coRe peRfoRMANce guIde

Core Performance Guide
A prescriptive program to achieve significant,
predictable energy savings in new commercial buildings
Vancouver, WA
phone (360) 567-0950 | fax (360) 213-1065
PO Box 2349
142 East Jewett Boulevard
White Salmon, WA 98672
phone (509) 493-4468 | fax (509) 493-4078
[email protected]
www.newbuildings.org
www.advancedbuildings.net
Core Performance
Guide
A prescriptive program to achieve significant,
predictable energy savings in new
commercial buildings
Important Notice
Access to On l in e Refe re n ce M a te ria ls an d Erra t a S heets:
Those who participate in Core Performance trainings or purchase the Core Performance Guide receive one year’s exclusive access
to a continually updated library of reference materials. Materials include specific technical information, system specifications
and information resources on the design process, envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC and power.
With each reprint, the Core Performance Guide is reviewed and updated when necessary. These errata sheets document and any
changes that have been made for each version are available online as well.
Reference Materials and Errata Sheet information is available with a password at www.advancedbuildings.net/refmaterials.htm.
All questions should be directed to [email protected].
C ove r photo: Thrivent Bank Building. Photo courtesy of Energy Center of Wisconsin.
Print version 1.1
Core Performance Guide
Aprescriptive programtoachieve significant, predictable
energy savings innewcommercial buildings
Vancouver, WA
phone (360) 567-0950 | fax (360) 213-1065
PO Box 2349
142 East Jewett Boulevard
White Salmon, WA 98672
phone (509) 493-4468 | fax (509) 493-4078
[email protected]
www.newbuildings.org
www.advancedbuildings.net
Publication Date: July 2007
ISBN # 0-9742969-1-0
Copyright © 2007 New Buildings Institute, Inc.
All rights reserved, Advanced Buildings and Core Performance are registered
trademarks of New Buildings Institute, Inc. Requests for permission or further
information should be addressed to New Buildings Institute, Inc. at
P.O. Box 2349, White Salmon, WA 98672 or via
www.newbuildings.org
Portions of this document © ASHRAE, www.ashrae.org.
Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., from ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard
90.1-2001. This material may not be copied nor distributed in either paper or
digital form without ASHRAE’s permission.
Portions of this document © Consortium for Energy Efficiency, www.cee1.org
Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) is a nonprofit corporation whose
members are utility and other administrators and public stakeholders involved
with energy efficiency programming. The CEE specifications contained in
this publication were developed by CEE members and other participants in its
initiatives, are in the form in effect as of January 22, 2007, and are subject to
change or withdrawal at any time by CEE. All such specifications are copyright
protected and owned by CEE, and not New Buildings Institute. Information
about the current status of any CEE specification may be obtained from CEE at
its website, www.cee1.org, by clicking on the appropriate initiative.
Acknowledgements
About New Buildings Ins titute
New Buildings Institute (NBI) is a nonprofit corporation helping make buildings better for people and the
environment. NBI supports policies, accelerates the adoption of new technologies and practices, and enables field
research that improves the energy performance of new commercial buildings.
NBI works with national, regional and state organizations, as well as with utilities and design professionals, to
advance our mission. We closely coordinate our building research, design guidelines and other tools, as well as policy
efforts so that all of the elements of good building design are integrated into the products and services we make
available for use by energy efficiency programs and building professionals throughout the country.
NBI is supp or ted by :
California Energy Commission
Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships
Efficiency Vermont
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
Energy Foundation
NSTAR
Iowa Energy Center
Pacific Gas & Electric
National Grid, USA
Sacramento Municipal Utility District
New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority
Southern California Edison
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Special thanks to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for their support and funding contribution for the development of this guide.
Advanced Buildings Core Performance Projec t Te a m
Auth o r :
Jeff Cole, Konstruct, Inc.
Mark Frankel, Technical Director,
New Buildings Institute
Scott Criswell, SAC Software Solutions Inc.
Dave Hewitt, New Buildings Institute
Kevin Madison, Madison Engineering P.S.
Technic al Co ntributo r s :
Mark Cherniack, New Buildings Institute
Terry Egnor, MicroGrid
Howdy Reichmuth, New Buildings Institute
Cathy Turner, New Buildings Institute
Acknowled gement of Contributor s
We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals for their contributions and insights in the development of the
Advanced Buildings Core Performance Guide.
Marge Anderson, Energy Center of Wisconsin
Brendan Owens, U.S. Green Building Council
Fran Boucher, National Grid, USA
Mike Rosenberg, Oregon Department of Energy
Karen Butler, Environmental Protection Agency
Marcus Sheffer, 7group
Charlie Grist, Northwest Power and
Conservation Council
Brian Thorton, Thornton Energy Consulting
Jon Heller, Ecotope
Mira Vowles, Bonneville Power Administration
Acknowled gment of Re viewer s
We’d like to thank the following individuals who contributed time and energy to review this publication. Their
feedback has ensured the usefulness and usability of the Core Performance Guide.
Douglas Baston, North Atlantic Energy
John Hogan, City of Seattle
Roseann Brusco, NSTAR
John Jennings, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
John Burns, Cape Light Compact
Jonathan Kleinman, Optimal Energy, Inc.
Lee DeBaillie, Energy Center of Wisconsin
Michael McAteer, National Grid, USA
Martine Dion, Symmes Maini & McKee Associates
Nelson Medeiros, NSTAR
Kim Dragoo, KeySpan Energy
Charles Michal, Weller & Michal Architects, Inc.
Mark Eggers, New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority
Curt Nichols, Idaho Power
David B. Goldstein, Natural Resources Defense
Council
Gena Tsakiris, NSTAR
Frank Gundal, NSTAR
Jeff Harris, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
Jay Pilliod, Vermont Energy Investment Corporation
Abby Vogen Horn, Energy Center of Wisconsin
Tate Walker, Energy Center of Wisconsin
Nancy Yap, BC Hydro
De velopment pro cess for Advanced Buildings Core Perfor mance
The Criteria and information provided in Advanced Buildings Core Performance is based on NBI’s previous Advanced
Buildings protocol, Benchmark. New Buildings Institute developed Benchmark following a set of requirements largely
based on the ANSI Procedures for the Development and Coordination of American National Standards©.
