Kush in the Quran

Transcription

Kush in the Quran

2011
Possibly Cham/Ham son of Noah, or one of his
decedents.
A “T.H.I.N.K.”
Production [The Hamitic
Independent Nation Of
Kush]
By: Marcus Allgood
© Marcus Allgood 2011 case # 1-736350581
[ Kush in the Quran]
The name Kush (Cush) can be found from India to Africa and the Middle East.
They were the founders of many great civilizations including ancient Egypt. And
they have a significant presence in scriptures. What does the Quran say about
these ancient people?
* Noah & Ham: To begin to understand the relationship of Cush or Ham we
must begin with the story of Noah, their progenitor. There is no direct reference to
a Cush or Ham in the Quran, but only inferred. However, Islamic scholarship does
have plenty of commentary regarding the matter. According to the Quran (Hud
Surah 11:42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard
the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned.
Surah 11:42-43 “So the Ark floated with them on the waves
(towering) like mountains, and Noah called out to his son, who had
separated himself (from the rest): "O my son! embark with us, and
be not with the unbelievers!" The son replied: "I will betake myself
to some mountain: it will save me from the water." Noah said: "This
day nothing can save, from the command of Allah, any but those on
whom He hath mercy! "And the waves came between them, and the
son was among those overwhelmed in the Flood.”
Some Islamic commentators say his name was either Yam (HAM) or Kan'an
(Canaan)1. These scholars rely heavily on tradition (ahadiths) which may have
been influenced by Jewish or Sumerian traditions. Kan‘an (Canaan) is unlikely the
son drowned in Surah 11:42-43, because he was not born until after the flood
according to the Biblical Narrative, where this name is mentioned. And if Noah‘s
son Ham (Yam) died, according to one another account, then the Kushite line
would have come from Shem or Japheth, or a possible 4th genetic line, thus
linking them all to the original Black stock of ALL NATIONS, most likely from a
single Black-Negro root, namely Noah (Ziusudra) himself, the last king the Blackheads2 of Sumer. This would negate the Biblical “3-sons racial theory” where all
mankind descended from Shem, Ham, and Japheth, if Ham was destroyed.
The Biblical narrative’s world-wide deluge (Ge.7:21) have been seriously
questioned because there is indication that the deluge of Noah may have been a
localized flood and not worldwide3 4. The Holy Quran seems to indicate a localized
flood also. There is Islamic scholarship that agrees with this notion too5 6. The
Quran has laid stress on this point in its earliest revelation, speaking of Noah in
chapter 71, which opens with the statement that “We sent Noah to his people,”
and ends with the statement that Noah’s people rejected him and “because of
1
This was observed as early as 1734, in George Sale's Commentary on the Quran.
The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, phonetically uŋ saŋ giga, literally meaning "the black-headed people". See - W.
Hallo, W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 28.
3
Reference the Ryan-Pitman Theory, which argues for a catastrophic deluge about 5600 BC from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black
Sea.
4
'Noah's Flood' Not Rooted in Reality, After All?" National Geographic News, February 6, 2009. Reported that the flooding might have
been "quite mild".
5
Dr. Maurice Bucaille in his book, The Bible, the Qur'an & Science
6
Maulana Muhammad Ali’s Translation of the Holy Quran, pg 461, note 42a in regards to Surah 11:40-43
2
2|Page
www.wanttherealtruth.com
their wrongs they were drowned” (71:25). All references to Noah lay stress on this
point, viz., that only Noah’s people who opposed the truth, persecuted Noah, and
planned against his life, were drowned. The Biblical story was an attempt to
explain the surrounding populations in and around the Mesopotamia region and
their origins (then the only known “WORLD” to the Hebrews). And further, there
are other cultures that have no documentation of this world flood. The ancient
Magians7 8, for example, have no knowledge of the Flood9. They say: “Our rule
continued uninterrupted since the age of Jayumart- who they say is
identical with Adam. It was inherited by consecutive rulers to the time of
Feroz b. Yazdjard b. Shahriyar.” They (also) say: “If (the story of the Flood)
were sound, the pedigrees of the people would have been disrupted and
their rule dissolved.” Some of them (Magians) acknowledge the Flood and
assume that it took place in the time of Babil, and nearby regions, whereas the
descendants of Jayumart had their dwellings in the East, and the Flood did not
reach them.
