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sa­q ar­T ve­l os in­d us­t riu­l i mem­k vid­r eo­b a
Wia­T u­r a-zes­t a­f o­n i-fo­T is in­d us­t riu­l i wre­d i
INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE OF GEORGIA
CHIATURA-ZESTAFONI-POTI INDUSTRIAL CIRCUIT
avtorebi: nano zazanaSvili, levan kalandariSvili
redaqtori: ana mirianaSvili
Targmani: sofo hendersoni, ilia vaCeiSvili, manana lataria
fotoebi da ruka: nikoloz mWedliZe
publikaciaSi gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis, WiaTuris „jorjian manganezis“ muzeumis, foTis
kolxuri kulturis muzeumis da iura nadiraZis pirad arqivSi daculi masala.
dizaini da dakabadoneba: maka comaia
gamomcemeli: qarTvel arqiteqtorTa instituti
Tbilisi 2015
© saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento
publikacia momzadebulia saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis erovnuli saagentos mier dafinansebuli
proeqtis `saqarTvelos industriuli memkvidreobis pirveladi kvleva WiaTura-zestafoni-foTis
industriuli wredis magaliTze“ farglebSi.
Authors: Nano Zazanashvili, Levan Kalandarishvili
Editing: Ana Mirianashvili
Translation: Sopo Henderson, Ilia Vacheishvili, Manana Lataria
Photography and Map: Nikoloz Mchedlidze
The publication uses materials preserved in the collections of the Georgian National Archive, Georgian Manganese Museum in Chiatura,
Poti Museum of Colchian Culture and the private collection of Jura Nadiradze.
Layout Design: Maka Tsomaia
Editor: Institute of Georgian Architects
Tbilisi 2015
© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia
The publication is done within a frame of the project “Chiatura-Zestafoni-Poti Industrial Circuit” financed by the National Agency of Cultural
Heritage of Georgia
ISBN 978-9941-0-8125-5
av­to­re­bi ga­weu­li dax­ma­re­bi­saT­vis gan­sa­kuT­re­bul mad­lo­bas ux­dian sa­qar­Tve­los erov­nu­li
ar­qi­vis Ta­nam­Srom­lebs: maia min­diaS­vils, Ta­mar lo­xiS­vils, an­ton va­Wa­ra­Zes, ni­no Zan­Za­vas,
qe­Ti sa­da­giS­vils, „jor­jian ­man­ga­ne­zis“ xel­mZRva­ne­lo­bas: me­rab lo­mi­na­Zes, di­mit­ri yi­fians,
Ta­nam­Srom­lebs: si­mon ax­ra­xa­Zes, uCa ko­ko­CaS­vils, va­sil gve­le­sians, di­to mum­la­Zes, ami­ran
io­baS­vils, le­ri ke­ke­na­Zes, ma­ri­na ko­ba­xi­Zes, me­rab baZ­ga­ra­Zes, WiaTuris „jor­jian­ man­ga­ne­zis“
mu­zeu­mis di­req­tors, ce­li­na mesxs; Wia­Tu­ris mu­ni­ci­pa­li­te­tis gam­geo­bis siv­rci­Ti mow­yo­
bis ze­dam­xed­ve­lo­bis, ar­qi­teq­tu­ri­sa da mSe­neb­lo­bis sam­sa­xu­ris uf­ross, da­viT ma­Wa­va­rians;
zes­ta­fo­nis mxa­reT­mcod­neo­bis mu­zeu­mis Ta­nam­Srom­lebs: Ta­mar ara­bi­Zes, mal­xaz ma­Wa­va­rians;
fo­Tis kol­xu­ri kul­tu­ris mu­zeu­mis di­req­tors, ele­ne gab­lians da mec­nier-Ta­nam­Sro­mel
izol­da gvi­la­vas; di­di ji­xai­Sis ni­ko ni­ko­la­Zis sa­xe­lo­bis saxl-mu­zeu­mis di­req­tors, lia
bi­bi­leiS­vils, ase­ve, ni­no CaC­xians, ana mar­gve­laS­vils, gvan­ca ni­ko­laiS­vils, ma­riam ka­pa­na­Zes,
mur­Taz ja­fa­ri­Zes, ja­ba kon­triS­vils, nuk­ri tu­RuSs, eka ka­xels, Te­mur wi­wi­laS­vils, an­dro
ro­ba­qi­Zes, li­za mum­la­Zes, gior­gi ni­ko­laiS­vils, Suq­ri gri­ga­laS­vils, iu­ra na­di­ra­Zes.
Authors extend their special thanks for the assistance provided during the project implementation to the staff members of the Georgian National Archive: Maia Mindiashvili, Tamar Lokhishvili, Anton Vacharadze, Nino Dzandzava, Keti
Sadagishvili; to the executives and staff members of the Georgian Manganese: Merab Lominadze, Dimitri Kipiani, Simon Akhrakhadze, Ucha Kokochashvili, Vasil Gvelesiani, Dito Mumladze, Amiran Iobashvili, Leri Kekenadze, Marina
Kobakhidze, Merab Badzgaradze, GM Museum Director Tselina Meskhi; head of Chiatura Municipality Spatial Organization Supervision and Architectural and Construction Services Unit David Machavariani; Zestafoni Local Museum staff
members Tamar Arabidze, Malkhaz Machavariani; director of Poti Museume of Colchian Culture Elene Gabliani and
scientific researcher Izolda Gvilava; Director of Niko Nikoladze’s Memorial Museum Lia Bibileishvili and also to Nino
Tchachkhiani, Ana Margvelashvili, Gvantsa Nikolaishvili, Mariam Kapanadze, Murtaz Japaridze, Jaba Kontrishvili, Nukri
Tugushi, Eka Kakheli, Temur Tsitsilashvili, Andro Robakidze, Giorgi Nikolaishvili, Shukri Grigalashvili, Iura Nadiradze and
Liza Mumladze.
3
wi­n a­s it­y vao­b a
Sua­ sau­ku­neeb­Si, vaW­ro­bi­sa da ko­mer­ciu­li ur­Tier­To­be­bis ino­va­ciur­ma gan­vi­Ta­re­bam me18 sau­ku­nis mi­wu­ru­lis­Tvis ma­nu­faq­tu­ru­li war­moe­bis swra­fi zrda da so­cia­lu­ri, teq­ni­
ku­ri da eko­no­mi­ku­ri cvli­le­be­bi ga­na­pi­ro­ba. in­dus­triul­ma re­vo­lu­ciam ada­mian­Ta yo­fis
yve­la sfe­ro­ze moax­di­na gav­le­na da is Zi­reu­lad gar­daq­mna. dRes am cvli­le­ba­Ta ma­te­ria­
lu­ri ga­mov­li­ne­be­bi sa­yo­vel­Tao fa­seu­lo­bas war­moad­gens da Ses­wav­li­sa da dac­vis sa­ga­
nia. in­dus­triu­li mem­kvid­reo­bis mniS­vne­lo­ba saer­Ta­So­ri­so do­ne­ze far­Tod aris gaaz­re­bu­
li. ma­Ti kvle­va, mov­la-pat­ro­no­ba, adap­ta­cia da kon­ser­va­cia araer­Ti qvey­nis kul­tu­ru­li
cxov­re­bi­sa da kvle­vi­Ti saq­mia­no­bis prio­ri­tets war­moad­gens.
sa­qar­Tve­los mdi­da­ri kul­tu­ru­li mem­kvid­reo­ba Rrmad da sa­fuZ­vlia­nad aris Ses­wav­li­
li sxva­das­xva mi­mar­Tu­le­biT, Tum­ca qvey­nis in­dus­triu­li mem­kvid­reo­ba je­rac pro­fe­siu­li
in­te­re­sis miR­ma rCe­ba. sam­wu­xa­rod, is ar­qi­teq­tu­ru­li Tu sain­Jin­ro Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bi da
maT­Tan da­kav­Si­re­bu­li war­moe­bis for­me­bi, rom­le­bic me-19 da me-20 sa­ku­nee­bis sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si
in­dus­triu­li da­niS­nu­le­biT iq­mne­bo­da, dRem­de Seu­fa­se­be­lia da sis­te­mu­ri Ses­wav­lis sa­gans
ar war­moad­gens. Tval­sa­wiers miR­maa dar­Ce­ni­li mniS­vne­lo­va­ni obieq­te­bi, rom­le­bic qvey­nis
eko­no­mi­ku­ri, teq­no­lo­giu­ri Tu so­cia­lu­ri cvli­le­bis ana­rek­lia.
wi­nam­de­ba­re pub­li­ka­cia mok­rZa­le­bu­li mcde­lo­baa Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­ni-fo­Tis in­dus­
triu­li wre­dis ma­ga­liT­ze ga­mok­ve­Tos sa­qar­Tve­los in­dus­triu­li mem­kvid­reo­bis mniS­vne­
lo­ba, fa­seu­lo­ba da zo­ga­di kvle­vi­Ti mi­mar­Tu­le­be­bi, im ime­diT, rom Tan­da­Tan gaiz­rde­ba
Te­mi­sad­mi in­te­re­si da is siR­rmi­seu­li Ses­wav­lis sa­ga­ni gax­de­ba, fa­seu­li da Ri­re­bu­li
obieq­te­bi ki uk­va­lod ar gaq­re­ba da mo­ma­va­li Tao­be­bi­saT­vis sa­mu­da­mod ar dai­kar­ge­ba.
Se­s a­v a­l i
me-19 sau­ku­ne­Si Wia­Tu­ris man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis aR­mo­Ce­nam di­di gav­le­na iqo­nia ime­re­Tis re­gio­
nis siv­rciT da eko­no­mi­kur gan­vi­Ta­re­ba­ze, biZ­gi mis­ca sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si axa­li qa­la­qe­bis, sat­ran­
spor­to kav­Si­re­bi­sa da sam­rew­ve­lo dar­ge­bis Seq­mnas. man­ga­nu­mis mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­viT­re­bis pir­
ve­li­ve wleb­Si fo­Tis nav­sad­gur­ma mniS­vne­lo­va­ni sat­ran­zi­to fun­qcia Sei­Zi­na. 1930-ian wleb­Si
zes­ta­fo­nis fe­ro­Se­nad­nob­Ta qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­biT ki Seik­ra Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­ni-fo­Tis in­dus­
triu­li wre­di, ro­mel­sac qvey­nis eko­no­mi­ka­Si erT-er­Ti mniS­vne­lo­va­ni ad­gi­li dRe­sac uka­via.
4
PREFACE
The innovative development of the trade and commercial relationships in the Middle Ages set the conditions for the fast increase of the manufacturing production and caused social, technical and economic
changes at the end of the 18th century. The industrial revolution had influenced and basically transformed
every aspect of life. Today, the material expressions of these changes represent universal value and are the
subject of study and protection. The importance of the Industrial heritage is widely acknowledged internationally. Its research, stewardship, adaptation and conservation is a priority for many countries’ cultural life
and scientific work.
Georgia’s rich cultural heritage is studied in depth and extensively, though the country’s industrial heritage
continues to stay beyond the professional interest. Unfortunately, this architectural or engineering structures and
the related forms of production which were created with industrial purposes in the 19th and 20th centuries in Georgia, to this day, are not systematically studied and evaluated. These significant structures which are the reflections
of the economical, technical and social changes of the country are left beyond the scope.
This publication is a humble attempt to outline the significance and value of the Georgia’s industrial heritage
and its general research directions on the example of Chiatura-Zestafoni-Poti Industrial Circuit. We hope that
interest about this theme will gradually increase and will become a subject for fundemental research, valuable
and precious structures will not disappear without a trace and will not be lost forever to the future generations.
INTRODUCTION
The discovery of manganese ore in Chiatura in the 19th century greatly affected the spatial and economic development of Imereti region. It gave a new stimulus to the foundation of new cities, creation of new transport
links and industrial fields in Georgia. In the first few years of developing the manganese industry, the port of Poti
acquired a significant transit function. By building Zestafoni’s ferroalloy factory in the 1930s, the circuit of Chiatura-Zestafoni-Poti was tied, which still holds one of the most important places in country’s current economy.
Industrial heritage unites industrial culture’s those material manifestations which contain historical, technological, social, architectural and scientific values.
In our initial research, we were stinted by research of social and transport infrastructure of those sites of
Chiatura-Zestafoni-Poti Industrial Circuit’s which follow basic industrial directions (mining production, black metallurgy). We attempted as far as possible to detect a number of valuable sites which were connected with the
5
in­dus­triu­li mem­kvid­reo­ba aer­Tia­nebs in­dus­triu­li kul­tu­ris im ma­te­ria­lur ga­mov­li­
ne­bebs, ro­mel­Tac is­to­riu­li, teq­no­lo­giu­ri, so­cia­lu­ri, ar­qi­teq­tu­ru­li da mec­nie­ru­li
Ri­re­bu­le­ba aqvs.1
wi­nas­wa­ri kvle­vis far­gleb­Si Se­mo­vi­far­gleT Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­ni-fo­Tis in­dus­triu­li wre­
dis Zi­ri­Ta­di sam­rew­ve­lo mi­mar­Tu­le­be­bis (sam­Ta­mad­no war­moe­ba, Sa­vi me­ta­lur­gia) sa­war­moe­bis,
ma­Ti so­cia­lu­ri da sat­ran­spor­to in­fras­truq­tu­ris Ses­wav­liT. Se­ve­ca­deT, SeZ­le­bis­dag­va­
rad ga­mog­vev­li­na man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis mo­po­ve­bas­Tan, mis Sem­dgom ga­da­mu­Sa­ve­ba­sa da ga­da­zid­vas­
Tan da­kav­Si­re­bu­li zo­gier­Ti Ri­re­bu­li obieq­ti. Cve­ni in­te­re­sis areal­Si moeq­ca: ma­Ra­roe­bi,
fab­ri­ka-qar­xne­bi, mu­Sa­Ta sac­xov­re­be­li ub­ne­bi da ma­Ti mom­sa­xu­re­bi­sa da kul­tu­ris obieq­te­bi,
sat­ran­spor­to sa­Sua­le­be­bi, pro­duq­ciis tran­spor­ti­re­bas­Tan da­kav­Si­re­bu­li obieq­te­biT.
kvle­vis am etap­ze Se­da­re­biT de­ta­lu­rad iq­na Ses­wav­li­li man­ga­nu­mis mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­vi­
Ta­re­bis is­to­ria, sam­rew­ve­lo pro­ce­sis spe­ci­fi­ka da mas­Tan da­kav­Si­re­bu­li sain­Jin­ro, sat­
ran­spor­to da sam­rew­ve­lo obieq­te­bi.
Te­mis Ses­wav­li­sas, vi­xel­mZRva­ne­leT sa­ve­le sa­mu­Saos Se­de­gad Seg­ro­ve­bu­li ma­sa­liT,
saar­qi­vo do­ku­men­te­bi­Ta da dar­gob­ri­vi li­te­ra­tu­ru­li wya­roe­biT. Tum­ca, aq­ve un­da aR­
vniS­noT, rom kvle­vi­sas ga­mok­ve­Ti­li Ri­re­bu­li obieq­te­bis srul­fa­so­va­ni Ses­wav­lis­Tvis
un­da gag­rZel­des ro­gorc sa­ve­le, ise saar­qi­vo sa­mu­Saoe­bi.
Wia­Tu­ra. 1873-1876
Chia­tu­ra. 1873-1876
1. The Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage, TICCIH, 2003
6
extraction, refining and transportation of the manganese ore. The area of our interest included: mines, factories,
housing for workers, neighborhoods and their service and culture structures, means of transport and product
transportation related structures.
At this stage of the research, relatively detailed study of the history of development of manganese mining
industry, the specifics of the manufacturing process and related engineering, transportation and industry structures was done.
For the study of the subject, we leaned on materials collected during the field work, archive documents and
sectoral literature sources. However, we should note that for comprehensive study of the outlined valuable sites
the field as well as archive work should be continued.
The research area is vast and combines not a single but many interesting directions and aspects. Due to limited
timeframe, a lot of issues remain outside of our attention which requires further study and analysis.
Wia­Tu­ra me-20 sau­ku­nis da­saw­yis­Si
Chia­tu­ra in the be­gin­ning of 20th cen­tury
7
Wia­T u­r a
CHIATURA
man­ga­nu­mis sa­ba­dos aR­mo­Ce­na da mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­ba
ev­ro­pel­ma mec­nie­reb­ma qi­miu­ri ele­men­tis _ man­ga­nu­mis2 mec­nie­ru­li Ses­wav­la me-18 sau­ku­
ne­Si daiw­yes. eq­spe­ri­men­teb­ma da kvle­veb­ma ma­le­ve ga­moaaS­ka­ra­ves mi­si Tvi­se­be­bi da sar­geb­
lia­no­ba me­ta­lur­giul war­moe­ba­Si. me-19 sau­ku­ne­Si man­ga­nu­mis ga­mo­ye­ne­ba fe­ra­di li­To­ne­bis
Se­mad­ge­lo­ba­Si, ase­ve fo­la­di­sa da Tu­jis Tvi­se­be­bis ga­saum­jo­be­seb­lad, aq­tiu­rad daiw­yo.
am ga­re­moe­bam man­ga­num­ze moT­xov­ni­le­bis zrda ga­na­pi­ro­ba da axa­li sa­ba­doe­bis mo­Zie­bas da
da­mu­Sa­ve­bas Seuw­yo xe­li.
