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PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI STRATEGIES FOR TRANSLATING KRYSTAL WEEDON’S DIRTY WORDS IN THE CASUAL VACANCY A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Christina Aprilia Student Number: 091214099 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ART EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI STRATEGIES FOR TRANSLATING KRYSTAL WEEDON’S DIRTY WORDS IN THE CASUAL VACANCY A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Christina Aprilia Student Number: 091214099 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ART EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016 i PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” (Philippians 4:13) “Every step makes a difference. Then, look around and watch your step. Don’t stop, go your way.” “Choice was dangerous: you had to forgot all other possibilities when you chose. ” (J.K. Rowling - The Casual Vacancy) This thesis is dedicated to those who always shower me with endless love, believe in me, and encourage me to be a better person. iv PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRACT Aprilia, Christina. (2016). Strategies for Translating Krystal Weedon’s Dirty Words in The Casual Vacancy. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University. Translating a dirty word is a tricky matter because sometimes it is too taboo to be translated into another language. In the practice, translators employ various translation strategies to translate dirty words. One example of texts that contains a lot of dirty words is JK Rowling’s novel entitled The Casual Vacancy. Some characters found in the novel often utter dirty words. One of the characters is Krystal Weedon. Therefore, this research is conducted to find out translation strategies used to translate Krystal Weedon’s dirty words into Bahasa Indonesia. There were two research problems addressed in the research which were (1) What are Krystal Weedon’s dirty words in The Casual Vacancy? (2) What are translation strategies that are used to translate Krystal Weedon’s dirty words in The Casual Vacancy? To answer both research questions, the researcher conducted qualitative research by employing content analysis. The research data were dirty words uttered by Krystal Weedon in The Casual Vacancy and its Indonesian version, Perebutan Kursi Kosong. To answer the first question, the researcher identified the dirty words by using theories proposed by Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006), and Ljung (2011). To answer the second research question, the researcher analyzed the strategies to translate Krystal Weedon’s dirty words by employing strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992). Based on the analyses, the research results show that: 1) there are 18 dirty words with 76 occurrences found in Krystal Weedon’s speech, 2) based on compilation of translation strategies employed there are 7 strategies used to translate dirty words in Krystal Weedon’s speech. Those strategies are borrowing, literal translation, modulation, functional equivalent, cultural equivalent, compensation, and translation by omission. The researcher also found that there is another strategy employed beyond the proposed ones and therefore is included in other findings. Keywords: translation strategies, dirty words, The Casual Vacancy vii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRAK Aprilia, Christina. (2016). Strategies for Translating Krystal Weedon’s Dirty Words in The Casual Vacancy. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma. Menerjemahkan kata kotor merupakan hal yang cukup sulit sebab seringkali suatu kata kotor terlalu tabu untuk diterjemahkan ke dalam suatu bahasa lain. Dalam prakteknya, para penerjemah menggunakan berbagai macam strategi penerjemahan untuk menerjemahkan kata kotor. Salah satu teks yang memuat banyak kata kotor adalah novel The Casual Vacancy karya JK Rowling. Beberapa karakter yang ada dalam novel tersebut sering mengucapkan kata kotor, salah satunya adalah Krystal Weedon. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan guna menentukan strategi penerjemahan untuk menerjemahkan kata kotor yang diucapkan oleh Krystal Weedon ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Ada dua rumusan masalah yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini yakni (1) Apa saja kata kotor yang diucapkan oleh Krystal Weedon dalam The Casual Vacancy? (2) Apa saja strategi penerjemahan yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan kata kotor yang diucapkan oleh Krystal Weedon dalam The Casual Vacancy? Untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah, peneliti melakukan penelitian kualitatif dengan analisa konten. Data penelitian berupa kata kotor yang diucapkan oleh Krystal Weedon dalam The Casual Vacancy dan versi bahasa Indonesianya yakni Perebutan Kursi Kosong. Guna menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti mengidentifikasi kata kotor dengan menggunakan teori dari Jay (1992), Allan dan Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006), serta Ljung (2011). Sedangkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua, peneliti menganalisa strategi yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan kata kotor dalam ucapan Krystal Weedon dengan menggunakan strategi penerjemahan yang diajukan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), serta Baker (1992). Berdasarkan analisa, hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) ada 18 macam kata kotor yang ditemukan dalam ucapan Krystal Weedon dengan kemunculan sebanyak 76 kali, 2) berdasarkan gabungan strategi penerjemahan yang digunakan, ada 7 strategi yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan kata kotor dalam ucapan Krystal Weedon. Strategi tersebut adalah borrowing, literal translation, modulation, functional equivalent, cultural equivalent, compensation, dan translation by omission. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa selain gabungan strategi penerjemahan yang diajukan oleh para ahli, ada strategi lain yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dan oleh karenanya peneliti memasukkannya ke dalam hasil temuan yang lain. Kata kunci: translation strategies, dirty words, The Casual Vacancy viii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for always guiding me in living my life. I’m so grateful to have them leading my life and showering me with endless blessings. I thank Ibu Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum., who has become my thesis advisor. I thank her for the feedback, comments, and advice so that I can improve my thesis. I also thank her as my academic advisor for her time, patience, guidance, support and encouragement during my college life, especially the time when I struggle to finish this thesis. I thank Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. for the advice, comments, suggestions and corrections. Those motivate me to write the thesis better. I thank Bapak Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D as the chairperson of PBI, and all PBI lecturers who have taught and educated me during college life. I thank all PBI staff especially Mbak Danik, who helps me to deal with administration stuffs. I also thank the staff of Sanata Dharma library. My special thanks are dedicated to Bapak Yulius Mugi Karyono, Ibu Maria Sri Hartatik, Mas Yohanes Dema Sri Oktafiyan, and Simbah Yustina Harjowiyono. As my family, they have given me endless love, raised me well and supported me. Their love and prayers always strengthen me. I thank all my friends in campus, especially Rosi, Devi, Hehen, Danik, Awang, Lice, Nda, Sinta, Yogis, Tari, Ajeng, Hana, Chapidh, and Sisca. I thank Septi, Angel, Alex, Titus, Pungki, Wanda, Dion, and Susi as comrades in ix PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI finishing thesis; the struggle is real and we keep fighting for it till the finish line. I also thank Momon, Dika, Odhile, Mbak Ayu Ganjar, and Cinta, who always support me in finishing my thesis. My sincere gratitude also goes to my friends in Elegy, PPL Depsa ‘12, Golden Lantern, KKN XLV (Jetsuers), OMK, PIA, Paguyuban Lektor Gamping and all my private students. I always enjoy the process and cherish every moment I have. I also address my gratitude to CNBLUE for producing great music that I listen to since years ago. “다 죽자!!!” Finally, I thank everyone who knows me and cares about me. Forgive me for not mentioning you one by one. I pray the best for you and I believe that God surely knows your good deeds for me. May his blessing be with you. Christina Aprilia x PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE ............................................................................................................ i APPROVAL PAGES ................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION PAGE .................................................................................... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ......................................................... v PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .......................................................... vi ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. vii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ................................................................................. 1 B. Research Problems ...................................................................................... 5 C. Problem Limitation ..................................................................................... 6 D. Research Objectives .................................................................................... 6 E. Research Benefits........................................................................................ 6 F. Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ............................................................................... 9 1. Theories of Speech .................................................................................. 9 a. Speech in a Novel .............................................................................. 9 xi PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI b. Language Variation in Speech........................................................... 10 c. Level of Formality in Speech ............................................................ 11 d. Dirty Words ....................................................................................... 13 2. Theories of Translation .......................................................................... 28 a. Definition of Translation ................................................................... 29 b. Translation Equivalence .................................................................... 29 c. Meaning in Translation...................................................................... 31 d. Translation Strategies ........................................................................ 32 1) Translation Strategies by Vinay and Darbelnet .......................... 33 2) Translation Strategies by Newmark ........................................... 35 3) Translation Strategies by Baker ................................................. 39 B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 41 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ........................................................................................ 46 B. Research Setting.......................................................................................... 47 C. Research Subjects ....................................................................................... 47 D. Research Instrument and Data Gathering Technique ................................. 48 E. Data Analysis Technique ............................................................................ 51 F. Research Procedure ..................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Discussion of Dirty Words………... ................................................... 56 B. Translation Strategies of Dirty Words ........................................................ 78 C. Other Findings ............................................................................................ 88 xii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions ................................................................................................. 93 B. Recommendations ....................................................................................... 96 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................... 97 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 101 xiii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Level of Formality in Speech According to Newmark ................ 12 Table 2.2. McEnery’s Typology ............................................................................... 23 Table 2.3. Ljung’s Typology.......................................................................... 24 Table 2.4. Dirty Words Themes Proposed by Jay, Allan and Burridge, 42 and Ljung .................................................................................................. Table 2.5. Similarities between McEnery’s Typology and Ljung’s 43 Typology................................................................................................... Table 3.1 Blueprint of Identification of Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech ..................................................................................... 49 Table 3.2 Blueprint of Translation Strategies to Translate Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech ......................................................... 50 Table 3.3. Example of Identification of Dirty Words ............................................... 53 Table 3.4. Example of Translation Strategies to Translate Dirty Words .................. 53 Table 4.1. Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech .................................... 56 Table 4.2. The Occurrences of Translation Strategies .............................................. 79 Table 4.3. Examples of Omission Strategy ............................................................... 80 Table 4.4. Examples of Cultural Equivalent Strategy ............................................... 81 Table 4.5. Examples of Functional Equivalent Strategy ........................................... 85 Table 4.6. Examples of Modulation Strategy............................................................ 86 Table 4.7. Examples of Compensation Strategy ....................................................... 87 Table 4.8. Examples of Borrowing Strategy ............................................................. 88 xiv PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Table 4.9. Example of Literal Strategy ..................................................................... 89 Table 4.10. Other Findings ....................................................................................... 89 xv PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter serves as an introduction to the research. It is divided into six parts. This intends for aiding the readers in understanding the research taken, namely research background, research problem, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. A. Research Background Dirty words are commonly found in daily life. It can be said that all languages have dirty words. However, to define dirty words is quite tricky. Dirty words may cover swear words, curse words, four-letter words, epithets, obscenities, profanity, taboo language, slang terms etc. Even though these words can be heard in daily conversation, scenes in a movie, and even written in novel, the study of dirty words is rarely done in school since they are ‘dirty’, related to vulgar and taboo thing. As an effect, students knows the dirty words from outside the school and sometimes use them without knowing the meanings and when to use them. Based on this fact, the research of dirty words and the translations of them is important to be done. The research of dirty words and the translations is needed to help the students understand dirty words further such as what belong to dirty words, the meaning of them, and their usages in a context. To conduct this research, the researcher chooses a novel. The researcher chooses a literature work as it is a representation of language or people culture and tradition. The intended novel is The Casual Vacancy, an adult novel written 1 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 2 by J. K. Rowling. The novel itself was published worldwide by the Little, Brown Book Group in September 2012. In November 2012, the novel was translated into Bahasa Indonesia as Perebutan Kursi Kosong by three translators and was published by Penerbit Qanita. The novel, which has been adapted on-screen as three-episode miniseries aired in the United Kingdom (February-March 2015) and in the United States (April-May 2015), tells the readers about the conflicts and problems faced by the citizens after the death of Barry Fairbrother, a Parish Councillor in a fictive town called Pagford. The death causes a vacancy in a seat on the council and arises conflict before the election for his successor takes place. Beside political theme, The Casual Vacancy covers a range of social issues such as rape, drug use, domestic abuse, racism, and suicide as noted by Losowsky in his article entitled “The Casual Vacancy's Review: JK Rowling's Long-Awaited New Book” published by Huffington Post on September 26th, 2012. Aside from its plot, The Casual Vacancy receives many criticisms due to its content that is full of foul language and features the C-word and F-word hundreds of times. Sebastian Shakespeare who writes in Daily Mail Columnist section mentions that Rowling’s novel has what children call ‘bad grown-up words’ every other page. John Granger who is a well-known writer even takes his time to count dirty words found in The Casual Vacancy. He notes that fuck and its variations are dirty words dominating the novel by 140 times appearances, followed by shit (34 times), bloody (23 times), bitch (16 times), shag (12 times), cunt (8), and bastard (7). Those dirty words mostly act as swearing words. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 3 This research, thus, is going to focus on a dirty words found in character’s speech and the translation of the dirty words. The researcher chooses to focus to a character’s speech as it is one of the ways to characterize character. Murphy (1972) says that through speech, the author can give the readers an insight about the character (p. 164). It is also a key element of character development. If it is done right, it can impact a strong sense of realism about the character. Thus, by reading the characters’ speech, the readers are expected to know who and how the characters are. Further, speech or language spoken in a novel has same function like found in real life which is a means of communication for people to interact with other. Sapir (1956, p.69), as quoted by Bassnett (2002, p. 21), states that language is a guide to social reality and it becomes the medium for human being to express and to communicate in the society. Thus, through speech each character expresses their thought and communicates with other characters. By employing speech in which dirty words are found, the researcher expects to understand the use of the dirty words in the context. Based on reading and reviewing done, the researcher decides to analyze dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. The reasons why the researcher chooses her are because she is one of the main characters who has a foul mouth and frequently uses dirty words during some shocking exchanges. She is depicted as an out-of-control sixteen years old girl who suffers a traumatic childhood. She lives in poverty with her mother, Terri, who is a prostitute and heroin addict and her younger brother, Robbie, in their dirty house at Foley Road in the Fields. Krystal has a gang whose members share the same characteristics with her such as PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 4 habits and language. She is also described developing personal relationship with Stuart ‘Fats’ Wall. With the portrayal mentioned above, thus, it is interesting to discuss dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. The translation of the dirty words is also going to be discussed. Translation is defined as an attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another (Newmark, 1988, p. 7). Lefevere (1992, p. 17) describes since language is also the expression and the repository of a culture, many of the words in a language are inextricably bound up with that culture and therefore very hard to transfer in their totality to another language. Thus, Nida and Taber (1982, p. 12) suggest that the translators must be familiar with both languages in order to find out the closest natural equivalent of source language (SL) message and reproduce it in target language (TL). Nababan (1999, p. 26) states that there are two important factors in translation. Those are linguistic factors that cover words, phrases, clauses and sentences, and non-linguistics factors that cover the cultural knowledge on both source and target language culture. In this research, the translation of dirty words are those that will be discussed. Lefevere (1992, p. 58) notes that in different cultures a specific use of language is considered appropriate (or inappropriate) in a specific situation. Thus, it is interesting to see how the translators play their roles to “render the meaning of the text into other languages in the way that the author intended the text” as noted by Newmark (1988). They have to make sure that the translations of dirty words are similar, or at least analogous in different cultures. If they are not, Lefevere (1992, p. 17) says that “the illocutionary power PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 5 of the source text will not be heightened by a mere literal translation of the words on the page in what amounts to a cultural vacuum.” By conducting this research, the researcher expects that the findings of this research will be beneficial for both practical and academical fields. Since this research focuses on dirty words and translation, the findings may be beneficial for Sociolinguistics and Translation course in English Language Education Study Program (ELESP). In relation to the Sociolinguistics course, this research will provide material related to language variation and level of formality in speech which uses dirty words. The discussions of themes and functions of the dirty words based on the context are expected to give ELESP students some examples about the dirty words usage in the utterances. While in relation to the Translation course, this research is expected to give contribution on how to take dirty words using translation strategies and what considerations need to take in the process. B. Research Problems Based on the research background, the problems of this research are formulated as follow: 1. What are Krystal Weedon’s dirty words in The Casual Vacancy? 