The only details of any importance about Noah (in the Quran) are contained in the
11th chapter, which speaks of the making of an ark, Noah’s embarking on it, and
how it ultimately rested on the Judi (Qur'an 11:44), one of the mountains which
divide Armenia on the south from Mesopotamia, and adds an incident about a son
of Noah who was also drowned because he was “the doer of other than good
deeds” (11:46). A very short notice of him, contained in 29:14-15, adds that he
remained among his people possibly 950 years10. In Surah 66:10, his wife is
mentioned along with Lot’s wife as having acted treacherously towards him.
The Hamitic Sumerians referred to Noah as Ziusudra of Shuruppak (grain
distribution city), the last king of Sumer prior to the deluge. The line following
Ziusudra in WB-62 (Sumerian king list) reads: “Then the flood swept over.” The
next line reads: “After the flood swept over, kingship descended from
heaven; the kingship was in Kish.” The city of Kish (KUSH) flourished in the
Early Dynastic period soon after an archaeologically attested river flood in
Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other Sumerian cities. This
however, negates any curse of Ham, or Cannon for that matter, that the Bible
negatively attributes to the Black nations alleged ancestor, which has undertones
of racism in the Biblical account.
7
According to Robert Charles Zaehner, "we hear of Magi not only in Persia, Parthia, Bactria, Chorasmia, Aria, Media, and among the
Sakas, but also in non-Iranian lands like Samaria, Ethiopia, and Egypt. Their influence was also widespread throughout Asia Minor. It is,
therefore, quite likely that the sacerdotal caste of the Magi was distinct from the Median tribe of the same name."See: Zaehner, Robert
Charles (1961), The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, New York: MacMillan, p. 163.
8
The Quranic word ‫( ال مجوس‬Quran 22:17), Arabic majusya
9
History of al-Tabari [State University of New York Press; Albany, NY 1989], p. 369
10
Noah lived to be actually 83 years old, if the 950 years of age is derived from the Sumerian SHE–GUR number system designed for
counting volumes of grain (Shuruppak was a grain distribution city); thus converted tens of years to hundreds, years to tens of years,
tenths of years to years, which seemingly inflated the ages at death. See article: “Analysis of the Numbers in Genesis 5, By Robert M.
Best”, May 2009
3|Page
THE HAMITIC AND SEMITIC LANGUAGE CONNECTION:
An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall or the ―Book of Rolls” (part of
Clementine literature) mentions Bouniter, yet another son of Noah, born after the
flood, which allegedly invented astronomy and instructed Nimrod11 12. Nimrod was
the son of Cush and great-grandson of Noah and the king of Shinar. Bouniter,
son of Ham, would have shared a common language and culture in order to be his,
Nimrod's, educator [which means all the sons of Noah come from a single BlackNegro racial stock and shared a common culture.] If Ham was of a darker hue
then they were all of a darker complexion or within the family of browns.
Even among some Arab traditions claim that the (people of Ad’s) prophet Hud
(PBUH) was the first person who spoke Arabic 13 while others claimed that Noah
(PBUH) was the first. It was also said that Adam (meaning “Brown” in Arabic) was
the first. The implication would mean that the Arabic language is a language of
Black people. There is evidence within the table of nations mentioned in Genesis
10 that they may be the same people due to the similarity in name, and the
comparable corresponding names of some their decedents. It is noteworthy that
some of them, like the Ethiopians and the Canaanites, spoke Semitic, and not
Hamitic, languages--Seba (if connected with the Sabeans), Havilah (Yemen), and
Sheba, whose queen visited Solomon. Professor Archibald Sayce, moreover, has
pointed out that Caphtor (the original country of the Philistines before their
emigration into Palestine) is the original home of the Phoenicians (Canaanites),
who spoke a Semitic language. Once, the Arabian Peninsula was thought to be the
“cradle” of proto-Semitic language, however, there are some scholars that
advocate that it originated somewhere in East Africa, probably in the area in
Somalia/Ethiopia14.
Hence a "Biblical Canaan/Ham” needs to be distinguished from the historical
Canaan/Ham (or a "historical Israel" from a "literary" or "Biblical Israel") because
the Hebrew Bible contrasts the Canaanites from the nation of Israel, while
historically and archaeologically, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were a subset
11
Nimrod is thought to be the Assyrian King Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-1207). See:” Noah’s Flood, In Bible,
Quran, and Mesopotamia Stories” by Munir Ahmed Khan, Pg 15.
12
Enmerkar the founder of Uruk was the original inspiration for Nimrod, because the story of Enmerkar and the Lord of
Aratta bears a few similarities to the legend of Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and because the -KAR in Enmerkar means
"hunter". Additionally, Enmerkar is said to have had ziggurats built in both Uruk and Eridu, which Rohl postulates was the
site of the original Babel. See Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation". Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-
11-12.
