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OV-10 Bronco - Black Ponies
OV-10 Bronco Counterinsurgency and The Vietnam War Presented by the OV-10 Bronco Association © o Owns and operates the at Meacham International Airport o Collection of 24 Military Airplanes from 1943 to the Present o Conserving the History of North Texas Aviation o Home to OBA, The FAC Museum, The B-36 Peacemaker Museum THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War 1. THE CONCEPT 2. DESIGN COMPETITION 3. YOV-10A PROTOTYPE 4. THE OV-10A BRONCO 5. FIELDING THE OV-10 IN VIETNAM 1) MARINES SERVICE 2) AIR FORCE SERVICE 3) NAVY SERVICE 6. OV-10 CHANGES DURING 1968-1975 7. CONCLUSION THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • 2 MARINE MAJORS, W.H. BECKETT AND K.P. RICE • DEVELOP THE CONCEPT OF L2VMA, 1960 - LIVE WITH TROOPS - AVIATION AND GROUND ORDNANCE, 4 M60S - TAKEOFF FROM UNIMPROVED ROADS • WRITE SPECIFICATION AND PRESENTATION • BRIEF ANYONE WHO’LL LISTEN • LOOK TO DEVELOP OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM • CO-OPTED BY LARA/COIN • USMC LARA/COIN AND USAF FAC THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • NAVY RFP FOR LARA/COIN, 1963 • RELEASED TO 22 COMPANIES • 10 COMPANIES RESPOND • SPECIFICATION - 2 TURBOPROP ENGINES - TANDEM 2 SEAT - “SHORT WING” - OPERATE FROM: 1) SHORT UNIMPROVED RUNWAYS 2) CV AND LPH - AVIATION ARMAMENT AND 4 M60S - 2000 LBS CARGO OR 6 PARATROOPS - PROVISION FOR AMPHIBIOUS FLOATS 1) Beech 2) Douglas 3) Convair * 4) Goodyear 5) Grumman 6) Helio 7) Hiller 8) Lockheed 9) Martin 10) North American THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • 9 PROTOTYPES ORDERED, 1964 - 7 FLIGHT TEST - 2 GROUND STRUCTURAL TEST • FIRST FLIGHT - 16 JULY 1965 •TESTS BY: - NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, COLUMBUS DIV - NAVY PRELIMINARY EVALUATION (NPE) - ALL SERVICE EVALUATION GROUP (ASEG) • 1 CRASHED IN TESTING, 1 UNSERVICEABLE • 30’ WING, THEN 34’ WING, FINALLY 40’ WING • 660 SHP T76 GARRETT T76 ENGINES • FIRST OV-10A ORDER NOVEMBER 1966 THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War North American Aviation Promotional Film Clip THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • 271 FOR U.S., 157 USAF AND 114 USMC • FIRST DELIVERY 23 FEBRUARY 1968 • LAST U.S. DELIVERY 15 APRIL 1969 • LIKE A YOV-10A EXCEPT: 40’ WING, 715 SHP ENGINE, ANGLED SPONSONS Performance Max Gross Weight: 14,444 lbs Max Cargo Weight: 3200 lbs* Normal Cruise: 180 kts VNE: 350 kts Maneuver Loading: +8 to -2 ½ Gs Max Ceiling: 28,000’ Cruise Fuel Consumption: 600 lbs/hr *With rear seat and associated flight controls removed THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War OV-10 DEPLOYMENT SITES 23rd TASS USAF, NKP, Thailand VMO-6 USMC, Quang Tri, I Corps 20th TASS USAF, DaNang, I Corps VMO-2 USMC, DaNang, I Corps 19th TASS USAF, Bien Hoa, III Corps VAL-4 USN, Binh Thuy, IV Corps THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • 20mm Gun Pod • ADSIDs • 106mm Recoilless Rifle • CBU-55 USMC NOGS USAF PAVE NAIL THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Marine Corps Chuck Burin Mike McCollum “Hostage Igor” VMO-2 Pilot 1969-1970 “Cowpoke 13” VMO-2 Aerial Observer 1970-1971 Jim Hodgson “Hostage Grump” VMO-2 Pilot 1972-1974 Ashby Shoop VMO-1, VMO-6 Pilot 1974-1977 THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Air Force Navy Rick Atchison “Nail 229” 23rd TASS WSO 1971-1972 Charlie Sapp VAL-4 Pilot 1969 Tom Kemp Ed Sullivan “Nail 14” 23rd TASS Pilot 1971-1972 VAL-4 Pilot 1970 - 1971 THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM Violence From the Skies THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM MARINE OBSERVATION SQUADRON (VMO) Missions Airborne support for Marines on the ground thru: Visual Reconnaisance Interim close fire support Artillery spotting/adjustment FAC(A), TAC(A) Convoy escort Helicopter escort CSAR Radio relay Sensor drops, etc. THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM Training Squadrons 2 Months, 80 Hours Flight Time VMO-1 MCAS New River, NC HML-267 MCALF Camp Pendleton, CA THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM VMO-2 July 6, 1968 to March 24, 1971 MCALF Marble Mountain (7/68 - 2/70) DaNang (2/70 – 3/71) VMO-6 November 1968 to October, 1969 