2. What are translation strategies that are used to translate Krystal Weedon’s dirty words in The Casual Vacancy? PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 6 C. Problem Limitation This research focuses on the speech of Krystal Weedon, a character found in The Casual Vacancy. To be more specific, it deals with dirty words uttered when Krystal speaks with her interlocutors. The researcher develops the research to find out the translation strategies used by the translators to translate dirty words found in Krystal’s speech. This research employed translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992) to analyze the manner in which the translators translate Krystal Weedon’s dirty words. D. Research Objectives The objectives of this research are: 1. To find out Krystal Weedon’s dirty words in The Casual Vacancy. 2. To find out translation strategies employed by the translators to translate Krystal Weedon’s dirty words. E. Research Benefits This research is expected to have contribution for: 1. English Teachers English teachers would know better about dirty words so they could explain dirty words to their students properly. Further, the teacher would also know how translation strategies play roles in translating a character’s speech. 2. Students Students would be able to learn about and distinguish kinds and functions of dirty words that occur in daily life based on the examples found in the novel The Casual Vacancy. By knowing the kinds and functions of dirty words, students PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 7 are expected to know the situation in which they can utter the dirty words. Through this research, the students would also learn how translation strategies play roles in translating the dirty words into Bahasa Indonesia. 3. Translators The research findings will give translators, especially who work for English-Bahasa Indonesia translation, more considerations in taking appropriate translation strategies to translate dirty words. 4. For Further Research This research will contribute to translation of literary work, specifically the translation of dirty words. The research can be used or referred for further researches especially those which deal with translation of dirty words. F. Definition of Terms In this part, the researcher is going to give some definitions of terms used in this research. The terms which are going to be described are strategies in translating, dirty words, and Krystal Weedon of The Casual Vacancy. 1. Strategies for Translating Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003, p. 67) define strategies in translating or translation strategies as the way to translate words, phrases, clauses or maybe the whole sentences if the translated parts cannot separate into smaller unit to be translated. There are some experts propose their translation strategies, but in this research only translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992) are employed. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 8 2. Dirty Words Dirty words are words that may cause offence. These words have different labels given by scholars and experts. Jay (1992) calls them as offensive words, and taboo words; Allan and Burridge (2006) call them as forbidden words; while Fägersten (2012) calls them as swear words. Therefore, in this research what belong to dirty words are those that are considered offensive, insulted, and forbidden to be said in formal condition like meeting or casual conversation. 3. The Casual Vacancy The Casual Vacancy is an adult novel written by J.K. Rowling. It tells the readers about the conflicts and problems faced by the citizens after the death of Barry Fairbrother, a Parish Councillor. It was published worldwide by the Little, Brown Book Group in September 2012. In this research, The Casual Vacancy acts as research source, in which the researcher took the data from to answer the first formulated problem about dirty words. It also acts as Source Text in relation to second formulated problem about translation strategies to translate dirty words. 4. Perebutan Kursi Kosong Perebutan Kursi Kosong is the Indonesian version of The Casual Vacancy which is translated by three translators (Esti A. Budihabsari, Andityas Prabantoro, and Rini Nurul Badariah). It was published by Penerbit Qanita in November 2012. This novel consists of 593 pages, being longer than the original novel that consists of 503 pages. In this research, Perebutan Kursi Kosong acts as Target Text in relation to the second formulated problem about translation strategies to translate dirty words. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE The contents of this chapter are to explain the theories related to the conduct of this research. This chapter consists of two parts, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description presents the theories of speech and theories of translation. The theoretical framework provides theories to solve the research problems. A. Theoretical Description This section discusses two major parts of theoretical description, namely theories of speech and theories of translation. The theories are used to enhance the researcher’s knowledge about the topic discussed and solve the research problems. 1. Theories of Speech In this part, the researcher discusses the theories of speech as the research is dealing with speech, especially dirty words uttered in the speech. Therefore, the theories cover speech in a novel, language variation in speech, level of formality in speech, and dirty words in English. a. Speech in a Novel The author’s relationship to his characters is god-like (Harvey, 1965, p. 32). He is the one who creates characters, setting, and story in a novel. Character is “the person, in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral and 9 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 10 dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the dialogue—and what they do—the action (Abrams, 1981, p. 23)”. To create character, the author goes through a process named characterization. Characterization is how the author describes the character in a work. According to Murphy (1972), there are nine ways in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable to and come alive for his readers. Those are personal description, characters as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerism. As this research only focuses on the language spoken by a character, thus only speech will be discussed further. Speech is important to characterize a character. Through what the character says, the author can give the readers an insight about the character (Murphy, 1972, p. 164). Whenever the character speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character. Further, speech which tries to imitate everyday spontaneous speech will “serve to advance the plot, and in certain writers [...] will carry a large share of this function, its more customary role is to contribute to the presentation and development of character (Page, 1973, p. 14). Therefore, speech also has important role in building the story. b. Language Variation in Speech Language variation or language variety is “a sub-set of formal and/or substantial features which correlates with a particular type of socio-situational feature (Catford, 1965, p. 84)”. Thus, standard and non-standard English are categorized as varieties in English. Yule (1996, p. 227) explains that standard PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 11 English is usually used in the printed media (newspapers and books), associated with education, and used in the broadcasting world and other public contexts. Instead of the spoken language, it is more easily described in terms of the written language (vocabulary, spelling and grammar). In the other hand, non-standard English is related to people who have low statuses in society. Therefore, it is usually labeled as “bad” or “vulgar” language while standard English is often labeled as “good” English. Hatim and Mason (1990) explain that there are two dimensions recognized which contribute to language variation. Those are user-related varieties and userelated varieties. The earlier deals with the user in a particular language event: who the speaker is. It differs from person to person primarily in the phonic medium. The latter is related to the use to which a user puts language. Use-related varieties differ from each other primarily in language form (e.g. grammar and lexis). Since it has relation with an individual’s background, author can employ l anguage variation to assert the characters in his novel through their speeches. c. Level of Formality in Speech Languages have different speech styles or standards to synchronize word choice with the given formality (Jay, 2003). Different situations and people call for different level of formality. Both Joos (1967) and Nida (1975, p. 175) have classified level of formality into five levels which are frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate style. Frozen style is the most formal style and it can be found in biblical verse, prayers, and law. Formal style according to Nida (1975) is used between persons who are unknown to each other in a formal setting such as PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 12 public auditorium. It is used for most academic and scientific publishing. Whereas consultative style according to Joos (1967) is a standard form of communication. Nida (1975) adds that consultative style occurs between people who do not know each other and talk about something neutral. It can be found in conversation between strangers or doctor and patient. Another style is casual style in which it is used by people who know each other such as peers and friends. In this style, it is normal to find slang, vulgarities, and colloquialisms. The last style proposed by Joos (1967) and Nida (1975) is intimate style. It is used by people who are well acquainted and who have shared many linguistic experiences so they may have private vocabularies which are unintelligible for outsiders (Nida, 1975). Related to level of formality in speech, Newmark (1988, p. 31) has further detail. He describes that levels of formality in speech range from officialese, official, formal, informal, colloquial, slang, to taboo. Newmark provides examples for each level as shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1. Level of Formality in Speech According to Newmark Officialese Official Formal Neutral Informal Colloquial Slang Taboo The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment. The consumption of nutriments is prohibited. You are requested no to consume food in this establishment. Eating is not allowed here. Please don’t eat here. You can’t feed your face here. Lay off the nosh. Lay off the fucking nosh. It can be seen from examples in Table 2.1 that they talk about the same idea which is prohibiting one to eat in that place. However the degrees of formality range and it can be seen from the choice of vocabulary. Take examples from PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 13 officialese style and slang style. Officialese style employs scientific terms such as nutriments referring to food while slang style employs nosh, a slang term for food. From the Table 2.1, it can also be seen that both slang and taboo style have similiar pattern but the addition of word fucking in the sentence makes slang style changes into taboo style as fucking is offensive and categorized as taboo word. d. Dirty Words Terminology dirty word is quite tricky since there are many different labels proposed by scholars and experts. Expert such as Jay (1992, p. 1) uses the term cursing in his Cursing in America to refer to “all sorts of dirty word usage” though he knows that it might be “somewhat inexact.” Then later in his other studies, he refers what he calls previously as cursing as offensive words (see Do Offensive Words Harm People, 2009) and taboo words (see The Utility and Ubiquity of Taboo Words, 2009). While another expert such as McEnery (see Swearing in English, 2006) proposes the terms bad language and swearing to refer the same notion. Other experts may use swear words or forbidden words as well (see Fägersten, 2012; Allan and Burridge, 2006). Noted by Fägersten (2012, p. 1) the term that she calls swear words have many alias such as bad words, curse words, cuss words, dirty words, four-letter words, expletives, epithets, obscenities, profanity, blasphemy, bawdy language, foul language, rude language, vulgar language, or taboo language. Kaye and Sapolsky (2009, p. 431), as cited by Fägersten (2012, p. 5), admit that the use of variety of broad terms interchangeably is “to avoid repetition” and seemingly no other reason than that. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 14 What language and words are perceived as dirty, foul or bawdy in a culture having connection with what is considered taboo in the culture itself. Like taboos, the condemnation of some words as dirty and inappropriate is a social construct. Thus, the concept of taboo is necessary to discuss. According to Allan and Burridge (2006, p. 1) there are several topics of taboos including bodies and their effluvia; the organs and acts of sex, micturition and defecation; diseases, death and killing; naming, addressing, touching and viewing persons and sacred beings, objects and places; food gathering, preparation and consumption They consider that some taboos are specific for a certain culture, but many are almost universal. Those taboo topics construct dirty words and people use dirty words for many different purposes. Jay (1992, p. 2-9) divides them into ten categories which are cursing, profanity, blasphemy, taboo, obscenity, vulgarity, slang, epithets, insults and slurs, and scatology. Cursing, literally, means calling upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon someone. According to Jay (p. 2), the intent of cursing is to invoke harm on another person through the use of certain word or phrase which are imbued with power granted through religious or social demarcation. The examples of religious curses are damn you, goddamn you, to hell with you. Nowadays, those religious curses may be replaced by expressions like screw you or go fuck yourself. Such curses are now expressing hostility or anger and their denotative meaning is not really important. Other curses that are non-religious but still wish harm to the target person can be found in “eat shit and die” and “I hope you break your neck.” PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 15 Jay also interprets religious taboos in his profanity and blasphemy category. There is an assumption that profanity and blasphemy mean the same thing but if one examine the intent of each speech form, he will see that they are different. According to Jay (1992, 3) profanity is related to the secular or indifferent (to religion). Thus, to be profane means to be secular or behaving outside the customs of religious belief and to be ignorant or intolerant of the guidelines of a particular religious order. An example of profanity would be a word or phrase which seeks not to denigrate God, religion or holy affairs but would be based more on ignorance of or indifference to these matters. The examples are like “Jesus Christ, I’m hungry!” and “For the love of Christ, get off the phone!” Whereas, blasphemy aims directly at the church and obtains scorn via the power of the church. Therefore, blasphemy would appear as a direct attack on religious figures re religious authority. The examples of blasphemy are “Screw the Pope!” and “Shit on what it says in the Bible!” However, most theories do not make distinction between these two. Another category proposed by Jay is taboo. Jay (1992, p. 4) argues that a taboo operates to suppress or inhibit certain behavior, thoughts, or in this case, speech. Thus, taboo words are sanctioned or restricted on both institutional and individual levels under the assumption that some harm will occur if a taboo word is spoken (Jay, 2009, p. 153). Further, Jay (2009, p. 154) describes that taboos in English are placed primarily on sexual references (blow job, cunt) and on those that are considered profane or blasphemous (goddamn, Jesus Christ). Taboo extend to scatological referents and disgusting objects (shit, crap, douche bag); PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 16 some animal names (bitch, pig, ass); ethnic-racial-gender slurs (nigger, fag, dago); insulting references to perceived psychological, physical, or social deviations (retard, wimp, lard ass); ancestral allusions (son of a bitch, bastard); substandard vulgar terms (fart face, on the rag); and offensive slang (cluster fuck, tit run). Jay (1992, p. 10-15) explains that taboo words are used for their emotional impact on people rather than for their literal or denotative interpretation. In messages, taboo words are more likely to be interpreted connotatively by listeners, rather than denotatively. For example, most listeners would interpret the utterance “My job is fucked up” as there was something wrong with the work. The next category is obscenity. According to Jay (1992, p. 5), the definition of obscenity is not fixed but dynamic because the law changes or evolves over time in response to changes in society and the courts’ decision. Another expert, Henderson (1991, p. 2) defines obscenity as “verbal reference to areas of human activity or parts of the human body that are protected by certain taboos agreed upon by prevailing social custom and subject to emotional aversion or inhibition”. Thus, in Henderson’s view obscenity is related to sexual and excremental areas. To call a word obscene means that it cannot be used freely as it is subject to restriction. In order to be obscene, Henderson (idem) explains that such reference must be made by an explicit expression that is itself subject to the same inhibitions as the thing it describes. Jay (idem) notes that taboo restricts what speakers do, obscenity functions to protect listeners from harmful language. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 17 Obscene words are considered the most offensive and are rarely used in public media. The examples are fuck, motherfucker, cocksucker, cunt, or tits that have gained universal restriction. The obscene word “fuck” although restricted in media is one of the most frequently recorded dirty words in public, especially in the form of an expletive. The category of vulgarity in Jay’s view is rather general. In his opinion, vulgarity means the language of the common person, “the person in the street”, or the unsophisticated, unsocialized, or under-educated so that it do not necessarily have to be obscene or taboo but just reflect the crudeness of street language. Words such as snot, slut, crap, kiss my ass, puke are not really offensive but maybe considered impolite or inappropriate. Another category proposed by Jay is slang. According Jay (1992, p. 6), slang is a vocabulary that is developed in certain sub-groups (teenagers, musicians, soldiers, drug users, or athletes) for ease of communication. Swan (1996, p. 22) defines slang as a word, expressions or special use of language found mainly in very informal speech, especially in the usage of particular groups of people. Thus, slang code serves to identify members of the group, while misuse or ignorance of it identifies non-members, which may be especially important in illegal transactions (Jay, idem). Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and Harnish (2010, p. 303) state that slang is sometimes referred to as vernacular and some forms of slang fall under the term colloquialism, referring to informal conversational styles of language. However, as noted by Eble (1996, p. 19) slang must be distinguished from regionalism or PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 18 dialect words, jargon, profanity and obscenity, colloquialism, and cant or argot although slang shares some characteristics with each of these and can overlap them. Akmaijan et al (idem) state that there are some salient features of slang which are 1) being part of casual, informal style of language use so that it has traditionally carried a negative connotation and it is often perceived as a “low” or “vulgar” form of language, 2) being rapidly changing—slang terms enter a language rapidly but after a few years or even months they fall out of fashion, 3) being associated with a particular social group so that one can speak teenage slang, prison slang, and so on. Dumas and Lighter (1978, p. 14-16) propose four identifying criteria for slang which are 1) the presence of slang will markedly lower the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing, 2) the use of slang implies the user’s special familiarity either with the referent or with that less statusful or less responsible class of people who have such special familiarity and use the term, 3) being a tabooed term in ordinary discourse with persons of higher social status or greater responsibility, 4) being used in place of the well-known conventional synonym, especially in order (a) to protect the user from the discomfort caused by the conventional item or (b) to protect the user from the discomfort or annoyance of further elaboration. Although slang is not really a category of dirty words, the two often go hand in hand. The reason is they both are features of substandard language and people are like to use them in the same context as explained above. Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams (2003, p. 473) state that besides introducing new words by recombining old words into new meanings, slang also introduces PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 19 entirely new words such as barf, flub, and pooped. Jay (1992, p. 7) notes that sometimes slang terms become popular and are used in standard language so that sub-group members have to invent a new code. However, other terms are never integrated into standard dialects due to their offensiveness to public. The examples of slang terms are pimp, cherry, john. The next category is epithet. Jay (1992, p. 7) notes that epithets are brief but forceful bursts of emotional language. The term epithet itself can be misleading since in syntax the term epithet is used for adjective or phrases describing a characteristics of a person or thing. Other theorists usually call it as swearing. Ljung (2011, p. 4) proposes criteria for what constitute swearing or in Jay’s term epithet as the following: 1. Swearing is the use of utterances containing taboo words 2. The taboo words are used with non-literal meaning 3. Many utterances that constitute swearing are subject to severe lexical, phrasal and syntactic constraints which suggest that most swearing qualifies as formulaic language 4. Swearing is emotive language: its main function is to reflect, or seem to reflect, the speaker’s feelings and attitudes. Thus, it can be concluded that epithet or swearing is using taboo word in an utterance without referring to its literal meaning to express the speaker’s feeling and emotion. Therefore, it is commonly found that people do swearing when they hit themselves with a hammer or feel hostile when there is a man crowds in a supermarket check-out line; they want to express their feelings and PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 20 emotions toward the incidents. It is in line with Jay’s arguments (1992, p. 7) that epithet is yelled at a selected wrongdoer or a person who does something stupid or frustrating (in case of a man crowds the check-out line) and is uttered serving no corrective purpose (as with the targeted use) but mainly serving to reduce the anger level of the speaker (in case of hitting self with a hammer). The examples of epithet as noted by Jay are shit, damn, hell, son of a bitch, goddamn it, fuck you, fuck off, piss off, Jesus Christ. Jay also proposes insults and slurs. In his view (1992, p. 8), both are verbal attacks on other people. They do not necessarily gain their powers from religious sanctions or social taboos but by denoting real or imagined characteristics of the target. Insults may denote the physical, mental, or psychological qualities of the target whereas slurs may be racial, ethnic, or social in nature and may indicate the stereotyping or prejudice of the speaker. Both function to hurt the person directly through the particular word or phrase. Jay (idem) also notes that there are insults using animal imagery such as pig, dog, bitch, son of a bitch and there are insults based on social deviations such as whore, slut, bastard, fag, queer. Children’s insults are commonly based on abnormal physical, psychological, or social characteristics such as fatty, four eyes, spaz, weirdo, fag, and wimp. While ethnic and racial slurs such as honkey, dago, nigger, chink, pollack are spoken derogatorily to members of the intended ethnic or race group. Even though insults and slurs are primarily meant to hurt the addressee, they can also be used jokingly or as terms of endearment like found in nigger spoken among African Americans and bitch spoken among girl friends. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 21 The last category proposed by Jay is scatology and it is more semantic than pragmatic. According to Jay (1992, p. 9) scatology is the study of excrement; interest in or the treatment of obscene matters. Thus, scatological terms refer to human waste products and processes. Since scatological references are about feces and elimination they appear as poop, turd, crap, shit, piss, piss off, fart. Some people say that only the vulgar would use scatological terms, when a more refined euphemism or technical term could be substituted. According to Jay (1992, p. 9), classifications of the dirty words into categories of usage or semantic taxonomies allows people interested in language to define the different types of reference or meaning that dirty words employ. It can be seen that he combines several different approaches so that some of the categories being sociological, some semantic and a few examining the function of dirty words in use. Nevertheless, these few are interesting since in translation it is more important to preserve the function of the dirty words than its semantic field. For example a swearing like shit can be appropriately translated as sialan because they serve the same purposes in the two languages. The classifications also present that some dirty words can be cross-categorized or being used in more than one way. However, one has to look at the entire sentence and speech context to see how the word was used. Jay gives examples words such as son of a bitch, shit, and Jesus Christ can belong to several categories. Son of a bitch may be an insult or an epithet, shit could be used as scatology, insult, or epithet, and Jesus Christ could be an epithet or profanity. To know what the exact meaning of the word, one cannot look at the word alone but must consider how the speaker uses it. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 22 In order to be able to preserve the function of the dirty word and the exact meaning of the word, the first distinction made is to decide whether the dirty words are used denotatively or figuratively. Denotative or literal meaning is the actual meaning of a word. For example in a sentence like He is fucking her, the word fuck is used denotatively meaning a sexual act and thus is essential to the understanding of the sentence. Whereas in a sentence like He is fucking crazy, the word fuck is used for emphasizing the word stupid so that can be left out without harming the understanding of the sentence. In the translation, dirty word used literally cannot be omitted but may be replaced by a less offensive dirty word. If the target language lacks an equivalent dirty word, it is possible that the translator employs a neutral word to express the denotative meaning. In contrast to literal use, dirty words can be used figuratively. Presented in Jay’s categories, it can be seen that words such as bitch in an insult, fuck you in a curse, and shit in an epithet/swearing are used figuratively. In these cases, the connotative meaning of the word is more important that its denotative meaning. Even when being used figuratively, dirty words can replace ordinary words or form phrases which can function as many different parts of speech and constitute the basic meaning of sentence. The examples of such use are phrasal verbs like found in fuck something up or fuck somebody over. The translator then should pay attention to this matter by transferring the figurative meaning of the word correctly or finding a vulgar expression with the same meaning in the target language (TL) though it is not based in the same semantic field. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 23 Based on the scheme given, dirty words, or in McEnery’s context known as bad language can serve for different labels. Therefore, McEnery proposes a typology of bad language words based on functional term. Table 2.1 shows the categorization proposed by McEnery (2006, p. 27). Table 2.2. McEnery’s Typology Code PredNeg AdvB Curse Dest EmphAdv Figurtv Gen Idiom Literal Image PremNeg Pron Personal Reclaimed Oath Unc Description predicate negative adverbial booster Curse destinational usage emphatic adverb Example “the film is shit” “Fucking marvellous” “Fuck you!/me!/him!it!” “Fuck off!” “He fucked off” “He fucking did it” “in the fucking car” figurative extension “to fuck about” general expletive “(Oh) Fuck!” idiomatic/stereotyped phrase “fuck all!” “give a fuck” literal usage denoting taboo referent “We fucked” image based on literal meaning “kick shit out of” premodifying intensifying negative “the fucking idiot.” adjective pronominal form with undefined “got shit to do” referent personal insult referring to defined “You fuck” entity “That fuck” reclaimed usage – no negative intent Niggers/Niggaz as used by African American rappers religious oath for emphasis “by God” Unclassifiable due to insufficient context McEnery’s categories appear to be defined primarily according to syntactic and pragmatic criteria so that he explains how a dirty word in that category is distinguished by its function or use. Take the word fuck found in Curse, Dest, and Gen, and Literal categories as the example. The same word fuck, which is most likely to be a verb, serves for different categories. In Curse category, it can be seen that there is a clear insult intended in phrase fuck you with a very clear target PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 24 for the word (you). Word fuck in phrasal verb fuck off belongs to Dest category, not only the intention to some degree is to insult but also a demand being made that the target go away. The word fuck belongs to Gen utterance is used as an expression of general anger, annoyance or frustration. While in the case of Literal category, the word fuck does not have intention to insult, merely an intent to describe an act of coitus. However Ljung (2011: 28), who focuses on study of swearing, notes that some examples such as the utterance Kick the shit out of someone may fall into Image and Idiom category in McEnery’s typology. This is caused by basing the categories on grammatical, pragmatic and/or semantic criteria. Therefore, he presents another typology. His categorization scheme features a distinction between functions and themes, where “the functions are the uses that the swearing constructions are put to by the swearers, while the themes are the different taboo areas that these constructions draw on” (Ljung, 2011, p. 29). Ljung’s typology is presented in Table 2.3. Based on Table 2.3, the functions fall into two major subgroups, viz. the stand-alones and the slot fillers and a third smaller functional category which is replacive swearing. The stand-alones are swearing constructions that function as utterances of their own. Some of them are speech acts (illocutionary acts) such as the oaths and the curses, others have a less marked illocutionary character such as the expletive interjections expressing anger, surprise, pain and other feeling. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 25 Table 2.3. Ljung’s Typology Stand-alone functions Functions Slot fillers Themes Expletive interjections Oaths Curses Affirmation and contradiction Unfriendly suggestions Ritual insults Name-calling Adverbial/adjectival intensifier Adjectives of dislike Emphasis Modal adverbials Anaphoric use of epithets Noun supports Replacive swearing The religious/supernatural theme The scatological theme The sex organ theme The sexual activities theme The mother (family) name Minor themes (ancestors, animals, death, disease, prostitution, etc). The following are the descriptions of stand-alone functions as presented in Table 2.3. The first stand-alone function is expletive interjection. It primarily serves as outlets for the speaker’s reactions to different mishaps and disappointments (Ljung, 2011, p. 30). The examples for this function are Shit!, Fuck!, Oh my God!. The next stand-alone functions are oath and curse. According to Ljung, both are the two oldest forms of swearing (2011, p. 97). He states that oath originally functioned to swear by something or somebody to back up the claims made by the speaker by taking God or some venerable being as witness that the claim is true. Therefore, oaths are typically realized by “the preposition by followed by name of a higher being, as in By God, By Christ, or as constructions based on the frame For ... sake(s), as in For heaven’s sake (Ljung, 2011, p. 102). Ljung note that curse involves an intension “to invoke a supernatural power to PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 26 inflict harm or punishment on someone or something”. In the past, curses have religious reference as in May the devil take you! but today, curses more often occur in abbreviated forms and often based on other themes, as in Fuck you!, I’ll be damned! (ibid., 2011, p. 31-32). Both oath and curse have been proposed in McEnery’s typology (2006) presented in Table 2.2. In the preceding paragraphs, it can also be seen that Jay (1992) has already discussed curse as one of his categories of dirty words. The next stand-alone function is affirmation and contradiction. Ljung (2011, p. 32) notes certain swearing expression may express contradiction and affirmation of the preceding utterance. However, contradiction is far more common than affirmation like reply of utterance “The lock is broken.” may take forms in “Fuck/Bugger/The hell it is.” Another stand-alone function is unfriendly suggestion. Ljung (2011, p 32) argues that it is used to express aggression directed at somebody and are often used in dialogue to indicate the speaker’s reaction to what is said. The examples include Fuck off!, Go to hell!, Kiss my ass!. Ljung also notes that there is ritual insult. It is usually all-male affair and connected to the ‘mother theme’ so that the expressions used refer to alleged sexual exploits involving somebody’s mother or even sister. The examples are Your Mother and Your Mother’s. Besides using ‘mother theme’, Ljung also notes that there is name-calling function used to express the speaker’s opinion of the addressee or a third party (2011, p. 32-33). Thus, it is often realized by single PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 27 pejoratives and other epithets, not to confuse with Jay’s epithet though. The examples include (you) retard/cunt/bastard. The second function is the slot filler. As the name indicates, the slot fillers are examples of swearing that serve to make up longer strings. Ljung (2011, p. 30) explains that they range from traditional degree modification such as bloody cold, damned quickly to constructions that are more difficult to analyze as in absobloodylutely. The slot fillers are described in the following paragraphs. Adverbial/adjectival intensifier is a slot filler that expresses a high degree of a following adjective or adverb. The examples cover You are so bloody lucky and They drove damn fast. However, Ljung notes that it is frequently impossible to distinguish clearly between expletives used as intensifiers and the same expletives used as emphasizers. Another slot filer function is adjective of dislike. It is to indicate that the speaker dislikes the referent of the following noun. Sometimes this function is hard to distinguish from other meanings and is frequently inextricably linked to the function of emphasis. The examples are He’s a bloody fool, I hate that fucking man. Whereas emphasis is also tends to be realized by adjectives but it does not signify gradation or dislike. Instead, it serves to emphasize or attract attention to the associated item as in What the hell is that?, You don’t have to tell me every bloody time! Emphasis may also take the form of infixation in a word as in Absobloodylutely, Infuckingcredible. The next slot filler is modal adverbials but Ljung does not define this concretely. However, it can be deduced from his description and examples that PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 28 they are disjuncts expressing modality. The examples are No you bloody can’t copy, I bloody well drank my beer, They fucking bought one drink between them. Anaphoric use of epithets is another slot filler function that according to Ljung refers to swearwords used in the same way as personal pronouns. He illustrates it with example Tell the bastard to mind his own business! as an answer to the question What am I going to tell Steve? The last slot filler function is noun support in which epithets like bastard, motherfucker lose their negative charge and function as a neutral predicate, and an adjective provides meaning to the sentence. Ljung gives examples that John is boring and Philip is hard-working may also be rendered as John is a boring son of a bitch and Philip is a hard-working bastard. The third function is replacive swearing. Ljung implies that the term is applicable for utterances containing a swear word whose meaning can be interpreted in multiple non-literal ways. The example of such use is I’ve lost the bugger, where bugger can refer to “an object ot person that the speaker can no longer find” (Ljung, 2011, p. 167). 2. Theories of Translation In this part, the researcher discusses the theories of translation used in the research. The theories cover definition of translation, translation equivalence, meaning in translation, and translation strategies. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 29 a. Definition of Translation Meetham and Hudson (1973, p. 713), as cited by Bell (1997, p. 6), define translation as “the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.” Bell himself in his book ‘Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice’ (1997, p. 5) defines translation as the expression in target language of what has been expressed in source language, preserving semantics and stylistics equivalence. b. Translation Equivalence Equivalence is an important aspect in a translation. Newmark (1988, p. 48) states that in the communicative translation of vocative text, equivalent effect is essential as it is the criterion by which the effectiveness and therefore the value is to be assessed. Equivalence happens when there are equivalent items in specific source text-target text pairs and contexts (Koller, 1979, as cited in Munday, 2008, p. 47). When a message is transferred from the source language to target language, the translator is also dealing with two different cultures at the same time. Translation equivalence becomes a transfer of the message from the source culture to the target culture and a pragmatic/semantic or functionally oriented approach to translation. Thus, translation equivalence serves as the bridge between the source language and the target language. There are experts who distinguish translation equivalence. Popovic, as cited by Bassnett (1991, p. 25), distinguishes translation equivalence into four types which are linguistic equivalence, paradigmatic equivalence, stylistic (translational) equivalence, and textual (syntagmatic) equivalence. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 30 Linguistic equivalence is where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation. Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of ‘the elements of paradigmatic expressive axis’, i.e. elements of grammar. Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is ‘functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.’ Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape. While Nida and Taber (1964) distinguish two types of equivalences which are formal and dynamic. Formal equivalence ‘focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content’. It consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. However, there are not always formal equivalents between the two languages. Dynamic equivalence, on the other hand, is based on the principle of equivalence effect, where the relationship between the receiver and the message should be the same as that between the original receivers and the SL message. Here, the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same effect on the target culture readers as the original wording did upon the source text readers. Vinay and Darbelnet view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which ‘replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording’ (Kenny, 1998, p. 342). They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, equivalence is therefore PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 31 the ideal method when the translator has to deal with proverbs, idioms, clichés, nominal or adjectival phrases and the onomatopoeia of animal sounds. c. Meaning in Translation Nababan (1999, p. 47), quoting Nida (1975, p. 1), states that a word can have several different meaning. The meaning of a word is not only determined by its position in a sentence but also kind of discipline that uses the word. It is commonly found that situational and cultural contexts influence the meaning of a word. In the process of translating, the translator does not only focus on transferring the meaning of a word but also transferring the message. Nababan (2003, p. 48-51) lists five meanings in translation as the following: Acccording to Nababan (1999, p. 48), lexical meaning refers to the meaning of a word that is found in a dictionary apart from its context. For example, the word bad has these six meanings in the dictionary: jahat, buruk, jelek, susah, tidak enak, busuk. To know which meaning is equal to word bad in a translation, it is suggested to read the whole sentence. Grammatical meaning is the opposite of lexical meaning. Grammatical meaning is the relation between language elements in a bigger scope; like the relation of a word with other words in a phrase or a clause. The word can means kaleng or mengalengkan depends on its position in a sentence. In He kicks the can hard, the word can is a noun and acts as object of the sentence but the word can as found in They can the fish is a verb and it functions as predicate of the sentence. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 32 According to Kridalaksana (1984, p. 120), as cited by Nababan (1999, p. 49), contextual and situational meaning is “hubungan antara ujaran dan situasi di mana ujaran itu dipakai”. In other words, contextual meaning is the meaning of a word related to the situation in which the language is being used. Nababan gives example of the use of English utterance “Good morning!” said by an employer toward his employee that can be translated as “Keluar!” seeing the context that the employee always comes late to the office. Textual meaning is related to the content of a text or a discourse. The meaning of a word can be different according to kind of texts. Take the example of word morphology; in biology text, morphology is a branch of biology that studies form and structure of animal and plants while in linguistics text, it is a branch that studies forms of words. According to Nababan (1999, p. 50), socio-cultural meaning is closely related to socio-cultural aspect of the language user. In Batak Toba language for example, the word marhusip is related to marriage tradition. If it is translated literally into Bahasa Indonesia, the word means berbisik. However in Batak Toba language, marhusip has wider and deeper meaning than berbisik. Therefore, it is suggested that the translator keeps the word marhusip as it is in his translation and provides the readers annotation of the word. d. Translation Strategies Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003, p. 67) define translation strategies as the way to translate words, phrases, clauses or maybe the whole sentences if the translated parts cannot be separated into smaller unit to be translated. Newmark PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 33 called translation strategies as translation procedures; according to Newmark (1988, p. 81), translation procedures are used to translate sentence and smaller unit of language. It can be concluded that the translation strategy means designed plan to manage and overcome the difficulties and the problems in the activities of doing the translation in order to achieve a good result. The following strategies are translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992). 1) Translation Strategies by Vinay and Darbelnet According to Vinay and Darbelnet, as cited in Venuti (2000, p. 85), there are two methods of translating namely direct or literal translation and oblique translation. In some translations, direct translation can be applied as the SL message can be transposed element by element into the target language. However, in other cases, there are gaps or lacunae in the TL which must be filled by corresponding elements so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages. In these cases, it is suggested that the translators employing oblique translation methods. The first three strategies below are included in direct translation and the others are oblique translation. The first strategy is borrowing. Vinay and Darbelnet (1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 85) argue that borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods to overcome a gap especially about an unknown concept. It is done by directly using foreign terms without formal and semantic modification. Translator usually employs borrowing strategy to introduce the flavor of the SL culture into a PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 34 translation. The decision to borrow a SL word or expression for introducing an element of local color is a matter of style and consequently of the message. The second strategy is calque. Calque is a special kind of borrowing in which TL borrows an expression form of SL, but then translates literally each of its elements (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 85). This strategy may result in (1) lexical calque, which respects the syntactic structure of the TL whilst introducing a new mode of expression as seen in English compliments of the season that is translated into French compliments de la saison, or (2) structural calque, which introduces a new construction into TL like found in English science fiction that is translated into French science fiction. Literal translation is the third strategy proposed. It is known as word for word translation and is a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 86). Literal translation is commonly used when translating between two languages of the same family and even more when sharing the same culture. The fourth strategy is transposition. It is a strategy that involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 88). The next strategy or the fifth is modulation. Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view (Vinay and Darblenet, 1958, in Venuti, p. 89). This change can be justified when the translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. The sixth strategy is equivalence. According to Vinay and Darblenet (1958, in Venuti, PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 35 p. 90), equivalence involves substituting SL text with its functional equivalence in the TL. E.g. kukuruyuk with cock-a-doodle-do, two peas in a pod with bagai pinang dibelah dua. Adaptation or the seventh strategy is an effort of creating cultural equivalent between two different situations. It is employed when the situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture; therefore, translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, as cited di Venuti, 2000, p. 90-91). 2) Translation Strategies by Newmark Newmark (1988) proposed more strategies to translate foreign texts and he focuses on the sentence level and smaller units of language. Some of his strategies are similar to those proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, others are combined and developed from Vinay and Darbelnet’s. Newmark also adds new strategies for translating. Strategies proposed by Newmark are the following. Transference (emprunt, loan word, transcription) or the first strategy proposed is a translation strategy that transfers the SL word to the TL text. It also includes transliteration that relates to conversion of different alphabet, such as converted Greek, Arabic, Chinese, etc. into English. The word then becomes a ‘loan word’ (Newmark, 1988, p. 81-82). It is used to fill the semantic gap in the TL language (Munday, 2008, p. 6). Newmark (1988, p. 82) describes that in the novel, cultural words are often transferred to give local color, to attract the reader, to give sense of intimacy between the text and the reader. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 36 The next strategy, naturalization, has two processes. First, it adapts the SL word to the normal pronunciation, then it adapts the SL word to the normal morphology or the word-forms of the TL (Newmark, 1988, p. 82). Newmark also introduces the readers to equivalent strategies such as cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, and descriptive equivalent. Cultural equivalent allows the translator to translate the SL’s cultural words into the TL’s cultural words (Newmark, 1988, p. 82-83). The translation uses are limited, since they are not accurate. However, they have greater pragmatic effect than culturally neutral terms, e.g. the term café-pause (French) is translated into English phrase coffee break, the noun phrase Jaksa Agung (Bahasa Indonesia) is translated into English as Attorney General (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p. 72). Another strategy is functional equivalent which is a strategy that requires the use of a culture-free word when is applied to cultural words. Therefore, it neutralizes or generalizes the SL word and become the most accurate way of translating as it deculturalizes a cultural word (Newmark, 1988, p. 83). While descriptive equivalent gives description to find an equivalence of SL words to TL and sometimes combines it with function, e.g. samurai is described as ‘the Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to nineteenth century’ which function is ‘to provide officers and administrators’ (Newmark, 1988, p. 83-84). The next strategy is synonymy. It is used in the sense of a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This strategy is used for an SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 37 adverbs of quality. A synonym is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because the word is not important enough for componential analysis in the text (Newmark, 1988, p. 84). Componential analysis itself is a strategy proposed by Newmark in which the basic process is to compare an SL word with a TL which has a similar meaning but not an obvious equivalent by demonstrating their common and then differing sense components (Newmark, 1988, p. 114). Generally, the SL word has a more specific meaning compared to the TL word so that the translator has to add one or two TL sense components to the corresponding TL word in order to produce a closer approximation. Newmark’s translation strategies that are similar to Vinay and Darbelnet’s strategies cover calque, transposition, and modulation. However, in Newmark’s term calque is called through translation. Normally, it should be used only when the terms are already recognized. The most obvious examples of throughtranslations are the names of international organizations, which are known by their acronyms such as UNESCO and FAO (Newmark, 1988, p. 84). While transposition in Newmark’s view involves a change in grammar from SL to TL (1988, p. 85); compared to Vinay and Darbelnet’s transposition that replaces one word class with another. Newmark also includes modulation in his strategies in which it is based on Vinay and Darbelnet’s. Newmark also proposes strategies such as reduction, expansion, paraphrase and compensation. Reduction and expansion are used for SL text which is impossible to be literally translated into TL so that it is reduced or added. An example of reduction is the translation of SL adjective of substance plus PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 38 general noun, e.g. science linguistique is translated into linguistics; while in expansion, usually adjective, adverb plus past participle, or present participle plus object is added to translate SL text, e.g. belebend is translated into life-giving. While paraphrase according to Newmark (1988, p. 90) is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text and is used in an ‘anonymous’ text when it is poorly written or has important implications and omissions. Compensation is used when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence (Newmark, 1988, p. 90). When single strategy cannot help translator translating SL word, Newmark propose combination of two, three or even four strategies. He calls these strategies as couplets, triplets, and quadruplets (1988, p. 91). These strategies are common for translating cultural words. Besides, the translator can also put notes or supply additional information in his translation by using notes, additions, or glosses (Newmark, 1988, p. 91). Additional information that the translator may have to add to his version is normally cultural (accounting for difference between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic) or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words) and being dependent on the requirement of his readership. The additional information itself may take various forms such as within the text, at the bottom of page, at the end of chapter or at the end of the book (glossary). PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 39 3) Translation Strategies by Baker Baker discussed several strategies commonly used by professional translators when dealing with various types of non-equivalence. The strategies are described in the following. The first strategy is translation by a more general word (superordinate). According to Baker (1992, p. 26), this is one of the commonest strategies for dealing with many types of non-equivalence. This strategy uses the general word or superordinate word to translate the expression in the SL which is lack of specific sense in the TL expression. Baker illustrates this strategy by giving an example in which Arabic translator translates the word shampoo with lavar that means wash in English. In this case, wash is considered as a more general word. The next strategy is translation by a more neutral/less expressive word. What Baker means by this strategy is illustrated in the translation of the word mumble into Italian. In English, mumble suggests confusion or embarrassment but its nearest Italian equivalent, mugugnare, tends to suggest dissatisfaction rather than embarrassment or confusion. Therefore, the translator decides to translate mumble into suggerisce that means suggest. It is done possibly to avoid conveying the wrong expressive meaning (Baker, 1992, p. 28-29). Baker also proposes strategy that is similar to Vinay and Darbelnet’s adaptation and Newmark’s cultural equivalent which is translation by cultural substitution. According to Baker (1992, p. 31-32), cultural substitution replaces a culture-specific item or expression in the SL with item or expression in the TL that does not have exactly the same meaning but have more or less the same PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 40 impact to the target reader so that the reader can identify a concept of something familiar and appealing. Another strategy proposed is translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation. The strategy is used in dealing with culture specific items, modern concept, and buzz words (Baker, 1992, p. 34). When the word is repeated several times in the text, this strategy is very useful. Once explained, the loan word can be used on its own and the reader can understand it without being distracted by the explanations. Not only does Newmark introduce the concept of paraphrase in translation, but also Baker. Even she proposes two strategies using paraphrase which are translation by paraphrase using a related word and translation by paraphrase using unrelated word. This first paraphrase strategy tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the target language but in a different form, and when the frequency with which a certain form is used in the source text is significantly higher than would be natural in the target language (Baker, 1992, p. 37). While the latter can be applied if the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the target language. It is based on modifying a superordinate or simply on unpacking the meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in question is semantically complex (Baker, 1992, p. 38). Baker also proposes translation by omission strategy. This strategy can be applied if the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 41 explanations (Baker, 1992, p.40). Besides omitting particular item, Baker (1992, p. 42) also suggests that translation can be done by illustration. This strategy is a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the target language refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated. B. Theoretical Framework There are two research problems in this research, namely Krystal Weedon’s dirty words and translation strategies used to translate the dirty words. Based on the theoretical description, the researcher employs theories from Murphy (1972), Catford (1965), Yule (1996), Hatim and Mason (1990), Joos (1967), Nida (1975) and Newmark (1988) to know about the relation between language variation with speech of a character in a novel. To solve the first research problem about identification of dirty words, the researcher used theories from Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006) and Ljung (2011). To identify themes of dirty words, the researcher employs theories from Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006) and Ljung (2011). Jay mentions that there are several types of taboo from which dirty words are derived, Allan and Burridge mention several themes considered as taboo topics while Ljung presents several themes related to swearing. Table 2.4 presents themes from which dirty words may be derived. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 42 Table 2.4. Dirty Words Themes Proposed by Jay, Allan and Burridge, and Ljung Experts Jay Allan and Burridge Ljung Themes Sexual references, religious theme, scatological referents and disgusting objects, animal names, ethnic-racial-gender slurs, psychological, physical or social deviations, ancestral allusion, substandard vulgar terms, offensive slang Bodies and their effluvia; the organ and acts of sex; micturition and defecation; diseases, death and killing; naming, addressing, touching, and viewing persons and sacred beings, objects and places, food gathering, preparation, and consumption Religious/supernatural theme, scatological theme, sex organ theme, sexual activities theme, mother (family) name, minor themes (ancestors, animals, death, disease, prostitution, etc). Based on Table 2.4, it can be inferred that the experts agree that dirty words may be derived from religious theme; sexual references that cover sexual acts and sexual organs; bodies and their effluvia or scatological referents; micturition and defecation; animal names; and ancestral allusion. Jay (1992) also adds that ethnic-racial-gender slurs, psyschological or social deviations may be the source of dirty words as found in word Nigger, fag, wimp, and retard. However, the researcher does not include substandard vulgar and offensive slang (Jay, 1992) to the dirty word themes as they may be derived from other themes. Allan and Burridge’s taboo topics such as naming, addressing, touching, and viewing persons and sacred beings, objects and places; food gathering, preparation, and consumption also will not be included in the dirty words theme as they does not cause offence. Thus, the dirty word themes proposed by the researcher will cover: 1) religious theme, 2) sexual organ theme, 3) sexual activities theme, 4) bodily effluvia theme, 5) animal name theme, 6) ethnic-racialgender theme, 7) psychological, physical or social deviations theme, 8) ancestral allusion theme, 9) mother/family theme, 10) death, disease, killing theme PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 43 While to identify the functions of dirty words, the research combines typologies proposed by McEnery (2006) and Ljung (2011). McEnery provides typology based on grammatical, pragmatic and/semantic criteria and it covers dirty words that have literal and figurative meanings. While Ljung only focuses on typology of swearing so that mainly the functions of the dirty words related to swearing. Based on the researcher’s observation, there are several functions proposed by the two experts that are same and similar. The result of the researcher’s observation can be seen in Table 2.5. Table 2.5. Similarities between McEnery’s Typology and Ljung’s Typology McEnery (2006) General expletive Oath Curse Personal Insult Premodifying intensifying negative adjective Emphatic Adverb Emphatic Adjctive Adverbial booster Ljung (2011) Expletive interjection Oath Curse Ritual insult Name calling Anaphoric use of epithet Adjective of dislike Emphasis Adverbial/adjectival intensifier It can be seen from Table 2.5 that McEnery’s general expletive function is similar to Ljung’s expletive interjection in which both express the speaker’s reaction toward an incident as in uttering Fuck! when hitting himself with a hammer. Both McEnery and Ljung have same view about what belong to oath and curse and therefore they give the same names to the functions they serve. Related to verbal attacks on other people, McEnery calls them as personal insults but Ljung provides more detail functions that cover ritual insult which uses mother theme, name calling which uses pejorative and epithet such as bastard to express the speaker’s opinion of another person, and anaphoric use of epithet which uses PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 44 epithet in the same way as personal pronoun. McEnery’s premodifying intensifying negative adjective and Ljung’s adjective of dislike are similar in terms of indicating dislike or negativity toward something. Another similarity is that Ljung’s emphasis is similar to McEnery’s emphatic adverb/adjective in terms of emphasizing or attracting attention to the associated items, as in What the fuck? and He fucking did it. The last similarity that the reseacher finds is that McEnery’s adverbial booster is referring to same thing with Ljung’s adverbial/adjectival intensifier in which they express a high degree of a following adjective or adverb, as in bloody lucky and fucking marvellous. Therefore, based on those similarities, the researcher proposed a framework that merges and combines typologies by McEnery and Ljung. The proposed functions thus will be: 1) expletive interjection, 2) oath, 3) curse, 4) ritual insult, 5) name calling, 6) anaphoric use of epithets, 7) adjective of dislike, 8) emphasis, 9) empathic adverb/adjective, 10) adverbial/adjectival intensifier, 11) modal adverbials, 12) noun support, 13) affirmation and contradiction, 14) unfriendly suggestion, 15) destinational usage, 16) predicate negative, 17) figurative extension, 18) idiomatic/stereotyped phrase, 19) image based on literal meaning, 20) pronominal form with undefined referent, 21) literal usage, 22) reclaimed usage/no negative intent, 23) replacive swearing, 24) unclassifiable due to insufficient context. Whereas theories from Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992) are used to solve the second research problem about translation strategies used in translating dirty words. However, the researcher finds that there PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 45 are some translation strategies proposed being similar to each other. Therefore, the researcher decides to compile them as the following: 1) borrowing (Vinay and Darbelnet’s borrowing, Newmark’s transference), 2) calque (Vinay and Darbelnet’s calque, Newmark’s through translation), 3) literal translation, 4) transposition (Vinay and Darbelnet’s, Newmark’s), 5) modulation, 6) functional equivalent (Vinay and Darbelnet’s equivalent, Newmark’s functional equivalent), 7) cultural equivalent (Vinay and Darbelnet’s adaptation and Newmark’s cultural equivalent, Baker’s translation by cultural substitution), 8) naturalization, 9) descriptive equivalent, 10) synonymy, 11) compensation, 12) componential analysis, 13) reduction and 14) expansion, 15) translation by paraphrase using related word, 16) translation by paraphrase using unrelated word, 17) translation by a more general word, 18) translation by neutral/less expressive word, 19) translation using a loan word or 20) loan word plus explanation, 21) couplet, 22) notes, 23) addition, 24) translation by omission, and 25) translation by illustration. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter is divided into six parts. Those are research method, research setting, research subjects, research instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedures. A. Research Method This research was categorized as qualitative research. The qualitative research was implemented because this research did not involve any statistical formula. Gaal, Gaal, and Borg (2007) state that “qualitative research is a research which presents fact in narration with words.” According to Miles and Huberman (1994, p. 9), the data presented in a qualitative research are in the form of words. The words themselves are based on observations, interviews, or documents. In this research, the data were taken from documents which were The Casual Vacancy and its Indonesian version, Perebutan Kursi Kosong. Therefore, the researcher employed content analysis method. According to Ary, Jacobs and Razavieh (2002, p. 27), content analysis “focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its own context”. Fraenkel and Wallen (2008, p. 472) describe it as “a technique that enables researchers to study human behavior in an indirect way through an analysis of their communications”. Therefore, this research could be labeled as indirect research since the researcher studied the human behavior through the analysis of their language. 46 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 47 B. Research Setting The researcher conducted the research to collect the data from May 2015 to June 2015 through a library research. The research was conducted in Yogyakarta. C. Research Subjects In this research, the researcher used two novels as the research subjects. The first novel was The Casual Vacancy, an adult novel written by J.K. Rowling, who is known as the author of Harry Potter series. The Casual Vacancy itself was Rowling’s first publication since the Harry Potter series. It was published worldwide by the Little, Brown Book Group in September 2012. The second novel was Perebutan Kursi Kosong, the Indonesian version of The Casual Vacancy translated by three translators (Esti A. Budihabsari, Andityas Prabantoro, and Rini Nurul Badariah). It was published by Penerbit Qanita in November 2012. The original novel consists of 503 pages while its translation (Indonesian edition) consists of 593 pages. The Casual Vacancy is a novel with many characters. The characters who build the story are from The Fairbrothers, The Mollisons, The Prices, The Jawandas, and The Weedons. Besides, there are other characters that develop the conflicts, like Obbo, the drug dealer, and Maureen, Howard Mollison’s business partner. Since there were so many characters, the data would be abundant if the researcher analyzed all characters. Therefore, the researcher decided to analyze one character only which was Krystal Weedon. The research itself was going to analyze her speech in terms of dirty words and their translations in Bahasa PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 48 Indonesia. To be more specific, Krystal’s dirty words would be analyzed to find translation strategies employed by the translators to translate them. D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique There were two instruments used in this research. The first instrument was human instrument. According to Ary et al (2002), in qualitative research, “the human investigator is the primary instrument for the gathering and analyzing of data”. Merriam (2009, p. 15) also states that “a second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis”. Thus, it is clear that the researcher became the key person to observe and investigate the phenomenon, to decide the objectives of the research, to collect the data, to classify the data, and to analyze the data based on the relevant theories. The second instrument was document instrument. Document instrument covered the printed version of the two novels (The Casual Vacancy and Perebutan Kursi Kosong) and observation forms. The printed version of the two novels were used as the data source in this research. The data themselves were dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech and the translation of them. Thus, the researcher employed two observation forms in this research namely (1) identification of dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech and (2) translation strategies to translate dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. To complete the observation forms, the researcher also applied coding technique. According to Miles and Huberman (1994), coding is a process of giving tags or labels about the information of data during the study. The first PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 49 observation form was employed to identify dirty words in Krystal Weedon’s speech. Therefore in making the codes, the researcher applied theories proposed by Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006) and Ljung (2011). Blueprint of the first observation form was portrayed in Table 3.1. Whereas the second observation form was applied to find out translation strategies to translate dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. Therefore the researcher employed theories of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992). Blueprint