In accordance with those requirements, a national Criteria Review Committee consisting of a balance of code
officials, utility new construction program staff, and interested and affected parties representing the design,
construction, real estate and manufacturing communities reviewed, voted on and approved the Benchmark.
As the next version of Benchmark, Core Performance has retained much of the original publication’s content in terms of
process and priorities. However, based on our experience with how people use Benchmark, information in the Core
Performance Guide has been reorganized and updated to facilitate ease of use.
We want to acknowledge Benchmark’s author, Jeff Johnson, former executive director of NBI. His dedication to the
cause of high performance building made development of Benchmark and the Advanced Buildings program possible. In
addition, special thanks goes to the Energy Center of Wisconsin for their partnership in these efforts. Finally, we’d
like to thank the members of the Benchmark Criteria Review Committee for the countless hours they contributed to
this process.
Authoriz ation
New Buildings Institute, Inc. (“NBI”) authorizes you to view the following Advanced Buildings Core Performance Guide,
July 2007 (“Core Performance Guide”) for your individual use only. The reproduction or distribution of the whole, or
any part, of the contents of the Core Performance Guide without express written permission of NBI is prohibited.
Dis cl aimer of Warr anties
The following parties have participated in funding, creating and/or preparing the Core Performance Guide: NBI, the
Energy Foundation, California Energy Commission, Cape Light Compact, Efficiency Vermont, National Grid USA,
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, NSTAR,
Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Southern California Edison, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(collectively referred to herein as “the Parties”). The Core Performance Guide is provided “as is” and is for informational
purposes only. No building application should be undertaken without first consulting a licensed contractor, or other
building professional.
The Parties do not warrant the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of the Core Performance Guide, and expressly
disclaim liability for errors or omissions in the information. NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, IMPLIED,
EXPRESS, OR STATUTORY, IN EXISTENCE NOW OR IN THE FUTURE, INCLUDING BUT
NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS,
TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE IS GIVEN BY THE
PARTIES. THE PARTIES UNDERTAKE NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE QUALITY OF THE
CORE PERFORMANCE GUIDE. THE PARTIES ASSUME NO RESPONSIBILITY THAT THE CORE
PERFORMANCE REPORT WILL BE FIT FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE FOR WHICH YOU MAY BE
ACQUIRING THE CORE PERFORMANCE GUIDE.
Limitation of Liabilit y
The Parties do not assume responsibility for any damages or other liability whatsoever (including any consequential
damages) as a result of any use of the Core Performance Guide. As a condition of your use of the Core Performance Guide,
you covenant not to sue, and agree to release the Parties from liability, and waive any and all claims, demands and
causes of action against the Parties.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Core Performance Program
11
Quick Start Guide
17
Integration of Core Performance with USGBC LEED Program
25
Section One: Design Process Strategies
1.1
Identify Design Intent
31
1.2
Communicating Design Intent
33
1.3
Building Configuration
36
1.4
Mechanical System Design
37
1.5
Operator Training and Documentation
39
Section Two: Core Performance Requirements
2.1
Energy Code Compliance
43
2.2
Air Barrier Performance
44
2.3
Minimum IAQ Performance
46
2.4
Below-Grade Exterior Insulation
47
2.5
Opaque Envelope Performance
48
2.6
Fenestration Performance 51
2.7
Lighting Controls
53
2.8
Lighting Power Density
56
2.9
Mechanical Equipment Efficiency Requirements
57
2.10
Dedicated Mechanical Systems
62
2.11
Demand Control Ventilation
63
2.12
Domestic Hot Water System Efficiency
65
2.13
Fundamental Economizer Performance
66
2.14
Construction Certification (Acceptance Testing)
68
2.15
Performance Data Review
70
Table of Contents
Section Three: Enhanced Performance Strategies
3.1
Cool Roofs
73
3.2
Daylighting and Controls
74
3.3
Additional Lighting Power Reductions
75
3.4
Plug Loads/Appliance Efficiency
76
3.5
Supply Air Temperature Reset (VAV)
78
3.6
Indirect Evaporative Cooling
79
3.7
Heat Recovery
82
3.8
Night Venting
83
3.9
Premium Economizer Performance
84
3.10
Variable Speed Control
86
3.11
Demand-Responsive Buildings (Peak Power Reduction)
87
3.12
On-Site Supply of Renewable Energy 88
3.13
Additional Commissioning Strategies 89
3.14
Fault Detection and Diagnostics 91
Section Four: Energy Modeling
4.1
Determine Performance with Energy Modeling
97
Appendices
Appendix A: Acceptance Requirements for High Performance Buildings
101
Appendix B: Climate Zone Map
119
Appendix C: Acronyms and Definitions
120
Additional reference material in specific Criteria and other Core Performance program
information can be found on the Advanced Buildings website at www.advancedbuildings.net.
Introduction
Introduction
Core Performance Program
Quick Start Guide
Integration of Core Performance with USGBC LEED Program
This section provides an explanation of the Core
Performance program and how it was developed.
Included in this section is the Quick Start
Guide which provides an overview
of the program.
Core Performance Program
Introduction
Design Process Strategies
Introduc tion to Advanced Buildings Core Perfor mance
Advanced Buildings Core Performance is a prescriptive program to achieve significant, predictable
energy savings in new commercial construction. The program describes a set of simple, discrete
integrated design strategies and building features. When applied as a package, they result in
energy savings of at least 20 to 30% (depending on climate) beyond the performance of a
building that meets the prescriptive requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2004, and at least 25%
to 35% beyond a building that meets ASHRAE 90.1-2001. This program is the revised and
updated version of the Advanced Buildings Benchmark program released previously.
Core Performance Requirements
Enhanced Performance Strategies
Energy Modeling
Appendices
Elements of the program can be applied to new commercial construction projects of all sizes,
but the Criteria and analysis supporting the program were designed particularly for smaller
scale commercial projects ranging from 10,000 to 70,000 square feet. At the larger end of this
range, HVAC system complexity may suggest additional energy savings opportunities not fully
addressed by a prescriptive program. However, even much larger projects with simple mechanical
systems can benefit from the Core Performance savings strategies. Building envelope and lighting
system energy savings strategies in Core Performance are scalable to projects of any size.