Wia­Tu­ris man­ga­nu­mis sa­ba­dos aR­mo­Ce­na ger­ma­ne­li geo­lo­gis, kav­ka­siis cno­bi­li mkvle­v­ris
vil­helm her­man abixis (1806-1886) sa­xels ukav­Sir­de­ba. 1846 wels man aR­moa­Ci­na da Seis­wav­la
man­ga­nu­mis sa­ba­do Wia­Tu­ra-saC­xe­res mi­da­moeb­Si. swo­red abixma mia­wo­da kav­ka­siis im­droin­del
me­fis­nac­val mi­xeil vo­ron­covs pir­ve­li cno­be­bi ime­re­Tis mi­da­moeb­Si ma­Ra­li xa­ris­xis man­ga­
nu­mis sa­ba­dos ar­se­bo­bis Se­sa­xeb.3 sa­ba­dos geo­lo­giu­ri Ses­wav­la mi­si Sem­dgo­mi da­mu­Sa­ve­bis­
Tvis mog­via­ne­biT, me-19 sau­ku­nis sa­moc­daa­Tian wleb­Si cno­bi­li qar­Tve­li mwer­li­sa da poe­tis
aka­ki we­reT­lis (1840-1915) uSua­lo ini­cia­ti­viT gag­rZel­da. aka­ki we­reT­lis Txov­niT, geo­log­ma
da mkvle­var­ma spi­ri­don si­mo­no­viC­ma (1845-1905) 1872-73 wleb­Si xe­lax­la, sa­fuZ­vlia­nad Seis­wav­
la saC­xe­re-Wia­Tu­ris mi­da­moe­bi. am ga­mok­vle­ve­bis sa­fuZ­vel­ze 1876-77 wleb­Si aka­ki we­re­Tel­ma
mad­nis mo­po­ve­ba daiw­yo sof­le­bis _ ze­da rgan­sa da mRvi­mevs So­ris.4 mad­nis ga­da­zid­vas­Tan
da­kav­Si­re­bul­ma sir­Tu­leeb­ma poets wa­mow­ye­bis war­ma­te­biT das­ru­le­ba­Si xe­li Seu­Sa­la, Tum­ca
man uc­xou­ri kom­pa­nie­bi­sa da ad­gi­lob­ri­vi mrew­ve­le­bis dain­te­re­se­ba SeZ­lo da qar­Tu­li man­
ga­nu­mis mad­nis war­moe­bas gza gauk­va­la, ro­me­lic im­xa­nad swra­fad ik­reb­da Za­las.
war­moe­bis swraf gan­vi­Ta­re­bas xels uw­yob­da sa­ba­dos da­mu­Sa­ve­bis xel­say­re­li pi­ro­be­bi,
mo­po­ve­bu­li mad­nis ma­Ra­li xa­ris­xi da da­sav­leT ev­ro­pis qve­ye­neb­sa da ame­ri­kis Seer­Te­bul
Sta­teb­Si swra­fad mzar­di fo­la­dis war­moe­ba. me-19 sau­ku­nis mi­wu­ruls, ru­se­Tis im­pe­ria­Si
me­ta­lur­giu­li da qi­miu­ri war­moe­ba sus­tad iyo gan­vi­Ta­re­bu­li. man­ga­num­ze mci­red moT­
xov­nas ura­li­sa da ni­ko­po­lis (uk­rai­na) sa­ba­doe­bic ak­ma­yo­fi­leb­dnen, qar­Tu­li man­ga­nu­mi ki
ume­te­sad saeq­spor­tod iyo gan­kuT­vni­li. qar­Tul ma­dans moix­mar­da in­gli­si, ger­ma­nia, saf­
ran­ge­Ti, bel­gia, av­stria-un­gre­Ti, aSS da sxv.5 qar­Tul ma­dans iye­neb­dnen ise­Ti msxvi­li me­
1.
3.
4.
5.
pe­rio­dul pre­sa­sa da li­te­ra­tu­ra­Si cno­bi­lia ase­ve sa­xel­wo­de­be­biT: Sa­vi qva, qva-gun­da, man­ga­ne­zi, mar­ga­ne­ci.
vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­ba sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si, Tbi­li­si, 1960, gv. 91-96
vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 125-123
Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­nis sam­rew­ve­lo kvan­Zi, sa­qar­Tve­los mec­nie­re­ba­Ta aka­de­miis va­xuS­ti bag­ra­tio­nis sa­xe­lo­bis geog­ra­fiis
in­sti­tu­tis Sro­ma­Ta kre­bu­li c. ian­qoS­vi­lis re­daq­to­ro­biT, Tbi­li­si, 1973, gv. 139
10
THE DISCOVERY OF MANGANESE ORE AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
The European scientists started scientific study of the chemical element manganese in the beginning of the18th
century. The experiments and researches soon revealed its charachteristics and effectiveness in metallurgy.
The use of manganese in enriching of ferrous metals, as well as in improving the characteristics of steel and
cast iron started actively in the 19th century. This circumstance caused the increased demand in manganese, and
helped exploration and processing of new ores.
The discovery of the Chiatura mine is attributed to a German geologist, a famous researcher of the Caucasus
Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (1806-1886). In 1846, he founded and studied the manganese ore in the vicinities
of Chiatura and Sachkhere.
Abich gave the first proofs of existence of high quality manganese ores in the Imereti to the Emperors’s governor in the
Caucasus Michael Vorontsov. The geological study of the ores for its further processing later, in the 1870s was continued
by the direct initiative of the famous Georgian writer and poet Akaki Tsereteli (1840-1915). Upon his request a geologist
and researcher Spiridon Simonovich (1845-1905), in the years of 1872-73, profoundly studied Sachkhere-Chiatura vicinities. Based on the results of this research, in the years of 1876-77, Akaki Tsereteli started ore mining between the villages
of Upper Rgani and Mgvimevi. The difficulties connected with the ore transportation prevented the poet from successful
completion of his initiative, however, he was able to concern foreign companies and local entrepreneurs and paved a road
to the Georgian manganese exploitation which at that time was quickly gaining the strength.
The fast development of production was supported by the ores convenient conditions, the high quality of the deposits and rapidly rising production of steel in west European countries and USA. In the end of 19th century Russian
Empire metallurgical and chemical industry was weak. The low demand for manganese was fully satisfied by Ural and
Nikopolis (Ukraine) mines, and Georgian manganese was mainly intended for export. Georgian ore deposits were utilized by England, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, USA etc. The Georgian manganese were utilized by large
metallurgical factories like the American company Bethlehem Steel Corporation, German Krupp, Italian ILVA etc.
Despite many difficulties, from the first day of functioning of these mines, until the beginning of the World
War I, the extraction of deposits and its export were stably increasing and reached its peak in 1913. In the year of
1900, 661,000 tons while in 1913, 966,000 tons of manganese were extracted from the Chiatura mine. Between
the years of 1910-14, 788,000 tons were being exported to the world market. In 1913, Georgia was the main
exporter of manganese ore _ Georgia supplied 50% of the world’s ore.
World War I and the closing of the Dardanelles strait abruptly stopped the peak of industry. The world demand
for ore was tangibly decreased that also lessened the extraction process. It was also accompanied with a difficult
domestic political situation. As a result in 1921 the production of manganese completely stopped.
The new stage of Georgian manganese production starts after the sovietization of the country. In the first year
of Georgia’s annexation, by the decree of the revolutionary committee, the mines were nationalized. In 1925, Chiatura production by concession agreement was transferred to the American politician and entrepreneur, W. Averell
Harriman (1891-1986) for twenty years. With this contract, Harriman monopolized the entire industry from extraction
11
ta­lur­giu­li sa­war­mooe­bi, ro­go­re­bic iyo ame­ri­ku­li beT­lem stil kor­po­rei­Se­ni (Bethlehem
Steel Corporation), ger­ma­nu­li kru­pi (Krupp), ita­liu­ri il­va (ILVA) da sxv.6
araer­Ti sir­Tu­lis miu­xe­da­vad, sa­ba­dos da­mu­Sa­ve­bis dRi­dan pir­ve­li msof­lio omis daw­
ye­bam­de, mad­nis amo­Re­ba da eq­spor­ti sta­bi­lu­rad iz­rde­bo­da da Ta­vis ze­nits 1913 wels
miaR­wia. 1900 wels Wia­Tu­ris sa­ba­do­dan 661 aTa­si to­na, xo­lo 1913 wels 966 aTa­si to­na man­
ga­nu­mis ma­da­ni iq­na mo­po­ve­bu­li. 1910-14 wleb­Si saer­Ta­So­ri­so ba­zar­ze wliu­rad sa­Sua­lod
788 to­na ig­zav­ne­bo­da. 1913 wlis­Tvis sa­qar­Tve­lo man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis pir­ve­li um­sxvi­le­si eq­
spor­tio­ri qve­ya­na iyo _ mad­nis msof­lio eq­spor­tis 50% sa­qar­Tve­lo­ze mo­dio­da.7
pir­vel­ma msof­lio om­ma da dar­da­ne­lis sru­tis ga­da­ket­vam uec­rad Sea­Ce­ra ze­nit­Si myo­fi
mrew­ve­lo­ba. ma­dan­ze saer­Ta­So­ri­so moT­xov­ni­le­bam sag­rZnob­lad ik­lo, ra­mac Tan­da­Ta­no­biT
mad­nis mo­po­ve­bac Seam­ci­ra. amas Tan ax­lda rTu­li Si­da­po­li­ti­ku­ri vi­Ta­re­ba. Se­de­gad 1921
wlis­Tvis man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis war­moe­ba mTlia­nad Sew­yda.
qar­Tu­li man­ga­nu­mis war­moe­bis axa­li eta­pi qvey­nis ga­sab­Woe­bis Sem­deg iw­ye­ba. sa­qar­Tve­
los aneq­siis pir­ve­li­ve wels, re­vo­lu­ciu­ri ko­mi­te­tis dad­ge­ni­le­biT, man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis
sa­war­moe­bi na­cio­na­li­ze­bul iq­na. 1925 wels ki Wia­Tu­ris war­moe­ba kon­ce­siis we­siT ame­ri­kel
po­li­ti­kos­sa da mrew­vels, ui­liam ave­rel ha­ri­mans (1891-1986) (W. Averell Harriman) oci wliT
ga­dae­ca. am xel­Sek­ru­le­biT ha­ri­man­ma mo­no­po­lia moi­po­va ro­gorc mad­nis mo­po­ve­bis, ase­ve
mi­si eq­spor­tis saq­me­ze, raSic ma­nam­de araer­Ti qar­Tve­li Tu uc­xoe­li mrew­ve­li da kom­pa­nia
iyo Car­Tu­li. ha­ri­mans fex­ze un­da dae­ye­ne­bi­na Ca­var­dni­li war­moe­ba, Tum­ca mi­si saq­mia­no­ba
Wia­Tu­ra­Si wa­ru­ma­te­be­li aR­moC­nda. xel­Sek­ru­le­ba 1928 wels gauq­mda da man­ga­nu­mis war­moe­
ba mTlia­nad sa­xel­mwi­fos xel­Si ga­da­vi­da. ama­ve wels ko­mu­nis­tu­ri par­tiis dad­ge­ni­le­biT
amoq­med­da pir­ve­li xuT­wlia­ni eko­no­mi­ku­ri gan­vi­Ta­re­bis geg­ma, ro­me­lic qvey­nis swraf in­
dus­tria­li­za­cias isa­xav­da miz­nad. Zi­reu­li cvli­le­be­bi Wia­Tu­ris man­ga­nu­mis mrew­ve­lo­ba­sac
See­xo. pir­vel xuT­wled­Si (1928-1932) daiw­yo zes­ta­fo­nis fe­ro­Se­nad­nob­Ta qar­xnis mSe­neb­
lo­bac, ro­me­lic dRem­de Wia­Tu­ris man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis erT-er­Ti Zi­ri­Ta­di mom­xma­re­be­lia. am
pe­rio­di­dan gai­zar­da mad­nis war­moe­ba da Si­da eq­spor­ti, pa­ra­le­lu­rad qar­Tu­li man­ga­nu­mi
kvla­vac inar­Cu­neb­da ad­gils saer­Ta­So­ri­so ba­zar­ze.
1990-ia­ni wle­bis po­li­ti­kur­ma da eko­no­mi­kur­ma gar­da­te­xam war­moe­ba ki­dev er­Txel daa­
ye­na rTu­li ga­mow­ve­ve­bis wi­na­Se. moi­Sa­la sa­war­moo in­fras­truq­tu­ra: mi­wis­qve­Sa gvi­ra­be­bi,
fab­ri­ke­bi da ma­Ti dam­xma­re Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bi, sat­vir­To sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bi da a.S.
2006 wli­dan sa­ba­dos mar­Tvas axor­cie­lebs „jor­jian­ man­ga­nezi“, ro­me­lic „Wia­Tur­man­ga­nu­
mis“, zes­ta­fo­nis fe­ro­Se­nad­nob­Ta qar­xnis da var­ci­xis hid­roe­leq­tro sad­gu­ris mflo­be­li­caa.
6.
7.
vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 404
Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­nis sam­rew­ve­lo... gv. 85
12
to export which previously many Georgian and foreign entrepreneurs and companies were involved. Harriman was
supposed to restore the fallen production, though his work in Chiatura was unsuccessful. The contract was terminated
in 1928 and the entire production was assumed by the government. That same year, the Communist Party enacted
it’s first five years economic plan which was supposed to develop the country’s economy quickly. Basic changes also
affected the Chiatura industry. In the first “five-year plan” (1928-1932) Zestafonis ferroalloy factory construction started, which up-to-date continues to be Chiatura’s Manganese ore’s main user. From this period on, the production of
manganese and its internal export increased in paralel, the Georgian manganese still kept its place on the international
market.
The political and economical turmoil of the early 1990s forced the production to face difficult challenges again. The
production infrastructure was deteriorated: underground tunnels, factories with utility buildings, freight pathways etc.
From the year of 2006, the management of the mines is executed by Georgian Manganese Holding Limited
which is the owner of “Chiatura Manganese,” Zestafoni’s ferroalloy factory and Vartsikhe hydroelectric station.
Wia­Tu­ra. ma­Ra­ros mu­Se­bi ka­rie­ris win
Chia­tu­ra. Wor­kers in front of car­rier
13
man­ga­nu­mis sa­ba­dos area­li da qa­la­qi Wia­Tu­ra
Wia­Tu­ra-saC­xe­res man­ga­nu­mis sa­ba­do ze­mo ime­reT­Si, mdi­na­re yvi­ri­las Sua­wel­Si mde­ba­
reobs. sabados au­zis far­To­bi 78,5 kvad­ra­tu­li ki­lo­met­ria,8 rom­lis area­li mdi­na­re yvi­
ri­las da sxva xeo­be­biT aris da­se­ri­li. yvi­ri­las xeo­biT area­li or Zi­ri­Tad na­wi­lad iyo­
fa. Crdi­lo-aR­mo­sav­leT na­wil­Si moq­ceu­lia rga­nis, Ta­bag­re­bis, mRvi­me­vis, dar­kve­Tis, ze­da
rga­nis, bu­ni­kau­ris, xo­lo sam­xreT-aR­mo­sav­le­TiT _ iT­xvi­sis, Suq­ru­Tis da pe­re­vi­sas zeg­ne­bi.
zeg­neb­ze ma­Ra­roe­bi da sac­xov­re­be­li ub­ne­bia gan­la­ge­bu­li, xeo­bis Zir­Si ki _ mad­nis ga­mam­
did­re­be­li fab­ri­ke­bi. qa­la­qi Wia­Tu­ra am sam­rew­ve­lo area­lis cen­tria, ro­me­lic mdi­na­re
yvi­ri­las ori­ve sa­na­pi­ro­zea ga­wo­li­li. lan­dSaf­ti­sa da sac­xov­re­be­li ub­ne­bis xa­sia­Ti, xeo­
beb­sa da zeg­neb­ze gab­neu­li sam­rew­ve­lo obieq­te­bi­sa da sat­ran­spor­to in­fras­truq­tu­ris
qse­li did areal­ze ga­da­Wi­mul, rTul, ur­Tier­Tga­da­jaW­vul ga­na­Se­nia­ne­bul sis­te­mas qmnis.
tye­Si Caf­lu­li xeo­be­bi ma­la­ven Zvel wol­xvre­lebs,9 sar­ki­nig­zo gvi­ra­bebs, mam­did­re­be­li
fab­ri­ke­bis naS­Tebs, ro­me­le­bic cno­bis­moy­va­re mkvle­vars jer ki­dev elo­de­ba.
Wia­Tu­ra
Chia­tu­ra
8. iq­ve, gv. 38
9. wol­xvre­li igi­ve Stol­ni _ ho­ri­zon­ta­lu­ri an od­nav da­qa­ne­bu­li gvi­ra­bi, ro­me­lic uSua­lod de­da­mi­wis ze­da­pir­ze
ga­mo­dis da mi­wis­qve­Sa sam­To sa­mu­Sao­Ta mom­sa­xu­re­bi­saT­vis aris gan­kuT­vni­li.
14
MANGANESE MINE AREA AND THE CITY OF CHIATURA
Chiatura-Sachkhere manganese mine is located in Upper Imereti, in river Kvirila’s middle stream. It’s basin is
78.5 sq. km which is broken by the area of Kvirila River and other gorges. Kvirila Gorge’s area is split in two main
parts. In the northeastern part, there are Rgani, Tabagrebi, Mgvimevi, Darkveti, Upper Rgani, Bunikauri, while in
the southeast, there are Itkhvisi, Shukruti and Perevisa highlands. The mines and living quarters are situated on
the highlands, while in the gorge’s bed the processing plants are located. The city of Chiatura is in the center of
this industrial area stripped alongside the both banks of the river Kvirila. The character of the landscape and the
living quarters, industrial structures and transport networks are stretched on gorges and highlands, it creates a
difficult and mutually interconnected settled system. The canyons covered by wood hide the old mines, railway
tunnels, enrichment factories’ remains, which are still awaiting inquisitive scholars.