13
“Ibn Kathir “ Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim Exegis- Brannon M Wheeler, pg 65-66 .
Arabic Language & Middle East /North African Cultural Studies - by Terri DeYoung, Spring 1999, reference article on
http://www.indiana.edu/~arabic/arabic_history.htm
14
4|Page
of Canaanite/Hamitic culture15 16 Therefore, the Hamitic racial strain and the
Shemitic (Semitic) racial strain are but one race. This may explain the Quranic
silence on the issue.
How do we account for Semitic languages being spoken of in Hamitic lands and
visa versa? The 20th-century language scholar, Frederick Bodmer17, added:
“Though the Semitic and Hamitic group diverge widely, their kinship is
generally recognized. They share more root-words than can be explained by
borrowing; and they have some common grammatical peculiarities.”
Russian scholars and linguists of the 1960s (e.g. V.V Shevoroshkin), concluded
that there must have been a single original Mother Tongue. With regard to written
language, scholar Richard Rudgley18 in says:
“It is generally agreed that the earliest known writing comes from the
Ancient Near East and first occurred during the period 3500 to 2800 BC.
Expert opinions favour 3100 BC as the most likely time for this major
historical landmark to have taken place. It was in the city of Uruk (in
present-day southern Iraq), epicentre of the Sumerian world, that this great
innovation took place. This initial form of writing has been called protocuneiform … It was followed shortly afterwards by the Proto-Elamite script in
south-western Iran and, a little later, by Egyptian hieroglyphics. About a
thousand years later, writing appeared for the first time in the Indus Valley
civilization”.
Egyptian hieroglyphs are thus seen as a later invention, presumably a
development from the pictorial proto- or pre-cuneiform (wedge-shaped) writing of
Sumeria.
In addition, the idea of a long-standing connection between Mesopotamia (ancient
Kush) and Egypt is strengthened by the linguistic similarities between the two
cultures. In his earlier work Legend, David Rohl wrote:
15
Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998), "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past), p. 16
Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant
model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts
doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites
in the Iron I period (ca. 1200–1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and
derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available,
one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp6–7).Smith,
Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
16
17
18
The Loom of Language, Geo. Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1944, p. 420ff.
Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age (Arrow Books, UK, 1999), Richard Rudgley , p. 48
5|Page
“[T]here are clear indications, based on detailed comparative linguistic
studies, that ancient Egyptian was influenced by the Semitic languages of
Mesopotamia. Indeed, it seems that the two languages stem from a
single original mother tongue. The point at which the two separated from
each other is hard to pinpoint but there is no doubt that it was way back in
the distant past.”
As the great Semiticist, William Foxwell Albright19, wrote in 1970:
If a language community splits into two or more groups which are
subsequently and immediately isolated from one another, the language of
each group will continue to evolve. But because there is no fixed direction
for linguistic change, these languages will gradually diverge from one
another in both form and content, until, after a suitable time, they will have
become quite distinct. … Although Egyptian is not to be placed within the
Semitic family, there are few grammatical features which can be considered
alien to that group. A close genetic relationship is thus indicated and
accepted; only on details is there a divergence of scholarly opinion. We do
not only have the vocabulary of Mesopotamia and Egypt to consider but also
the basic structure of the two language groups. Although less obvious to a
non-specialist, the rules of language are a better indicator of a common
linguistic origin … and a good number of Egyptian words can be traced
back to Semitic originals. However, one crucial little word is very
important to our discussion of the origins of the pharaonic state. The concept
of maat, ‘divine truth’ or ‘cosmic order’ is fundamental to Egyptian royal
theology … The word maat is again a feminine word which carries an
unpronounced ‘t’ ending and we would therefore expect it to be pronounced
something like ‘ma’ or ‘mua’. It is interesting to note that the Sumerian word
for the elements of cosmic order is me.