The program is based on the results of an extensive energy modeling protocol used to identify
consistent strategies that lead to anticipated energy savings across climates. These strategies
are combined in a prescriptive guideline for new construction to guide energy performance
improvements. The analysis included evaluations of three major building prototypes, four
HVAC system permutations for each prototype, evaluated for climate variations for 16 U.S.
cities. The program also includes guidelines on implementing improved design processes to
foster design integration, thereby improving overall building performance opportunities. These
strategies set the stage for additional whole building performance improvements beyond the
basic requirements of this program.
A key aspect of the Core Performance program is that the strategies that make up the program
represent ‘state of the shelf’ technologies and practices that are broadly available in the building
industry, and have been demonstrated to be cost-effective.
The basic component of the program is the Core Performance Guide (this document), which
identifies the specific strategies that make up the Core Performance program. Design teams
can use the Guide to identify and implement all of the strategies (referred to as Criteria)
that must be implemented to comply with program requirements. The Guide also identifies
additional strategies that can be used to go beyond the basic performance goals of the Core
Performance program.
To support the Core Performance program, an extensive set of reference materials provides
additional information on implementation, design practice, research, additional strategies and
advanced practices for more effectively using the Core Performance Guide. This information is
available for review and download by program participants at www.advancedbuildings.net/
refmaterials.htm. Password information that will allow access to these materials is located on
the inside cover of this guide.
The Core Performance program is also supported by an extensive training curriculum delivered
periodically by Advanced Buildings (AB) program partners in various regions around the country.
Training schedule and registration details are also available at the Advanced Buildings website
(www.advancedbuildings.net).
11
The Advanced Buildings program is also being offered through a growing number of utilities that
are providing technical and financial support for Advanced Building project owners, designers,
and builders. A current list of Advanced Buildings program sponsors/subscribers can be found on
the website.
S truc ture of Advanced Buildings Core Perfor mance Guide
The performance Criteria are broken into four categories: Design Process Strategies, Core
Performance Requirements, Enhanced Performance Strategies, and Energy Modeling.
De sig n Pro ce ss S tr ateg ie s
The Design Process Strategies are developed to make the design process more effective,
leading to more integrated design outcomes. This category defines specific steps which
are required to comply with program requirements. These requirements include defining
design intent with respect to energy performance, part-load evaluation of mechanical loads,
acceptance testing, and long-term performance monitoring. All Design Process Strategies
must be met to fully comply with the Core Performance program.
Research indicates that these design strategies will lead to better building performance, but
the energy impacts on a given building are difficult to quantify. These outcomes are not
quantified or included when estimates of “savings compared to ASHRAE 90.1” are discussed.
IN T E GR AT E D DE S IGN P RO CE S S
Integrated design is an iterative
process whereby decisions made
at each stage must be considered
in the context of impacts on all
design elements.
Program
Envelope
Mechanical
Civil
Electrical
Co re Pe rfo r mance R equirement s
The second category is the heart of the Core Performance program. This category includes
specific building performance requirements that exceed energy code requirement, lead to
measurable energy savings, and support the persistence of those savings in each building
type. The efficiency measures in this category are included because they lead to consistent,
predictable energy savings across project type and climate. All of the Core Performance
requirements in this section must be met to comply with the program.
12
introduction ○ Core Performance Program
Enh anced Perfo r m ance S tr ateg ie s
The third category in Core Performance is Enhanced Performance. This category includes
measures that may be appropriate only for certain system or building types, or certain
climates, as well as performance strategies that are relatively new to the market. There are
significant energy savings opportunities represented by these strategies, but their application
must be considered on a case-by-case basis. These measures are targeted for projects aiming
to exceed the basic requirements of the Core Performance program such as those aiming for
federal tax incentives for a 50% reduction in energy cost, and for projects that require a more
customized approach to the measure list. The Enhanced Performance section also includes
strategies such as load shedding for demand-restricted utility billing structures, alternative
energy systems, and advanced commissioning strategies.
Energ y Mo d e ling
The fourth section of Core Performance is the Energy Modeling section. Energy modeling can
be used to target more aggressive energy performance and to help identify which Enhanced
Performance Strategies might be most effective for any given project. Energy modeling may
also be used by some projects to demonstrate equivalent performance to the prescriptive
standard with greater flexibility. Projects that cannot meet certain required Core Performance
Criteria may choose to use energy modeling to demonstrate that alternate strategies achieve
the same level of energy performance. Energy modeling can also be used to customize the
Core Performance list, adding strategies from the Enhanced Performance section to replace
specific elements of the Core Performance section based on specific project conditions.
Because an extensive energy modeling protocol was used to develop the Core Performance
program, the specific Criteria included in the program represent an excellent starting point
for any project undertaking energy modeling. Using the Core Performance Criteria as a baseline
in an energy modeling exercise may substantially simplify the complexity of energy modeling
that may be undertaken for a specific project.
For a quick overview of the requirements and elements of the Core Performance progr am,
consult the Quick Start Guide at the end of the introduc tion sec tion of this Guide.
Core Perfor mance and LEED
There are a number of parallel strategies between Advanced Buildings Core Performance and the
United States Green Building Council’s ( USGBC) LEED program. Specific Criteria within Core
Performance are directly aligned with specific LEED credits and represent strategies that partially
or completely achieve specific LEED credits.