With manganese industry development, Chiatura village of Shorapani sub-district, in the meantime became
the mining industry center. Chiatura was the first ore collection point where the loaders, mining workers, and the
local residents were gathering. With the growth of the residents and the factory workers, the social and communal problems also were increasing those to be solved. The entrepreneurs partnerships, in parallel with solving the problems occurred during the ore processing, were trying with more or less success to deal with above
mentioned issues. With the initiative of the “Entrepreneurs Convent” which was presided by Giorgi Zdanovich
(1854-1917), the Chiatura’s public school, bathhouse, hospital, sunday school, theater were built and a cheap
restaurant was opened etc. With the initiative of the entrepreneurs, a central electric station, water and sewage
systems, electrical lighting and telephone networks were built. The more Chiatura was acquiring the image of the
city, the more discussion regarding the city governance system introduction was taking the place. Finally, in the
year of 1917 Chiatura was declared as a city.
The settlement on the right slope of the river Kvirila is covered with twisty network of up-grades. This part of
the city still accompanied with the charm of spontaneous settlements. The hillside of the left bank is more filled
with “European manner” urban development. Here the trace of the entrepreneurs activities is still noticeable. A
focused eye will not miss the two-storied former polyclinic surrounded by old trees and flora (David Aghmashenebeli str., #10). It was built by the help of “Entrepreneurs Convent” in 1897 and later in 1904 was altered by the
second story.
The square building has a Latin “t” form. The polygonal stonework of the facade of the first story indicates that
it was built earlier. The plastered facade of the building’s second story, the small iron railing of the balcony over
the main entrance, and a vast vestibule with wide stairs is solved in Art Nouveau styl. On the west façade side the
building is ended with two-storied semi-circled bay window. This historical building is now without a function, and
without a proper maintenance is decaying.
15
man­ga­nu­mis mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bis kval­dak­val, So­rap­nis maz­ris so­fe­li Wia­Tu­ra dro­
Ta gan­mav­lo­ba­Si sam­Ta­mad­no mrew­ve­lo­bis cen­trad iq­ca. Wia­Tu­ra iyo mo­po­ve­bu­li mad­nis
pir­ve­li Sem­kre­bi pun­qti, sa­dac Tavs iy­rid­nen mad­nis mtvir­Ta­ve­bi, ma­Ra­ros mu­Se­bi, mkvid­
ri mo­sax­leo­ba. mo­sax­leo­bi­sa da war­moe­ba­Si da­saq­me­bu­li mu­Se­bis rao­de­no­bis zrdas­Tan
er­Tad iz­rde­bo­da ko­mu­na­lu­ri Tu sa­yo­fac­xov­re­bo prob­le­me­bi, rom­le­bic mog­va­re­bas sa­
Wi­roeb­dnen. mrew­vel­Ta am­xa­na­go­be­bi da gaer­Tia­ne­be­bi, war­moe­bis pro­ces­Si Seq­mni­li siZ­ne­
lee­bis mog­va­re­bis pa­ra­le­lu­rad, met-nak­le­bi war­ma­te­biT aR­niS­nu­li sa­kiT­xe­bis ga­daW­ras
cdi­lob­dnen. „mrew­vel­Ta yri­lo­bis“ ini­cia­ti­viT, ro­mel­sac wle­bis gan­mav­lo­ba­Si gior­gi
zda­no­vi­Ci (1854-1917) Tav­mjdo­ma­reob­da, aSen­da Wia­Tu­ris sa­qa­la­qo sas­wav­leb­lis Se­no­ba,
aba­no, saa­vad­myo­fo, sak­vi­rao sko­la, Teat­ri, gaix­sna iaf­fa­sia­ni sa­sa­di­lo mu­Se­bi­saT­vis da
sxv.10 mrew­vel­Ta ini­cia­ti­viT aSen­da cen­tra­lu­ri eleq­tro­sad­gu­ri, gaiy­va­nes wyal­sa­de­ni
da ka­na­li­za­cia, eleq­troga­na­Te­bi­sa da sa­te­le­fo­no qse­li.11 rac uf­ro me­tad em­sgav­se­bo­
da Wia­Tu­ra qa­la­qur da­sax­le­bas, miT uf­ro xSi­rad ga­ni­xi­le­bo­da Wia­Tu­ra­Si qa­la­qis ti­pis
mmar­Tve­lo­bi­Ti sis­te­mis Se­mo­Re­bis sa­kiT­xi. sa­bo­lood Wia­Tu­ra qa­la­qad 1917 wels ga­moc­
xad­da.
mdi­na­re yvi­ri­las mar­jve­na sa­na­pi­ros fer­dob­ze Se­fe­ni­li ga­na­Se­nia­ne­ba dak­lak­ni­li aR­
mar­Te­bi­Taa daq­se­li­li. qa­la­qis am na­wils spon­ta­nu­ri ga­na­Se­nia­ne­bis xib­li dRem­de moh­yve­
ba. mar­cxe­na sa­na­pi­ros fer­do­bi „ev­ro­pu­li yai­dis“ Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­biT me­ta­daa ga­je­re­bu­
li. aq mrew­vel­Ta saq­mia­no­bis kva­li je­rac ikiT­xe­ba. dak­vir­ve­bul Tvals ar ga­moe­pa­re­ba
par­kiT gar­Se­mor­tymu­li, mra­val­wlo­van uc­xo xe-mce­na­reeb­Si Caf­lu­li yo­fi­li po­lik­li­ni­
kis or­sar­Tu­lia­ni Se­no­ba (da­viT aR­ma­Se­neb­lis qu­Ca #10), ro­me­lic „mrew­vel­Ta yri­lo­bis“
dax­ma­re­biT 1897 wels au­giaT, mog­via­ne­biT _ 1904 wels gau­far­Toe­biaT da meo­re sar­Tu­li
dau­Se­ne­biaT.12
swor­kuT­xa Se­no­bas la­Ti­nu­ri t-s for­ma aqvs. pir­ve­li sar­Tu­lis fa­sa­dis po­li­go­na­lu­ri
qvis wyo­ba mis ad­reul pe­riod­ze mia­niS­nebs. Se­no­bis meo­re sar­Tu­lis na­le­si fa­sa­di, Zir­
Ta­di Se­sas­vle­lis Tav­ze gan­la­ge­bu­li mci­re zo­mis aiv­nis We­du­ri moa­ji­ri da vrce­li ves­
ti­biu­li far­To ki­bis uj­re­diT iu­gen­dstil­Sia (Jugendstil) ga­daw­yve­ti­li. da­sav­leT fa­sa­dis
mxa­res Se­no­ba ori­ve sar­Tu­lis si­maR­le­ze na­xe­var­wriu­li er­ke­riT bo­lov­de­ba. es is­to­riu­
li Se­no­ba dRes ufun­qciod, mov­la-pat­ro­no­bis ga­re­Se dar­Ce­ni­li nad­gur­de­ba.
10.
11.
12.
vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 265
iq­ve, gv. 379
Sa­vi oq­ros qa­la­qi, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 95
16
Wia­Tu­ra.
yo­fi­li po­lik­li­ni­kis Se­no­ba. 2015
Chia­tu­ra.
For­mer pol­ycli­nic buil­ding. 2015
17
mad­nis mo­po­ve­ba
man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis sa­bo­loo sa­sa­qon­lo pro­duq­tis mi­sa­Re­bad sa­Wi­ro sa­war­moo pro­ce­
si ur­Tier­Tda­kav­Si­re­bul, Tum­ca, teq­no­lo­giu­ri Tval­saz­ri­siT, gan­sxva­ve­bul sa­mu­Saoebs
moi­cavs. igi aer­Tia­nebs sa­ba­dos da­mu­Sa­ve­bis, mad­nis amo­Re­bi­sa da mi­si gam­did­re­bis eta­
pebs.
Tav­da­pir­ve­lad ma­dans Ria ka­rie­ru­li we­siT moi­po­veb­dnen, mag­ram ara­ren­ta­be­lu­ro­bis
ga­mo is ma­le­ve Seic­va­la mo­po­ve­bis mi­wis­qve­Sa me­To­de­biT. Ria ka­rie­ru­li we­siT mo­po­ve­ba
mxo­lod 1952 wels ga­nax­lda13 da dReis­Tvis uf­ro far­Tod aris gav­rce­le­bu­li.
Tav­da­pir­ve­lad mad­nis mo­po­ve­ba pri­mi­tiu­li me­To­de­biT xde­bo­da. es exe­ba ro­gorc ma­
Ra­ros mow­yo­ba­sa da mad­nis mo­po­ve­bis me­To­debs, ase­ve ga­mo­ye­ne­bul sa­mu­Sao ia­ra­Reb­sa da
mad­nis mi­wis ze­da­pir­ze zid­vis pro­cess. Ta­vi­dan mad­nis Sem­cvel qans we­raq­ve­biT an­grev­
dnen, niC­be­bis dax­ma­re­biT uri­keb­ze tvir­Tav­dnen da xe­liT ezi­de­bod­nen mi­wis ze­da­pir­ze.
ma­dans fu­Wi qan­is­gan iq­ve acal­ke­veb­dnen da Semdeg sa­pal­nee­bi­Ta da sa­Wap­no tran­spor­tiT
meur­meeb­sa da Cal­vad­rebs (wylis mzi­da­vebs) rki­nig­zis sad­gu­ram­de ga­dah­qon­daT.
war­moe­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bis kval­dak­val Tan­da­Tan vi­Tar­de­bo­da mad­nis mo­po­ve­bis, zid­vi­sa da
gam­did­re­bis teq­no­lo­gie­bi. sa­war­moo pro­ce­sis swo­ri me­qa­ni­za­cia mad­nis mo­po­ve­bis temps
zrdi­da da sa­bo­loo sa­sa­qon­lo pro­duq­tis fa­sis Sem­ci­re­bas uw­yob­da xels, rac au­ci­le­be­
li iyo saer­Ta­So­ri­so ba­zar­ze kon­ku­ren­tu­na­ria­no­bis Se­sa­nar­Cu­neb­lad. uk­ve me-19 sau­ku­nis
mi­wu­ruls zo­gierT ma­Ra­ro­Si ma­dans uri­ke­bis nac­vlad rel­seb­ze moZ­ra­vi va­go­ne­te­biT ezi­
de­bod­nen, ro­mlis gam­wev Za­lad cxe­ne­bs i­ye­ne­bdnen.14 cno­bi­li mrew­ve­li da sa­zo­ga­do moR­
va­we ni­ko Ro­Ro­be­ri­Ze (1838-1911) pir­ve­li iyo, vinc 1886 wels rga­nis ma­Ra­ro­Si 120 met­ria­ni
rki­nis rel­se­bi daa­go da mon­greul ma­dans rki­nis va­go­ne­te­bis meS­veo­biT ezi­de­bod­nen.15
mad­nis Zi­ri­Tad sat­vir­To gzam­de da mam­did­re­bel fab­ri­keb­Tan Ca­sa­zi­dad me­qa­ni­ku­ri Ca­
saS­ve­bi mow­yo­bi­lo­be­bi ga­moi­ye­ne­bo­da. ma­ga­li­Tad, dar­kve­Tis ma­Ra­ro­Si, ro­mel­sac frang
mrew­vel­Ta gaer­Tia­ne­ba „dar­kve­Ti“ uwev­da eq­splua­ta­cias, mow­yo­bi­li iyo 270 met­ris sig­
rZis brem­sber­gi.16 1900 wlis­Tvis or­lia­nda­gia­ni brem­sber­gi fun­qcio­ni­reb­da mRvi­me­vis
ma­Ra­ro­Sic, rom­lis sig­rZe 350 metrs Sead­gen­da da a.S. mad­nis sa­zi­dad ga­moi­ye­ne­bo­da pri­
mi­tiu­li Ra­re­bic. 1913 wlis­Tvis Wia­Tu­ra­Si 24 me­qa­ni­ku­ri Ca­mo­saS­ve­bi yo­fi­la mow­yo­bi­li.17
13. vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 536
14. iq­ve, gv. 299-301
15. iq­ve, gv. 134
16. mow­yo­bi­lo­ba, ro­me­lic tvir­Tis dax­ril ze­da­pir­ze ga­da­sa­zi­dad ga­moi­ye­ne­ba.
17. iq­ve, gv. 216-217
18
THE EXTRACTION OF MINERALS
In order to get the final product of manganese ore, it is necessary to have a interconnected production process, since, in the technological point of view, there is differentiated working process. It combines the method of
treatment of deposit, extraction process and its enrichment stage.
In the beginning the open-pit mining method was used but due to the lack of profitability, it was soon changed
to ore exploitation by underground methods. The open-pit mining method was reconsidered again in 1952, and
is more widely used today.
In the beginning, the ore extraction was done by primitive methods. This concerns as well as to the setting of
mines and methods of extraction, as well as tools used and the process of ore transportation on the surface of
the land. In the beginning, the layers containing the ores were hit with pick axes with the help of shovels and were
then put on wheelbarrows and transported by hand to the earth surface. The output was there cleaned from bad
ores and thereafter transported by saddle bags and carts to the railway stations.
Wia­Tu­ra. ma­Ra­ros mu­Sa mad­niT sav­se
uri­kas­Tan. 1894-1896
Chia­tu­ra. Mi­ner at ore-char­ged wa­gon. 1894-1896
Wia­Tu­ra. man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis ga­mo­zid­va ma­Ra­ro­dan. 1925
Chia­tu­ra. Man­ga­ne­se ore ex­port from mi­ne. 1925
19
am pe­rio­dis sain­Jin­ro na­ge­bo­bebs Wia­Tu­ris mi­da­moeb­Si dRe­sac vxvde­biT. erT-erT xeo­
ba­Si dRem­dea Se­mor­Ce­ni­li sar­ki­nig­zo gvi­ra­bis rus­ti­re­bu­li por­ta­li kuT­vni­le­bis aR­
mniS­vne­li ini­cia­le­biT, ro­me­lic 1911 wels au­giaT. gad­mo­ce­mis Ta­nax­mad, gvi­ra­bi ga­moi­ye­ne­
bo­da mad­nis Zi­ri­Tad sar­ki­nig­zo xaz­Tan ga­da­sa­zi­dad.
sa­hae­ro sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bi
Wia­Tu­ra­Si sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bis mow­yo­bis sa­kiT­xi jer ki­dev me-19 sau­ku­nis mi­wu­ruls dais­va.18
Tum­ca ideam far­To ga­sa­qa­ni mxo­lod ga­su­li sau­ku­nis 50-iani wle­bi­dan mii­Ro. ad­gi­lob­riv­
ma spe­cia­lis­teb­ma mra­va­li sat­vir­To da sam­gzav­ro sa­ba­gi­ro gza aa­ges. ma­da­ni mam­did­re­bel
fab­ri­kebs sat­vir­To sa­ba­gi­roe­biT uw­yve­tad mie­wo­de­ba, sam­gzav­ro sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bi ki uz­
run­vel­yo­fen kav­Sirs sxva­das­xva zeg­neb­ze gan­la­ge­bul sof­leb­sa da ma­Ra­roebs, ase­ve qa­laq
Wia­Tu­ris sxva­das­xva ub­nebs So­ris. sa­ba­gi­ro sis­te­mis gan­vi­Ta­re­bas xe­li Seuw­yo rTul­ma re­
lief­ma da sa­ba­gi­ro ma­le­ve ga­daiq­ca mo­sa­xer­xe­bel da swraf tran­spor­tad.
swo­red Wia­Tu­ra­Si ai­go sab­Wo­Ta kav­Sir­Si pir­ve­li sa­hae­ro sa­ba­gi­ro gza. ase­Tad sa­xel­de­
ba 1953 wels age­bu­li Wia­Tu­ra-pe­re­vi­sas („oc­da­xu­Tis“) sa­xal­xo sa­ba­gi­ro, ro­mel­sac mog­via­
ne­biT ki­dev er­Ti xa­zi _ „sa­Se­var­dno“ dae­ma­ta. WiaTuris ba­gir-gze­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­ba in­Ji­ner
gior­gi fan­cu­laias (1911-1982) sa­xel­Tan mWid­rod aris da­kav­Si­re­bu­li. mi­si Taos­no­biT ai­go
araer­Ti sa­hae­ro sa­ba­gi­ro gza sa­qar­Tve­loSi da sabWoTa kavSirSi.
sam­gzav­ro sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bis sad­gu­re­bi gab­neu­lia Wia­Tu­ra-saC­xe­res gza­ze, zeg­neb­ze gan­la­
ge­bul da­sax­le­beb­sa da sof­leb­Si, qa­la­qis sxva­das­xva na­wil­Si. yu­rad­Re­bas iq­cevs sa­ba­gi­ro
gze­bis sain­Jin­ro ga­daw­yve­ta da sad­gu­re­bis sti­lis­tu­ri mra­val­fe­rov­ne­ba. aq Sex­vde­biT
ro­gorc mci­re zo­mis far­du­lis ti­pis Se­no­bebs, ase­ve sab­Wo­Ta ar­qi­teq­tu­ris sxva­das­xva eta­
pis­Tvis da­ma­xa­si­Te­bel ti­pur Tu saav­to­ro proeq­te­biT Seq­mnil na­ge­bo­bebs.
qa­la­qis lan­dSaf­tSi aq­cen­te­bad ikiT­xe­ba sa­ba­gi­ro sad­gu­re­bis mo­nu­men­tu­ri, „sta­li­nu­ri“
ar­qi­teq­tu­ris­Tvis da­ma­xa­sia­Te­be­li mo­cu­lo­be­bi, gvia­ni sab­Wo­Ta mo­der­niz­mis­Tvis sa­xa­sia­To sa­
da swor­xa­zo­va­ni da plas­tiu­ri for­me­bi, li­To­nis maR­li­vi kon­struq­cie­bi, bru­ta­lis­tu­ri ar­
qi­teq­tu­ris­Tvis da­ma­xa­sia­Te­be­li uxe­Si be­to­niT da­mu­Sa­ve­bu­li mo­no­li­Tu­ri for­me­bi. sa­hae­ro
sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bis kar­gad gan­vi­Ta­re­bu­li sis­te­ma da sad­gu­re­bis dax­ve­wi­li da mra­val­fe­ro­va­ni
ar­qi­teq­tu­ru­li ier­sa­xe gan­sa­kuT­re­bul xibls sZens qa­laqs da mi­si erT-er­Ti sa­vi­zi­to ba­ra­Tia.
