a user facility for coherent THz synchrotron synchrotron radiation

IKNO
a user facility for coherent THz synchrotron radiation
Caterina Biscari and Augusto Marcelli
INFN - LNF, 00044 Frascati, Italy
Fernando Sannibale
LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Plinio Innocenzi
University of Sassari, 074041 Alghero, Italy
LNF INFN – Frascati – 2 February 2009 – CSN V Meeting
Outline
• Scientific case
• Accelerator
• Site proposal
IKNO (Innovation and KNOwledge)
Proposal for a multi-user facility in Sardegna
based on an electron storage ring generation of
coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in the THz
frequency range
and of broadband incoherent synchrotron radiation
(SR) ranging from the IR to the VUV.
The THz Gap (0.3 – 20 THz)
THz
1THz ~ 1ps ~ 300µm ~ 33 cm-1 ~ 4.1meV ~ 47.6K
From http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html
THz science
International interest
http://www.sc.doe.gov/BES/reports/files/THz_rpt.pdf
http://www.thznetwork.org
www.thznetwork.org/wordpress/index.
php/archives/category/conferencesetc
• A widely-acknowledged “THz gap” exists
between about 0.3 and 20 THz. This gap usually
refers to the paucity of technology – especially
sources and detectors of electromagnetic
radiation – available at these frequencies relative
to higher and lower frequencies.
• Below the THz gap, electronics is the dominant
paradigm for technology and scientific
instrumentation. Above the gap, the paradigm is
photonics.
• Optics and electronics converge in the THz gap,
and are currently filling it in a wide variety of very
creative ways.
• The terahertz spectrum has a number of exciting properties:
1) it is non-ionising (and therefore safer than comparable
technologies such as X-ray)
2) metal reflects and optically opaque materials can appear
transparent (such as packaging, soil, brick, fabrics etc)
3) many substances have a readily identifiable frequency
“fingerprints” so identification and inspection solutions are
possible
• Terahertz Applications
Early adopters needing non-destructive testing (NDT), imaging
and substance identification in industries as aerospace,
pharmaceutical, healthcare, food & drink, militars,
semiconductors and specialist communications. For example:
the technology is now used routinely for inspection of NASA’s
space shuttle heat shield foam. Emerging terahertz based
products are starting to work at full production speeds.
Italian Scenery
1 day - Workshop held at ENEA Frascati
13 October 2008
100 registered partecipants
strong interest from industry
X.C.Zhang – Rensselaer Polytech Inst. Troy, NY USA – ‘Recent progress of
THz wave sensing and applications’
Phil Taday – Teraview, Cambridge –’THz technology from an enterprise
perspective’
K. Fukunaga – NICT Tokio – ‘Application of THz radiation to cultural heritage
studies’
A.Tredicucci, SNS Pisa – ‘Engineering photonic structure for THz devices’
A.Ramundo Orlando, CNR-INMM Roma – ‘Review of Biological Applications’
M.Ortolani, CNR-IFN Roma – ‘Development of THz detectors and arrays’
R.Marcelli,CNR-IMM/P.Perfetti, CNR-ISM Roma – ‘Development of MEMs
components and SNOM microscopy in the THz region’
A.Di Carlo, univ. Tor Vergata – ‘The European project OPTHER’
P.Calvani, Univ. La Sapienza ROMA –’THz spectrocopy o superconductors
and Charge-order insulators’
THZ sources
Table 11.1 Table of typical performance parameters for experimentally
realized (existing) and predicted (anticipated) table-top laser and electron
accelerator sources of high-field THz pulses.
From DOE-NSF-NIH 2004 workshop
CIRCE
Designed to be located on top of the ALS Booster Ring shielding
and sharing the injector with the ALS Storage Ring.
The accelerator
CSR
Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) has been matter
of great interest and study in the last years:
• As something to carefully avoid or at least control in every
short bunch high charge accelerator where CSR can
jeopardize the performances (linear colliders, short pulses
synchrotron radiation sources, damping rings, ...);
• As a powerful diagnostic for bunch compressors in free
electron lasers (FEL) (FLASH, LCLS, FERMI, …);
• But also as a ‘dream’ for potential revolutionary synchrotron
radiation (SR) source in the THz frequency range.
A Multi-Year Effort
2002: The microbunching instability (MBI): First
experimental proof.
(J.M.Byrd et al.,
al., PRL 89,
89, 224801, 2002.)
2003-2004: Stable CSR in storage rings: Development of
a model accounting for experimental observations.
(F. Sannibale et al.,
al., PRL 93,
93, 094801, 2004.)
2004-2005: CSR from “femtoslicing” experiment: First
experimental data and characterization.
(J.M.Byrd et al.,
al., PRL 96,
96, 164801, 2006.)
2004-2006: Laser seeding of the MBI: First experimental
observation and model for the phenomenon.
(J.M.Byrd et al,
al, PRL 97,
97, 074802, 2006.)
CSR Basic
The power spectrum of the radiation from
a bunch with N particles is given by:
{
}
dP
dp
=
N [1 − g (ω )] + N 2 g (ω )
dω
dω
Single particle power
spectrum for the
radiating process
under consideration
(including shielding
effects)
PSR ∝ N
incoherent
PCSR ∝ N 2
coherent
g (ω ) =
2
∞
i ω cos (θ ) z
(
)
dz
S
z
e
∫
c
−∞
Normalized Bunch Longitudinal Distribution
CSR for:
g (ω ) ≥ 1 N
0 ≤ g (ω ) ≤ 1
observation
θ≡
angle
Frequency range of CSR in a bending magnet
g (ω ) =
2
∞
i ω cos (θ ) z
(
)
dz
S
z
e
∫
c
−∞
High frequency
Low frequency
Synchrotron radiation from a bend
The CSR factor g(ω) determines the high frequency
cutoff for CSR, while the vacuum chamber (shielding)
defines the low frequency one.