Within this Core Performance Guide, the relationship of specific Criteria to the requirements of
LEED NC 2.2 is identified in the margin at the end of each Criteria. This information indicates
specific LEED credits that overlap or parallel the performance Criteria. Actions taken to
meet Core Performance requirements will contribute directly to achievement of LEED credits.
Users should review the LEED reference guide to identify specific requirements and credit
achievement opportunities.
introduction ○ Core Performance Program
13
The Core Performance program also represents a comprehensive approach to the energy
performance aspects of the LEED program. The USGBC has adopted Core Performance as
a prescriptive achievement path for LEED. Specific requirements for using Core Performance
in LEED are described later in this section (see page 25). The USGBC determines how Core
Performance is recognized by LEED. Projects should confirm LEED requirements with USGBC.
Analysis Supp or ting Core Perfor mance
An extensive energy modeling protocol has been implemented to support the development of
the Advanced Buildings Core Performance program. The results of over 30,000 energy modeling runs
using eQUEST software to run DOE-2 have been evaluated using a batch analysis protocol
built into the eQUEST energy modeling tool.
For each of the prototype buildings, three to five typical mechanical systems were defined
to represent typical construction practice. Sixteen representative U.S. cities were identified to
serve as “typical” climate representatives of the eight ASHRAE climate zones and the various
permutations identified within those climate zones by ASHRAE.
A baseline building that meets the requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 was defined for each
permutation of the above Criteria (building type, system type, climate). Note that the baseline
building is defined using the prescriptive requirements of ASHRAE 90.1 (2001 and 2004).
As a prescriptive standard, Core Performance will be applied to buildings that would typically
not complete energy modeling, and therefore the prescriptive requirements more accurately
represent the target market for this program.
Modifications to the batch protocol software in eQUEST were developed to provide an ordered
ranking of the energy efficiency measures modeled for this project. There are approximately
14-16 discrete energy performance measures (depending on system configuration) within the
analysis that can be applied to each baseline. The batch protocol ran each of these measures
individually against the appropriate baseline and identified the one with the most significant
energy savings impact. This measure was then added to the baseline, and the remaining
measures were run individually against this revised baseline. This process continued until all of
the measures were ranked by energy savings impact, and the final run represented the sum total
energy savings of all of the measures if considered as a package.
The results of this analysis were then compared across prototype, system and climate to
determine which measures were the most consistently significant across these variants.
The most consistent measures became the basis for the Core Performance package of Criteria
requirements. Other measures which were applicable to a subset of the variants or which had
climate- and system-specific advantages were included in the Enhanced Performance section.
The importance of identifying the most significant strategies from an energy savings standpoint
can be seen in Figure 1. As successive energy savings strategies are added to the baseline, the
impact on energy performance becomes less significant. Failure to consider measure impacts as
a package may lead to over-estimation of the energy savings associated with each measure.
14
introduction ○ Core Performance Program
Figure 1 below shows the anticipated average energy savings over the prescriptive requirements of
ASHRAE 90.1-2004 as the modeled measures in Core Performance are incorporated into the analysis
sequentially. Each line in this graph represents one of the representative cities modeled using the
Core Performance Criteria (Note that some of the Criteria included in the program do not directly
address modeled energy use, and are not represented on this graph.). More information about the
analysis protocol and results can be found at www.advancedbuildings.net.
Figure 1 - Cumul ative effec t of Energ y Efficienc y Me a sure s
40%
Fairbanks
Phoenix
San Francisco
Miami
Boise
Chicago
Baltimore
Duluth
Helena
Alburquerque
Memphis
El Paso
Houston
Burlington
Seattle
Percent Savings
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Cumulative Energy Efficiency Measures
Applic abilit y of Core Performance
In general, the Core Performance program requirements are best suited to buildings ranging from
less than 10,000 to 70,000 square feet. For larger projects, the program represents a good set of
guidance on design strategies and performance measures.
Build ing Siz e
Small to mid size buildings are the focus of Core Performance, but the energy savings strategies
that are part of the program are valid at a larger scale. The design strategies, envelope,
lighting, and most system measures in Core Performance are applicable to buildings of any size.
However, larger building types are more likely to adopt more complicated systems and energy
conservation strategies that are not as predictably described in a prescriptive standard. Larger
buildings have opportunities for more robust systems and controls and are also more likely to
benefit from full-scale energy modeling. For larger projects, the design team should evaluate
the complexity of the HVAC systems to determine if the project would be better served by an
effective energy modeling strategy, as described in Section Four: Energy Modeling.
Build ing T y pe
The Core Performance program was developed on the basis of prototype analysis of several major
project categories. The prototype buildings used in the analysis represent approximately twothirds of commercial buildings, according to the Commercial Building Energy Consumption
introduction ○ Core Performance Program
15
Survey (CBECS). In addition, a number of other project types have strong similarities to these
project types in the context of the energy performance measures in Core Performance.
The table below identifies the project type designations used by CBECS and shows the
applicability of the Core Performance program to these project types. For those projects identified
as partially compatible with Core Performance, it may be necessary to identify a specific subset
of the Core Performance Criteria that is appropriate in the context of the project. All projects
may have special conditions requiring the project team to use professional judgment on the
application of specific Core Performance Criteria.
Table 1 - Applic abilit y of core perfor mance by projec t t y pe
Applic a b ility o f Co r e P er for mance by Project Typ e
Building Type
16
Percent of Compatibility
National
with Core
Market
Performance
Notes
Office
17%
Education
8%
Public Assembly
13%