18. iq­ve, gv. 209
20
Along with industry development the ore extraction, transportation and enrichment technologies were also
improving. The proper mechanization of the production process was increasing the ore extraction time and also
was promoting the lowering of the prices, which was necessary to keep the competitiveness on the world market. In the end of the 19th century in some mines, the ores were already transported by horse-powered wagons
instead of formerly used ropes. The well-known entrepreneur and a statesman, Niko Gogoberidze (1838-1911)
was the first who in 1886 in the Rgani mines, laid down 120 meters of metal rails and the demolished ore was
transported by wagons.
The mechanical downloading equipment was used for ores delivery to the main roads and processing plants.
For example, in Darkveti mine, which was managed by a French entrepreneurs association “Darkveti”, there was
arranged a 270 meter long rail track. For the year 1900 two-wheeled rail track functioned at the Mgvimevi mine,
which was 350 meters long ect. The primitive trenches also were used for the ore transportation. However, by
1913, 24 mechanical landing stations were set-up in Chiatura.
We still find the engineering utilities of this period in Chiatura’s vicinities. In one of the canyons the remains of
the rusticated portal of the railway tunnel with an engraved initials of the owners who built it in 1911 is still there.
According to the legend the tunnel was used for ore transportation to the main railway line.
ROPE ROADS
The issue of rope roads installation in Chiatura was alrady raised at the end of the 19th century. However, this
idea was widely initiated only since the 1950’s of the last century. Local specialists constructed a lot of freight and
passenger ropeways. The freight ropeways provided non-stop delivery of ore to the processing plants, passenger
ropeways provide a link between the different towns and mines situated on various uplands, as well as between
the different districts of the city of Chiatura. Complex terrain contributed to ropeways system development and
it soon became the shortest and convenient transport.
It is believed that the the first ropeway throughout the Soviet Union was built in Chiatura. Such one is named
to be the public ropeway Chiatura-Perevisa (“Twenty-five”) built in 1953, to which another line _ “Sashevardno”
was added. Georgian ropeways business for the development is closely associated with the name of the engineer
George Pantsulaia (1911-1982). Under his leadership a number of ropeways were built in Chiatura, as well as in
several other parts of Georgia.
Passenger ropeways stations are scattered on Chiatura-Sachkhere road, settlements and villages located on
uplands, in various parts of the town. Engineering solution of the ropeways and stylistic diversity of the stations
attract attention. Here you will see the small-size shed-like facilities, as well as the typical structures or the structures characteristic to the Soviet architecture constructed under the author’s design.
21
Wia­Tu­ra. sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bis cen­tra­lu­ri sad­gu­ri
Chia­tu­ra. Roapways cen­tral sta­tion
22
Monumental sizes of the ropeway
stations typical to “Stalinistic” architecture, are read as an accents in the city
landscape, characteristic to the late soviet modernism, plain, linear and plastic molds, metal high-rise structures,
rough monolithic molds processed with
concrete characteristic to brutalist architecture. Well-developed system of
ropeways and sophisticated and diverse
architectural appearance add more
charm to the town being one of its visit
cards.
Nowadays, modernization of the
passenger ropeways network is planned
in Chiatura. In our opinion, during the
process of reconstruction, the ropeway
stations and original carriages should
be preserved in their original form.
In Chiatura a number of freight
ropeways are still functioning, however, the tendency of transportation of
the ore by trucks is more and more noticeable. Carrying the ore by the trucks
worsens the road conditions and enhances the dust accumulation. From
today’s overview the advantages of ore
transportation by air transport are becoming clearer and the impression is
made, that the problems prevailing one
century ago, are re-appearing in contemporary Chiatura in a changed form.
Wia­Tu­ra. sa­ba­gi­ro gza `cen­tri-mu­xa­Zis qu­Ca“
Chia­tu­ra. Roapway `Cen­tre-Muk­had­ze Street“
23
dRes Wia­Tu­ra­Si da­geg­mi­lia sam­gzav­ro sa­ba­gi­roe­bis qse­lis mo­der­ni­za­cia. vfiq­robT, re­
kon­struq­ciis pro­ces­Si sa­ba­gi­ro sad­gu­re­bi da ori­gi­na­lu­ri va­go­ne­te­bi pir­van­de­li sa­xiT
un­da Se­nar­Cun­des.
Wia­Tu­ra­Si sat­vir­To sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bis na­wi­li dRe­sac fun­qcio­ni­rebs, Tum­ca sat­vir­To
man­qa­ne­biT mad­nis ga­da­zid­vis ten­den­cia sul uf­ro me­tad Seim­Cne­va. sa­man­qa­no tran­spor­tiT
mad­nis zid­va gze­bis mdgo­ma­reo­bas aua­re­sebs da mtve­ris dag­ro­ve­bas uw­yobs xels. dRe­van­de­
li gad­mo­sa­xe­di­dan ki­dev uf­ro mka­fiod ik­ve­Te­ba mad­nis sa­hae­ro tran­spor­tiT zid­vis upi­
ra­te­so­be­bi da rCe­ba STa­beW­di­le­ba, rom er­Ti sau­ku­nis wi­nan­de­li prob­le­me­bi sa­xec­vli­li
for­miT Ta­na­med­ro­ve Wia­Tu­ra­Si xe­lax­la iCens Tavs.
Wia­Tu­ra. sa­ba­gi­ro gza `Wia­Tu­ra-pe­re­vi­sa“
Chia­tu­ra. Roap way sta­tion “Chia­tu­ra-Pe­re­vi­sa“
24
25
mad­nis gam­did­re­ba
me-20 sau­ku­nis da­saw­yis­Si, mad­nis mo­po­ve­bis teq­no­lo­gie­bis gan­
vi­Ta­re­bis kval­dak­val, dRis wes­rig­Si mi­si gam­did­re­bis au­ci­leb­
lo­bac dad­ga. wi­na wleb­Tan Se­da­re­biT, 1900 wlis­Tvis, mad­nis mo­po­
ve­ba or­jer gai­zar­da. mo­po­ve­bu­li mad­nis xa­ris­xi ki ua­res­de­bo­da,
rac mis sa­baz­ro Ri­re­bu­le­ba­ze ax­den­da gav­le­nas. ma­Ra­li xa­ris­xis
Se­sa­nar­Cu­neb­lad mrew­ve­leb­ma mad­nis ga­mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ke­bis
mSe­neb­lo­ba daiw­yes. pir­ve­lad ase­Ti fab­ri­ka dar­kve­Tis ze­gan­ze
fran­gul­ma kom­pa­niam aa­Se­na.19 1912 wlis­Tvis ki sam­rew­ve­lo areal­
Si mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ke­bis rao­de­no­bam 30-s miaR­wia. ga­mam­did­
re­bel fab­ri­kebs flob­dnen Zme­bi Ci­lin­ga­ro­ve­bi, „gel­zen­kir­xe­nis
sam­To-sam­rew­ve­lo sa­zo­ga­de­ba“ da sxve­bi.20
Zve­li mam­did­re­be­li qar­xne­bis nan­gre­ve­bi sa­ba­dos te­ri­to­ria­
ze dRe­sac gvxvde­ba. isi­ni droul Ses­wav­la­sa da iden­ti­fi­ci­re­bas
sa­Wi­roe­ben, rac ma­Ti Sem­dgo­mi praq­ti­ku­li ga­mo­ye­ne­bis sa­fuZ­ve­li
SeiZ­le­ba gax­des.
mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bis ad­reul etap­ze ma­dans pri­mi­tiu­li
me­To­diT am­did­reb­dnen (xe­liT an pri­mi­tiu­li sa­rec­xi Ra­re­bis sa­
Sua­le­biT). dRes es pro­ce­si kom­pleq­sur teq­no­lo­giur sqe­mebs
efuZ­ne­ba.
mad­nis gam­did­re­ba mis mo­po­ve­ba­sa da sa­bo­loo ga­mo­ye­ne­bas So­
ris Sua­le­dur rgols war­moad­gens da aer­Tia­nebs sxva­das­xva pro­
cess mad­nis fu­Wi da Ri­re­bu­li, ase­ve sxva­das­xva sa­xis Ri­re­bu­li
mi­ne­ra­le­bis er­Tma­ne­Ti­sa­gan gan­sa­cal­ke­veb­lad. zo­ga­di sqe­mis mi­
xed­viT, mam­did­re­bel fab­ri­keb­Si xde­ba mad­nis dam­tvre­va, mo­rec­
xva da fraq­cie­bad da­leq­va. gam­did­re­bis me­To­debs mad­nis fi­zi­ku­
ri Tvi­se­be­bis Se­sa­ba­mi­sad ar­Ce­ven. ga­nar­Ce­ven gra­vi­ta­ciul, mag­ni­
tur da eleq­tro se­pa­ra­ciis, flo­ta­ciur,21 kom­bi­ni­re­bul da a.S
me­To­debs. vi­nai­dan man­ga­nu­mi bu­ne­ba­Si rki­na­sa da sxva ele­men­teb­
Tan er­Tob­lio­ba­Si gvxvde­ba da Ta­vi­su­fa­li sa­xiT ar moi­po­ve­ba,
19. iq­ve, gv. 217
20. iq­ve, gv. 299
21. flo­ta­cia _ wvri­li mya­ri na­wi­le­bis ga­mo­cal­ke­ve­bis pro­ce­si wylo­van sus­pen­zia­Si.
26
Wia­Tu­ra. mad­nis mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ke­bi cmf 1 da cmf 2. 2015.
Chia­tu­ra. Ore pro­ces­sing plants CMP 1 and CMP 2. 2015.
27
Wia­Tu­ra. pir­ve­li ga­mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka. 1894-1896
Chia­tu­ra. First pro­ces­sing plant. 1894-1896
Wia­Tu­ra. mad­nis mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka
wir­qva­lis xeo­ba­Si
Chia­tu­ra. Ore pro­ces­sing plant in Tsir­kva­li can­yon
28
mi­si gam­did­re­bis­Tvis xSi­rad kom­bi­ni­re­bul
me­Tods iye­ne­ben.
zo­gierT Sem­Txve­va­Si sa­bo­loo kon­cen­
tra­tis mi­sa­Re­bad mad­nis gam­did­re­bis er­Ti
sta­dia ar aris sak­ma­ri­si. gam­did­re­bis pir­
ve­li sta­diis Sem­deg mi­Re­bu­li pro­duq­ti
cen­tra­lur mam­did­re­bel fab­ri­ka­Si ig­zav­
ne­ba, sa­dac gam­did­re­bis Sem­de­gom etaps ga­
dis. sa­sar­geb­lo wia­Ri­seu­lis gam­did­re­bis
Se­de­gad sag­rZnob­lad iz­rde­ba sa­sar­geb­lo
kom­po­nen­te­bis kon­cen­tra­cia.22 Se­de­gad mi­
Re­bu­li kon­cen­tra­ti me­ta­lur­giul qar­
xnebs Sem­dgo­mi ga­mo­ye­ne­bis­Tvis mie­wo­de­ba.
mam­did­re­bel fab­ri­kebs sa­ba­dos­Tan mi­si
mde­ba­reo­bi­sa da gam­did­re­bis teq­no­lo­giis
mi­xed­viT ga­nas­xva­ve­ben. mad­nis gam­did­re­bis
teq­no­lo­gia­zea da­mo­ki­de­bu­li Se­no­ba-na­ge­
bo­be­bis siv­rciT-mo­cu­lo­bi­Ti da ar­qi­teq­
tu­ru­li ga­daw­yve­ta. is sru­lad eq­vem­de­
ba­re­ba teq­no­lo­giur pro­cess da mkac­rad
fun­qcio­na­lur xa­siaTs ata­rebs.
sa­ba­dos­Tan fab­ri­kis mde­ba­reo­bis mi­xed­
viT Wia­Tu­ra­Si vxvde­biT ro­gorc in­di­vi­
dua­lur mam­did­re­bel fab­ri­kebs, ro­m­lebic
erT msxvil ma­Ra­ros­Ta­naa da­kav­Si­re­bu­li,
ase­ve fab­ri­kebs, rom­le­bic te­ri­to­riu­lad
erT kon­kre­tul ma­Ra­ros­Tan ar arian da­
kav­Si­re­bu­li. aq Tavs iy­ris yve­la fab­ri­kis
Sua­le­du­ri pro­duq­ti Sem­dgo­mi gam­did­re­
bis­Tvis.
22. Горная эциклопедия, Обогащение полезных ископаемых, http://
www.mining-enc.ru/o/obogaschenie-poleznyx-iskopaemyx/ ga­da­mow­me­
bu­lia: seq­tem­be­ri, 2015
ORE ENRICHMENT
In addition to the development of ore mining technology, in the beginning of the 20th century the urgency
of its enrichment was on the agenda. By the year 1900 ore mining increased twice compared with the previous
years. The quality of the mined ore was becoming worse, which had an impact on its market value. In order to
maintain the high quality, the entrepreneurs started to construct the ore processing plants. For the first time,
such a plant was built by a French company on the Darkveti upland. By the year 1912 the number of processing
Wia­Tu­ra. mad­nis mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka 25-bis.
Chia­tu­ra. Ore pro­ces­sing plant 25-bis.
29
Wia­Tu­ra. dar­kve­Tis kar­bo­na­tu­li mad­nis mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka. 1961
Chia­tu­ra. Dar­kve­ti car­bo­nic ore pro­ces­sing plant. 1961
30
plants in the industrial area amounted to 30. Processing plants were owned by Brothers Chilingarovs, “Gelzenskirkhen Mining-Industrial Society” etc.
We can find the ruins of the old processing plants even today on the, ore deposits territory, which require to
be researched and identified in a timely manner, that might become the basis for their further practical use.
At the early stage of the industry development the ore was enriched through the primitive methods. Nowadays this process is based on the complex technological schemes.
Ore enrichment is an interim segment between its mining and ultimate use and incorporates various processes for separation from each other of the unwanted and valuable minerals of the ore. According to the general
scheme, ore breaking, washing and classifying take place in the processing plants. Enrichment method is selected
in accordance with the physical properties of the ore. Different methods are used, such as: the gravity separation,
magnetic separation and electric separation, flotation, combined and other methods. Since we find manganese in
the nature in conjunction with iron and other elements and it cannot be mined in a free form, combined method
is often used for its enrichment.
In some cases, in order to get the final concentrate, one stage of ore enrichment is not sufficient. The product
generated after the first stage of enrichment, is sent to the central processing plant, where it passes through the
next stages of enrichment. As a result of enrichment of the minerals, concentration of the useful components
concentration is considerably increased. The generated concentrate is supplied to the metallurgical plans for
further use.
Processing plants are distinguished from the ore deposit by its location and processing technologies. Architectural solution of the premises depends upon the mineral processing. It is fully subordinated to the technological
process and has a strictly functional character.
In accordance with the plant location with the ore deposit, in Chiatura we can find the individual processing
plants, which are related to the large mine, as well as the plants, which are territorially related to one concrete
mine. Here the intermediate products of all the plants are concentrated for further enrichment. Processing plants
are distinguished in accordance with the internal production relocation system (vertical, horizontal and gradual)
and its allocation on the industrial site (scattered and united).
Nowadays there are individual plants operating in Chiatura: Mghvime Mine Processing Plant #29, CMP 1
(Shukruti mine) and CMP 2 (Itkhvisi Mine), as well as Peroxide ore processing plant “Peropi” (Rgani Mine). Perevisa Mine Processing Plant „25“ and new processing plant of Darkveti were quite recently destroyed. Central
Processing Plant of Chiatura and floating complex are located far away from the mines and are not directly connected to them.
At this stage we will abstain from detailed review of the architectural solvation of Chiatura processing plants
and their features. Due to specifics of the topic, many aspects require to be specified, in-depth research and analysis. Here we will only generally touch upon some of them.
The first large ore processing plant of the soviet period was built under the design of the above mentioned
31
mam­did­re­bel fab­ri­kebs ase­ve ga­nar­Ce­ven Si­da­sa­war­moo ga­daad­gi­le­bis sis­te­mi­sa (ver­ti­
ka­lu­ri, ho­ri­zon­ta­lu­ri da sa­fe­xu­reb­ri­vi) da Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bis sam­rew­ve­lo moe­dan­ze
gan­Tav­se­bis mi­xed­viT (ga­fan­tu­li da gaer­Tia­ne­bu­li).23
dRei­saT­vis Wia­Tu­ra­Si moq­me­di in­di­vi­dua­lu­ri fab­ri­ke­bia: mRvi­me­vis ma­Ra­ros mam­did­re­
be­li fab­ri­ka #29, cmf 1 (Suq­ru­Tis ma­Ra­ro) da cmf 2 (iT­xvi­sis ma­Ra­ro), ase­ve pe­roq­si­du­
li mad­nis mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka „pe­ro­fi“ (rga­nis ma­Ra­ro). pe­re­vi­sas ma­Ra­ros mam­di­re­be­
li fab­ri­ka „25-bis“ da `axa­li dar­kve­Tis~ mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka sul ax­la­xans daan­gries.
