and haphazard commercialization along the temple road, Phool Bagh area and road
leading to Atpula Bridge has led to problems such as traffic congestions, hindrance to pedestrian
movement.
1.10
SWOT ANALYSIS
40.
The heritage resources of Orchha have the potential to create high quality public and social
space for the town, tourism and recreational development to keep Orchha in the international map of
tourism, while still retaining its unique cultural characteristics. The SWOT analysis done with respect
heritage and tourism gives a comprehensive view for the development of the sector (Table 1-10).
Table 1-10: Heritage and Tourism: SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
 Rich urban,
 General Development
 Several heritage
structures of distinct
architectural,
Control Regulations with
architectural style that
natural, and living
respect to heritage is not
are an attraction to the
heritagebeing followed and as a
tourists.
monuments of
result no buildings or areas
architectural value,
have been annexed or listed  Improving these Urban
under these guidelines; poor
Betwa River, Nature
Heritage precincts can
Reserve, traditional
preservation and
strengthen image,
conservation of heritage
arts and crafts,
economy, and quality
sites and structures;
food, etc.
of life of Orchha.
pollution of Betwa River.
 Traditional art
 Low awareness about these  Showcasing these
forms.
art forms even among the
cultural resources for
local inhabitants;
wider exposure
inconsistent earning from
through tourism and
arts discourages many
new marketing
opportunities;
artists from continuing these
art forms.
increasing demand for
performing art forms
among foreign tourists
1.11
Threats
 Permanent
destruction and
final loss of
these valuable
cultural
treasures due to
poor upkeep.
 Loss of these
distinctive art
forms.
STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR HERITAGE AND TOURISM
41.
The strategy for heritage and tourism is aimed to protect, conserve and maintain the
heritage building and promote tourism in the town. The situation analysis and assessment of
present situation has been carried to formulate the strategy and action plan (Table 1-11).




Table 1-11: Strategy and Action Plan for Heritage and Tourism
Issues
Strategy
Action Plan
Need for preservation
 Provision of infrastructure within all
 Coordination with state
and protection of
heritage precincts
archaeology department, tourism
heritage sites
department and forest department  Restoration of Fort Wall
for maintenance of monuments
Pollution of Betwa and
 Restoration and Conservation of
and development of avenue and
Jamni Rivers
heritage buildings
ornamental plantation
Lack of infrastructure
 Adaptive reuse of abandoned
 Explore private sector participation
facilities
heritage properties
for maintenance of all monuments  Continuous monitoring of heritage
Fee structure for entry
1-17
Issues
 Encroachments of
heritage sites and
other core locations in
the town
Action Plan
areas and updation of information
such as structural stability
Usage of heritage areas and
precincts to be assessed for
demand and feasibility on a regular
basis
Improvement of basic services
especially solid waste and drainage
facilities
Continuous up-gradation of basic
services especially solid waste and
sanitation
Density regulations within the walled
town
Heritage & Tourism corridor
development
Environmental improvement of
water bodies of the town
Enter into Public Private Partnership
(PPP) options wherever possible
Develop adequate tourism
infrastructure like hotels
Update action plans for tourism
promotion such as development of
water bodies, heritage walk,
avenue and ornamental plantation,
tourist bus services, and
construction of gateways
Strategy
and tourism promotion









1-18

Government of Madhya Pradesh - e

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