Retail
26%

Public Order
1%

All major building elements addressed; some projects may
have special loads.
Health
3%

Core Performance addresses many aspects of these projects, but
special needs and systems for health care must be evaluated
on a case by case basis. Aspects of Core Performance may not be
appropriate for hospital and outpatient specialty clinics.
Warehouse
12%

All major building elements addressed; some project types
may have special loads or conditioning requirements.
Food
11%

Kitchen and food preparation loads not addressed by Core
Performance.
Lodging
3%

Only some elements of Core Performance are directly applicable
to lodging.
Other
6%

Evaluate applicability on a case-by-case basis.
All major building elements addressed.
All major building elements addressed.
All major building elements addressed.
All major building elements addressed; some retail types may
have special loads.
introduction ○ Core Performance Program
Quick Start Guide to the Core Performance Program
The Core Performance program is built around process and performance requirements that are
identified in the specific Criteria that make up the program. These Criteria are divided into
three categories:
Design Process Strategies, which describe coordination, implementation, and verification
requirements of the program.
Core Performance Requirements, which include the basic performance requirements for specific
building elements.
Introduction
Design Process Strategies
Core Performance Requirements
Enhanced Performance Strategies
Energy Modeling
Appendices
Enhanced Performance Strategies, which include a number of additional performance measures
which may be appropriate for specific projects targeting additional energy savings.
A fourth category, Energy Modeling, is included for projects pursuing a more robust analysis
of project-specific performance opportunities. Energy modeling can be used to target more
aggressive energy performance or to help prioritize strategies in the Enhanced Performance
section that may be particularly effective for a specific project.
The requirements of each Criteria are explained in the Core Performance Guide. As an overview, a
brief description of each Criteria is provided below. The specific requirements of each Criteria
within the Core Performance Guide should be consulted to determine the specific and complete
requirements of each Criteria.
Additional reference material on application and implementation strategies can be found at
www.advancedbuildings.net.
1- De sig n Pro ce ss S tr ateg ie s
The Criteria in this section describe required steps for the design team to effectively implement
the Core Performance program. These strategies provide a framework for successful design
integration and protocols to verify the intent, implementation and outcome of the design process.
1.1 Iden tif y De sign Int en t
Conduct a team meeting to identify key energy goals for the project and to coordinate
subsequent efforts among team members. Document the meeting summary/goals statement
for use in subsequent steps, and use Energy Star Target Finder to set specific performance
goals for the project.
1.2 Communic ating De sign Int ent
Develop key information about project performance requirements to insure that design
goals are translated forward through the design process. Project goals are converted into
documentation incorporated into each phase to guide design, sequence of operation,
specifications, bid submittals, construction, acceptance testing and building operation.
1.3 Building Co nfigur at ion
Consider the implications of alternate building configurations to maximize building energy
performance, functionality and daylighting. Identify the pros and cons of several alternate
building configurations using existing analysis tools, consultants, reference material or other
resources.
17
1.4 Mechanic al Syste m De sign
Use project-specific load calculations based on Core Performance requirements and part load
conditions to properly size mechanical equipment, rather than relying on generic rule-of-thumb
sizing Criteria.
1. 5 Oper ato r Tr aining and Do cumen tatio n
Collect a full set of construction documents and specifications, systems manuals, maintenance
and calibration requirements, control protocols, etc. for use by the building operations team.
Conduct an operator training session to make sure the building operators understand the
systems and operation of the building. Information should be collected in a set of manuals
designed to facilitate building operation and future communication of this information to new
operating staff. Work with the building owner to identify the best way to collect, store and
distribute this information.
2- Co re Pe rfo r mance Requirement s
All of the Criteria listed in this section are required components of the Core Performance
program. Energy savings projections are based on the implementation of all applicable
measures in this section.
2.1 Energy Code Compliance
In addition to implementing the requirements of the Core Performance program, projects using
the program must meet all local energy code requirements or the prescriptive requirements of
ASHRAE 90.1-2004, whichever is more stringent.
2.2 Air Barrier Perfo r mance
During design and construction, develop and implement air sealing details and protocols to
reduce uncontrolled air movement through the building envelope and duct systems.
2.3 Minimum IAQ Perfor mance
Implement protocols to insure acceptable indoor air quality, including meeting or exceeding
ASHRAE Standard 62-2001, developing and implementing air quality management plans for
construction and operation, and conducting a building flush-out prior to occupancy.
2.4 B elow- Gr ade E x terior Insul at io n
Apply exterior below-grade insulation in humid climates to reduce moisture transport into
the building.
2. 5 O paque Envelope Perfor mance
Meet specific insulation Criteria for each building envelope assembly.
2.6 Fene st r ation Perfor mance
Meet specific window performance Criteria for u-value and solar heat gain coefficient, based
on NFRC ratings. Performance requirements are based on entire window assembly, not
glazing alone.
18
introduction ○ Quick start guide
2.7 Ligh t ing Co n trol s
Install control systems throughout the building, including occupancy sensors and time clock
controls. Daylit areas are encouraged to incorporate daylight controls, but at a minimum these
areas must be provided with separate switching to facilitate future incorporation of daylight
control systems.
2.8 L ighting P ower Densit y
Projects may not exceed the lighting power density limits indicated in this Criteria.
2.9 Mechanic al Equipment Efficienc y Require ments
Mechanical equipment must meet the performance Criteria developed by the Consortium for
Energy Efficiency (CEE) labeled as Tier 2 performance requirements.
2.10 Dedic ated Mechanic al Syste ms
Spaces in the building with specific process loads or that require conditioning significantly