Wia­Tu­ris cen­tra­lu­ri mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka da saf­lo­ta­cio kom­pleq­si ma­Ra­roe­bis­gan
mo­So­re­biT mde­ba­reobs da maT­Tan uSua­lo kav­Si­ri ar aqvT.
am etap­ze Wia­Tu­ris mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ke­bis ar­qi­teq­tu­ru­li ga­daw­yve­ti­sa da ma­Ti Ta­
vi­se­bu­re­be­bis de­ta­lu­ri gan­xil­vi­sa­gan Tavs Se­vi­ka­vebT. Te­mis spe­ci­fi­ki­dan ga­mom­di­na­re
mra­va­li as­peq­ti sa­Wi­roebs da­zus­te­bas, siR­rmi­seul Ses­wav­la­sa da ana­lizs. aq mxo­lod
zo­ga­dad Se­ve­xe­biT zo­gierT maT­gans.
sab­Wo­Ta pe­rio­dis pir­ve­li msxvi­li mad­nis ga­mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka 1935 wels ze­
moT
nax­se­ne­bi ger­ma­nu­li fir­ma „kru­pis“ proeq­tiT aSen­da da dRem­de cno­bi­lia #25 bis-is sa­xe­
liT.24 is pe­re­vi­sas ma­Ra­ros eq­vem­de­ba­re­bo­da. saar­qi­vo fo­toeb­ze kar­gad ikiT­xe­ba maR­li­vi
Se­no­bis si­lue­ti, ro­me­lic kldo­van lan­dSaf­tSia Ca­we­ri­li. ga­da­xur­vis cal­qa­no­bia­ni sis­
te­ma ga­moar­Cevs mas sxva, mog­via­ne­biT aSe­ne­bu­li fab­ri­ke­bis­gan. dRes mis ad­gi­las nan­gre­
ve­bi­Raa dar­Ce­ni­li.
1939 wels aSen­da pe­roq­si­du­li mad­nis mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka „pe­ro­fi“, rom­lis wliu­ri
war­ma­do­ba we­li­wad­Si 100 000 to­nas Sead­gen­da.25 is rga­nis ma­Ra­ros eq­vem­de­ba­re­ba. ga­moir­
Ce­va mka­fio, swor­kuT­xa ver­ti­ka­lu­ri mo­cu­lo­bi­Ta da fa­sad­ze sxva­das­xva zo­mis mar­TkuT­xa
Rio­be­bis sain­te­re­so gan­la­ge­biT.
mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ke­bi cmf 1 (1950 w.) da cmf 2 (1957 w.) wliu­ri war­ma­do­bis mxriv erTer­Ti yve­la­ze msxvi­li sa­war­moe­bia, rac maT si­di­de­sa da ur­Tier­Tda­kav­Si­re­bu­li Se­no­ba-na­
ge­bo­be­bis sim­rav­le­zec ai­sa­xe­ba. ori­ve fab­ri­ka er­Tian sam­rew­ve­lo moe­dan­zea gan­la­ge­bu­
li. fab­ri­ke­bis Zi­ri­Ta­di kor­pu­se­bi er­Tma­neTs ga­le­ree­biT ukav­Sir­de­ba.
fab­ri­ke­bis Se­no­be­bi, ro­gorc we­si, de­ko­ri­re­bu­li ar aris. am mxriv ga­mo­nak­liss war­
moad­gens cmf 1. fab­ri­kis Zi­ri­Ta­di kor­pu­sis say­rde­ni xi­min­je­bis Tav­sze­da Sub­li na­xe­var­
23. Горная ециклопедия, Обогатительная фабрика, http://www.mining-enc.ru/o/obogatitelnaya-fabrika/ ga­da­mow­me­bu­lia: seq­tem­be­ri, 2015
24. vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 429
25. А. Чантурия, Капитальное строительство Грузии и перспективы его развития, Тбилиси, 1975, ст. 124
32
Wia­Tu­ra. cen­tra­lu­ri saf­lo­ta­cio fab­ri­kis mTa­va­ri kor­pu­sis mSe­neb­lo­ba
Chia­tu­ra. Con­struc­tion of floa­ta­tion plant main buil­ding
33
wree­bi­Ta da mar­ti­vi pro­fi­lis
kar­ni­ze­biT aris ga­for­me­bu­li,
ra­sac Se­no­bis eq­vssar­Tu­lia­ni
ma­sa ey­rdno­ba.
ro­
gorc uk­
ve aRvniSneT, aRar
ar­se­bobs „axa­li dar­kve­Tis“ (yof.
di­mit­ro­vis sa­xe­lo­bis) ma­Ra­ros
kar­bo­na­tu­li mad­nis mam­did­re­be­
li fab­ri­ka, ro­me­lic 1961 wels
aSen­da.
ar fun­qcio­ni­rebs saf­lota­
cio fab­ri­ka, rom­lis mSe­neb­lo­ba
1969 wels das­rul­da.26
un­da aRi­niS­nos, rom mam­did­
re­be­li fab­ri­ke­bis um­rav­le­so­ba
mdi­na­re yvi­ri­las mar­cxe­na sa­na­
pi­ro­zea gan­la­ge­bu­li, sar­ki­nig­
zo xa­zis gas­wvriv, ro­me­lic maT
erT sam­rew­ve­lo jaW­vad aer­Tia­
nebs.
Wia­Tu­ra. mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka `pe­ro­fi“. 2015
Chia­tu­ra. Ore pro­ces­sing plant `Pe­rop~. 2015
34
26. Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­nis sam­rew­ve­lo..., gv. 91
German firm “Krupp” and is still known under the name of #25-bis. It is subordinated to Perevisa mine. On the
archive photos the silhouette of the high-rise building can be read, which is recorded in the rocky landscape.
Single-sloped roofing system distinguishes it from the other later built plants. Nowadays only the ruins are left on
its place.
In 1939 peroxide enrichment ore processing plant “Peropi”, the annual capacity of which amounted to
100 000 tones per annum, was build. It is subordinated to Rgani mine, being distinguished for clear, interesting
layout of the rectangle, vertical openings.
Processing plants CMP 1 (1950) and CMP2 (1957) are the largest enterprises with respect to the annual capacity, which is reflected on their sizes and multitude of mutually related premises. Both of the plants are allocated
on the overall industrial site. The key buildings of the plant are related to each other through the galleries.
Wia­Tu­ra. mRvi­me­vis ma­Ra­ros mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­ka. 2015
Chia­tu­ra. Mgvi­me­vi mi­ne ore pro­ces­sing plant. 2015
35
Wia­Tu­ra-So­rap­nis sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zi
man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis ga­da­zid­vis da eq­spor­tis sa­kiT­xi mi­si mo­po­ve­bis daw­ye­bis­Ta­na­ve war­moe­bis
erT-erT yve­la­ze rTul mxa­res war­moad­gen­da. mas­ze did­wi­lad iyo da­mo­ki­de­bu­li Wia­Tu­ris mad­
nis TviT­Ri­re­bu­le­ba da sa­baz­ro fa­si, Se­sa­ba­mi­sad, kon­ku­ren­tu­na­ria­no­bac saer­Ta­So­ri­so ba­zar­ze.
mo­po­ve­bu­li ma­da­ni jer Wia­Tu­ram­de, xo­lo Sem­deg yvi­ri­las (am­Ja­mad zes­ta­fo­nis) ma­gis­
tra­lur sar­ki­nig­zo sad­gu­ram­de mih­qon­daT, sai­da­nac fo­Ti­sa da ba­Tu­mis nav­sad­gu­re­bi­dan
saz­Rvar­ga­reT gzav­nid­nen. Wia­Tu­ri­sa da yvi­ri­las xeo­bis mou­wes­ri­ge­bel gzeb­ze ur­me­bi­Ta da
cxe­ne­biT man­ga­nu­mis zid­va did xar­jeb­Tan da siZ­ne­leeb­Tan iyo da­kav­Si­re­bu­li. ga­da­zid­vis
xar­je­bi sag­rZnob­lad aWar­beb­da mad­nis mo­po­ve­bis xar­jebs da saeq­spor­to pro­duq­cia­ze fass
zrdi­da.
1880-ia­ni wle­bis mi­wu­ruls, msof­lio ba­zar­ze gaz­rdi­li kon­ku­ren­cis ga­mo, axa­li sar­ki­
nig­zo xa­zis mSe­neb­lo­bis sa­kiT­xi dad­ga. dais­va da­ba So­rap­nis rki­nig­zis sad­gu­ri­dan Wia­Tu­
ram­de viw­ro­lian­da­gia­ni sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis gay­va­nis sa­kiT­xi. mra­va­li wi­naaR­mde­go­bis miu­xe­da­
vad, gior­gi we­reT­li­sa da ni­ko ni­ko­la­Zis dau­Ra­la­vi Sro­mis Se­de­gad, 1891 wels im­pe­ra­tor­ma
aleq­san­dre III sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis mSe­neb­lo­bas re­zo­lu­cia daa­do. 1895 wlis 4 Te­ber­vals
ofi­cia­lu­rad gaix­sna Wia­Tu­ra-So­rap­nis viw­ro­lian­da­gia­ni sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zi _ amier­kav­ka­siis
rki­nig­zis cen­tra­lu­ri ma­gis­tra­lis ki­dev er­Ti gan­Stoe­ba. 1906 wels das­rul­da Wia­Tu­rasaC­xe­res mo­nak­ve­Tis mSe­neb­lo­bac.27
am sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis sa­Wi­roe­ba im­de­nad di­di iyo, rom tvirTs sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis mo­nak­ve­
Teb­ze mis ofi­cia­lur gax­snam­dec ki ezi­de­bod­nen. Tav­da­pir­ve­lad rki­nig­zas mxo­lod sat­vir­
To da­niS­nu­le­ba hqon­da, sat­vir­To va­go­nebs mog­via­ne­biT dae­ma­ta sam­gzav­ro Se­mad­gen­lo­ba.
viw­ro­lian­da­gian rki­nig­zas sa­ba­dos raion­Sic hqon­da sad­gu­re­bi: dar­kve­Ti, Wi­qou­ra da
Wia­Tu­ra. aq­ve iyo mow­yo­bi­li saw­yo­be­bi da baq­ne­bi, sa­dac ma­dans tvir­Tav­dnen. Wi­qou­ras sad­
gu­ris Se­no­bis na­wi­li dRe­sac dgas mRvi­me­vis mam­did­re­be­li fab­ri­kis siax­lo­ves.
Wia­Tu­ra-So­rap­nis viw­ro­lian­da­gia­ni rki­nig­zis xa­zis ga­far­Toe­bis sa­mu­Saoe­bi 1938 wels
daiw­yo, Tum­ca meo­re msof­lio om­ma es saq­me Sea­fer­xa.28 rki­nig­zis am mo­nak­ve­Tis re­kon­struq­
cia mxo­lod 1957 wels das­rul­da. far­To­lian­da­gia­ni eleq­trofi­ci­re­bu­li rki­nig­ziT Wia­
Tu­ra zes­ta­fo­nis rki­nig­zis sad­gurs dau­kav­Sir­da.
1893-95 wleb­Si Wia­Tu­ra-So­rap­nis viw­ro­lian­da­gia­ni sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis gay­va­nam mniS­vne­lo­va­
ni ro­li Seas­ru­la man­ga­nu­mis mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­ba­sa da sam­rew­ve­lo wre­dis for­mi­re­ba­Si.
27. iq­ve, gv. 136
28. vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 432
36
The plant premises, as a rule, are not decorated. In this respect, the exception is the CMP 1. The above-top
forehead of the support piles are decorated with the semi-circles and simple cornices, on which the six-story
building weight is based.
As we have already said, the carbonate ore processing plant of “Akhali Darkveti” (formerly named after Dimitrov), which was built in 1961, does not exist anymore.
The Floatation plant is not functioning, the constrcution of which was completed in 1969.
It is noteworthy, that the majority of the processing plants are allocated on the left bank of the river Khvirila,
across the railroad line, which incorporates them into one industrial chain.
CHIATURA-SHORAPANI RAILROAD LINE
The issue of manganese ore transportation and exportation was one of the most difficult parts of the production immediately upon commencement of its mining. The Prime cost and the market price of Chiatura ore was
largely depended on it and accordingly its competitiveness on the international market.
Mined ore was transported firstly to Chiatura and then to Khvirila (now Zestafoni) main-line railway station,
from which it was sent abroad from Poti and Batumi sea ports. Carrying the manganese by carts and horses
through the disordered roads of Chiatura and Khvirila gorges were related to high costs and difficulties. The
Transportation costs considerably exceeded the ore mining costs and increased the price on the export products.
At the end of 1880s increased competition at the world market made it clear that it was necessary to construct
the new railroad line. The issue of laying the narrow-road railway line from the railway station of the borough Shorsapani to Chiatura was put forward. Despite of several obstacles, as a result of tireless efforts of George Tsereteli and
Niko Nikoladze, in 1891 the emperor Alexander III endorsed the construction of railway line. On 4 February 1895,
narrow railed railroad line of Chiatursa-Shorapani, was officially inaugurated _ one more branch of the trans-Caucasus central main-line. In 1906 construction of the Chiatura-Sachkhere segment was completed, too.
The necessity of this railway line was so large, that the cargo was being transported on the railway line segment before its official inauguration. Initially, the railroad was only intended for the cargo transportation purposes, passenger carriages were later added to the cargo carriages.
Narrow-railed railroad had the stations in the ore region, too: Darkveti, Chikoura and Chiatura. Here the warehouses and platforms were installed, where the ore was loaded. Part of the Chikoura station premises is still
standing in the vicinity of Mghvimevi processing plant.
Chiatura-Shorapani narrow-railed railway line expansion works started in 1938. However, the World War II
delayed started works. Reconstruction of this segment of the railroad was completed in 1957. Through the widerailed electrified railway Chiatura was connected to Zestafoni railway station.
In 1893-95 construction of Chiatura-Shorapani narrow-railed railway line played a significant role in the development of manganese industry and industrial circuit formation.
37
da­b a So­r a­p a­n i
BOROUGH SHORAPANI
SeuZ­le­be­lia in­dus­triu­li wre­dis
gan­xil­vi­sas ar mo­vix­se­nioT da­ba So­ra­
pa­ni. me-19 sau­ku­nis mi­wu­ruls amier­kav­
ka­siis rki­nig­zis axa­li gan­Stoe­bis mSe­
neb­lo­biT man ki­dev er­Txel Sei­Zi­na mniS­
vne­lo­va­ni sat­ran­spor­to fun­qcia.
da­ba So­ra­pa­ni mdi­na­re Zi­ru­la­sa da
yvi­ri­las Se­sar­Tav­Tan mde­ba­reobs da
zes­ta­fons aR­mo­sav­le­Ti­dan ek­vris. Zve­
li wel­TaR­ric­xvis me-3 sau­ku­nis ci­xesi­mag­ris nan­gre­ve­bi da­bas ze­mo­dan gad­
moh­yu­rebs da mi­si xan­grZli­vi is­to­riis
me­ma­tia­nea. si­maR­li­dan kar­gad mo­Cans
mdi­na­ree­bis Se­sar­Tav­Tan war­moq­mni­li
na­xe­var­kun­Zu­li, kar­gad ikiT­xe­ba So­rap­
nis is­to­riu­li rki­nig­zis sad­gu­ris Se­
no­ba, „ele­men­te­bis“ qar­xnis nan­gre­ve­bi
da rki­nig­zis Ta­nam­Sro­mel­Ta da­sax­le­ba
sad­gu­ris So­riax­los.
So­rap­nis rki­nig­zis sad­gu­ri 1893
wels, Wia­Tu­ra-So­rap­nis sar­ki­nig­zo mo­
nak­ve­Tis ofi­cia­lur gax­snam­de, Se­vi­da
eq­splua­ta­cia­Si. aq it­vir­Te­bo­da ma­da­ni.
mis siax­lo­ves mow­yo­bi­li iyo spe­cia­lu­
ri baq­ne­bi da saw­yo­be­bi. Se­no­bis saer­To
mo­cu­lo­ba TiT­qmis uc­vle­li sa­xi­Taa Se­
mo­na­xu­li. sad­gu­ris er­Tsar­Tu­lian Se­
no­bas si­met­riu­lad gan­la­ge­bu­li Ta­Ro­
va­ni Rio­be­bi mTels pe­ri­met­rze gas­devs.
sad­gu­ris ar­qi­teq­tu­ra ga­daw­yve­ti­lia
im drois­Tvis ru­se­Tis im­pe­ria­Si gav­
rce­le­bul, da am ti­pis Se­no­be­bi­saT­vis
da­ma­xa­sia­Te­bel fsev­do-ru­sul stil­Si.