of the second observation form was presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.1 Blueprint of Identification of Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech Case No Source Text Dirty Word Theme Function The researcher identified the themes of dirty words based on compilation of theories proposed by Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), and Ljung (2011). Thus, the dirty word themes proposed by the researcher will cover: 1) religious theme, 2) sexual organ theme, 3) sexual activities theme, 4) bodily effluvia theme, 5) animal name theme, 6) ethnic-racial-gender theme, 7) psychological, physical or social deviations theme, 8) ancestral allusion theme, 9) mother/family theme, 10) death, disease, killing theme. While to identify the functions of the dirty words, the researcher combined typologies proposed by McEnery (2006) and Ljung (2011). The proposed functions thus will be: 1) expletive interjection, 2) oath, 3) curse, 4) ritual insult, PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 50 5) name calling, 6) anaphoric use of epithets, 7) adjective of dislike, 8) emphasis, 9) empathic adverb/adjective, 10) adverbial/adjectival intensifier, 11) modal adverbials, 12) noun support, 13) affirmation and contradiction, 14) unfriendly suggestion, 15) destinational usage, 16) predicate negative, 17) figurative extension, 18) idiomatic/stereotyped phrase, 19) image based on literal meaning, 20) pronominal form with undefined referent, 21) literal usage, 22) reclaimed usage/no negative intent, 23) replacive swearing, 24) unclassifiable due to insufficient context. As said in the preceding paragraphs, the researcher employed theories from Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992) to solve the second research problem about translation strategies used in translating the dirty words. Table 3.2 presented the blueprint of translation strategies to translate the dirty words. Table 3.2 Blueprint of Translation Strategies to Translate Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech No Source Text Target Text Strategy The compiled translation strategies are the following: 1) borrowing (Vinay and Darbelnet’s borrowing, Newmark’s transference), 2) calque (Vinay and Darbelnet’s calque, Newmark’s through translation), 3) literal translation, 4) transposition (Vinay and Darbelnet’s, Newmark’s), 5) modulation, 6) functional equivalent (Vinay and Darbelnet’s equivalent, Newmark’s functional equivalent), 7) cultural equivalent (Vinay and Darbelnet’s adaptation and Newmark’s cultural PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 51 equivalent, Baker’s translation by cultural substitution), 8) naturalization, 9) descriptive equivalent, 10) synonymy, 11) compensation, 12) componential analysis, 13) reduction and 14) expansion, 15) translation by paraphrase using related word, 16) translation by paraphrase using unrelated word, 17) translation by a more general word, 18) translation by neutral/less expressive word, 19) translation using a loan word or 20) loan word plus explanation, 21) couplet, 22) notes, 23) addition, 24) translation by omission, and 25) translation by illustration. E. Data Analysis Technique This research was qualitative and it was a content analysis. Here, the researcher studied the phenomena through document. The phenomena to be studied were dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech and translation strategies used to translate the dirty words. In qualitative research, there are several steps employed to analyze the data. Creswell (2007, p. 148) states that there are three steps in qualitative research, namely preparing and organizing the data, reducing the data through a process of coding, and representing the data. For the first step, preparing and organizing the data, the researcher read the two novels and listed Krystal Weedon’s speech. The researcher identified dirty words based on theories proposed by Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006) and Ljung (2011). The second step was reducing the data through the process of coding. In this research, there were two processes of coding. The first coding process was PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 52 employed to answer the first research problem namely dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech, while the second coding process was applied to find out translation strategies used to translate the dirty words into Bahasa Indonesia. In the first coding process, the researcher categorized the data by finding out their themes and functions based on theories proposed by Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006) and Ljung (2011). To ensure that the data belong to dirty words and to find out the meaning of the dirty words, the researcher consulted to Collins COBUILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (3rd edition), Collins Concise Dictionary & Thesaurus (3rd edition), Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, and Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2nd edition). The researcher chose these dictionaries because they were accessible and published by reliable publishers. In the second coding process, the researcher categorized the data of dirty words and then analyzed what translation strategies used to translate them into Bahasa Indonesia based on translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992). In this process, the researcher consulted to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (3rd edition) and A Comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary, a bilingual Indonesian dictionary by Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings, to check the meanings of dirty words in Bahasa Indonesia. The third step is presenting the data in the form of tables. The first blueprint presented in Table 3.1. was employed to identify dirty words found in PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 53 Krystal Weedon’s speech and thus to solve the first research problem. The identification of dirty words will be done as portrayed in the Table 3.3. Table 3.3. Example of Identification of Dirty Words Case No 1 2 Source Text Dirty Word “I DI’N’ DO NOTHIN’, Prick YOU PRICK!” (p. 32) “S’pose your shit smells of Shit roses, does it?” (p. 501) Theme Function Sexual organ Name calling Bodily effluvia Literal Whereas second blueprint presented in Table 3.2 was employed to find out translation strategies used to translate dirty words into Bahasa Indonesia and thus to solve the second research problem. The identification of translation strategies will be done as portrayed in the Table 3.4 Table 3.4. Example of Translation Strategies to Translate Dirty Words No 1 2 Source Text Target Text Strategy “AKU NGGAK NGAPA“I DI’N’ DO NOTHIN’, Cultural NGAPAIN, KAMPRET!” YOU PRICK!” (p. 32) Equivalent (p. 42) “S’pose your shit smells of “Tai kalian juga wangi kayak Literal translation roses, does it?” (p. 501) mawar, ya?” (p. 590) F. Research Procedure There are several steps carried out in conducting the research. The steps were described as the following. 1. Deciding The Topic to Discuss First, the researcher decided the topic that was going to be discussed. The decided topic was “English dirty words and their translation in Bahasa Indonesia.” The topic focused on dirty words found in The Casual Vacancy’s character, Krystal Weedon, and their translation in Perebutan Kursi Kosong. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 54 2. Formulating Research Problems After deciding the topic, the researcher formulated research problems. There are two research problems proposed namely “What are the dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech?” and “What are translation strategies employed by the translators to translate the dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech?” 3. Conducting Library Study After formulating research problems, the researcher conducted a library study to support the topic with theories from experts. Theories from Murphy (1972), Catford (1965), Yule (1996), Hatim and Mason (1990), Joos (1967), Nida (1975) are employed by the researcher to equip herself with the relation between language variation with speech of a character in a novel. Then, the researcher applied theories from Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006) and Ljung (2011) related to themes and functions of dirty words. The researcher also equipped herself with theories of translation strategies from Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992). 4. Collecting Data and Classifying Data In this process, the researcher collected the data using Table 3.1. The researcher identified the themes and functions of dirty words. Next, the researcher analyzed the translation strategies using Table 3.2. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 55 5. Reporting and Concluding the Result The last step of this research was making a report and drawing conclusions. The researcher wrote a report and explained the dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech and translation strategies to translate the dirty words into Bahasa Indonesia. Then, the researcher drew conclusions according to the findings. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this chapter, the researcher discusses the research findings. The content of this chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is the discussion of the dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. The second part is the discussion of translation strategies used to translate the dirty words based on translation theories compiled from Vinay and Darbelnet’s, Newmark’s, and Baker’s. A. The Discussion of Dirty Words The researcher found that there are seventy-six (76) dirty words occurrences in Krystal Weedon’s speech. The dirty words and their themes are presented in Table 4.1. Table 4.1. Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Dirty Words Bastard Bitch Bollocks Cow Fuck Fuck off Fucked Fucker Fuckin(g) Lezzer Muff muncher Paki Piss Prick Screw Shit(e) Tosser Twat Theme Ancestral allusion Animal name Sexual organ Animal name Sexual activity Sexual activity Sexual activity Sexual activity Sexual activity Social deviation Social deviation Ethnic-racial Bodily effluvia Sexual organ Sexual activity Bodily effluvia Social deviation Sexual organ Total 56 Occurrences 1 4 1 1 9 5 1 1 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 76 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 57 Based on Table 4.1, it can be seen that dirty words uttered by Krystal Weedon are derived from several themes. The themes are ranging from ancestral allusion, animal names, sexual organs, sexual activities, social deviation, ethnicracial, and bodily effluvia. The occurrences of dirty words with sexual activities theme are the biggest with fifty-seven (57) occurrences, followed by animal names and bodily effluvia theme which share the same number with five occurrences, then followed by social deviation theme which occurs four times. Dirty words with sexual organ theme only occur three times in Krystal Weedon’s speech. While dirty words with ancestral allusion and ethnic-racial theme occurs once for each. Dirty words with sexual activities theme mainly consist of word fuck and its derivations such as fuck off, fucked, fucker, and fucking. They occur fifty-six (56) times with word fucking contributes the biggest occurrence with its fortytime occurrence, followed by word fuck with nine occurrences and then fuck off with five occurrences. Whereas word fucked and fucker each occurs once in Krystal Weedon’s speech. The only dirty word with sexual activity theme that comes from different root is word screw, which only occurs once. Even though dirty words with animal names theme occur five times, they only consist of two words, cow and bitch. Cow is uttered once while bitch is uttered four times. The same case also happens to dirty words with bodily effluvia theme. The words occur five times but they consist of word piss and shit(e). The word piss only occurs once, the word shit occurs three times, and the word shite (another spelling for word shit) occur once. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 58 Dirty words with social deviation theme occur four times with both word lezzer and muff muncher occur once and word tosser occurs twice. While dirty words with sexual organs theme consist of word bollocks, prick and twat that each occurs once. Word bastard that has ancestral allusion theme and word Paki that has ethnic-racial theme both occurs once in Krystal Weedon’s speech. Dirty words with various themes as described in the preceding paragraphs serve different functions when they are uttered. Therefore, the researcher discusses each function of the dirty words in Krystal Weedon’s speech based on their contexts in the following discussion. 1. “I DI’N’ DO NOTHIN’, YOU PRICK!” (p. 32) There is only one dirty word in this utterance which is prick. The word prick has sexual organ theme as it refers to male genitalia. In the context, Krystal addresses the term prick to Collin Walls, the deputy headmaster. What makes Krystal saying so is that Collin accuses her for being laugh at the news of Barry Fairbrother’s death and then asks her to see him in his office right after assembly. Therefore, Krystal reacts by sticking up her middle finger at Collin and swearing. Based on the analysis of the context in which the word prick is uttered, thus it can be said that in this context, the word prick has figurative meaning since it does not refer to male genitalia but man. It is in line with Coleman’s explanation (2012, p. 43) stating that once prick means “a penis” (c.1555—) but then it acquires the sense “a stupid or contemptible person” (1882—). By addressing Colin as a prick, Krystal indicates that she does not like him in a pejorative way since this name-calling according to Jay (1992, p. 180) is “a PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 59 metonymy wherein the person is represented metaphorically as a body part— being not having brain and heart but only genital.” Therefore, after hearing Krystal’s utterance, Rowling describes that there are eruption of excited chatter and laughter from the other students in the hall and ineffectual attempt to quell the noise done by the teachers. Surely, this is a personal insult toward Colin Wall. 2. “Your ’usband said sumthin’ abou’ Mister Fairbrother, right, an’ I couldn’t hear what he was saying, right, so Nikki tole me, and I couldn’t fucking—” (p. 42) From this long utterance said by Krystal to Tessa Wall, head of guidance and Collin’s wife, there is only one dirty word which is fucking. Fucking is a word that has sexual act theme but in this context its meaning is not denotative as it does not refer to copulation. Since Krystal’s utterance has not been finished yet, its function is unclassifiable. However, in a way it can be inferred that she uses the word fucking to emphasize what she is going to say. 3. “—couldn’t believe it, right, an’ I shouted but never laughed! I never fuck—” (p. 42) This utterance is said in the same circumstance as (2). It contains one dirty word which is fuck that has sexual act theme. To know whether the word has literal or figurative meaning, it is important to take a look at the whole context. Based on the previous utterance, it is known that Krystal talks to Tessa about the incident with Collin. She clarifies Collin’s accusation to her by saying that she does shouting but not laughing. The utterance itself has not finished yet so that it makes the function of word fuck being unclassifiable due to insufficient context. However, if it is analyzed further, it is possible that the word fuck will be uttered as fucking that is used to emphasize Krystal’s statement of being shouting but not PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 60 laughing. The word fuck here does not have literal usage function that means copulation as it is not related to Krystal’s statement. The function as an expletive is also not appropriate to be attached since expletive is a stand-alone function to express feeling (Ljung, 2011, p. 30). 4. “I tole your fuckin’ ‘usband—” (p. 42) Krystal utters the speech to Tessa Wall telling her that she has told Collin about her being shouting but not laughing at the news of Barry Fairbrother’s death. Collin, who is Tessa’s husband, is referred as fucking husband by Krystal. Based on the analysis, Krystal uses the word fucking not to emphasize her statement but to indicate her dislike toward Collin, who has accused her. Thus, the word fucking serves its function as adjective of dislike. 5. “I told ’im I never laughed, I told ’im! An’ he’s still gave me fucking detention!” (p. 43) This utterance follows the utterance in (4). By saying this utterance, Krystal asserts Tessa that she has told Collin that she does not laugh at the news but he still gives her detention. Due to this fact, Krystal feels irritated so that she adds the word fucking to noun detention. Based on the analysis, the word fucking in fucking detention does not emphasize the noun but more to serve its function as adjective of dislike, indicating that Krystal hates the punishment. 6. “He won’t change his fuck—” (p. 43) This is another not-finished statement that uses dirty word fuck so that its function belongs to unclassifiable function. In (3), the researcher has already discussed the possibilities of the functions the word fuck possesses. The discussion can also be applied in this case. Based on the analysis, the word fuck in PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 61 the context does not serve its function as literal usage meaning an act of having sex or a sexual partner since in the context Krystal is talking about Colin’s decision to give her detention. Thus, the literal usage function is irrelevant. The function as an expletive is also not suitable since expletive is standing alone. However, it is possible that the word fuck will be uttered as fucking, as in case (3). 7. “Our crew’ll be fucked now,” (p. 44) Krystal utters the speech after Tessa Wall explains the cause of Barry Fairbrother’s death. Barry is the coach and motivator of rowing team, a team in which Krystal joins in. Therefore, the death of Barry will affect the team so much. To emphasize how terrible the rowing team will be after Barry’s death, Krystal uses the taboo word fucked. The word fucked here does not mean having sex as literal usage function is not suitable to the context. The word fucked here has figurative meaning that indicates the rowing team will be in a hopelessly bad situation after Barry’s death. This is in line with definition of word fucked provided by Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture (Summers, 1992, p. 707) stating that fucked means “completely broken or in a bad condition, in a very bad situation which will not improve.” Thus, in this case, the word fucked serves its function as figurative extension. 8. “You stupid fuckin’ junkie bitch, they’ll kick yer ou’ the fuckin’ clinic again!” (p. 103) The utterance is uttered when Krystal finds her mother sitting in the front room unconsciously after using drug. There are three dirty word occurrences found in the utterance in case number (8). Those are word fucking that occurs twice and word bitch that occurs once. The researcher therefore will refer them as PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 62 8a, 8b, and 8c. The first word fucking or 8a and word bitch or 8b build the name calling expression You stupid fucking junkie bitch. The word fucking in 8a thus serves its function as adjective of dislike since it is indicating Krystal’s dislike to whom she address as bitch. The word bitch in 8b itself is addressed to Terri Weedon, Krystal’s mother. Bitch is a dirty word that has animal name theme since literally, bitch is a female dog. However, nowadays it is a derogatory word picturing women as animal (Eble, 1996, p. 50) and then acquires the sense of an unkind or unpleasant woman. Thus, the word bitch serves its function as McEnery’s insult or Ljung’s name calling as it expresses Krystal’s opinion about her mother. It can be implied from this name calling that Krystal does not respect her mother as she addresses her mother like that. The word fucking in 8c is attached to the noun clinic. The intended clinic is Bellchapel Clinic, a place in which Terri has methadone program. The word fucking serves its function as emphatic adjective since it does not indicate Krystal’s dislike to the clinic but indicate an assertion so that Terri pays attention to it. 9. “You fuckin’ look after fer a fuckin’ change then, you useless fuckin’ smackhead cow!” (p. 103) Krystal utters the speech to Terri. There are four occurrences of dirty words in the utterance above, consisting of word fucking and cow, therefore the researcher will refer them as 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d to ease the analysis. The word fucking occurs three times as in fucking look or 9a, fucking change or 9b, and PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 63 fucking smackhead cow or 9c. Whereas the word cow that occurs once will be referred as 9d. In case 9a, the word fucking serves its function as modal adverbial while in case 9b, the word fucking functions as emphatic adjective as it emphasizes the noun change. By uttering this speech, Krystal suggests that Terri should look after Robbie, Krystal’s little brother because usually Krystal is the one who takes care of Robbie. Word fucking in case 9c and word cow in case 9d build name calling you useless fuckin’ smackhead cow referring to Terri Weedon. In case 9c, the word fucking serves its function as an adjective of dislike that indicates Krystal’s feeling toward her mother. While the word cow serves its meaning as a name calling or insult. Thus, the meaning of the word cow in this context is not denotative as large female farm animal kept to produce meat and milk. Instead, the meaning is figurative as another derogatory word for women, picturing them as objects or as animals as noted by Eble (1996, p. 50). Krystal uses the name calling useless fuckin’ smackhead cow to denote Terri being a bad mother who cannot take care of her children but only consumes heroin. 10. “You fuckin’,” (p. 109) This is another incomplete utterance. However, it can be seen clearly that the utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. Still, the function is unclassificable due to insufficient context in the utterance. 11. “You fuckin’ stupid,” (p. 109) This utterance follows the utterance in case (10). Krystal says this utterance when Terri Weedon denies the fact that she uses drugs when Kay PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 64 Bawden, the social worker, visits her in the other days. Krystal, who feels burdened with the fact of Terri keeps using drugs, is angry and shouts the utterance in case (10) but nobody hears her. Therefore, she utters more complete utterance in case 11 by adding word stupid. This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. Based on the analysis, the word fucking in this context serves its function as adverbial intensifier as it boosts the adjective stupid. 12. “They’ll kick you out the fuckin’ clinic again, you stupid fuckin’ bitch!” (p. 110) This utterance is related to case (10) and (11). It is uttered when Terri denies the fact that she uses heroin when the social worker comes to their house in the previous days. There are three dirty words occurrences in this utterance. They consist of word fucking as found in 12a and 12b, and word bitch as found in 12c. The word fucking in 12a serves its function as emphatic adjective while in 12b serves its function as adjective of dislike. The word bitch in 12c serves its function as name calling, revealing Krystal’s opinion toward her mother. It is noted that Krystal uses the term bitch once again to address her mother. 