Quang Tri Air Base H&MS-11 March 1971 to May 1971 DaNang Air Base NOGS Detachment June to August 1971 With VAL-4 at Bien Thuy THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM Weapons carried for ground support: • 4 M-60C Machine guns • SUU-11 7.62 machine gun pod • 2.75 Rockets – WP and HE • 5 inch Zuni Rockets – WP and HE • Mk 24 Flares • GPU-2 20 mm gun pod • CBU-55 Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) • MA-36 ADSID THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM OPERATIONAL STATISTICS: VMO-2 - 33 months, 18 a/c, 6 a/c lost, 9 crew KIA 17,215 Sorties, 38,218 Hours VMO-6 - 11 months, 4 to 18 a/c, 3 a/c lost, 2 crew KIA 4,878 Sorties, 11,000 hours H&MS-11 - 2 months, 4 a/c, 207 Sorties, 457 Hours, 1 a/c lost, 2 crew KIA NOGS Det. – 3 months, 2 a/c, xx Sorties, 200 Hours, no losses TOTALS: 22,300 Sorties, 49,857 Hours 10 a/c lost 13 crew KIA THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM Keeping the planes Mission Ready 24/7 The Secret 124 enlisted men working their butts off day and night THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War USMC BRONCOS IN VIETNAM The Marine AIR-GROUND Team AIR – The Bronco (Pilot and AO) GROUND – Unit Commander THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • The AO was a critical element of Marine Corps OV-10 deployment. • Aviation and ground trained officers teamed to effectively support ground units, both infantry and reconnaissance. • Shared missions controlling aviation and combat support elements such as artillery and naval gunfire. • Brought a ground combat perspective to the team, kept pilots from making mistakes. THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Another day at the office THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • AOs in Vietnam were the result of long standing Marine Corps policy to combine aviators and ground officers together in an airplane to conduct observation. • AOs were Ground officers primarily from artillery and infantry specialties who went to a 2 month school to learn about communication, map reading, controlling aircraft and artillery; all from the back seat of an OV-10. • A new AO learned from experienced pilots and new pilots learned from experienced AOs. • Together the team was formidable. THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War 1. Didn’t receive piloting training but would need to fly the airplane if the pilot was unable, 2. Served 6-12 months with a VMO squadron in Vietnam, 3. Flew in OV-10s or other aircraft with other services including the US Army, Navy, Air Force, and Korean Marines, THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War NOGS – NIGHT OBSERVATION GUN SHIP • USMC Commandant February 1970 Order: INCREASE NIGHT CAPABILITIES • System designed with existing sensors and weapons • 2 OV-10A modified, completed December 1970, NWC China Lake • YOV-10D 90 Day Stateside evaluation, USMC Camp Pendleton, CA • Vietnam Combat Assessment, June thru August 1971, located with VAL-4 THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War NOGS Identify, Mark, Engage Target • 20MM GUN TURRET • LASER DESIGNATOR • FORWARD LOOKING INFRARED (FLIR) • Sponsons removed, wing pylon stations for rockets or flares • NOGS system adds 2300 pounds to OV-10A empty weight THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War NOGS – NIGHT OBSERVATION GUN SHIP North American Rockwell Promotional Film Clip THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War NOGS – NIGHT OBSERVATION GUN SHIP Marine Corps and Air Force Evaluations: • Effective • Under Powered • Capable of transition to production with defects corrected THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND • COMBAT BRONCO/MISTY BRONCO • 19TH TASS • 20TH TASS • 23D TASS THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • 157 DELIVERED; 64 LOST • TRAINING • 4409 CCTS, HURLBURT FIELD, FLORIDA • FAC (U), PHAN RANG, SOUTH VIETNAM • MISSION • FAC • CAS • INTERDICTION THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • SEP-OCT 1968 • 19TH TASS • 6 OV-10S • MULTIPLE MISSIONS • VR • CONVOY ESCORT • RADIO RELAY • ARTILLERY ADJUSTMENT THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • EVALUATE OV-10 AS A LIGHT-STRIKE AIRCRAFT • CAS • 7.62MM M60 MACHINE