CSR Form Factor vs. Bunch Length and Distribution
1.0 ps - Gaussian Distribution
1.5 ps - Gaussian Distribution
2.0 ps - Gaussian Distribution
Very sensitive knob!
S (z ) =
1
2π cσ τ
−
e
z2
2 c 2σ τ2
To extend the CSR spectrum towards higher frequencies the bunches
must be shortened and the saw-tooth distribution is more effective.
Interaction of an electron
beam with a femtosecond
laser pulse copropagating
through a wiggler modulates
the electron energies within a
short slice of the electron
bunch with about the same
duration of the laser pulse.
The bunch develops a
longitudinal density
perturbation due to the
dispersion of electron
trajectories, and the resulting
hole emits short pulses of
temporally and
spatially coherent terahertz
pulses synchronized to the
laser.
STABLE CSR
Entire terahertz range
from wavelengths of
about 10 µm (30 THz) to
about 10 mm (0.03 THz).
FEMTOSLICING MODE
From CIRCE to IKNO
World Synchrotron Light Sources > 50
R&D on CSR ~ 5
ALS
ANKA
BESSY
MLS
UVSOR II
Example at ANKA
Incoherent radiation
(60 mA)
Quadratic behaviour
THZ intensity
Coherent radiation
(30 mA)
Bunch current
Bielawski et al.- Nature Physics 08
Tunable narrowband THz emission from mastered laser-e beam interaction
UVSOR II
Center of Mediterraneum
A dedicated CSR ring will be unique
CIRCE not yet funded
=> European Project
=> Italy
=> Sardinia
IKNO
IKNUSA – from the greek word Iknòs (sandal footprint)
God’s footprint who saved this country from drowning
together with the rest of Tirrenide
with his foot
Daniele Curedda
Fabrizio Pusceddu
Facoltà di architettura di Alghero
Università degli Studi di Sassari
Feasibility study of
IKNO infrastructure in
Sardinia
3 possible sites
PORTO TORRES
IKNO ring
layout
Dipole beam lines
up to 4 lines per dipole
⇒ 36 lines
⇒+ 4 straight sections for
insertion lines i.e. femtoslicing
DIPOLE vacuum chamber
(defines the low frequency range of the radiation)
3D CAD photon extraction chamber
Dipole chamber prototype
where measurements on the
resonating modes that can be
excited by the e- beam have
been done
(CIRCE team)
Collecting
300 mrad horizontally
140 mrad vertically
CSR from dipoles
In the
ultra-stable mode,
IKNO generates a
photon flux of CSR
many order of
magnitude higher
than in existing 3rd
generation light
sources.
Tunable ring
Different bunch length
CSR from undulators
The 3.1 m straight sections, allow for CSR for femtoslicing
systems, extending the spectrum to few tens of THz, allowing
for pulse shaping and opening to multicolor pump and probe
experiments
sub-ps THz CSR pulses
with energy per pulse
approaching the 10 µJ and
with spectrum extending to
up few tens of THz
IKNO – Accelerator Main Parameters
ENERGY
600
MeV
CIRCUMFERENCE
60
m
# DIPOLES
12
BENDING RADIUS
# LINES IN DIPOLES
# INSERTION IN STRAIGHTS
CURRENT
1.34
m
36
4
< 400
mA
RF FREQUENCY
1.5
GHz
RF VOLTAGE
1.2
MV
# BUNCHES
Perché in Sardegna?
• Geograficamente: centro del Mediterraneo
• Regione Sardegna principale ente finanziatore
• Interesse di Sardegna Ricerche alla creazione del laboratorio
• Sardegna energeticamente autonoma
• Disponibilità di terreni per la costruzione del laboratorio
• Forte interesse delle Università della regione per l’infrastruttura
Ricadute sulla regione
• Nascita di un polo scientifico di interesse internazionale
• Offerta di lavoro
• Sviluppo tecnologico e industriale di alto livello
• Attrazione di fondi esterni (BEI + FP7 call 2 - 2010)
http://www.sardegnaricerche.it/
2007
Very preliminary cost and schedule estimation
INFRASTRUCTURES
HARDWARE COST
13
13
10
+
(ring)
(Injector)
Beam lines
40 < TOTAL < 45 M€
Expression of
interest by users
community
Project approval
and funding
T0
CDR Preparation
TDR Design
Infrastructure Construction
Hardware realization
Installation
Commissioning
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
YEARS
Conclusions
IKNO Infrastructure
Proposal for a Multi user facility
• Accelerator Project based on CIRCE
• Infrastructure feasibility study developed in
collaboration with Architecture Faculty in Sassari Univ.
• Presented to 2007 ESFRI Road Map
• Presented to the 2008 Italian Road Map
• Sardinia region interested in the project (Sardegna
Ricerche)
Acknowledgements
Architects: Daniele Curedda and Fabrizio Pusceddu
Prof. Giovanni Maciocco- Preside Facoltà Architettura Sassari
Dr. Guliano Murgia – Presidente Sardegna Ricerche
Collaborations for accelerator design
•
•
•
•
INFN
ALS
BESSY
JAPAN: UVSOR-KOBE-Spring8