different from the main building spaces must be provided with a separate, dedicated mechanical
system designed specifically for these loads.
2.11 De m and Con trol Ventil at ion
Outside airflow should be controlled by a system which measures CO2 and provides airflow
based on occupant density, as measured by the CO2 sensor.
2.12 Hot Water Syste m Efficienc y
Domestic hot water demand should be met by either demand hot water heaters or highefficiency condensing appliances.
2.13 Fundamen tal Economizer Perfo r mance
This Criteria includes a list of features and performance verification strategies to insure proper
and effective economizer operation.
2.14 Co nstruc tio n Certific ation ( Acceptance T e sting )
Implement an Acceptance Testing protocol to test the operational characteristics of installed
systems. Document that installed systems are operating as intended prior to occupancy. It is up
to the project team to identify the key systems to be tested and verified to insure that the project
meets the performance goals identified by the owner and design team. Specific guidance on
test protocols are provided in Appendix A. Projects intending to seek a LEED rating should
note that additional steps and conditions beyond this Criteria are necessary to meet the LEED
commissioning prerequisite. Also see Criteria 3.13, Additional Commissioning Strategies, to
better align with LEED requirements.
introduction ○ Quick start guide
19
2.15 Perfor mance Data Re vie w
Install digital utility meters capable of collecting hourly utility use data. Implement a data
collection protocol on-site, with the local utility or a third party to collect this data. A summary
of the information should be reviewed quarterly by building operations staff and included in
the maintenance manual to track long-term building performance trends and identify potential
system performance issues. Some building managers may choose to review this data more
frequently to support ongoing operational improvements and maintenance.
3- Enh anced Perfo r m ance S tr ateg ie s
The Criteria in this section are not part of the basic requirements of the Core Performance
program. The strategies identified here represent opportunities for significant additional energy
savings beyond basic program requirements. Individual Criteria in this section should be
considered in the context of project characteristics and climate conditions.
3.1 Cool Roofs
Install an Energy Star-labeled cool roof on the project.
3.2 Day lighting and Con trol s
Incorporate daylighting and control systems to take advantage of natural light to reduce electric
lighting loads.
3.3 Addit io nal Ligh ting P ower Reduc t io ns
Reduce connected lighting loads to achieve the lighting targets of the Energy Policy Act
of 2005. These lighting levels are roughly 40% below ASHRAE 90.1-2001. Note that
implementing this Criteria can qualify the project for federal tax deductions of $0.30 to $0.60
per square foot of building floor area. For public projects, this tax deduction can be passed
through to the design team.
3.4 Plug Loads/ Appliance Efficienc y
Use Energy Star-rated equipment for all appliances, computers and other equipment.
Commit to a long-term acquisition plan that targets efficiency in equipment replacement and
upgrades. Implement power management strategies for equipment.
3. 5 Supply Air Te mper at ure R e se t ( VAV )
VAV systems should include control capabilities to reset supply air temperature to the warmest
setting that will meet cooling load in all zones.
3.6 Indirec t E vapor ative Coo l ing
Use indirect evaporative cooling systems to reduce cooling load served by conventional
cooling systems.
3.7 He at Recovery
Incorporate a heat recovery system in the ventilation air exhaust stream for spaces with high
occupancy or high outdoor air ventilation requirements.
20
introduction ○ Quick start guide
3.8 Nigh t Ven ting
Install a control system capable of implementing a night venting protocol to use outside air to
pre-cool interior building mass during cool night hours. This strategy reduces peak and daily
cooling energy use in the cooling season.
3.9 Pre mium Econ omizer Perfor mance
Include additional control and verification features into the building economizer system.
3.10 Variab le Speed Cont rol
Provide variable flow capabilities for air and fluid systems served by pumps and fans with motor
horsepower of 5hp or larger.
3.11 De m and - Re sponsive Building s ( Pe ak P ower Reduc t io n )
Implement systems and control strategies that allow buildings to reduce electrical energy use
during peak power demand periods, as identified by the local utility.
3.12 On -Site Supply of Rene wab le Energy
Install on-site renewable energy systems to supply 10% or more of building electric or
thermal loads.
3.13 Additio nal Commissioning S tr ategie s
Engage a third-party commissioning agent to participate in design reviews during the design
process. Consider using the third-party commissioning agent as the primary commissioning
agent for the project as a whole. This strategy would align more directly with the
commissioning requirements of LEED.
3.14 Fault De tec tion and Diagnost ic s
Include integrated monitoring systems in manufactured rooftop HVAC equipment to help
ensure optimal system performance.
4 - Energ y Mo d e ling
Energy modeling can be used as an alternate path to achieve or exceed the goals of the
Core Performance program. Strategies identified in previous sections should be implemented
to the extent possible, and energy modeling should be used to identify additional savings
opportunities.
4.1 Predic t Perfor mance wit h Energy Mo deling
Use an hourly energy model simulation tool to incorporate building features that exceed
the requirements of ASHRAE 90.1 by 20% or more. Energy modeling can also be used
to help determine which of the enhanced performance strategies are most promising for a
specific project.
introduction ○ Quick start guide
21
Op e rati on
Comp le ti on
Cons tr uc ti on
Bi ddi ng
Sc he mati c
De s i g n
De s i g n
De ve lop me nt
Cons tr uc ti on
Doc ume nts
P r e de s i g n
Ke y Design Pha ses for implementation of Core Performance Progr a m
Criteria
R equired S tr a tegies ( Sections 1 and 2)
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.4
2.7
2.12
2.14
2.2
2.3
2.13
1.5
2.15
Identify D esign Intent
Building C onfiguration
Communicating Design Intent
Mechanical System Design
Energy C ode Compliance
Opaque Envelope P erformance
Fenestration Performance
Lighting Power D ensity
Mechanical Equipment Efficiency
Dedicated Mechanical Systems
Demand Control Ventilation
Below-Grade Exterior Insulation
Lighting Controls
Hot Water System E fficiency
Construction Certification
Air Barrier Performance
Minimum IAQ Performance
Fundamental Economizer Performance
Operator Training
Performance Data Review
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E nhanced Perform ance str ategies
3.13
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.2
3.3
3.11
3.12
3.10
3.1
3.9
3.5
3.4
 