GUNS • WP ROCKETS • HE ROCKETS • FLARES THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • BIEN HOA, MR 3, AUG 1968-JAN 1972 • FOLS—CU CHI, DI AN, LAI KHE, PHUC VINH, DAU TIENG, TAY NINH, QUON LOI • SUPPORTED—1ST ID, 199TH LIB/25TH ID 1ST AIR CAV, 5TH SFG • INITIAL RUSTIC SUPPORT IN CAMBODIA • RAAF, RNZAF • LOSSES—16 A/C, 10 KIA THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • DANANG MR 1 JAN 1969-JAN 1973 • FOLS—QUANG TRI, CHU LAI, PLEIKU • SUPPORTED—AMERICAL DIV, 1/5 ID, 6 ARVN UNITS • APRIL ‘72 INVASION • BASE DEFENSE—SMALL BOMBS, HE ROCKETS, 7.62MM GUNS • BAT 21 SAR • MOH RECIPIENT • RAAF, RNZAF • LOSSES—22 A/C, 22 KIA, 3 POWS THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War • NAKHON PHANOM RTAFB 1969-OCT 1975 • • FOL— U-TAPOA, UBON OUT COUNTRY INTERDICTION, HO CHI MINH TRAIL • STEEL TIGER—NAPE PASS TO TCHEPONE • BARREL ROLL—PLAIN DE JARS • SPECIAL OPS • CAMBODIA—ZIP GUNS, SPIKES, RUSTICS • LAST MISSIONS—EAGLE PULL, MAYAGUEZ • LOSSES—23 A/C, 6 KIA, 2 POWS THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War OV-10 PAVE NAIL • COMBAT REQUIRED OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY 25-70 “NIGHT VISUAL SYSTEM, SEARCH, ACQUIRE, TRACK AND DESIGNATE TGTS” • INTEGRATED NIGHT VISION, LASER DESIGNATOR, AND TACTICAL LORAN D • ARRIVED UBON JUL 71 FOR TNG AND COMBAT EVAL, PAIRED WITH 497TH TFS • COMBAT READY AT NKP AUG 71 • 15 AIRCRAFT MODIFIED, DE-MODIFIED IN 1974 THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War OV-10 PAVE NAIL MISSIONS & TACTICS • ACQUIRE AND DESIGNATE FOR: LORAN DELIVERED LASER GUIDED BOMBS DIVE DELIVERED LASER GUIDED BOMBS • ACQUIRE AND MARK TGTS FOR CONVENTIONAL OR LORAN DELIVERY • MISSIONS: INTERDICTION GUN KILL SEARCH AND RESCUE CAS/ETIC RECONNAISSANCE THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War PAVE NAIL THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War The Black Ponies THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War The Brown Water Navy THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Forming the Squadron • Oct 1968 – 18 OV-10As transferred from USMC • Nov ‘68 – Feb ‘69 – Pilots and Maintenance Personnel trained • Jan 3, 1969 – Light Attack Squadron FOUR commissioned • Mar 14, 1969 – 14 A/C shipped to Vietnam • 4 A/C remained VS-41 to train replacements. • Mar 24, 1969 – 36 officer / 110 enlisted personnel departed San Diego for Vietnam • Apr 19, 1969 – Combat operations began THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Parrot’s Beak Sihanouk Trail Plain of Reeds Saigon Rung Sat Special Zone ★ ★ Vung Tau Binh Thuy U Minh Forest Operation Sea Float VAL-4 Area of Operations The Mekong Delta THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Mission • • Classic CAS of troops in contact Interdiction of enemy personnel & material Rules of Engagement • • • Autonomous ops – no FAC required Rockets, guns only – no bombs Support forces within 1 KM of navigable waterway Mission Structure • • • • • 2-Plane Light Attack Fire Teams • Front seat – Fly, shoot, in charge • Back seat – Nav, Comm, situational awareness Random scheduled patrols, day and night 24/7 Scramble ready alert Single aircraft Rung Sat patrol w/ AO Cover SEAL / conventional troop insertions THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Weapons • • • • • Sponson-mounted M60s Mk 4 20mm gun pod 5-inch Zuni rockets 2.75-inch rockets SU-11/A Minigun SUU-11/A Gun pod Mk 4 Gun pod 20 Zunis THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War The Black Ponies’ Secret Weapon – The Troops THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War Summary • • • • • Squadron lifespan: Jan 3, 1969 to Apr 10, 1972 145 Officers / 530 Enlisted served 22,000 combat sorties / 43,000 combat flight hours Lost 7 aircraft with 7 KIA / 9 WIA Satisfied customers: Legions from all services and nationalities involved in fighting Communist forces throughout the Mekong Delta. THE OV-10 BRONCO Designed for Counterinsurgency and the Vietnam War •The OV-10 was built for the Vietnam War. - L2VMA - LARA/COIN - Built between 1966 and 1969 - Marine Corps, Air Force, and Navy employment • It was universally viewed by crews as underpowered with an uncomfortably hot cockpit. • It was an effective aircraft in the missions it was given.