13. “You fuckin’ calm down,” (p. 110) It is described in the novel that Krystal and Terri have a row because of Terri’s addiction to drug. Kay, the social worker, tries to prevent Krystal hitting her mother as she raises her fist. Then Kay asks them to calm down. Krystal says the utterance in (13) as a response to Kay’s utterance. Based on the analysis, it is found that the utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. It functions as modal adverbial and thus expresses modality. By using word fucking, Krystal PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 65 emphasizes her utterance stating that Kay is the one who has to calm down in the situation. 14. “So ’e missed fuckin’ nursery,” (p. 110) Krystal says the utterance in (14) in response to Kay’s utterance that she wants to talk about Robbie with Terri and Krystal. Krystal guesses that perhaps Kay wants to talk about Robbie who misses his nursery. However, she adds word fucking before word nursery to emphasize it. Thus, the word fucking acts as emphatic adjective to the word nursery. 15. “Tha’s norra fuckin’ crime.” (p. 110) This utterance is related to the previous utterance in (14). It is about Krystal who guesses that Robbie misses his nursery and then says that not coming to the nursery is not a crime. To emphasize it, she adds the word fucking to the word crime. Thus, the word fucking acts as emphatic adjective to the word crime. 16. “I took ‘im outta the fuckin’ nappy, ’e’s pants now, I toldja!” (p. 110) Through this utterance, Krystal explains to Kay about Robbie’s condition that has already worn pants. Previously in the novel, Kay tells Krystal that when she meets Robbie in the other days, she sees him being uncomfortable, having sore and wearing nappy though he is too old for that. As a response, Krystal says the utterance in (16). She refers the nappy as fucking nappy to emphasize her utterance, stating that she has already taken Robbie out of the nappy. 17. “Don’ fuckin’ take him away, then!” (p. 110) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. It functions as emphatic adverb. By using word fucking as an emphasis, Krystal warns Kay not to take away Robbie from her. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 66 18. “Another fuckin’ case review, is it? Why’djer need one, though? Why’djer need one? He’s all righ’, I’m lookin’ after—fuckin’ shurrup!” (p. 111) This utterance contains word fucking that is used twice. The word fucking in 18a serves its function as emphatic adjective, to emphasize the word case review. While the word fucking in 18b serves its function as emphatic adverb. Both words are uttered toward different person. In case number 18a, it is uttered when Krystal is asking Kay about the case review while in case number 18b, the word fucking that emphasizes the verb shut up is addressed to Terri who wants to join the conversation. 19. “Why ain’ I? I’m his fuckin’ sister, ain’ I?” (p. 112) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. It functions as emphatic adjective. By using word fucking, Krystal emphasizes her utterance related to her relationship with Robbie. 20. “Yeah, because Obbo turned up, an’ she never fuckin’ says no to ’im!” (p. 112) It is uttered when Krystal talks about Obbo to Kay, the social worker. Based on the analysis, it is found that this utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking that functions as modal adverbial. This function refers to Terri who cannot say no to Obbo and his heroin. 21. “Fuckin’ tosser,” (p. 112) This utterance is related to case number 20. Previously, Kay asks Terri the reason why she uses heroin in that week when she has already in a big dose of methadone. Krystal, who is listening to the conversation, answers by saying the utterance in (20). Kay does not have any idea who Obbo is and then she asks Krystal who he is. As a response, Krystal says the utterance in (21). PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 67 Based on the analysis, both words in the utterance are dirty words. The word fucking or case number 21a functions as adjective of dislike, indicating Krystal’s opinion to Obbo, who is referred as tosser. The word tosser found in case 21b is an offensive slang for someone who is unpleasant. Thus, it has social deviation theme. 22. “Why didn’ yeh jus’ tell ’im fuckin’ no?” (p. 112) Krystal says the utterance to Terri, asks her to say no to Obbo when he offers her heroin. She emphasizes the word no using dirty word fucking. Thus, the dirty word functions as emphatic adjective. 23. And then Krystal, bringing up the rear of the group with Sukhvinder, had called her a silly Paki bitch. (p. 148) Krystal utters the name calling Paki bitch to address Sukhvinder Jawanda, whose parents come from Indian root. In the novel page 148, it is described that Sukhvinder remembers the time Krystal calls her a silly Paki bitch when they are messing around with Barry Fairbrother. Rowling depicts Krystal saying “Paki” as she is saying “dozy” or “dim”. Barry Fairbrother, who hears what Krystal saying, is angry at her and asks her not to use the word again. Krystal says that she is only joking and Sukhvinder knows her intention. However, in the end she apologizes to Sukhvinder quietly so that others cannot hear it. The word Paki in case number 23a is a name calling that has ethnic-racial theme. It is in line with Dalzell and Victor (2014, p. 576), who note that Paki is an ethnic-racial name calling to address Pakistani; any Asian or Afro-Asian immigrant; loosely, any native of the Indian subcontinent; Pakistan. According to Jay (1992), dirty word that deals with race and ethnicity belongs to slur. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 68 Krystal also addresses the word bitch to Sukhvinder. Instead of calling her with term girl, Krystal uses term bitch. In this context, the word bitch has figurative meaning and serves its function as name calling based on animal imagery. Even though, nowadays the term bitch does not merely have negative sense as it can be a term of endearment between girls, people who are not accustomed to this may feel irritated, just like Barry Fairbrother. 24. “Fuck off, you cheeky bastard!” (p. 244) Krystal utters word fuck off in case number 24a and word bastard in case number 24b addressing Fats Wall. It happens when they are with Krystal’s gang and then Nikki, one of her friends, asks Fats whether his mother knows that he is going out. Fats replies it by saying “She’s waiting outside in the car; she says I can have a quick shag before we go home for tea.” Fats’ answer makes all of them burst out laughing except Krystal, who squeals the speech shown in (24). It seems that Krystal feels annoyed when Fats teases her with his reply so that she asks him to fuck off and calls him bastard. Fuck off actually serves as unfriendly suggestion to go away, whereas bastard is a name calling for unpleasant person. However, Rowling describes that Krystal looks gratified hearing Fats’ answer. Thus, it can be inferred that Krystal is not seriously asking Fats to go away. 25. “Soft as shite an’ twice as runny,” (p. 245) Shite is a variant of word shit. In case number 25, Krystal utters the word shite to Ashley Mellor after Krystal slaps her. In this context, the word shite serves as literal usage used to compare Ashlee to shit, being bad and no quality. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 69 26. “Tha’ fuckin’ tosser.” (p. 248) There are two dirty words in the utterance. Those are fucking and tosser. Tosser is uttered when Krystal is talking to Fats Wall. Krystal admits that she smokes spliffs with Dane Tully. Then Fats asks Krystal from whom she gets the spliffs. Krystal tells him that it is Dane’s and she does not know anything about the spliffs. Fats suggests that Dane may get the spliffs from Obbo and Krystal responses it by saying “Tha’ fuckin’ tosser.” Fats, who is confused, asks Krystal what is wrong with Obbo “but Krystal had no words for what was wrong with Obbo, and even if she had, she would not have wanted to talk about him (The Casual Vacancy, p. 248).” In this context, the word fucking serves its function as adjective of dislike while tosser serves its function as anaphoric use of epithet. 27. “’E’s a fucker,” (p. 249) From this utterance, the researcher found one dirty word which is fucker. Krystal uses the term to address Obbo when Fats Wall asks her why she dislikes him. Based on Rowling’s narration of Obbo’s relation with Krystal’s family and dialogs between them, the readers know that Obbo is such an obnoxious person. Fucker itself is a derivation from the word fuck. It is an offensive slang for a contemptible or stupid person. It is often used as a general term of abuse. McEnery (2006, p. 35) finds that fucker is a word directed solely at males and in a scale of offence, fucker is strong. Therefore, the offensive word fucker can describe how annoying he is for Krystal. 28. “’Ow the fuck do I know? I weren’t there,” (p. 249) This utterance said when Krystal and Fats are talking about Pikey Pritchard who hits a man with a glass in the Cross Keys. Fats asks Krystal the reason why PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 70 Pikey does it. Krystal, who is not witnessing the incident by herself, answer that she does not know. She emphasizes it using the word fuck. Thus, in this case, the word fuck serves as an emphasis. 29. “Yeah, it were shit, weren’t it?” (p. 249) Krystal talks about television programs she watches at her friends’ houses and Nana Cath’s house and calls them shit. The word shit in this context does not have literal meaning referring to excrement but the quality of the programs according to Krystal. 30. “I know, I nearly pissed meself,” (p. 249) Krystal also utters the word piss when she is talking to other friends about the program she watches on television. Piss means to pass urinate or to urinate over self and the clothes worn. Krystal means that she wants to urinate over herself to show that the television program probably is funny. Thus, in this context the word piss have literal meaning. 31. “Cooper’s a twat, innee?” (p. 250) Krystal utters the word when she is talking to Fats Wall. She uses the word twat referring to Kevin Cooper, their annoying classmate. In the novel, Rowling describes how annoying Cooper is in page 121-123 by continuously teasing Andrew Price and Fats Wall. Based on studies done by the researcher, originally, twat means female genital, thus it has sexual organ theme. However, it acquires the sense of a stupid or unpleasant person nowadays. Coleman (2012, p. 20) notes that twat is used as an insult slang since 1922. According to McEnery (2006, p. 30), in a scale of offence twat is categorized as moderate, in the same level with PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 71 prick. Therefore, in this case the word twat serves its function as name calling although the referent is not around. 32. “Fuck,” (p. 254) Fuck is uttered when Krystal Weedon is with Fats Wall. After smoking joints and making love in the cemetery, they plan to leave when suddenly Krystal stops and utters the F-word. She stares down at a mound in front of them, feels surprised as soon she realizes that it is the mound in which Barry Fairbrother is buried. Based on this situation, it is clear that the word fuck serves its function as expletive. 33. “Your fucking mum killed my Nan!” (p. 304) The utterance is shouted by Krystal Weedon to Sukhvinder Jawanda, her rowing friend. Sukhvinder’s mother, Parminder Jawanda, is a doctor in a hospital where Nana Cath or Krystal’s great grandmother becomes her patient. Eventually, Nana Cath dies and Krystal cannot accept it and then blames Sukhvinder’s mother. This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking that functions as adjective of dislike, denoting Krystal’s feeling that hates Sukhvinder’s mom after the incident. 34. “Your fucking mum killed my Nan! She’s gonna get fucking done and so are you!” (p. 304) This utterance follows utterance in (33). Krystal repeats the utterance indicating her dislike toward Sukhvinder’s mother in case number 34a by addressing her as fucking mum. While in case number 34, Krystal uses the word fucking done to curse Sukhvinder’s mother and Sukhvinder herself to die, as Parminder (in Krystal’s opinion) is the cause for her loss of grandmother. The PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 72 function of the word can be grouped as a curse as it is in line with Jay’s statement that says “the intent of cursing is to invoke harm on another person through the use of certain word or phrase which are imbued with power granted through religious or social demarcation (1992, p. 2).” 35. “Don’ go fuckin’ usin’,” (p. 321) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. It functions as emphatic adverb. By using word fucking, Krystal emphasizes her utterance to ask Terri not to use heroin anymore. 36. “He ain’ your fuckin’ boy,” (p. 324) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. The word serves its function as emphatic adjective. By using word fucking, Krystal emphasizes her utterance to Obbo, stating that Robbie is not his son. 37. “Fuck off. She don’ wan’ nuthin’. Tell ’im,” (p. 324) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fuck off. This is uttered when Obbo tries to offer Terri bags of heroin. Theoretically, fuck off is a phrasal verb that has function to expel someone. Thus, its function is dealing with destinational usage. According to McEnery (2006, p. 27), in a Destinational Usage while the intention to some degree is to insult, there is also an imperative involved, typically with a demand being made that the target go away. 38. “No, ’e fuckin’ ain’t. Tell ’im. She don’ wan’ nuthin’,” (p. 324) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. It functions as emphatic adverb. By using the word fucking, Krystal emphasizes her utterance to Obbo and Terri. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 73 39. “Fuck off,” (p. 324) Krystal shouts the words to Obbo who comes to her house to look for Terri. Krystal who does not want her mother to be involved in any business with Obbo again then asks him to go away. However, Terri keeps saying that Obbo only comes around to see them. Krystal, who is furious with Obbo, informs him that Terri has been off from drugs for several weeks but Obbo tells them that it will not be that long as Bellchapel clinic will be closed. Krystal feels outraged and asks him to fuck off. Thus in this context, the dirty word serves its function as unfriendly suggestion to go away. 40. “It’s bollocks,” (p. 324) Krystal utters it when she hears Obbo telling that Bellchapel Clinic, in which her mother has methadone program, will be closed down due to cut. In page 82, Rowling has brought the issue to the readers through Una, Kay Bawden’s colleague. She says that the clinic will be closed down as Council and Pagford Parish plan to tart it up and try and to rent to a better-paying client. However, Krystal does not know this information before and only hears it from Obbo, who often manipulates her mother. Therefore, she does not believe it and says that it is bollocks. Based on the studies done by the researcher, it is known that bollocks is a slang that means nonsense. Therefore, bollocks in this context serves its function as figurative extension and is not related to its literal meaning, testicles. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 74 41. “Fuck off,” (p. 325) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fuck off. The dirty words is uttered to Obbo when he tries to seduce Krystal. Therefore, by saying this, Krystal asks him to go away. 42. “Fuck off.” (p. 325) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fuck off. It happens in the same circumstance with (41). 43. “Fuck—” (p. 325) This utterance is said in the same circumstance as in (41) and (42). It contains one dirty word which is fuck. However the function of this word is unclassifiable due to insufficient context. It is possible that Krystal utters it as an expletive fuck or unfriendly suggestion fuck off as found in (41) and (42). 44. “No—fuck—no!” (p. 325) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fuck. It serves as an expletive. Krystal utters this to express her anger when Obbo tries to rape her in the kitchen. 45. “He jus’—he jus’ fucked me.” (p. 326) Krystal utters the speech to Terri Weedon. She tells her mother that she has been raped by Obbo in the kitchen. However, Terri does not believe what Krystal has said. The function of the dirty word fuck thus is literal usage. 46. “It fuckin’ ain’t!” (p. 379) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. By using word fucking, Krystal emphasizes her utterance. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 75 47. “If you start fuckin’ usin’ again,” “They’ll take Robbie away.” (p. 407) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. It serves as emphatic adverb. By using word fucking, Krystal emphasizes her utterance warning Terri not to use heroin again or Robbie will be taken away from them. 48. “You’re fuckin’ doin’ it to him!” (p. 407) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. The word serves its function as emphatic adverb. By using word fucking, Krystal emphasizes that Terri makes Robbie crying. 49. “An’ anyway, that doctor didn’ do nuthin’ to Nana Cath, that’s all jus’ Cheryl an’ them talking shit!” (p. 407) In this utterance, Krystal explains to Terri that the doctors, including Parminder Jawanda, do not kill Nana Cath like Terri has thought. Krystal thinks that Terri is brainwashed by Cheryl and other relatives that she considers ‘talking shit’. Thus the word shit means figurative. 50. “I fuckin’ will!” (p. 407) This utterance is said when Krystal and Terri have a quarrel on several things, to mention Terri’s habit of using heroin and the cause of Nana Cath’s death. Terri, who is furious, yells and asks Krystal to get out of the house. Krystal responses it by saying “I fucking will” emphasizing that she has willingness to go out of her house. Thus, the dirty word serves its function as modal adverbial. 51. “An’ I’ll take Robbie an’ all, an’ you can stay here an’ fuckin’ screw Obbo an’ make another one!” (p. 407) Krystal utters the word screw when she has a quarrel withTerri, her mother. She yells that she will leave the house and bring Robbie so that Terri can stay at home and screw Obbo to make another baby. Thus, it can be inferred that PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 76 the word screw here means having sex as noted by Eble (1996, p. 58), who states that screw is a verb designating sexual intercourse. 52. “Silly bitch,” (p. 438) It is uttered when Krystal tries to wake Terri up, but Terri just snores. Based on the analysis, Krystal utters the word bitch to her mother to show her annoyance toward Terri by addressing her in offensive way. 53. “An’ wha’ the fuck’s that?” (p. 438) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fuck that means figurative. By using word fuck, Krystal emphasizes her utterance to ask Terri about the black holdalls. 54. “Yeh’ve fuckin’—” (p.439) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking but the function is unclassifiable due to insufficient context. 55. “Fuckin’ shurrup, Robbie! Shurrup!” (p. 443) This utterance is said when Robbie starts to cry, therefore Krystal asks him to be quiet. She emphasizes the order using the word fucking. 56. “Fuckin’—go an’ wai’ by the bench, an’ I’ll gerra drink in a minute! Go ’way, Robbie!” (p. 459) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking but the function is unclassifiable due to insufficient context. 57. “I ain’ fuck—” (p. 500) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fuck, but the function is unclassifiable. Krystal utters dirty word fuck when she is with Barry Fairbrother and her rowing team in regional final. Krystal actually wants to say that she is not scared to compete with the girls of St. Anne’s. She means fucking but then PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 77 realizes that Barry Fairbrother does not like her saying such offensive word. Therefore, she stops her sentence. 58. “Course ’e’s not, does ’e look like a fuckin’ buildin’?” (p. 501) Krystal utters dirty word fucking when she is with Barry Fairbrother and her rowing team in regional final. She emphasizes her saying using the word fucking comparing Barry Fairbrother to a building. 59. “S’pose your shit smells of roses, does it?” (p. 501) Krystal utters this to the girls of St. Anne’s in the rowing competition. When saying this, actually Krystal is mocking those girls for having almost perfect appearances. Therefore, she makes a joke about the excrement that perhaps smells of roses. Thus, in this context the dirty word shit that has literal usage. 60. “I’ll let yer ’ave another look later, if yeh want. I know yeh’re all lezzers,’ ‘stuck in ’ere together with no boys!” (p. 502) This utterance is addressed to the girls from St. Anne’s. She meets them when she and her rowing crew compete in their regional finals. There is one dirty word that the researcher finds which is lezzer. Krystal uses the term lezzer to address the girls of St. Anne’s as she knows that St. Anne’s is an all-girls school. Lezzer is a slang to call a lesbian like dyke and butch. Krystal uses this terms as she assumes that there are lesbians or same-sex relationship in the school since there are no boys in the school to fall in love into. Thus, in this context the word lezzer serves its function as name calling with theme social deviation. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 78 61. “Fuckin’ watch it, Hol,” (p. 502) This utterance contains one dirty word which is fucking. It serves its function as emphatic adverb. By using word fucking, Krystal emphasizes her utterance to ask her friend to be careful. 62. “Bunch o’ muff munchers. Le’s do ’em!” (p. 502) According to Dalzell and Victor (2014, p. 533), muff muncher is slang for a person who performs oral sex on women, specifically it is used to address a lesbian. It is a noun phrase combined from muff and muncher. Muff here is also a slang referring to female genitalia. While muncher is derivation of word munch which means to eat something noisily. Krystal, who is the leader of Winterdown rowing team, wants to win the competition against St. Anne’s rowing team. She burns the spirit of her team .by saying that the girls of St. Anne’s are just lesbians; Krystal and her team are better. Krystal uses the term to insult St. Anne’s rowing team Thus, in this context muff muncher serves its function as insults based on social deviation. B. Translation Strategies of Dirty Words Based on the analysis, there are seventy-six (76) occurrences of dirty words uttered by Krystal Weedon. In this section, the researcher analyzed and discussed the translation strategies employed by three Indonesian translators to translate those 76 dirty words found in The Casual Vacancy into Perebutan Kursi Kosong. In analyzing the translation strategies, the researcher employed translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992). However, not all translation strategies proposed are used by the PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 79 translators. The researcher discovered that there are seven translation strategies used to translate the dirty words. Those translation strategies are borrowing, literal translation, modulation, functional equivalent, cultural equivalent, compensation, and translation by omission. Table 4.2 summarizes the occurrences as the following. Table 4.2. The Occurrences of Translation Strategies Translation Strategy Translation by omission Cultural equivalent Functional equivalent Compensation Modulation Literal Borrowing Occurrences 32 23 8 2 2 1 1 Based on Table 4.2, it can be seen that translation by omission is often employed by the translators with thirty-one omissions of dirty words while cultural equivalent is applied twenty-three times, followed by functional equivalent that is employed eight times. Both compensation and modulation are used twice in the process of translation. While literal translation and borrowing are used once to translate the dirty word. The discussion of the translation strategies is presented as the following. 