 
22
Additional C ommissioning
Indirect Evaporative Cooling
Heat Recovery
Night Venting
Daylighting and C ontrols
Additional Lighting Power Reductions
D emand Responsive Buildings
Renewable Energy
Variable Speed C ontrol
Cool Roofs
Premium Economizer Performance
Supply Air Temperature Reset
Plug Loads /Appliance Efficienc y
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strategy addressed in this pha se
Key im plemen tati on p hase of strategy
introduction ○ Quick start guide
O wner
1.1
1.2
1.5
2.15
3.4
I dentify Design Intent
Communicating D esign Intent
Operator Training
Performance D ata Review
Plug Loads/Appliance Efficiency
Architect
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.8
3.12
Identify D esign I ntent
Communicating Design Intent
Building Configuration
Energ y Code Compliance
Air Barrier Performance
Below-Grade Exterior Insulation
Opaque Envelope Performance
Fenestration Performance
Cool Roofs
Daylighting and controls
Night Venting
Renewable Energy
M echanical Engineer
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
1.1
1.2
1.4
2.1
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.3
2.9
3.5
3.10
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.11
3.12
Identify Design Intent
Communicating Design Intent
Mechanical System Design
Energ y Code C ompliance
Dedicated Mechanical Systems
Demand Control Ventilation
Hot Water System Efficiency
Minimum I AQ Performance
Mechanical Equipment Efficiency
Suppl y Air Temperature Reset
Variable Speed C ontrol
Indirect Evaporative C ooling
Heat Recovery
Night Venting
Demand Responsive Buildings
Renewable Energy
 
 
Has a role in this strategy
Has primary responsibility for this strategy
introduction ○ Quick start guide
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Oc c upants
Bui ldi ng
Man ag e r
Uti li ty
Cx A g e nt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contr ac tor
Me c hani c al
Eng i ne e r
Li g hti ng
De s i g ne r
O wne r
A r c hi te c t
Role o f Projec t T e am Me mb er s in Imple men tat io n o f Core Perfor mance Pro gr am
Cr it eria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23
Lighting Designer
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.7
2.8
3.2
3.3
   
Identify Design Intent
 
Communicating D esign Intent
 
Energy C ode Compliance
 
L ighting Controls
Lighting Power Density
daylighting and controls
Additional Lighting Power Reductions
C ontractor
1.1
1.5
2.13
2.2
2.3
3.9
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
2.14 C onstruction Certification
3.13 Additional Commissioning
Utility Represent ative
1.1 Identify Design Intent
2.15 Performance Data Review
B uilding Mana ger
1.5 Operator Training
2.15 Performance Data Review
3.11 D emand Responsive B uildings
Occup ants
 
3.4
P lug Loads /Appliance Efficiency
 
 
Has a role in this strategy
Has primary responsibility for this strategy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
O c c upants
Bui ldi ng
Manag e r
Uti li ty
Cx A g e nt
Contr ac tor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Identify D esign Intent
 