40
So­ra­pa­ni. yo­fi­li saor­Tqmav­le-sa­va­go­no de­po. 2015
Sho­ra­pa­ni. For­mer lo­co­mo­ti­ve-wa­gon de­pot. 2015
41
So­ra­pa­ni. rki­nig­zis sad­gu­ri. 2015
Sho­ra­pa­ni. Rail­way sta­tion. 2015
42
43
sad­gu­ris erT-er­Ti oTa­xis in­te­rie­ri je­rac inar­Cu­nebs pir­van­del sa­xes. or­na­men­ti­re­
bu­li xis ti­xa­ri, ked­lis bu­xa­ri da ode­se­li in­Ji­ne­ris, ilia ka­cis29 war­moe­bis sas­wo­ri
man­ga­nu­mis war­moe­bis ad­reul etap­Tan gvaax­loebs. Se­no­bis Si­da siv­rce ga­da­ke­Te­bu­lia,
amo­Se­ne­bu­lia Rio­be­bi, mo­sac­de­li dar­ba­zis in­te­riers gvia­ni ga­da­ke­Te­bis kva­li et­yo­ba,
Tum­ca Se­nar­Cu­ne­bu­lia ia­ta­kis mo­pir­ke­Te­ba. Se­no­ba mouv­le­lo­biT nad­gur­de­ba, uka­na fa­
sa­dis mxa­res Cam­sxvreu­lia mi­ne­bi, da­zia­ne­bu­lia ala­Te­bi, zo­gierT ad­gi­las Ca­moq­ceu­lia
We­ri. Se­no­ba droul yu­rad­Re­bas sa­Wi­roebs.
da­ba So­rap­nis ki­dev er­Ti Rir­sSe­sa­niS­nao­baa rki­nig­zis Ta­nam­Sro­mel­Ta sac­xov­re­be­li
uba­ni. is sad­gu­ris siax­lo­ve­saa gan­la­ge­bu­li, Se­nar­Cu­ne­bu­li aqvs pir­van­de­li geg­ma­re­ba da
xib­li. es pa­ta­ra uba­ni aer­Tia­nebs ara mar­to sac­xov­re­bel kor­pu­sebs, ara­med aR­Wur­vi­lia
da­sax­le­bis av­to­no­miu­ri fun­qcio­ni­re­bis­Tvis sa­Wi­ro sa­zo­ga­doeb­ri­vi da­niS­nu­le­bis Se­no­
be­biT. aq aris da­sax­le­bis Ta­nad­rou­li sko­la, mci­re zo­mis am­bu­la­to­ria, sa­bav­Svo ba­Ri da
dram­wris Se­no­ba. sac­xov­re­be­li kor­pu­se­bi me-19 sau­ku­nis mi­wu­ruls sad­gu­ris Se­no­bas­Tan
er­Tad rki­nig­zis mom­sa­xu­re per­so­na­lis­Tvis un­da yo­fi­li­yo aSe­ne­bu­li. or­sar­Tu­lia­ni
sac­xov­re­be­li Se­no­be­bi saer­To mxat­vru­li sti­lis­ti­kiT aris ga­daw­yve­ti­li, Tum­ca er­Tma­
ne­Ti­sa­gan cal­keu­li mo­cu­lo­bi­Ti da de­ko­ra­tiu­li de­ta­le­bis ga­daw­yve­tiT gan­sxvav­de­bian.
sko­li­sa da erT-er­Ti sac­xov­re­be­li sax­lis agu­riT na­ge­bi Se­no­be­bi Se­da­re­biT gvian, 1910ian wleb­Sia aSe­ne­bu­li.
sac­xov­re­bel ubans esaz­Rvre­ba rki­nig­zis yo­fi­li saor­Tqmav­le-sa­va­go­no de­pos Se­no­bi­sa
da qar­xa­na „eleq­troe­le­men­tis“ mi­to­ve­bu­li kor­pu­se­bi. e.w. ele­men­te­bis qar­xa­na 1958 wels
zes­ta­fo­ni-saC­xe­res far­To­lian­da­gia­ni rki­nig­zis xa­zis gay­va­nis Sem­deg Seiq­mna. mis Se­mad­
gen­lo­ba­Si Se­vi­da viw­ro­lian­da­gia­ni sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis dam­xma­re Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bi. qar­xnis­
Tvis axa­li Se­no­ba 1970 wels aSen­da da 1990-ian wle­bam­de awar­moeb­da sus­ti de­nis wya­ros _
ba­ta­reeb­sa da eleq­tro­mag­ni­tur re­leebs.
is­to­riu­li da fun­qcio­na­lu­ri mniS­vne­lo­bi­dan ga­mom­di­na­re, da­ba So­ra­pa­ni Cven mier
gan­xi­lu­li in­dus­triu­li wre­dis Se­mad­ge­nel rgo­lad un­da mo­viaz­roT.
29. ilia ka­cis war­moe­bis Se­sa­xeb ixi­leT vol­gog­ra­dis sa­wo­ni mow­yo­bi­lo­be­bis qar­xnis ofi­cia­lu­r gver­dze
http://vzvt.ru/muzey-vesov/istoriya/proizvoditeli-vesov/proizvodstvo-vesov-i-gir-v-odesse/ ga­da­mow­me­bu­lia: seq­tem­be­ri, 2015
44
It is impossible not to mention the borough Shorapani while discussing the industrial circuit. At the end of the
19 century by constructing the new branch of the Transcaucasian railway, it once again acquired the important
transport function.
The borough Shorapani is located near to the tributary of the river Dzirula and Kvirila and from the east it
borders with Zestafoni. The ruins of the fortress of the 3rd century B.C. overlook the borough from above and it
is the chronicle of its long-term history. From the height the peninsula derived at the tributary of the river can
be well seen, the premises of the historical Shorapani railway station, batteries factory ruins and railway workers
settlement can be well read near to the station.
th
So­ra­pa­ni. sac­xov­re­be­li sax­li. 2015
Sho­ra­pa­ni. Apar­tment hou­se. 2015
45
So­ra­pa­ni. sac­xov­re­be­li sax­li. 2015
Sho­ra­pa­ni. Apar­tment hou­se. 2015
46
Shorapani railway station was launched in 1893 before the Chiatura-Shorapani railway segment was officially inaugurated. It was the place, where the ore
was loaded. Near to it the special platforms and warehouses were installed. Total area of the building has been kept almost in its unchanged nature. Symmetrically allocated arched openings go across the entire perimeter of one-story
building of the station. The station architecture is solved in a Pseudo-Russian
style typical to that type of buildings. The interior of one of the rooms still preserves the original form. Ornamented wooden partition, wall fireplace and the
scales made by the engineer Ilia Katsi from Odesa draws us close to the earlier
stage of manganese production. Internal space of the building was restructured. The openings were covered, the interior of the waiting room had been
restructured. The building is being ruined due to abandonment: on the part
of the back façade the glasses are broken, in some places the ceiling is broken
down. The building requires attention in a timely manner.
Another places of interest of the borough Shorapani is the residential sector
of the railway employees. It is located in the direct vicinity of the station, having
maintained the original planning and charm. This little sector incorporates not
only the residential buildings, but it is equipped with the public premises required
for autonomous functioning of the settlement. Here is the school contemporary
of the settlement foundation by the time of settlement, small size dispensary,
kindergarten and the building for the drama circle. The residential buildings were
built at the end of the 19th century, in addition to the station premises, for the
railway workers and servicemen. Two-story residential buildings were solved under the overall art stylistics, however, they differ from each other by separate
sizes and decorative details solvation. Brick buildings of the school and one of the
residential houses were built relatively later in the 1910s.
Residential sector is bordered with the premises of the former engine-carriage depot and the abandoned buildings of the factory “Electroelements”, so called Batteries Factory established in 1958 after Zestafoni-Sachkhere wide-railed railway line was installed. It included the
support premises of narrow-railed railway line. The new building for the
factory was built in 1970 and it was producing the weak power source _
batteries and electric-magnetic relays.
Due to the historical and functional significance, the borough Shorapani should be considered as a component segment of the industrial circuit
discussed by us.
47
zestafoni
ZESTAFONI
fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis30 qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­bis sa­kiTxs mrew­ve­le­bi aq­tiu­rad ga­ni­xi­lav­dnen me-20
sau­ku­nis da­saw­yis­Si.31 qar­xnis asa­Se­neb­lad sax­va­das­xva ad­gi­li, maT So­ris Wia­Tu­ris mi­da­
moe­bic ga­ni­xi­le­bo­da,32 Tum­ca pir­vel­ma msof­lio om­ma mZi­me mrew­ve­lo­bis Sem­dgo­mi gan­vi­
Ta­re­ba Sea­fer­xa. sa­kiT­xi ki­dev er­Txel dais­va 1920-ian wleb­Si, ro­de­sac sa­ba­do ame­ri­ke­li
kon­ce­sio­ne­ris, ha­ri­ma­nis xel­Si ga­da­vi­da. sab­Wo­Ta xe­li­suf­le­bas­Tan ga­for­me­bu­li xel­
Sek­ru­le­biT igi val­de­bu­li iyo Sees­wav­la sa­kiT­xi da xel­say­re­li pi­ro­be­bis ar­se­bo­bis
Sem­Txve­va­Si, sa­xel­mwi­fos­Tan Se­Tan­xme­biT, ewar­moe­bia mSe­neb­lo­ba.33 Tum­ca ha­ri­man­ma xel­
Sek­ru­le­biT na­kis­ri val­de­bu­le­bis Ses­ru­le­ba ver SeZ­lo.
fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­ba mxo­lod pir­ve­li xuT­wlia­ni geg­mis far­gleb­Si, 1930 wels,
daiw­yo. Wia­Tu­ris man­ga­nu­mis sa­ba­dos­Tan siax­lo­ve, war­moe­bi­saT­vis sa­Wi­ro ener­go­re­sur­se­bis xel­mi­
saw­vdo­mo­ba da siia­fe Zi­ri­Ta­di faq­to­re­bi iyo, ra­mac zes­ta­fon­Si qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­ba gan­saz­Rvra.
yve­la­saT­vis cno­bi­lia, rom qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­bis mo­Ta­ve da uSua­lo mo­na­wi­le me­ta­lur­gi,
di­di sa­zo­ga­do moR­va­wis, ni­ko ni­ko­la­Zis saq­vey­no saq­mis gam­grZe­le­be­li, mi­si va­Ji, gior­gi
ni­ko­la­Ze (1888-1931) gax­ldaT.
zes­ta­fo­nis qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­bis pa­ra­le­lu­rad, Tbi­lis­Si fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis sac­de­li qar­
xa­na aSen­da. mSe­neb­lo­bas uSua­lod xel­mZRva­ne­lob­da gior­gi ni­ko­la­Ze. 1930 wlis 21 iv­liss
qar­xa­nam pir­ve­li me­ta­li ga­mouS­va.34 di­du­bis qar­xa­na­Si Ca­ta­re­bu­li cde­bi­sa da eq­spe­ri­men­te­
bis sa­fuZ­vel­ze mniS­vne­lo­va­ni ko­req­ti­ve­bi Se­vi­da zes­ta­fo­nis qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­ba­Si.
di­du­bis fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis sac­de­li qar­xnis Se­no­ba dRe­sac dgas `didubis~ met­ros siax­lo­
ves (tran­spor­tis qu­Ca #1). Se­no­bis saer­To mo­cu­lo­ba Se­nar­Cu­ne­bu­lia, Tum­ca mi­si pir­van­
de­li fun­qciis amoc­no­ba mnax­vels gau­Wir­de­ba. dRes Se­no­ba­Si saw­yo­be­bi, kve­bis obieq­te­bi da
ofi­se­bia gan­la­ge­bu­li. am pa­ta­ra, mi­viw­ye­bul Se­no­bas di­di is­to­riu­li Ri­re­bu­le­ba aqvs da
au­ci­leb­lad sa­Wi­roebs dac­va­sa da Se­nar­Cu­ne­bas.
zes­ta­fo­nis fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­ba 1930 wels daiw­yo. pir­ve­li Ru­me­li ki
1933 wels amu­Sav­da. qar­xa­nam pir­ve­li me­ta­li 30 oq­tom­bers ga­mouS­va. es dRe iT­vle­ba qar­
xnis amu­Sa­ve­bis Ta­ri­Rad.
dro­Ta gan­mav­lo­ba­Si qar­xa­na vi­Tar­de­bo­da, iner­ge­bo­da axa­li teq­no­lo­gie­bi, ra­sac Tan
sdev­da axa­li sa­qar­xno Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bis mSe­neb­lo­bac.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
fe­ro­man­gnu­mis (fe­ro­mar­ga­ne­cis) qar­xa­na 1950-ian wleb­Si ga­da­keT­da fe­ro­Sen­da­nob­Ta qar­xa­nad.
vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 243
iq­ve, gv. 315
iq­ve, gv. 395
Совершенствование технологии производства марганцевых сплавов: Материалы II республиканской научно-технической конференции,
Тбилиси, 1978,ст. 4.
50
In the beginning of the 20th century, entrepreneurs actively discussed the issue of construction a ferromanganese
plant. Chiatura area was considered as the plant location;
however, the World War I has halted further development of
the heavy industry. The issue was raised again in the 1920’s,
when the mines had passed to hands of Harriman _ an American concessionaire. According to the agreement with the Soviet authorities, he was obliged to get familiar with the issue
and in case of favorable conditions, in accordance with the
government, conduct constructions. However, Harriman was
unable to implement obligations foreseen by the agreement.
The construction of the ferromanganese plant had only
started in 1930, within the framework of the first five-year
plan. Proximity to the mines of Chiatura manganese and
availability of low cost energy resources were the main factors in determining the construction of the plant in Zestafoni.
It is a well-known fact, that the key person behind the
construction and launching of the plant was Giorgi Nikoladze (1888-1931), a son and the successor in the country’s
cause of a notable public figure Niko Nikoladze.
At the time of the Zestafoni plant construction, another
ferromanganese pilot plant was built in Tbilisi. Giorgi Nikoladze led the construction in person. In July 21st, 1930 the
plant produced first metal. The trials and experiments conducted in the Didube plant led to important corrections in
the construction of Zestafoni plant.
The building of the Didube Ferromanganese pilot plant
still stands near the Didube Metro Station (Transport str.
#1). The main architectural body of the building is preserved; however, it would be hard for a visitor to identify
its initial function. Nowadays the building hosts number of
warehouses, catering facilities and offices. This small, forgotten structure has a big historical value to it and definitely
requires protection and preservation.
The construction of the Zestafoni ferromanganese plant
zes­ta­fo­ni. ad­gi­li, sa­dac Sem­dgom­Si ga­Sen­da fe­ro­
man­ga­nu­mis qar­xa­na. dga­nan eq­sper­te­bi _ fog­li da
ili­ko qur­dia­ni. 1930
Zes­ta­fo­ni. The pla­ce whe­re la­ter the Fer­roal­loy plant was erec­ted.
Stan­ding ex­perts _ Fog­li and Ili­ko Kur­dia­ni. 1930
Tbi­li­si. fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis sac­de­li qar­xa­na di­du­be­Si. 1930
Tbi­li­si. Fer­roal­loy pilot plant in Di­du­be. 1930
51
1950-ia­ni wle­bis mi­wu­ru­lis­Tvis qar­xa­na 25 sa­xeo­bis Se­nad­nobs awar­moeb­da (maT So­ris: si­
li­ko­man­ga­nums, fe­ro­si­li­ciums, fe­ro­mo­lib­dens, nax­Sir­ba­dian fe­ro­man­ga­nums da sxv.).
1953 wels daiw­yo da 1956 wels eq­splua­ta­cia­Si Se­vi­da meo­re saam­qros sa­war­moo kor­pu­si,
ro­me­lic nax­Sir­ba­dia­ni fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis war­moe­bis­Tvis iyo gan­kuT­vni­li. dRes es saam­qro ar
fun­qcio­ni­rebs. dan­greu­lia #3 saam­qro, ro­me­lic 1958 wels amoq­med­da. igi kar­bo­na­tul­
flo­ta­ciur kon­cen­trat­ze mu­Saob­da da awar­moeb­da eleq­tro­li­zur­ li­to­nur man­ga­nums.
sim­Zlav­riT erT-er­Ti yve­la­ze di­di #4 saam­qro 1964 wels Cad­
ga mwyob­
rSi da wle­
bis
gan­mav­lo­ba­Si awar­moeb­da si­li­ko­man­ga­nums. Se­no­bas qar­xnis in­dus­triul lan­dSaf­tSi do­mi­
nan­tu­ri ro­li uka­via. #5 saam­qro 1980 wels amu­Sav­da, sa­dac da­mon­ta­Je­bu­li iyo ia­po­nu­ri
war­moe­bis Ru­me­le­bi, Tum­ca am­Ja­mad arc es saam­qro fun­qcio­ni­rebs.35
fe­ro­Se­nad­nob­Ta qar­xnis sam­rew­ve­lo moe­da­ni, Ca­moT­vli­li sad­no­bi saam­qroe­bis gar­da,
moi­cavs dam­xma­re, ad­mi­nis­tra­ciul, la­bo­ra­to­riul, mu­Sa-mo­sam­sa­xu­re­Ta mom­sa­xu­re­bis­Tvis
gan­kuT­vnil Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­bebs. in­dus­triu­li lan­dSaf­ti 1300 m2-zea ga­da­Wi­mu­li. qar­xni­saT­
vis ned­li ma­sa­lis mi­wo­de­ba uz­run­vel­yo­fi­lia sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis meS­veo­biT, ro­mlis qse­lic
sam­rew­ve­lo ubans mTel sig­rZe­ze se­ravs.
cal­keu­li saam­qro moi­cavs er­Tma­neT­Tan da­kav­Si­re­bu­li Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bis jgufs, cen­
tra­lu­ri ad­gi­li saam­qros im na­wils uWi­ravs, sa­dac sad­no­bi Ru­me­le­bia gan­Tav­se­bu­li.
ar­qi­teq­tu­rul-kon­struq­ciu­li niS­niT ga­nar­Ce­ven er­Tsar­Tu­lian, or­sar­Tu­lian da mra­
val­sar­Tu­lian sam­rew­ve­lo Se­no­bebs. me­ta­lur­giu­li saam­qroe­bi ho­ri­zon­ta­lu­ri teq­no­lo­
giu­ri pro­ce­siT xa­siaT­de­ba, di­na­miu­ri dat­vir­Tve­bi ma­Ra­lia, aRWurvilia mZi­me mow­yo­bi­lo­
be­biT da da­nad­ga­re­biT, am­de­nad am ti­pis war­moe­bis­Tvis er­Tsar­Tu­lia­ni Se­no­be­bi ga­moi­ye­ne­
ba. er­Tsar­Tu­lia­ni sam­rew­ve­lo Se­no­be­bi Ta­vis mxriv iyo­fa erT da mra­val­ma­lian Se­no­be­bad.36
#1 sad­no­bi saam­qros Zi­ri­Ta­di kor­pu­sic er­Tsar­Tu­lia­ni, er­Tma­lia­ni Se­no­baa Sua­le­
du­ri dam­xma­re sar­Tu­liT. Se­no­bis fer­mu­li ga­da­xur­va rki­na-be­to­nis kar­ka­sul mzid kon­
struq­cias ey­rdno­ba. Se­no­bis si­luets sa­xa­sia­To el­fers sZens koS­ku­ru­li mo­cu­lo­ba.
zes­ta­fo­nis fe­ro­Se­nad­nob­Ta qar­xnis #1 sad­no­bi saam­qro, Tbi­li­sis di­du­bis qar­xa­nas­Tan
er­Tad, sa­qar­Tve­los me­ta­lur­giu­li war­moe­bis saw­yis etap­ze ai­go da ma­Ti is­to­riu­li mniS­
ve­lo­ba di­dia.
fe­ro­Se­nad­nob­Ta qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­bam zes­ta­fo­nis qa­laq­gan­vi­Ta­re­ba­ze di­di gav­le­na moax­
di­na. 1930 wels, qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­bis pa­ra­le­lu­rad, mis siax­lo­ves aSen­da mu­Sa­Ta da­sax­le­ba.
proeq­ti ar­qi­teq­tor­ma aleqsandre ni­ko­laiS­vil­ma Sei­mu­Sa­va, rom­lis sa­fuZ­vel­zec ai­go 8 da 16
35. Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­nis sam­rew­ve­lo..., gv 95
36. С.В. Дятков, Архитектура промышленных зданий, Ярослав, 1976, ст. 15-21
52
zes­ta­fo­ni. fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­ba
Zes­ta­fo­ni. Con­struc­tion of Fer­roal­loy plant
started in 1930; the first furnace was put to operation in 1933. The plant produced first metal in October 30; it is
considered the date the plant was put in operation.