1. Translation by Omission Translation by omission is used if the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text (Baker, 1992, p. 40). The researcher found that there are thirty-two omission of dirty words in the TT. However, the omissions will not be discussed all. The researcher only chose several examples as presented in Table 4.3. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 80 Table 4.3. Examples of Omission Strategy Case No. Source Text Target Text 5 “... An’ he’s still gave me fucking “... Dan si brengsek detention!” (p. 43) menghukumku!” (p. 55) 11 “You fuckin’ stupid,” (p. 109) 18b “... He’s all righ’, I’m lookin’ “... Dia baik-baik saja. Aku ngurus— after—fuckin’ shurrup!” (p. 111) diam!” (p. 138) 23b 25 And then Krystal, bringing up the rear of the group with Sukhvinder, had called her a silly Paki bitch. (p. 148) “Soft as shite an’ twice as runny,” (p. 245) itu masih “Dasar bodoh!” (p. 136) Lalu Krystal, yang berjalan paling belakang bersama Sukhvinder, menyebutnya Paki bego. (p. 181) “Lemah dan lembek seperti ingus,” (p. 294) It can be seen that the word fucking as in case number 5, 11, and 18b is omitted in the TT. Based on the researcher’s analysis, the omission is related to the function to the dirty words as adjective of dislike (in case 5), adverbial intensifier (in case 11), and emphatic adverb (in case 18b). The translators may find that the words are not essential enough to be translated or that it is difficult to find dirty words equivalences in the TT that serve their function as emphasis. Dirty words bitch in case number 23b, shite in case number 25 are also omitted in the TT. Bitch is an offensive name calling to address a woman. In case number 23b, it is addressed to Sukhvinder Jawanda, Krystal’s friend. Instead of translating it as pelacur or perempuan, the translators choose not to translate it but omit it in the TT. While the word shite in case number 25 is addressed to Ashlee Melor, Krystal’s ex-friend. This dirty word serves as literal usage that means excrement. However, in the TT, the translators omit it and only translate it into “Lemah dan lembek seperti ingus,”. The effect from the omission of word bitch and shite is that the TT is not as offensive as the ST. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 81 2. Cultural Equivalent According to Newmark (1988, p. 82), in cultural equivalent the translator translates SL’s cultural words into the TL’s cultural words. In Vinay and Darbelnet’s view this strategy is known ‘adaptation’ (1958, as cited in Venuti, 2000, p. 86). While in Baker’s term, it is known as translation by cultural substitution (Baker, 1992, p. 34). However, for the further discussion, the researcher used the term cultural equivalent. This strategy is used when the situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. Table 4.4 presents the examples of the use of cultural equivalent strategy to translate dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. Table 4.4. Examples of Cultural Equivalent Strategy Case No. 1 4 8b 8c 24b 26b 27 31 32 52 Source Text Target Text “I DI’N’ DO NOTHIN’, YOU PRICK!” (p. 32) “I tole your fuckin’ ‘usband—” (p. 42) You stupid fuckin’ junkie bitch, they’ll kick yer ou’ the fuckin’ clinic again!” (p. 103) You stupid fuckin’ junkie bitch, they’ll kick yer ou’ the fuckin’ clinic again!” (p. 103) “Fuck off, you cheeky bastard!” (p. 244) “Tha’ fuckin’ tosser.” (p. 248) “’E’s a fucker,” (p. 249) “AKU NGGAK NGAPA-NGAPAIN, KAMPRET!” (p. 42) “Aku udah bilang ke suami brengsekmu—” (p. 55) “Cooper’s a twat, innee?” (p. 250) “Fuck,” (p. 254) “Silly bitch,” (p. 438) “Dasar perempuan jalang pecandu! Bodoh! ...” (p. 128) “... Bodoh! Mereka bakal ngusir kamu dari klinik sialan itu lagi!” (p. 128) “Sialan kau, brengsek!” (p. 292) “Ah, si bloon itu.” (p. 297) “Dia keparat,” (p. 297) “Cooper itu brengsek, ya kan?” (p. 299) “Sialan,” (p. 304) “Pelacur sialan,” (p. 516) PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 82 The researcher found out that insults such as prick, bitch, bastard, tosser, fucker, and twat are translated using cultural equivalent strategy. In case number 1, prick is addressed to Collin Wall, the deputy headmaster, as Krystal is so angry toward him who accuses her for laughing at the news of Barry Fairbrother’s death. Thus, in this context the word prick is a slang that means a contemptible man (Coleman, 2012, p. 43). Analyzing the situation and context, the translators choose word kampret as its translation. Referring to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), lexical meaning of kampret is “kelelawar kecil pemakan serangga, hidungnya berlipat-lipat; Microchiroptera (KBBI, p. 613)” or a type of small bat. This lexical meaning does not match if it is applied in the situation as the word kampret is addressed to a man, not a bat. Therefore, the researcher attempted to look at other sources. Studies on other sources mention that kampret is an Indonesian slang used to swearing at annoying person. Thus, the translation is equivalent. Based on discussion in part A, the word bitch is uttered four times and all is used to insults females, Terri Weedon and Sukhvinder Jawanda. The four-timementioned word in the ST means an unkind or unpleasant woman, a social deviant, but not a female dog. The translators choose to employ cultural equivalent strategy to translate it so that the word has more or less the same impact to the target readers. However, only two out of four occurrences of word bitch that are translated using cultural equivalent. Those are the word bitch that occurs in case number 8b and 52. In case number 8b, the word bitch is translated into perempuan jalang while in case number 52, it is translated into pelacur. Both PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 83 meanings are equivalent. According to KBBI (p. 560), jalang is “nakal (tentang perbuatan yang melanggar susila)”. In relation to perempuan jalang, Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 405) note that perempuan jalang is a loose woman or having low morals, sexually free. In the ST, this refers to Terri Weedon who is described to have sex with several men, including Obbo the drug dealer. Both insults terms bastard in case number 24b and twat in case number 31 are translated into brengsek. The term bastard is uttered to Fats Wall while the term twat is addressed to Kevin Cooper. In the ST context, both words mean unpleasant person. In the TT, the translators choose to translate both words into brengsek. Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 153) describe brengsek as bad, evil, wicked, mean, rude. This translation is culturally equivalent addressing the quality of a bastard and a twat. The word tosser referring to Obbo in case number 26b is translated into si bloon. Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 145) note that bloon is originally from Jakarta means foolish, stupid. This refers to the quality of someone who is addressed as a tosser, being stupid and unpleasant. Fucker is a taboo slang that is derived from word fuck. It is used as an offensive insult. In case number 27, Krystal addresses the term to Obbo, the drug dealer. For the TT, the translators translate the word into keparat. According to Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 483), keparat refers to an atheist or agnostic and rogue or scoundrel. In the context, Obbo is described as an obnoxious person. Thus the definition of keparat match fucker as fucker means a scoundrel. Keparat itself is an offensive word in Bahasa Indonesia. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 84 As shown in case number 4 and 8c, the translators translate the word fucking using cultural equivalent strategy as brengsek and sialan. According to KBBI, brengsek can be defined as kacau sekali, tidak beres, bandel, menyebalkan. While according to Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 153), brengsek means bad, evil, wicked, mean, rude. In case number 4, Krystal utters fucking husband referring to Tessa Wall’s husband who has accused her for being laugh at a sad news. The translations of fucking into brengsek can be found in other case numbers to mention case number 33, 34a, and 56. The translators also translate the word fucking into sialan. Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 931) note that sialan is a word to refer to an unlucky person or something ominous. It can also be used as a swear word in Bahasa Indonesia. In case number 8c, Krystal utters the word fucking to emphasize her speech about Bellchapel Clinic. 3. Functional Equivalent According to Newmark (1988, p. 83), functional equivalent strategy neutralizes or generalizes the SL word and become the most accurate way of translating as it deculturalizes a cultural word. The researcher found that this strategy is used eight times as presented in Table 4.5. The word bitch found in case number 12c is addressed to Terri Weedon. In the ST, it means an unkind or unpleasant woman, a social deviant, but not a female dog. Based on the discussion in part A, it is known that bitch is an offensive term to address a woman. However, in the TT the translators employ functional equivalent strategy to translate the word bitch in case number 12c. Even though bitch refers to woman in ST and perempuan in TT, the translators PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 85 fail to render the meaning of the text in the way that Rowling intends because the offensive term in the ST is neutralized in the TT. Table 4.5. Examples of Functional Equivalent Strategy Case No. 12c 29 39 41 42 49 50 53 Source Text Target Text They’ll kick you out the fuckin’ clinic again, you stupid fuckin’ bitch!” (p. 110) “Yeah, it were shit, weren’t it?” (p. 249) “Fuck off,” (p. 324) “Fuck off,” (p. 325) “Fuck off.” (p. 325) “An’ anyway, that doctor didn’ do nuthin’ to Nana Cath, that’s all jus’ Cheryl an’ them talking shit!” (p. 407) “I fuckin’ will!” (p. 407) “An’ wha’ the fuck’s that?” (p. 438) “Mereka akan menendang bokongmu keluar dari klinik sialan lagi, dasar perempuan bodoh!” (p. 136) “Iya, payah tuh.” (p. 298) “Menyingkir!” (p. 383) “Pergi,” (p. 384) “Pergi.” (p. 384) “Lagian, dokter itu nggak ngapangapain Nana Cath, itu cuma karangan Cheryl dan yang lain!” (p. 478) “Aku emang mau pergi!” (p. 478) “Dan apaan itu?” (p. 517) Other examples are the word shit, fuck off, fucking and fuck. These words are translated into its functional equivalences in TT so that they lose their dirtiness. For example word shit found in case number 29 and 49 in which both are deculturalized to payah and karangan in TT that are not taboo and do not have negative sense. The word fuck off is translated into menyingkir and pergi that also do not have taboo reference and negative sense. The word fucking in case number 50 that serves its function as modal adverbial emphasizing Krystal’s willingness is translated into emang which in Bahasa Indonesia is usually used to state assertion. While the word fuck found in what the fuck (case number 53) is deculturalized in the TT so that it becomes apa, as in “Dan apaan itu?” Even though the translation words in the TT do not have taboo meanings nor negative sense, they facilitate the readers to know the intended meaning of the words in the ST. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 86 4. Modulation Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, p. 89). This change can be justified when the translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. In Perebutan Kursi Kosong, the researcher discovered two dirty words that are translated using modulation strategy. The results are presented in Table 4.6. Table 4.6. Examples of Modulation Strategy Case No. 40 45 Source Text “It’s bollocks,” (p. 324) “He jus’—he jus’ fucked me.” (p. 326) Target Text “Dia bohong,” (p. 383) “Dia—dia perkosa aku.” (p. 386) The researcher saw that bollocks and fuck are translated using modulation strategy. Based on the discussion in part A, it is known that the word bollocks in ST means nonsense and serves as figurative extension of word bollocks that means penis. Krystal uses the word bollocks referring news brought by Obbo about Bellchapel clinic that will be shut down. Krystal regards the news as nonsense. While in ST, Rowling emphasizes in the news told by Obbo as a nonsense, in the TT, the translators decide to change the point of view. They translate the speech emphasizing Obbo being lying toward Terri and Krystal. The word fuck found in case number 45 is a strong offensive word in nature. Based on the dictionaries, lexical meaning of fuck is an act of coitus. In the ST, the reseacher found out that the word fuck is used literally referring to Obbo compelling Krystal to make love with him. Analyzing the context, the translators PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 87 employ modulation strategy to the TT. They translate the word fuck into perkosa, using Krystal’s point of view in seeing the incident of Obbo rapes her. 5. Compensation Newmark (1988, p. 90) notes that compensation is used when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence. The researcher found that there are two occurrences of dirty words that are translated using compensation strategy. Table 4.7. Examples of Compensation Strategy Case No. 13 46 Source Text Target Text “You fuckin’ calm down,” (p. “Tenang saja sendiri, brengsek,” (p. 110) 136) “It fuckin’ ain’t!” (p. 379) “Bukan, brengsek!” (p. 446) It can be inferred from Table 4.7 that the word fucking is not translated or is omitted from the TT but the pragmatic effect is compensated in another part. 6. Borrowing According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1958, in Venuti, 200, p. 85), borrowing is done by directly using foreign terms without formal and semantic modification. In Newmark’s model, this strategy is called transference (1988, p. 81). The researcher discovered that the Indonesian translators use borrowing once to translate dirty word found in Krystal’s speech. Table 4.8 presents the use of borrowing strategy to translate dirty word found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 88 Table 4.8. Examples of Borrowing Strategy Case No. 23a Source Text Target Text And then Krystal, bringing up the Lalu Krystal, yang berjalan paling rear of the group with Sukhvinder, belakang bersama Sukhvinder, had called her a silly Paki bitch. menyebutnya Paki bego. (p. 181) (p. 148) The word Paki refers to Pakistani or any native of the Indian subcontinent (Dalzell and Victor, 2014, p. 576). In the ST, it can be seen that the word Paki is addressed to Sukhvinder Jawanda, whose parents have Indian blood. In English, Paki is a taboo slang used to insult the Pakistani. In the TT, the translators employ borrowing strategy and keep using the word Paki as can be seen in the following fragment. According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 85), borrowing strategy used to overcome a gap about unknown concept and to introduce the flavor of the SL culture into a translation. Bahasa Indonesia knows word Pakistan but not Paki, therefore the translators introduce the word Paki in their translation. However, since Indonesian people are not familiar with the word Paki, the effect created is not as offensive as in English. 7. Literal Translation Literal translation or known as word for word translation is a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 86). The researcher found that there is one dirty words that translated literally, as shown in the translation of word cow in case number 17. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 89 Table 4.9. Example of Literal Strategy Case No. 9d Source Text Target Text “You fuckin’ look after fer a Kalau gitu, coba sekali-kali kau yang fuckin’ change then, you useless urus dia, dasar kepala sapi gak fuckin’ smackhead cow!” (p. 103) berguna!” (p. 128) The word cow in case number 9d does not mean animal kept to produce meat and milk but to address Terri Weedon, Krystal’s mother. However, the translators decide to translate it literally as seen in Table 4.9. C. Other Findings In this section, the researcher would like to present other findings. These other findings are dirty words that are translated not using strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Newmark (1988), and Baker (1992). Out of 76 dirty words, the researcher identified that there are 7 dirty words belong to other findings. The findings can be seen in Table 4.10 and the discussion of the words are the following. Table 4.10. Other Findings Case No. 21b 24a 44 51b 57 60 62 Source Text “Fuckin’ tosser,” (p. 112) “Fuck off, you cheeky bastard!” (p. 244) “No—fuck—no!” (p. 325) “An’ I’ll take Robbie an’ all, an’ you can stay here an’ fuckin’ screw Obbo an’ make another one!” (p. 407) “I ain’ fuck—” (p. 500) “I know yeh’re all lezzers,’ ‘stuck in ’ere together with no boys!” (p. 502) “Bunch o’ muff munchers. Le’s do ’em!” (p. 502) Target Text “Pengedar sialan,” (p. 139) “Sialan kau, brengsek!” (p. 292) “Jangan, bajingan, jangan!” (p. 385) “Aku bawa Robbie! Kau tinggal aja di sini, jadi piaraan Obbo dan bikin anak lagi!” (p. 478) “Aku gak peduli setan—” (p. 590) “Aku tau kalian bosen,” “di sini gak ada cowok!” (p. 592) “Cuma banyak omong. Ayo, hajar mereka!” (p. 593) PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 90 The word tosser in case number 21b is uttered to address Obbo, the drug dealer. Based on analysis, lexical meaning of word tosser in the ST is an unpleasant person. However, in the TT the translators decide to translate it into pengedar by looking at the context in which the word is being used. Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 257) note that edar, the root of word pengedar, means being in circulation from one hand to another or being availabe (on the market). Thus pengedar is a person who circulates something or distribute products. Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings call it as distributor or dealer or pusher. Eventhough the translation is not equivalent, by translating the word tosser into pengedar, the translators facilitate the readers to know who Obbo is. The phrasal verb fuck off found in case number 24a is a taboo slang used to ask the target to go away. However, the translators decide to translate it into sialan, a swear word because the context in which Krystal utters the word actually does not ask Fats Wall, the target, to go away. The word fuck in case number 44 is an expletive uttered when Obbo tries to rape Krystal in the kitchen. The translators render it as bajingan. Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 79) explain that bajingan is usually used to address rascal, rogue, or any villain in English. This Indonesian meaning refers to quality possesed by Obbo. Therefore, though the translators do not translate fuck into its equivalence, the readers can feel the offensiveness possesed by word bajingan. Krystal says word screw in case number 51b to her mother, Terri Weedon. In ST context, screw is a slang for coitus. However, in the TT the translators decide to substitute the actual meaning of the word into somewhat milder, PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 91 piaraan. Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings (2004, p. 749) note that piaraan means a domestic (animal) or a mistress, a concubine if it is referring to a woman. Based on the analysis, the translators decide to translate screw into piaraan by referring to Terri’s willingness to have sex with any man, including Obbo. Based on the analyis in part A, it is known that the word fuck in case number 57 is actually intended as fucking but Krystal does not finish it as she remembers that Barry Fairbrother does not like her swearing. Analyzing the context in which Krystal using the word, the message in her utterance is showing that Krystal is not scared facing St. Anne’s rowing team. Therefore, in the TT the translators translate it as peduli setan or nggak peduli setan if it includes the negative ain’t. Nggak peduli setan is a phrase used to say that one is dare enough to do something and he does not care about anything that blocks his way. Even though the meaning of the word in the TT is not equivalent to the word in the ST, but the translators can render the essence of Krystal’s speech. The word lezzers and muff muncher are other dirty words that have got translated differently in the TT compared to the ST. Both words are slang words referring to lesbians. Krystal uses both words to address the girls of St. Anne’s, which is an all-girls school. The word lezzers in case number 60 is translated into bosen, while actually in Bahasa Indonesia bosen means bored, tired/sick of, fed up with something (Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings, 2004, p. 152). Based on the researcher’s analysis the translators decide to translate it that way referring to condition of St. Anne’s that is an all-girls school so that its students will feel bored not seeing or meeting any boys. The word muff muncher is translated into PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 92 banyak omong. If it is back translated, banyak omong can be translated into talking much or idiom all talk in English. The first one is referring to person who chats so much while the latter referring to person who talks often about doing something, but never actually doing it. Seeing the context, Krystal utters the word to burn the spirit of her rowing team. Thus, it can be said that the translators decide to translate the word into banyak omong referring to Krystal’s assumption about St. Anne’s rowing team that is only good at boasting but its skill is below her rowing team. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents two parts naming conclusions and recommendation. In the conclusion part, the researcher presents the summary of the research finding and highlighted the aspects. Whereas the recommendations part consists of recommendations for the current and the further research. A. Conclusions The objectives of this research are to discover and analyze Krystal Weedon’s dirty words in The Casual Vacancy and to find out translation strategies used to translate the dirty words. The data were taken from Krystal Weedon’s speech in The Casual Vacancy and its Indonesia translation Perebutan Kursi Kosong. Regarding to the first objective of the research, the researcher found eighteen (18) dirty words, i.e. bastard, bitch, bolllocks, cow, fuck, fuck off, fucked, fucker, fuckin(g), lezzer, muff muncher, paki, piss, prick, screw, shit(e), tosser, and twat with total occurences seventy-six (76) times. These findings were obtained by employing theories mainly from Jay (1992), Allan and Burridge (2006), McEnery (2006), and Ljung (2011). The themes of the dirty words vary from sexual activities, sexual organs or intimated part of the body, bodily effluvia or scatological matter, ancestral allusion, names of animal, race and social deviation. Some of the dirty words have literal meanings, as in fuck, piss, and shit and the others have figurative meanings, as in bollocks, fucked, and prick. Further, the figurative meaning extends to serve various functions, i.e. expletive interjection, name calling, anaphoric use 93 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 94 of epithets, adjective adverbial/adjectival of dislike, intensifier, emphasis, modal emphatic adverbial, adverb/adjective, unfriendly suggestion, destinational usage, and figurative extension. However, there are dirty words that their functions are unclassifiable due to insufficient context. These findings prove that Krystal is a foul-mouthed girl who talks to anyone without considering their positions, i.e. mother, teacher, social worker or even deputy headmaster. Thus, it can be concluded that Krystal only speaks using Newmark’s taboo level as there are many dirty words found in her speech and other levels of formality in speech do not apply for her. Related to the second research objective, the researcher found that the translators employed seven translation strategies out of twenty-five translation strategies compiled in the theoretical framework. Those translation strategies were cultural equivalent (used twenty-three times), functional equivalent (used eight times), translation by omission (used thirty-two times), literal translation (used once), compensation (used twice), borrowing (used once), and modulation (used twice). The researcher also found that there were seven dirty words that were not translated using the compiled translation strategies. Those words were tosser (21b), fuck off (24a), fuck (44, 57), screw (51b), lezzer (60), and muff muncher (62). In the translation, the translators chose to translate them using words that had different meanings from the ST. The researcher also learned that the translators may translate the dirty words using certain translation strategies with some considerations and reasons. The translators choose translation by omission when the meaning of dirty words in the PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 95 ST are not vital enough to the development of the text, as found in the omissions of many word fucking in the TT; or when the dirty words are too taboo if they are translated in their equivalences in the TT, as found in case number 23b with word bitch and case number 25 with word shite. Cultural equivalent strategy may be employed by the translators when the dirty words in the source language are unknown in the target language culture so that the translators need to make adjustment from source language culture to target language culture. The examples can be found in the translation of word prick into kampret, bitch into perempuan jalang, fuck (as an expletive) into sialan. The translators may employ functional equivalent by considering that the dirty words in the ST need to be deculturalized in the TT so that the readers in the TT will understand the equivalent concept in the TT, it can be found in the translation of word bitch into perempuan, shit into payah and karangan. The translators may use modulation strategy when they are considering the importance of point of view, as found in the translation of word fuck into perkosa in case number 45. In that case, the translators renders it from Krystal Weedon’s point of view in seeing the incident as the act of raping instead of making love. The translators may apply compensation strategy to compensate the loss of meaning or pragmatic effect in one part of sentence in another part or in a contiguous sentence, as found in the translation of word fucking in case number 13. In the TT, the word fucking is not translated directly but there is another compensation in the TT that gives similar pragmatic effect. Borrowing strategy may be applied when the translators want to introduce the readers to a concept known in the source language, this can be seen in the translation of word Paki in case number PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 96 23a. Literal translation may be applied when the translators know that a concept in the SL can be transferred directly in the TL. However this translation does not consider the other meaning that a word may possess. This can be found in the case number 96 in which the translators translate the dirty word cow into sapi, its literal meaning in target language. The application of strategy as found in other findings based on the researcher’s analysis is to reduce offensiveness of the dirty words when they are translated into target language. The examples are word screw and word muff muncher. The word screw is translated into piaraan and the word muff muncher is translated into banyak omong. B. Recommendations Based on the findings of the research, there are some recommendations suggested. For the contribution to the current research, the translation of dirty words in a novel can be a field of study in Translation and the analysis of the dirty words can be a field of study in Sociolinguistics related to level of formality in language. For the contribution of the further research, further research is expected to analyze other themes of dirty words that have not been found and discussed in this research, to mention religious theme and mother theme; or to find and analyze the other functions of the dirty words that have not been found in this research. These suggestions for further research are expected to find out more translation strategies being involved in the translating process. 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PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI APPENDICES PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI APPENDIX 1: IDENTIFICATION OF DIRTY WORDS FOUND IN KRYSTAL WEEDON’S SPEECH Case No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Source Text “I DI’N’ DO NOTHIN’, YOU PRICK!” (p. 32) “Your ’usband said sumthin’ abou’ Mister Fairbrother, right, an’ I couldn’t hear what he was saying, right, so Nikki tole me, and I couldn’t fucking—” (p. 42) “—couldn’t believe it, right, an’ I shouted but never laughed! I never fuck—” (p. 42) “I tole your fuckin’ ‘usband—” (p. 42) “I told ’im I never laughed, I told ’im! An’ he’s still gave me fucking detention!” (p. 43) “He won’t change his fuck—” (p. 43) “Our crew’ll be fucked now,” (p. 44) 8 “You stupid fuckin’ junkie bitch, they’ll kick yer ou’ the fuckin’ clinic again!” (p. 103) 9 “You fuckin’ look after fer a fuckin’ change then, you useless fuckin’ smackhead cow!” (p. 103) 10 11 “You fuckin’,” (p. 109) “You fuckin’ stupid,” (p. 109) 12 “They’ll kick you out the fuckin’ clinic again, you stupid fuckin’ bitch!” (p. 110) Dirty Words prick fucking— Theme Sexual organ Sexual act Function Name calling Unclassifiable never fuck— Sexual act Unclassifiable fucking husband fucking detention Sexual act Sexual act Adj of dislike Adj of dislike his fuck— be fucked a. fucking junkie bitch b. bitch c. fucking clinic a. fucking look after b. fucking change c. fucking smackhead cow d. cow fucking— fucking stupid a. fucking clinic b. fucking bitch c. bitch Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Animal Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Animal name Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Animal name Unclassifiable Figurative Adj of dislike Name calling Emphatic adj Modal adv Emphatic adj Adj of dislike Name calling Unclassifiable Adj intensifier Emphatic adj Adj of dislike Name calling 101 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. Source Text 13 “You fuckin’ calm down,” (p. 110) 14 “So ’e missed fuckin’ nursery,” (p. 110) 15 “Tha’s norra fuckin’ crime.” (p. 110) “I took ‘im outta the fuckin’ nappy, ’e’s pants 16 now, I toldja!” (p. 110) 17 “Don’ fuckin’ take him away, then!” (p. 110) “Another fuckin’ case review, is it? Why’djer need one, though? Why’djer need one? He’s all 18 righ’, I’m lookin’ after—fuckin’ shurrup!” (p. 111) “Why ain’ I? I’m his fuckin’ sister, ain’ I?” (p. 19 112) “Yeah, because Obbo turned up, an’ she never 20 fuckin’ says no to ’im!” (p. 112) 21 22 23 24 “Fuckin’ tosser,” (p. 112) Dirty Words fucking calm down fucking nursery fucking crime fucking nappy Theme Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Function Modal adv Emphatic adj Emphatic adj Emphatic adj fucking take away a. fucking case review b. fucking shut up Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Emphatic adv Emphatic adj Emphatic adv fucking sister Sexual act Emphatic adj fucking say Sexual act Modal adv a. fucking tosser b. tosser Sexual act Social deviation Sexual act Adj of dislike Anaphoric use of epithet Emphatic adj “Why didn’ yeh jus’ tell ’im fuckin’ no?” (p. fucking no 112) And then Krystal, bringing up the rear of the a. Paki group with Sukhvinder, had called her a silly b. bitch Paki bitch. (p. 148) a. fuck off Ethnic-racial Animal name Name calling Name calling Sexual act Unfriendly suggestion, destinantional usage Name calling “Fuck off, you cheeky bastard!” (p. 244) b. bastard 102 Ancestral PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. Source Text Dirty Words “Soft as shite an’ twice as runny,” (p. 245) shite 26 “Tha’ fuckin’ tosser.” (p. 248) a. fucking tosser b. tosser 27 29 “’E’s a fucker,” (p. 249) fucker “’Ow the fuck do I know? I weren’t there,” (p. how the fuck 249) shit “Yeah, it were shit, weren’t it?” (p. 249) 30 “I know, I nearly pissed meself,” (p. 249) piss 31 32 33 “Cooper’s a twat, innee?” (p. 250) “Fuck,” (p. 254) “Your fucking mum killed my Nan!” (p. 304) “Your fucking mum killed my Nan! She’s gonna get fucking done and so are you!” (p. 304) “Don’ go fuckin’ usin’,” (p. 321) “He ain’ your fuckin’ boy,” (p. 324) “Fuck off. She don’ wan’ nuthin’. Tell ’im,” (p. 324) “No, ’e fuckin’ ain’t. Tell ’im. She don’ wan’ nuthin’,” (p. 324) twat fuck fucking mum a. fucking mum b. fucking done fucking using fucking boy 39 “Fuck off,” (p. 324) fuck off 40 “It’s bollocks,” (p. 324) bollocks 25 28 34 35 36 37 38 fuck off fucking ain’t 103 Theme Bodily effluvia Sexual act Social deviation Sexual act Sexual act Bodily effluvia Bodily effluvia Sexual organ Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual organ Function Literal usage Adj of dislike Anaphoric use of epithet Name calling Emphasis Figurative Literal usage Name calling Expletive Interject Adj of dislike Adj of dislike Curse Emphatic adv Emphatic adj Unfriendly suggestion, Dest Emphatic Adv Unfriendly suggestion, Dest Figurative PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. Source Text Dirty Words 41 “Fuck off,” (p. 325) fuck off 42 “Fuck off.” (p. 325) fuck off 43 44 45 46 “Fuck—” (p. 325) “No—fuck—no!” (p. 325) “He jus’—he jus’ fucked me.” (p. 326) “It fuckin’ ain’t!” (p. 379) “If you start fuckin’ usin’ again,” “They’ll take Robbie away.” (p. 407) “You’re fuckin’ doin’ it to him!” (p. 407) “An’ anyway, that doctor didn’ do nuthin’ to Nana Cath, that’s all jus’ Cheryl an’ them talking shit!” (p. 407) “I fuckin’ will!” (p. 407) “An’ I’ll take Robbie an’ all, an’ you can stay here an’ fuckin’ screw Obbo an’ make another one!” (p. 407) “Silly bitch,” (p. 438) “An’ wha’ the fuck’s that?” (p. 438) “Yeh’ve fuckin’—” (p.439) “Fuckin’ shurrup, Robbie! Shurrup!” (p. 443) “Fuckin’—go an’ wai’ by the bench, an’ I’ll gerra drink in a minute! Go ’way, Robbie!” (p. 459) fuck fuck fuck fucking ain’t “I ain’ fuck—” (p. 500) ain't fuck 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 fucking using fucking doing Theme Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Function Unfriendly suggestion, Dest Unfriendly suggestion, Dest Unclassifiable Expletive Interject Literal Emphatic adv Emphatic adv Emphatic adv talking shit Sexual act Bodily effluvia fucking will a. fucking screw Sexual act Sexual act Modal adverbial Emphatic Adv b. screw Sexual act Literal usage bitch what the fuck have fucking fucking shut up Animal name Sexual act Sexual act Sexual act Name calling Emphasis Unclassifiable Emphatic adv fucking Sexual act Unclassifiable Sexual act Unclassifiable 104 Figurative PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. Source Text 58 “Course ’e’s not, does ’e look like a fuckin’ buildin’?” (p. 501) “S’pose your shit smells of roses, does it?” (p. 59 501) “I’ll let yer ’ave another look later, if yeh want. I 60 know yeh’re all lezzers,’ ‘stuck in ’ere together with no boys!” (p. 502) 61 “Fuckin’ watch it, Hol,” (p. 502) “Bunch o’ muff munchers. Le’s do ’em!” (p. 62 502) Dirty Words Theme Function fucking building Sexual act Emphatic adj shit Bodily effluvia Literal usage lezzer Social deviation Name calling fucking watch muff muncher 105 Sexual act Social deviation Emphatic adv Name calling PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI APPENDIX 2: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF DIRTY WORDS FOUND IN KRYSTAL WEEDON’S SPEECH Case No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 8c Source Text “I DI’N’ DO NOTHIN’, YOU PRICK!” (p. 32) “Your ’usband said sumthin’ abou’ Mister Fairbrother, right, an’ I couldn’t hear what he was saying, right, so Nikki tole me, and I couldn’t fucking—” (p. 42) “—couldn’t believe it, right, an’ I shouted but never laughed! I never fuck—” (p. 42) “I tole your fuckin’ ‘usband—” (p. 42) Target Text “AKU NGGAK KAMPRET!” (p. 42) NGAPA-NGAPAIN, Translation Strategy Cultural equivalent “Suamimu bilang sesuatu tentang Mr. Fairbrother, kan, trus Nikki ngasih tahu aku, dan brengsek, aku Omission nggak—” (p. 54) “—nggak percaya, dan aku teriak, tapi nggak ketawa! Sumpah aku nggak—” (p. 54) “Aku udah bilang ke suami brengsekmu—” (p. 55) “Aku udah bilang sama dia aku nggak ketawa, aku “I told ’im I never laughed, I told ’im! An’ he’s udah bilang! Dan si brengsek itu masih still gave me fucking detention!” (p. 43) menghukumku!” (p. 55) “He won’t change his fuck—” (p. 43) “Omong kosong! Dia nggak akan ngubah—” (p. 56) “Our crew’ll be fucked now,” (p. 44) “Mampus, deh, tim kami sekarang,” (p. 57) “Dasar perempuan jalang pecandu! Bodoh! Mereka “You stupid fuckin’ junkie bitch, they’ll kick bakal ngusir kamu dari klinik sialan itu lagi!” (p. yer ou’ the fuckin’ clinic again!” (p. 103) 128) Omission Cultural equivalent Omission Omission Cultural equivalent Omission You stupid fuckin’ junkie bitch, they’ll kick yer “Dasar perempuan jalang pecandu! Bodoh! ...” (p. Cultural equivalent ou’ the fuckin’ clinic again!” (p. 103) 128) “... Bodoh! Mereka bakal ngusir kamu dari klinik You stupid fuckin’ junkie bitch, they’ll kick yer sialan itu lagi!” (p. 128) Cultural equivalent ou’ the fuckin’ clinic again!” (p. 103) 106 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. 9a 9b 9c 9d 10 11 12a 12b 12c 13 14 15 16 Source Text “You fuckin’ look after fer a fuckin’ change then, you useless fuckin’ smackhead cow!” (p. 103) “You fuckin’ look after fer a fuckin’ change then, you useless fuckin’ smackhead cow!” (p. 103) “You fuckin’ look after fer a fuckin’ change then, you useless fuckin’ smackhead cow!” (p. 103) “You fuckin’ look after fer a fuckin’ change then, you useless fuckin’ smackhead cow!” (p. 103) “You fuckin’,” (p. 109) “You fuckin’ stupid,” (p. 109) “They’ll kick you out the fuckin’ clinic again, you stupid fuckin’ bitch!” (p. 110) They’ll kick you out the fuckin’ clinic again, you stupid fuckin’ bitch!” (p. 110) They’ll kick you out the fuckin’ clinic again, you stupid fuckin’ bitch!” (p. 110) “You fuckin’ calm down,” (p. 110) “So ’e missed fuckin’ nursery,” (p. 110) Target Text Translation Strategy “Kalau gitu, coba sekali-kali kau yang urus dia, dasar Omission kepala sapi gak berguna!” (p. 128) “Kalau gitu, coba sekali-kali kau yang urus dia, dasar Omission kepala sapi gak berguna!” (p. 128) Kalau gitu, coba sekali-kali kau yang urus dia, dasar Omission kepala sapi gak berguna!” (p. 128) Kalau gitu, coba sekali-kali kau yang urus dia, dasar Literal translation kepala sapi gak berguna!” (p. 128) “Brengsek kau!” (p. 136) “Dasar bodoh!” (p. 136) “Mereka akan menendang bokongmu keluar dari klinik sialan lagi, dasar perempuan bodoh!” (p. 136) “Mereka akan menendang bokongmu keluar dari klinik sialan lagi, dasar perempuan bodoh!” (p. 136) “Mereka akan menendang bokongmu keluar dari klinik sialan lagi, dasar perempuan bodoh!” (p. 136) “Tenang saja sendiri, brengsek,” (p. 136) “Oke, dia nggak ke playgroup,” (p. 137) “Trus emang napa? Itu bukan kejahatan kok.” (p. “Tha’s norra fuckin’ crime.” (p. 110) 137) “I took ‘im outta the fuckin’ nappy, ’e’s pants “Aku udah lepasin popoknya, dia pake celana now, I toldja!” (p. 110) sekarang. Udah kubilang kan!” (p. 137) 107 Cultural equivalent Omission Cultural equivalent Omission Functional equivalent Compensation Omission Omission Omission PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. 17 18a 18b 19 20 21a 21b 22 23a 23b 24a 24b 25 Source Text “Don’ fuckin’ take him away, then!” (p. 110) “Another fuckin’ case review, is it? Why’djer need one, though? Why’djer need one? He’s all righ’, I’m lookin’ after—fuckin’ shurrup!” (p. 111) “Another fuckin’ case review, is it? Why’djer need one, though? Why’djer need one? He’s all righ’, I’m lookin’ after—fuckin’ shurrup!” (p. 111) “Why ain’ I? I’m his fuckin’ sister, ain’ I?” (p. 112) “Yeah, because Obbo turned up, an’ she never fuckin’ says no to ’im!” (p. 112) “Fuckin’ tosser,” (p. 112) “Fuckin’ tosser,” (p. 112) “Why didn’ yeh jus’ tell ’im fuckin’ no?” (p. 112) And then Krystal, bringing up the rear of the group with Sukhvinder, had called her a silly Paki bitch. (p. 148) And then Krystal, bringing up the rear of the group with Sukhvinder, had called her a silly Paki bitch. (p. 148) “Fuck off, you cheeky bastard!” (p. 244) “Fuck off, you cheeky bastard!” (p. 244) “Soft as shite an’ twice as runny,” (p. 245) Target Text “Kalau gitu, jangan ambil dia!” (p. 137) Translation Strategy Omission “Peninjauan ulang kasus sialan lagi ya? Buat apa? Buat apa? Dia baik-baik saja. Aku ngurus—diam!” Cultural equivalent (p. 138) “Peninjauan ulang kasus sialan lagi ya? Buat apa? Buat apa? Dia baik-baik saja. Aku ngurus—diam!” Omission (p. 138) “Kenapa nggak? Aku kakaknya, kan?” (p. 138) Omission “Iya, karena Obbo muncul dan dia nggak pernah bisa Omission bilang tidak ke bajingan itu!” (p. 139) “Pengedar sialan,” (p. 139) Cultural equivalent “Pengedar sialan,” (p. 139) “Kenapa kau nggak nolak dia? (p. 139) Omission Lalu Krystal, yang berjalan paling belakang bersama Borrowing Sukhvinder, menyebutnya Paki bego. (p. 181) Lalu Krystal, yang berjalan paling belakang bersama Omission Sukhvinder, menyebutnya Paki bego. (p. 181) “Sialan kau, brengsek!” (p. 292) “Sialan kau, brengsek!” (p. 292) “Lemah dan lembek seperti ingus,” (p. 294) 108 Cultural equivalent Omission PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. 26a 26b 27 Source Text Target Text 29 “Tha’ fuckin’ tosser.” (p. 248) “Tha’ fuckin’ tosser.” (p. 248) “’E’s a fucker,” (p. 249) “’Ow the fuck do I know? I weren’t there,” (p. 249) “Yeah, it were shit, weren’t it?” (p. 249) 30 “I know, I nearly pissed meself,” (p. 249) 31 32 33 “Cooper’s a twat, innee?” (p. 250) “Fuck,” (p. 254) “Your fucking mum killed my Nan!” (p. 304) “Your fucking mum killed my Nan! She’s gonna get fucking done and so are you!” (p. 304) “Your fucking mum killed my Nan! She’s gonna get fucking done and so are you!” (p. 304) “Don’ go fuckin’ usin’,” (p. 321) “He ain’ your fuckin’ boy,” (p. 324) “Fuck off. She don’ wan’ nuthin’. Tell ’im,” (p. 324) “No, ’e fuckin’ ain’t. Tell ’im. She don’ wan’ nuthin’,” (p. 324) “Fuck off,” (p. 324) “It’s bollocks,” (p. 324) “Fuck off,” (p. 325) “Fuck off.” (p. 325) “Ah, si bloon itu.” (p. 297) “Ah, si bloon itu.” (p. 297) “Dia keparat,” (p. 297) “Mana aku tahu? Aku nggak liat,” jawab Krystal. (p. 298) “Iya, payah tuh.” (p. 298) Aku tahu, aku ampir ngompol gara-gara itu,” (p. 298) “Cooper itu brengsek, ya kan?” (p. 299) “Sialan,” (p. 304) “Ibu brengsekmu membunuh Nan-ku!” (p. 361) “Ibu brengsekmu membunuh Nan-ku! Dia akan tamat, begitu juga kau!” (p. 361) “Ibu brengsekmu membunuh Nan-ku! Dia akan tamat, begitu juga kau!” (p. 361) “Jangan teler!” (p. 380) “Dia bukan anakmu, brengsek,” (p. 383) “Minggat! Ibuku nggak butuh apa-apa. Bilang ke dia,” (p. 383) “Orang sialan ini nggak mungkin cuma itu maunya. Bilang ke dia. Ibuku nggak butuh apa-apa,” (p. 383) “Menyingkir!” (p. 383) “Dia bohong,” (p. 383) “Pergi,” (p. 384) “Pergi.” (p. 384) 28 34a 34b 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 109 Translation Strategy Omission Cultural equivalent Cultural equivalent Omission Functional equivalent Cultural equivalent Cultural equivalent Cultural equivalent Cultural equivalent Cultural equivalent Omission Omission Omission Cultural equivalent Omission Functional equivalent Modulation Functional equivalent Functional equivalent PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51a 51b 52 53 54 55 56 57 Source Text “Fuck—” (p. 325) “No—fuck—no!” (p. 325) “He jus’—he jus’ fucked me.” (p. 326) “It fuckin’ ain’t!” (p. 379) “If you start fuckin’ usin’ again,” “They’ll take Robbie away.” (p. 407) “You’re fuckin’ doin’ it to him!” (p. 407) “An’ anyway, that doctor didn’ do nuthin’ to Nana Cath, that’s all jus’ Cheryl an’ them talking shit!” (p. 407) “I fuckin’ will!” (p. 407) “An’ I’ll take Robbie an’ all, an’ you can stay here an’ fuckin’ screw Obbo an’ make another one!” (p. 407) “An’ I’ll take Robbie an’ all, an’ you can stay here an’ fuckin’ screw Obbo an’ make another one!” (p. 407) “Silly bitch,” (p. 438) “An’ wha’ the fuck’s that?” (p. 438) “Yeh’ve fuckin’—” (p.439) “Fuckin’ shurrup, Robbie! Shurrup!” (p. 443) “Fuckin’—go an’ wai’ by the bench, an’ I’ll gerra drink in a minute! Go ’way, Robbie!” (p. 459) “I ain’ fuck—” (p. 500) Target Text “Breng—” (p. 385) “Jangan, bajingan, jangan!” (p. 385) “Dia—dia perkosa aku.” (p. 386) “Bukan, brengsek!” (p. 446) Translation Strategy Cultural equivalent Modulation Compensation “Kalau kau makai lagi,” “mereka bakal ambil Omission Robbie.” (p. 477) “Kau yang bikin dia nangis!” (p. 447) Omission “Lagian, dokter itu nggak ngapa-ngapain Nana Cath, Functional equivalent itu cuma karangan Cheryl dan yang lain!” (p. 478) “Aku emang mau pergi!” (p. 478) Functional equivalent “Aku bawa Robbie! Kau tinggal aja di sini, jadi Omission piaraan Obbo dan bikin anak lagi!” (p. 478) “Aku bawa Robbie! Kau tinggal aja di sini, jadi piaraan Obbo dan bikin anak lagi!” (p. 478) “Pelacur sialan,” (p. 516) “Dan apaan itu?” (p. 517) “Kamu ma—” (p. 517) “Diem, Robbie! Diem kataku!” (p. 522) Cultural equivalent Functional equivalent Omission Omission “Brengsek—pergi! Tunggu di bangku, bentar lagi Cultural equivalent aku kasih minum! Pergi, Robbie!” (p. 541) “Aku gak peduli setan—” (p. 590) 110 - PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Case No. 58 59 60 61 62 Source Text “Course ’e’s not, does ’e look like a fuckin’ buildin’?” (p. 501) “S’pose your shit smells of roses, does it?” (p. 501) “I’ll let yer ’ave another look later, if yeh want. I know yeh’re all lezzers,’ ‘stuck in ’ere together with no boys!” (p. 502) “Fuckin’ watch it, Hol,” (p. 502) “Bunch o’ muff munchers. Le’s do ’em!” (p. 502) Translation Strategy Target Text “Jelas nggak, apa dia kelihatan kayak gedung?” (p. Omission 590) “Tai kalian juga wangi kayak mawar, ya?” (p. 590) Cultural equivalent “’Ntar kuliatin lagi, kalau kalian mau. Aku tau kalian bosen,” “di sini gak ada cowok!” (p. 592) “Ati-ati, Hol,” (p. 592) Omission “Cuma banyak omong. Ayo, hajar mereka!” (p. 593) 111