Operator Training
 
Fundamental Economizer Performance
Air Barrier Performance
Minimum IAQ Performance
Premium E conomizer Performance
Commissioning Agent
24
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
Me c hani cal
Eng i ne e r
Li g hti ng
D e s i g ne r
O wne r
A r c hi te c t
Role of Projec t T e am Me mb er s in Imple men tat io n o f Core Perfor mance Pro gr a m
Cr iter ia ( con tinued )
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
introduction ○ Quick start guide
Integration of Core Performance with USGBC LEED Program
Introduction
The USGBC has adopted the Core Performance Program as a prescriptive path to meet energy
performance requirements of the LEED NC program. The program can be used in lieu of
energy modeling to demonstrate achievement of EA credit 1 (Optimizing Energy Performance)
as follows:
Design Process Strategies
For projects using LEED NC version 2.2 and previous versions, the Core Performance
Program is worth 2 to 5 EAc1 points, depending on project conditions and how the program
is used. Any project using the Core Performance program for LEED must meet all of the
requirements in Sections One (Design Process Strategies) and Two (Core Performance Requirements)
of the Core Performance Guide. No substitutions or tradeoffs are allowed in meeting these
requirements. No project over 100,000 square feet may use the Core Performance Program to
achieve LEED points.
Energy Modeling
Core Performance Requirements
Enhanced Performance Strategies
Appendices
The number of EAc1 points achieved by following program requirements is dependent upon
project type. Office, School, Retail, and Public Assembly project types achieve 3 EAc1 points
for following the program requirements. All other project types achieve 2 EAc1 points for
following the program requirements. Hospital and Lab project types may not use the Core
Performance Program to achieve LEED energy points. The USGBC requires all LEED 2.2
projects to achieve at least 2 EAc1 points to receive a LEED rating.
All projects using Core Performance may achieve up to 2 additional EAc1 points in LEED by
implementing additional strategies from Section Three (Enhanced Performance Strategies) of
the Core Performance Guide. One additional EAc1 point is achieved for every three Enhanced
Performance Strategies implemented. However, some of the enhanced strategies are not eligible
in LEED and do not count toward additional EAc1 points. These strategies are 3.1 Cool
Roofs, 3.8 Night Venting, and 3.13 Additional Commissioning. These measures are addressed
elsewhere in the LEED program.
For LEED 2009, the USGBC has modified the point structure for EAc1. All projects must
exceed ASHRAE 90.1-2007 requirements by at least 10% before any EAc1 points are awarded.
The Core Performance Program is still eligible as a prescriptive path for LEED 2009. The
guidelines for the program are the same as those listed above, except that in every case the first
two ‘points’ are not counted in EAc1 but instead go toward meeting the prerequisite requirements
of this credit. For example, a lodging project which would have achieved two points in LEED
NC 2.2 would achieve zero EAc1 points in LEED 2009, but would meet the prerequisite
requirements of EAp2, and would therefore not be required to conduct energy modeling.
This project could still achieve up to 2 EAc1 points by implementing Core Performance
enhanced strategies as described above. Office, School, Retail, and Public Assembly projects
which implemented Sections One and Two of the Core Performance Guide would achieve the
prerequisite, as well as one EAc1 point. These projects would also be eligible to achieve up to two
additional EAc1 points by implementing enhanced strategies, as described above.
LEED CI projects may use a subset of Core Performance (sections 1.4, 2.9, and 3.10) to achieve
EAc1 points, as described in the LEED Reference Guide.
The USGBC has developed submittal requirements for the Core Performance Program as part
of the LEED on-line submittal process. The USGBC may modify the way LEED uses Core
Performance, so project teams should check with the USGBC for any modifications to the
requirements described here.
introduction ○ Integration of Core Performance with USGBC LEED Program
25
Alignmen t of Core Perfor mance Cr it er ia wit h LEED NC Cr edits*
3. 3
3.4
3. 5
3.6
3.7
3. 8
3.10
3.12
3.13
4.1
SSc7.2
Cool Roofs
D aylighting and controls
Additional Lighting Power
Reductions
Plug Loads/Appliance
Efficiency
Supply Air Temperature
Reset (VAV)
Indirect Evaporative
Cooling
Heat Recovery
Night Venting
Variable Speed Control
ON-SITE SUPPLY OF Renewable
Energy
Additional Commissioning
S trategies
EQC8.1
3.1
3. 2
EQc3.2
Domestic Hot Water System
Efficiency
EQc3.1
2 .12
SS
EQc1
Demand Control Ventilation
2 .6
2 .7
2.8
EQp1
2 .11
2.5
EAc5
2 .9
E nergy Code Compliance
Minimum IAQ Performance
Opaque E nvelope
P erformance
Fenestration Performance
Lighting Controls
L ighting Power Density
Mechanical Equipment
E fficiency Requirements
EAc3
2 .1
2.3
EAc2
Communicating Design Intent
Construction Certification
Operator Training
Performance Data Review
EAc1**
1. 2
2 .14
1. 5
2 .15
EQ
EAp3
EA
EAp2
Na me
EAp1
Criteria
Predict Performance with
Energ y Modeling
* This table identifies which LEED credits align with specific Core Performance Criteria. Alignment
between the two standards does not imply that the language from one standard meets the requirements of the
other. Individual requirements must be reviewed in the context of each standard.
** Measures listed contribute to improved energ y performance if LEED energ y modeling is conducted.
Projects that do not undertake LEED energ y modeling achieve prescriptive default points in EA credit 1
as determined by the USGBC.
26
introduction ○ Integration of Core Performance with USGBC LEED Program
Core Performance Program Outline
Sec ti o n 1
1.1
1. 2
1. 3
1.4
1. 5
Design Process Requirements
Identify D esign Intent
Communicating D esign Intent
Building Configuration
Mechanical S ystem D esign
Operator Training and D ocumentation
Sec ti o n 2
2 .1
2.2
2.3
2 .4
2.5
2 .6
2 .7
2.8
2 .9
2 .10
2 .11
2 .12
2 .13
2 .14
2 .15
Core Performance Requirements
Energ y Code Compliance
Air Barrier Performance
Minimum IAQ Performance
Below-G rade E xterior Insulation
Opaque Envelope Performance
Fenestration Performance
Lighting Controls
Lighting P ower Density
Mechanical Equipment Efficienc y Requirements
Dedicated Mechanical S ystems
Demand Control Ventilation
D omestic Hot Water S ystem E fficienc y
Economizer Performance
Construction C ertification (Acceptance Testing )
Performance Data Review
Sec ti o n 3
3.1
3. 2
3. 3
3.4
3. 5
3.6
3.7
3. 8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
Additional S trategies
Cool Roofs
Daylighting and Controls
Additional Lighting P ower Reductions
Plug Loads /Appliance Efficienc y
Supply Air Temperature Reset (VAV)
Indirect E vaporative Cooling
Heat Recovery
Night Venting
Premium Economizer
Variable Speed Control
Demand -Responsive Buildings (Peak P ower Reduction)
On-Site Supply of Renewable Energ y
Additional Commissioning S trategies
Fault D etection and Diagnostics
Sec ti o n 4
4.1
Energ y Modeling
Predict Performance with Energ y Modeling