With time the plant kept developing, new technologies were introduced, followed by construction of additional structures.
By the end of the 1950’s the plant was producing 25 types of alloys (including silicomanganese, ferrosilicon,
ferromolybdenum, carbon ferromanganese and others).
Construction of the second manufacture production facility, designed for production of carbon ferromanganese, started in 1953 and was put into operation in 1956. As of today, this manufacture is not functional.
53
zes­ta­fo­ni. mu­Sa­Ta qa­la­qis saer­To xe­di. 1934-1935
Zes­ta­fo­ni. Ge­ne­ral view on wor­kers’ town. 1934-1935
54
lon­do­ni. ni­ko ni­ko­la­Ze da gior­gi ni­ko­la­Ze. 1926
Lon­don. Ni­ko Ni­ko­lad­ze and Gior­gi Ni­ko­lad­ze. 1926
The manufacture #3, which was put into operation in 1958,
is ruined; it worked on Carbonate flotation concentrate and
produced electrolyhtic manganese metal.
One of the most powerful manufactures #4 started operating in 1964, producing silicomanganese for years; it plays
a predominant role in the industrial landscape of the plant.
Manufacture #5, where Japan made furnaces were installed,
started operating in 1980, however nowadays it is also among
the non-functioning ones.
Apart from the buildings already mentioned, the area of
the ferroalloy plant includes secondary structures intended
for administrative, laboratory, and workers’ needs. The industrial landscape stretches over 1300 M2. The railway line provides the supply of raw materials to the plant, with its network
completely slicing through the industrial area.
A single manufacture consists of a group of interconnected
buildings and structures, where the part of manufacture with
melting furnaces in it occupies the central space.
55
zes­ta­fo­ni. fe­ro­Se­nad­nob­Ta qar­xa­na. pir­ve­li saam­qros saer­To xe­di.1964
Zes­ta­fo­ni. Fer­roal­loy plant. Ge­ne­ral view on first manufacture. 1964
56
A single-story, two-story and multi-story industrial buildings are discerned on the architectural and constructional grounds. The metallurgical manufactures are characterized by horizontal technological process, the
dynamic loads are high, heavy equipment and machinery is used, therefore a single-story constructions are
used for this type of production. The single-story industrial buildings further divide into single and multi-bay
structures.
#1 melting manufacture main building is also a single-story, single-bay structure with an intermediate
supporting floor. The truss roof of the building stands on the reinforced concrete support structure frame. The
tower shape gives the building a distinctive silhouette.
First melting manufacture of the Zestafoni Ferroalloy Plant, together with the Tbilisi Didube plant date back
to the dawn of the Georgian metallurgic production and are of a major historical importance.
Construction of ferroalloy plant had a big impact on the urban development of Zestafoni. In 1930, while
building the plant, workers settlement was established in its immediate vicinity. Buildings consisting of 8 and
16 apartments, along with service facilities were constructed based on the project developed by architect
Alexsander Nikolaishvili. The settlement was one of the first instances of block development principle in urban
planning in Georgia. In the 1970s, it was believed that due to the close proximity of the plant, the settlement
could not comply with sanitation requirements. For the workers dwelling there, a new settlement – “Kvaliti”
was built (architects: Shota Kavlashvili and Solomon Katsitadze) on the left bank of river Kvirila. Inhabitants
abandoned the old settlement and the most part of the buildings were destroyed during the 1990s. As of today, there are a handful of buildings remaining out of the old settlement.
Out of these buildings, two of them are of particular interest. Both constructed in the 1930s, stylistically
they significantly differ from each other. The scale and artistic approach makes us deem their construction took
place a little later, and should not have been a part of an original project for the workers’ settlement.
First of them is situated near the building of trust, at 7 Giorgi Nikoladze street. This 24 apartment building
was intended for the employees of the trust administration. It is a four-floor building. The first floor is reserved
for the commercial and service facilities; the floors above is a living space. The additional rectangular shapes at
the height of all four floors reinforce the rectangular shape of the building. The building is severely dilapidated.
The second apartment building (AKA “Stakhanovelebi”) stands further away on the hilltop (Giorgi Nikoladze
str. 19). The house may be deemed as best example of constructivist architecture. The remaining apartments
retain the original planning, with the signs of initial woodworking, tiles etc. Beautiful views of Zestafoni, as well
as ferroalloy plant and concrete water pumping tower erected in an open field unfold from the observation
platform on the attic.
Like in Shorapani, in Zestafoni the structures developed along the railroad main line draws attention: railway
utility support buildings, dwellings of railway workers etc. with the railway club in the Merab Kostava street
among them built in 1927.
It should also be noted that passenger service, personnel and additional railway buildings situated near the
57
bi­nia­ni sac­xov­re­be­li sax­le­bi mom­sa­xu­re­bis obieq­te­biT. da­sax­le­
ba kvar­ta­lu­ri ga­na­Se­nia­ne­bis erT-er­Ti pir­ve­li ma­ga­li­Ti iyo sa­
qar­Tve­lo­Si.37 1970-ian wleb­Si miiCnies, rom da­sax­le­ba qar­xa­nas­Tan
uSua­lo siax­lo­vis ga­mo sa­ni­ta­rul moT­xov­nebs ver ak­ma­yo­fi­leb­
da. iq mcxov­re­bi mu­Sa-mo­sam­sa­xu­ree­bis­Tvis axa­li da­sax­le­ba „kva­li­
Ti“ aSen­da (ar­qi­teq­to­re­bi: SoTa yav­laS­vi­li da solomon ka­ci­ta­Ze)
mdi­na­re yvi­ri­las mar­cxe­na sa­na­pi­ro­ze. Zve­li da­sax­le­ba mo­sax­leo­
bis­gan dai­ca­la, Se­no­be­bis di­di na­wi­li ki 1990-ian wleb­Si ga­nad­gur­
da. Zve­li da­sax­le­bi­dan dRes ram­de­ni­me Se­no­ba­Raa Se­mor­Ce­ni­li.
am Se­no­ba­Ta­gan gan­sa­kuT­re­bul yu­rad­Re­bas iq­cevs ori sac­xov­
re­be­li sax­li. ori­ve maT­ga­ni 1930-ian wleb­Sia aSe­ne­bu­li, Tum­ca
sti­lis­tu­ri Tval­saz­ri­siT er­Tma­ne­Ti­sa­gan sag­rZnob­lad gan­sxvav­
de­ba. mas­Sta­bi da sti­lis­tu­ri ga­daw­yve­ta gva­fiq­re­bi­nebs, rom Se­
no­be­bi od­nav mog­via­ne­biT aSen­da da mu­Sa­Ta da­sax­le­bis ori­gi­na­
lu­ri proeq­tis na­wi­li ar un­da iyos.
pir­ve­li maT­ga­ni tres­tis Se­no­bis siax­lo­ves, gior­gi ni­ko­la­Zis
q. #7-Si mde­ba­reobs. es 24-bi­nia­ni sac­xov­re­be­li sax­li tres­tis
ad­mi­nis­tra­ciis Ta­nam­Srom­le­bi­saT­vis aSenda. Se­no­ba oT­xsar­Tu­
lia­nia. ma­Ra­li pir­ve­li sar­Tu­li sa­vaW­ro da mom­sa­xu­re­bis obieq­
te­bis­Tvi­saa gan­kuT­vni­li, da­nar­Cen sar­Tu­leb­ze ki sac­xov­re­be­li
bi­ne­bia gan­la­ge­bu­li. Se­no­bis mar­TkuT­xa mo­cu­lo­bis xa­sia­Ti gaZ­
lie­re­bu­lia da­ma­te­bi­Ti swor­kuT­xa mo­cu­lo­be­biT oT­xi­ve sar­Tu­
lis si­maR­le­ze. Se­no­ba mwva­ved ava­riu­lia.
meo­re sac­xov­re­be­li sax­li (e.w. „sta­xa­no­ve­le­bis“) mo­So­re­biT,
go­ra­kis Tav­ze dgas (gior­gi ni­ko­la­Zis #19). sax­li kon­struq­ti­
viz­mis sau­ke­Te­so ni­mu­Sad SeiZ­le­ba CaiT­va­los. Se­mor­Ce­ni­li bi­ne­bi
jer ki­dev ori­gi­na­lu­ri geg­ma­re­bi­saa, Tav­da­pir­ve­li saal­freo sa­
mu­Saoe­bis kva­liT, met­la­xis fi­le­biT da a.S. Se­no­bis sxven­ze ar­se­
bu­li sa­dam­kvir­veb­lo baq­ni­dan iS­le­ba kar­gi xe­di ro­gorc mTlia­
nad zes­ta­fon­ze, ase­ve fe­ro­Se­nad­no­be­bis qar­xa­na­sa da od­nav mo­So­
re­biT, gaS­lil min­dor­Si amo­zi­dul be­to­nis wyalsa­tumb koS­kze.
37. 1. Т. Квирквелия, Н. Мгалоблишвили, Архитектура Советской Грузии, Москва, 1986, ст. 60;
2. Н. Джанберидзе, И. Цицишвили, Архитектура Грузии _ от истоков до наших дней, Москва, 1976; ст. 122;
3. C. Кинцурашвили, Архитектура Советской Грузии, Москва, 1974; ст. 26.
58
zes­ta­fo­ni. oc­daoTx bi­nia­ni sac­xov­re­be­li sax­li. 2015
Zes­ta­fo­ni. Twenty-four apar­tment hou­se. 2015
59
So­rap­nis msgav­sad, zes­ta­fon­Sic yu­rad­Re­bas iq­cevs sar­ki­nig­zo ma­gis­tra­lis gas­wvriv gan­
vi­Ta­re­bu­li ga­na­Se­nia­ne­ba: rki­nig­zis dam­xma­re Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bi, rki­nig­zis mu­Sak­Ta sac­xov­
re­be­li sax­le­bi da sxv. maT So­ri­saa rki­nig­zel­Ta klu­bis Se­no­ba me­rab kos­ta­vas qu­Ca­ze, ro­
me­lic 1927 wels aSen­da.38
aq­ve un­da aRi­niS­nos, rom sar­ki­nig­zo xa­zis siax­lo­ves mgzav­rTa mom­sa­xu­re­bi­sa da rki­nig­zis dam­
xma­re da mom­sa­xu­re per­so­na­lis­Tvis gan­kuT­vni­li Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bi zo­ga­di ar­qi­teq­tu­rul-sti­
lis­tu­ri er­Tia­no­biT xa­siaT­de­ba. Cve­ni az­riT, sa­qar­Tve­los sar­ki­nig­zo ar­qi­teq­tu­ris Sem­dgo­mi
kom­pleq­su­ri Ses­wav­la da ana­li­zi mra­val sain­te­re­so da uc­nob as­peqts wa­mo­wevs wi­na plan­ze.
zes­ta­fo­ni, me­ta­lur­giu­li in­dus­triis gar­da, cno­bi­lia meR­vi­neo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bu­li war­
moe­biT. zes­ta­fon­Si jer ki­dev Se­mor­Ca ko­nia­ki­sa da Rvi­nis da­saZ­ve­le­be­li qar­xnis uni­ka­lu­ri
Se­no­be­bi, ro­me­lic dRes um­Zi­mes fi­zi­kur mdgo­ma­reo­ba­Sia da sas­wra­fo yu­rad­Re­bas sa­Wi­roebs.
zes­ta­fo­nis fe­ro­man­ga­nu­mis qar­xnis mSe­neb­lo­biT Seik­ra mZlav­ri ur­Tier­Tda­kav­Si­re­bu­
li in­dus­triu­li jaW­vi, ro­me­lic dRem­de as­ru­lebs mniS­vne­lo­van rols qvey­nis eko­no­mi­ka­Si.
zes­ta­fo­ni. yo­fi­li rki­nig­zel­Ta klu­bi. 2015
Zes­ta­fo­ni. For­mer rail­way wor­ker’s club. 2015
38. n. jan­be­ri­Ze, qar­Tu­li sab­Wo­Ta ar­qi­teq­tu­ra, Tbi­li­si, 1971, gv. 65
60
zes­ta­fo­ni. sac­xov­re­be­li sax­li g. ni­ko­la­Zis #19-Si. 2015
Zes­ta­fo­ni. Apar­tment hou­se at G. Ni­ko­lad­ze str. #19. 2015
railroad line are characterized by architectural and stylistic integrity. We think the further complex study and
analysis of the Georgian railroad architecture will reveal a number of interesting and unknown aspects of it.
Apart from metallurgic industry, Zestafoni is famous with its developed wine production. The unique buildings for aging cognac and wine remain in Zestafoni, being in a very bad physical condition they require an
immediate attention.
The construction of the Zestafoni Ferromanganese Plant linked a strong, interconnected industrial chain,
which still plays an important role in the economy of the country.