This linguistic clue aside, the greater part of the Egyptian vocabulary
appears to be native to the Nile valley and may be of African -- what
we call Hamitic -- origins. This would be consistent with the idea that the
Nakada II newcomers had initially spent an intermediate period in a third
geographical location where they adopted new terms from the local
inhabitants which better described their more exotic environment. One such
African location may have been Punt. Some of the migrators could then have
moved on up into the Nile valley where again they would have quickly
adapted to their new home by readily incorporating elements of vocabulary
from the local population. Indeed, as a minority group, they would
undoubtedly have been forced to adopt the local tongue in order to
communicate with the majority. This whole process may have spanned
19
[Albright & Lambdin, ‘The Evidence of Language’ in CAH I:1,1970, pp. 124,133]
6|Page
several generations, by which time the original mother-tongue of the
migrating clan would have become submerged, only surfacing as a small
percentage of the total haraonic vocabulary. …
Ancient Egyptian is classified within the Hamito-Semitic (Afro-Asiatic) group
of languages which include Berber, Tuareg and Cushitic. The latter is spoken
by the indigenous folk who live in the geographical territory of modern Sudan
and Ethiopia. … Thus ‘Cushitic’ was spoken by the descendants of Cush and
the broader term ‘Hamitic’, used for the languages of north-east Africa,
is derived from Ham … (op. cit., pp. 323-326)
7|Page
* Sabians: There is some confusion about the Quranic (Sabians
) and ‘the
Sabaeans’ ( ‫ ال س أي ون‬, as-Saba’iyūn), from Seba (son of
Cush)20, which mentions them getting their reward in
paradise.21 The Sabians believed to "belong to the prophet
Noah". They have been connected with both Yemen and
Eritrea. Although there is some debate if the Quranic
Sabians and Cushite Sabeans are the same, there are
some similarities to the Sabaeans which can not be
ignored:
1.)
Similarity in name: (Sabians (Arabic:
)), the
Sabaeans’ (Arabic: ‫ ال س أي ون‬asSaba’iyūn).Although
one begins with Sheen and the other with Sad, this minor
difference can be attributed to translation from the
"Bronze man" found in Al Bayda' Southern Semetic language in Yemen to Arabic. In
(ancient Nashqum, Sheba
Marmaduke Pickthall’s translation of the Quran,
he
kingdom). 6th-5th century BCE.
22
attributes
the
Sabians
to
the
Cushitic
Sabaeans
.
The
Louvre Museum.
etymology of the root word 'Sabi'un' points to origins
either in the Syriac or Mandaic word 'Sabian', and suggest that the
Mandaean religion originated with Sabeans who came under the influence of
early Hellenic Sabian missionaries, but preferred their own priesthood.
2.)
The Sabians’ Holy book was called the Zabur (Psalms)23 24 and the Cushite
Sabaeans wrote in a ancient script called the Zabur, a branch of the ProtoSinaitic alphabet25
3.)
Both come from Yemen.26 Lempriere's Classical Dictionary refers to a town
of Saba in Arabia; Sabachus or Sabacon, a king of Ethiopia; Sabaei, a people
20
21
Seba was the eldest son of Cush, according to Genesis 10:7 .
Quran 2:62, Quran 5:69, Quran 22:17
22
“THE MEANING OF THE GLORIOUS QURAN” by Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, Hyderabad-Deccan :
Government Central Press [1938]; Surah 2:62, 5:69, 22:17
23
Abul ‘Ailya said: “The Sabis are a sect of people of the Scripture who recite the Zaboor.”
24
Abu Hanifah (d.767 AD) who is the founder of the Hanafite School of Islamic Law wrote: "The Sabians read
Zaboor and are between Judaism and Christianity."
25
(see, e.g., Ryckmans, J., Müller, W. W., and ‛Abdallah, Yu., Textes du Yémen Antique inscrits sur bois.
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 1994 (Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 43)).
26
Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, 1991.
8|Page
of Arabia; Sabatha a town of Arabia now known as Sana'a or Sabota; and
the town of Sabatra in Syria. These are all clues of where Saba was located
originally.
Bible scholars variously label the Sabaeans as Sheba or Seba (Sabaeans could
possibly refer to both Sheba and Seba). The island of Meroë near Ethiopia was
known as Suba; we have the Suab tribe in Sudan; the Isubu Bantu tribe; WaSiba eastern Bantu; the Sebunga district and Sebakwe river in southern Africa. In
addition we have the Sobat river in Ethiopia and Wabe Shebele stream. The New
Bible Dictionary notes the similarity of the names Seba and Sheba (both
descendants of Cush), which indicates a close relationship between them. Strabo
mentions a town called Sabai and a harbor called Saba on the Red Sea coast of
southern Arabia. The only difference is in the spelling of the two names in
Hebrew is Seb a' (Seba), and Seba (Sheba). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance,
under "Seba" says: "See also Sabaeans; Sheba". Certain scriptures indicate that
some descendants of Seba lived with Raamah's son, Sheba. David writes in the
book of Psalms indicating that these two related nations will repent of their
national sins like all peoples need to and serve God:
"The kings of Sheba and Seba offer gifts." - Psalm 72:10
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers were thought to be these
Cushitic Sabians27 28, following the Din (Deen/Way) of Noah (Nuh), and followed
five daily prayers29, had the same declaration of faith La ilahah il Allah (there is no
god but Allah)30, and also fasted for 30 days31. The Quran mentions the Zabur as a
27
Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn Zayd (d. 798 AD) wrote: "The Sābi'ūn say that their religion is a religion to itself and they
live near Mosul (jazirat al-mawsil) and believe in only one God." He also wrote that they have: "… no cult though
their main belief is “La ilaha il Allah”." He also remarked that: "the Sābi'ūn did not believe in the Prophet
Mohammed (in the same way as his followers did), yet the polytheists were known to say of the Prophets and his
companions “these are the Sabians” comparing them to them."