61
foTi
POTI
in­dus­triu­li wre­dis bo­lo pun­qti Sa­vi zRvis sa­por­to qa­la­qi fo­Tia, ro­mel­mac me-19
sau­ku­nis mi­wu­ruls mniS­vne­lo­va­ni sat­ran­zi­to da eko­no­mi­ku­ri cen­tris fun­qcia Sei­Zi­
na aram­xo­lod sa­qar­Tve­los, ara­med mTe­li sam­xreT kav­ka­siis­Tvis. 1872 wels amoq­me­de­bu­
li rki­nig­ziT igi jer sad­gur yvi­ri­las (ax­lan­del zes­ta­fons) da Tbi­liss dau­kav­Sir­da,
xo­lo 1883 wels uk­ve ba­qo­sac, ra­mac da­sa­ba­mi dau­do ev­ra­ziis sat­ran­spor­to de­ref­nis
amoq­me­de­bas. qa­laq fo­Ti­sa da zo­ga­dad in­dus­triu­li mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­viT­re­bis is­to­ria
mWid­rod aris ga­da­jaW­vu­li ga­mo­Ce­ni­li qar­Tve­li moR­va­wis, ni­ko ni­ko­la­Zis sa­xel­Tan. ni­
ko­la­Ze far­To Tval­sa­wie­ri­sa da xed­vis mqo­ne pi­rov­ne­ba iyo da kar­gad hqon­da gaaz­re­bu­li
er­Tia­ni te­ri­to­riu­li da­geg­mvi­sa da mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­viT­re­bis mniS­vne­lo­ba qvey­nis eko­no­
mi­ku­ri win­svlis saq­me­Si. igi iyo mra­va­li sa­zo­ga­do saq­mis mo­Ta­ve da gan­ma­xor­cie­le­be­li:
fo­Ti-Tbi­li­sis rki­nig­za, su­ra­mis gvi­ra­bi, tyi­bu­lis qva-nax­Si­ri­sa da Wia­Tu­ris man­ga­nu­mis
fo­Ti. xe­lov­nu­ri por­ti. 1880-1900
Po­ti. Artificial port. 1880-1900
64
The last destination point of the industrial circuit is the Black Sea harbor town of Poti, which gained an
important transit and economic center function by the end of the 19th century, not only for Georgia, but for
the Southern Caucasus as a whole. With the operational railway in 1872 it initially connected to the stations
of Kvirila (Zestafoni nowadays) and Tbilisi, and later in 1883 to Baku, which pioneered the enactment of the
Eurasian transport corridor. The history of development of Poti and industrial production is closely linked
with the name of a prominent Georgian public figure – Niko Nikoladze. Nikoladze appears to be the individual with the broad vision, which thoroughly comprehended the importance of unified territorial planning in
the country and the role of industrial development in the country’s economic progress. He was an organizer
and implementator of many public work: Poti-Tbilisi railroad, the Surami tunnel, support to development of
Tkibuli stone coal and Chiatura manganese production. Most importantly, he was the initiator of modernization and reconstruction of the town and harbor of Poti, after being elected as the head of the town in 1894,
which he served for almost twenty years.
fo­Ti. nav­mi­sad­go­mi. 1880-1900
Po­ti. Har­bour. 1880-1900
65
mrew­ve­lo­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bis xel­Sew­yo­ba. rac mTa­va­ria, ni­ko­la­Ze gax­ldaT fo­Tis nav­sad­gu­
ri­sa da qa­la­qis mo­der­ni­za­cii­sa da re­kon­struq­ciis mo­Ta­ve, mas Sem­deg, rac qa­la­qis Ta­vad
air­Cies 1894 wels. am qa­laqs igi TiT­qmis oci we­li em­sa­xu­ra.
ro­de­sac ni­ko­la­Ze qa­la­qis Ta­vad air­Cies, fo­Tis nav­sad­gu­ri uk­ve ram­den­jer­me iyo ga­da­ke­
Te­bu­li da sti­qiu­ri mov­le­ne­bis Se­de­gad da­zia­ne­bu­li. di­di ev­ro­pu­li ge­me­bi uars am­bob­dnen
nav­sad­gur­Si Se­mos­vla­ze, sa­dac er­Tdrou­lad ram­de­ni­me ge­mis dat­vir­Tva Wir­da. mouw­yo­be­li
nav­sad­gu­ri afer­xeb­da tvir­Te­bis ga­da­zid­va­sa da pro­duq­ciis eq­sports, rac war­moe­ba­zec ax­den­
da gav­le­nas. me-19 sau­ku­nis mi­wu­ruls man­ga­nu­mis mad­nis udi­de­si na­wi­li fo­Tis nav­sad­gu­ri­dan
ig­zav­ne­bo­da. am pe­rio­dis­Tvis man­ga­nu­mis tvir­Tzid­vis saq­me­Si fo­Tis nav­sad­gur­ma ba­Tu­mis por­
tTan Se­da­re­biT di­di upi­ra­te­so­ba moi­po­va. 1886-1901 wleb­Si fo­Tis nav­sad­gu­ri­dan saeq­spor­to
man­ga­nu­mis 93% iq­na ga­ta­ni­li.39 am­de­nad, 1897-1905 wleb­Si fo­Tis nav­sad­gu­ris re­kon­struq­cia-mo­
der­ni­za­cias di­di mniS­vne­lo­ba hqon­da war­moe­bis Sem­dgomi gan­vi­Ta­re­bis saq­me­Si.
fo­Ti. por­tis saw­men­di mi­wa­xa­pia man­qa­na. 1880-1900
Po­ti. Port clea­ning dred­ger. 1880-1900
39. vl. Wa­niS­vi­li, da­sax. naS­ro­mi, gv. 184
66
By the time Nikoladze was elected, the Poti harbor had already been remodeled several times and damaged
from disasters. Large European ships would not enter the harbor, where it was hard to load several ships simultaneously. Unfit harbor hampered the transportation and export of goods, which had a negative impact on production. By the end of the 19th century, the majority of manganese ore was transported via the Poti harbor. By that
time in the business of transporting manganese, it gained quite an advantage compared to the Batumi harbor. In
1886-1901 the Poti harbor exported 93% of export manganese. Thus, 1897-1905 reconstruction and modernization of the Poti harbor was of a major importance for the further development of production.
Poti is especially noteworthy from the urban planning point of view. Here too, with an initiative of Niko Nikoladze, V. Maslovski processed the masterplan of the town – a foundation for its implemented reconstruction. The
planning of the central part of Poti is based on the semicircle, folding fan shaped scheme and is a typical example
of the European urban planning solution.
Unfortunately, it should be noted, that within the research work we were unable to find and get to know the
buildings directly connected with construction of the railroad line, as well as the harbor service. Part of them
fo­Ti. por­ti, axa­li ele­va­to­ris xe­di. 1905-1910
Po­ti. Port, view on the new ele­va­tor. 1905-1910
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fo­Ti gan­sa­kuT­re­biT sa­yu­rad­Re­boa qa­laq­geg­ma­re­bi­Ti Tval­saz­ri­siT. aqac ni­ko ni­ko­la­Zis
ini­cia­ti­viT, v. mas­lov­skis mier 1901 da­mu­Sav­da qa­la­qis geg­ma, rom­lis sa­fuZ­vel­zec gan­xor­
ciel­da qa­la­qis re­kon­struq­cia. qa­laq fo­Tis cen­tra­lu­ri na­wi­lis geg­ma­re­ba na­xe­var­wriul,
ma­rao­sebr sqe­mas efuZ­ne­ba da ti­pu­ri ev­ro­pu­li qa­laq­geg­ma­re­bi­Ti ga­daw­yve­tis ni­mu­Sia.
un­da aR­vniS­noT, rom kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos far­gleb­Si ver moxerxda im Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bis
mo­Zie­ba da gac­no­ba, rom­le­bic uSua­lod ukav­Sir­de­ba rki­nig­zis xa­zis mSe­neb­lo­bas da sa­por­
to mom­sa­xu­re­bas. ma­Ti na­wi­li an aRar ar­se­bobs, an por­tis te­ri­to­ria­zea, ro­mel­sac am­Ja­mad
ker­Zo mflo­be­li hyavs da ga­re­Se pi­re­bis­Tvis iq mox­ved­ra SeuZ­le­be­lia. ase­Ti obieq­te­bis
mo­Zie­ba-Ses­wav­la kvle­vis Sem­de­gi eta­pis erT-er­Ti amo­ca­naa.
bo­l oT­q ma
wi­nam­de­ba­re pub­li­ka­cia­Si Se­ve­ca­deT SeZ­le­bis­dag­va­rad war­mog­ve­Ci­na Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­
ni-fo­Tis in­dus­triu­li wre­dis ma­for­mi­re­be­li faq­to­re­bi da mi­si gan­vi­Ta­re­bis Zi­ri­Ta­di
eta­pe­bi. ase­ve, is obieq­te­bi, ro­mlebic is­to­riu­li Tu mxat­vrul-ar­qi­teq­tu­ru­li Tval­saz­
ri­siT mi­viC­nieT sain­te­re­sod. bev­ri sa­kiT­xi dar­Ca Cve­ni yu­rad­Re­bis miR­ma, kvle­vi­sas wa­moW­
ri­li araer­Ti kiT­xva je­rac pa­sux­gau­ce­me­lia, Tum­ca imeds vi­to­vebT, rom es pub­li­ka­cia
sa­qar­Tve­los in­dus­triu­li ar­qi­teq­tu­ri­sad­mi in­te­ress gaaR­rma­vebs.
man­ga­nu­mis war­moe­bis ad­reu­li pe­rio­dis naS­Te­bi, sab­Wo­Ta pe­riod­Si age­bu­li mam­did­re­be­
li qar­xne­bi, sa­ba­gi­ro gze­bi, mu­Sa-mo­sam­sa­xu­re­Ta sac­xov­re­be­li ub­ne­bi, „sar­ki­nig­zo ar­qi­teq­
tu­ra“ is mi­mar­Tu­le­be­bia, ro­me­lic gul­das­miT Ses­wav­las sa­Wi­roebs.
vfiq­robT, Te­mi­sad­mi gaz­rdi­li in­te­re­si da je­ro­va­ni yu­rad­Re­ba SeiZ­le­ba iyos is ia­ra­Ri,
ro­me­lic am Ri­re­bu­li obieq­te­bis uk­va­lod gaq­ro­bis pro­cess win aRud­ge­ba, maT kul­tu­rul
po­ten­cials war­moa­Cens, mou­Zeb­nis maT ax­le­bur ga­mo­ye­ne­bas da qa­la­qe­bis mdgra­di gan­vi­Ta­
re­bis erT-erT ma­moZ­ra­ve­bel Za­lad aq­cevs.
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fo­Ti. lo­ko­mo­ti­viT man­ga­nu­mis
mi­wo­de­ba. 1936
Po­ti. Ore tran­spor­ta­tion by lo­co­mo­tiv­ e. 1936
either does not exist anymore, or is situated on the harbor premises, which is currently in private ownership and
it is impossible for unauthorized persons to gain access. Seeking and studying these types of objects is one of the
objectives of research’s next stage.
AFTERWORD
In this publication, we have tried to present factors forming Chiatura-Zestafoni-Poti industrial circuit and main
stages of its development; also the sites that we considered interesting from the historic, artistic or architectural
point of view. A lot stayed beyond our attention, a number of questions arising during the study still stay unanswered; however, we do hope this publication will boost interest towards the industrial architecture of Georgia.
The early remains of manganese production, prossesing plants constructed in the Soviet era, the rope ways,
residential areas of workers and servicemen, “railway architecture” are the directions to be meticulously studied.
An increased interest to the subject and proper attention could be the means to counter the process of vanishing of these valuable objects without a trace, revealing their cultural potential, finding novel use for them,
thereby turning them into one of the driving forces of sustainable urban development.
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in­d us­t riu­l i mem­k vid­r eo­b is Se­s a­x eb
meo­ce sau­ku­nis meo­re na­xev­ri­dan kul­tu­ru­li mem­kvid­reo­bis aR­qma mniS­vne­lov­nad Seic­va­la. dRes
xSi­rad saub­ro­ben mem­kvid­reo­ba­ze, ro­gorc pro­ces­ze, ro­gorc so­cia­lur pro­duq­tze. gan­sa­kuT­re­
biT mniS­vne­lo­va­nia kul­tu­ru­li mem­kvid­reo­bis kuT­vni­le­bis, mas­ze uf­le­bi­sa da sa­zo­ga­doe­bi­saT­vis
mi­si mniS­vne­lo­bis dis­kur­si. mem­kvid­reo­ba ga­ni­xi­le­ba, ro­gorc sa­zo­ga­doe­bis mud­mi­vad cvla­di Ri­
re­bu­le­be­bis, rwme­na-war­mod­ge­ne­bis, cod­ni­sa da Tval­sa­wie­ris am­sax­vel ara­ma­te­ria­lur da ma­te­ria­
lur ele­men­tTa er­Tob­lio­ba.
in­dus­triu­li mem­kvid­reo­ba kul­tu­ru­li mem­kvid­reo­bis Se­da­re­biT axa­li mi­mar­Tu­le­baa. igi
coc­xa­li is­to­riaa bo­lo ori sau­ku­nis gan­mav­lo­ba­Si mim­di­na­re glo­ba­lu­ri so­cia­lu­ri, po­li­ti­
ku­ri da eko­no­mi­ku­ri Zvre­bi­sa, ro­mel­Tac ka­cob­rio­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bis um­niS­vne­lo­va­ne­si sa­fe­xu­ri
Seq­mnes. in­dus­triu­li mem­kvid­reo­bis Ta­vi­se­bu­re­bi­dan ga­mom­di­na­re, aq gan­sa­kuT­re­bu­li sim­wva­viT
ig­rZno­ba mem­kvid­reo­bis Ta­na­med­ro­ve fi­lo­so­fii­saT­vis da­ma­xa­sia­Te­be­li da is so­cia­lur-eko­no­mi­
ku­ri prob­le­me­bi, ro­me­lic in­dus­triu­li lan­dSaf­te­bis wiaR­Si war­moiq­mne­ba: kla­sob­ri­vi da­pi­ris­
pi­re­ba, umu­Sev­ro­ba da Sro­mi­Ti uf­le­be­bi, Sro­mis baz­ris glo­ba­li­za­cia, da sxva.
aqe­dan ga­mom­di­na­re, in­dus­triul mem­kvid­reo­ba­ze saub­ri­sas, um­Tav­res amo­ca­nad gve­sa­xe­ba mi­si,
ro­gorc kul­tu­ru­li, ase­ve so­cia­lur-eko­no­mi­ku­ri ro­lis gaaz­re­ba. mi­Tu­me­tes ma­Sin, ro­de­sac
ase­Ti in­dus­triu­li kom­pleq­se­bi dRem­de fun­qcio­ni­re­ben da, ro­gorc ad­gi­lob­ri­vi Te­mis, ase­ve
qvey­ni­saT­vis sa­si­coc­xlod au­ci­le­be­li po­ten­cia­lis ma­ta­reb­le­bi arian.
ma­te­ria­lu­ri as­peq­te­bis gar­da, rom­le­bic ga­mo­xa­ta­ven teq­no­lo­giu­ri da sain­Jin­ro pro­ce­se­bis,
ar­qi­teq­tu­ri­sa da qa­laq­mSe­neb­lo­bis spe­ci­fi­ku­ri mi­mar­Tu­le­be­bis gan­vi­Ta­re­bis eta­pebs, in­dus­
triul mem­kvid­reo­bas ara­ma­te­ria­lu­ri gan­zo­mi­le­bac aqvs, ro­me­lic in­dus­triu­li Te­me­bis, gan­
sa­kuT­re­biT ki _ mu­Sa­Ta kla­sis cxov­re­bis, mex­sie­re­bis, cod­ni­sa da praq­ti­kis am­sax­ve­lia. es aris
in­dus­triu­li mem­kvid­reo­bis kvle­vis WeS­ma­ri­ti Ri­re­bu­le­ba da da­niS­nu­le­ba: war­su­lis kri­ti­ku­li
gaaz­re­ba Se­no­ba-na­ge­bo­be­bis ro­man­ti­ze­bis nac­vlad, Sro­mis is­to­riis da Sro­mi­Ti ur­Ter­To­be­bis,
so­cia­lu­ri moZ­rao­be­bi­sa Tu da­pi­ris­pi­re­bis ga­moc­di­le­bis, ma­Ti ma­te­ria­lu­ri ga­mov­li­ne­be­bis aR­
we­ra da Se­nax­va, mo­ma­va­li Tao­be­bis­Tvis uke­Te­si mo­mav­lis Se­saq­mne­lad.
Wia­Tu­ra-zes­ta­fo­ni-fo­Tis in­dus­triu­li wre­di sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si erT-er­Ti pir­ve­li da dRem­de aq­
tiu­ri in­dus­triu­li re­gio­nia. aq ar­se­bu­li in­dus­triu­li kom­pleq­se­bi mra­va­li is­to­riu­li cvli­
le­bis mom­swre­ni da am­sax­vel­ni arian. vi­me­dov­nebT, kul­tu­ru­li mem­kvid­reo­bis Wril­Si am me­tad
mniS­vne­lo­va­ni da moq­me­di in­dus­triu­li lan­dSaf­tis gan­xil­va, am re­gio­ni­sa da qa­la­qe­bis mdgra­di
gan­vi­Ta­re­bis Tvi­sob­ri­vad gan­sxva­ve­bul, di­ver­si­fi­ci­re­bul da xel­mi­saw­vdom per­speq­ti­vebs da­sa­
xavs. am­gva­rad, xels Seuw­yobs ma­Ti iden­to­bi­sa da mim­zid­ve­lo­bis gaum­jo­be­se­bas da ad­gi­lob­ri­vi
Te­me­bi­saT­vis Rir­seu­li sac­xov­re­be­li ga­re­mos Seq­mnas.
ru­su­dan mir­zi­kaS­vi­li
iu­nes­ko­sa da saer­Ta­So­ri­so ur­Tier­To­bis sam­sa­xu­ri
sa­qar­Tve­los kul­tu­ru­li mem­kvid­reo­bis dac­vis erov­nu­li saa­gen­to
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INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
Perception of cultural heritage has significantly changed since the second half of the XX century. Heritage
today is often admitted as a process, as a social construct. The discourse on the ownership and right to heritage
as well as the value of heritage for society is particularly active. Heritage is discussed as a set of intangible and
tangible elements that carry and express the constantly changing values, beliefs, knowledge and prospects of
society.
Industrial heritage is a rather new direction in the field of cultural heritage. It is the living history of the
global social, political and economic quakes during the past two centuries, having constituted one of the most
important stages of human development. Due to the specific character of industrial heritage, the problems
inherent to the modern conservation philosophy and, even more, those social-economic problems, emerging
in the realms of industrial landscapes: class struggle, unemployment and labor rights, globalization of the labor
markets, etc.are most severely felt. Hence, when we talk about industrial heritage, the main objective is to understand its cultural, but also social-economic role. Especially in situations where such industrial complexes are
still functional and, bear the vital potential for the local community as well as the whole country.
Apart from the material aspects, that are representing the evolution stages of specific directions in architecture and town planning, technological and engineering processes, industrial heritage also has an intangible
dimension that represents the life, memory, knowledge and practices of industrial communities and primarily
of the working class. It is the true value and mission of the industrial heritage research _ to rethink the past
critically instead of worshipping the romantic remains of buildings and structures; to describe and preserve
the history of labor, labor relations and their material expressions, social movements and clashes, etc. For the
coming generations to create a better future.
The Chiatura-Zestafoni-Poti industrial circuit is one of the first and still active industrial regions in Georgia.
The industrial complexes here have witnessed the historical changes. We do hope that rethinking this ultimately
important and functional industrial landscape in the context of cultural heritage shall create different, diversified and accessible development perspectives for these towns and the whole region and, thus, will contribute
to strengthening their identity and attractiveness and to creating a decent living environment for local communities.
Rusudan Mirzikashvili
Unesco and international relations unit
The National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia
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