28
Wahb ‘ibn Munabbih (d 728-732 AD), who was originally from Iran, wrote: "The Sabians believe 'La ilaha il
Allāh' but they do not have canonical law."
29
Qatadah ‘ibn Di’amah (d736 AD) wrote: "The Sabians worship angels, read Zaboor, pray five ritual prayers."
30
Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn ‘Zayd (d.798 AD) wrote: "The polytheists used to say of the prophet and his companions
‘these are the Sabians’ comparing them to them, because the Sabians who live Jaziartal-Mawsil (today known as
Iraq) would say ‘La ilaha ila Allah’."
31
Churton, Tobias. The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons. New York: Barnes
and Noble, 2002. p. 26
9|Page
Holy book32. Islam, Muhammad’s religion, is likely a reformation of this ancient
Cushitic sect33.
32
33
Qur'an, Sura 4 (An-Nisa), ayah 163, Qur'an, Sura 17 (Al-Isra), ayah 55, Qur'an, sura 21 (Al-Anbiya), ayah 105
W. St. Clair-Tisdall (W.St. Clair Tisdal, The Sources of Islam, The Orgins of the Koran, pp.236-237)
10 | P a g e
* The Queendom of Sheba: The Qur'an speaks of a Queen of Sheba,
although not mentioned by name, but Arab
sources name her Bilqis. The Qur'anic
narrative has Solomon getting reports of a
kingdom ruled by a queen whose people
worship the sun34. He sends a message
inviting her to the worship of Allah (God).
She replied with a gift after consulting her
people. The gift offends Solomon and he
started to make preparations for war. The
Queen of Sheba then decides to meet
Solomon. Upon discovering that the Queen
is coming to meet him, Solomon asked his
people if anyone can bring the throne of the Queen before she arrives. One of the
Jinn under the control of Solomon proposed that he will bring it before Solomon
rises from his seat. One who had knowledge of the "Book" proposed to bring him
the throne of Bilqis 'in the twinkling of an eye' and accomplished that immediately
(27:40). The queen arrives at his court, is shown her throne and asked: does your
throne look like this? She replied: (It is) as though it were it. When she enters his
crystal palace she accepts Abrahamic monotheism and the worship of God alone.
In the Hebrew Bible, a tradition of the history of nations is preserved in Genesis
10. In Genesis 10:7 there is a reference to Sheba, the son of Raamah, the son of
Cush, the son of Ham, son of Noah. In Genesis 10:26-29 there is a reference to
another person named Sheba, listed along with Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth,
Jerah, Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, Obal, Abimael, Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab as the
descendants of Joktan, the son of Eber, the son of Shelah, the son of Arphaxad,
the descendant of Shem, another son of Noah.
An Ethiopian fresco of the Queen of Sheba travelling to
Solomon.
Sheba, according to both the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, place Solomon and the
Queen of Sheba as contemporaries. It is generally agreed that Solomon started
ruling c. 970 BCE due to synchronisms with Egyptian and Assyrian historical
records.35 Using the archaeological data, biblical chronologists have placed the
reign of Solomon quite precisely at c. 970-930 BCE36. Similar dating is also
mentioned in The Jewish Encyclopedia 37, The Anchor Bible Dictionary38,
34
This story is from the Quran Surah (27:23) to (27:44).
35
K. A. Kitchen, "How We Know When Solomon Ruled", Biblical Archaeological Review, 2001, Volume 27 (September/October), No. 5,
pp. 32-37 and p. 58.
36
K. A. Kitchen, On The Reliability Of The Old Testament, 2003, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company: Michigan, p. 58, p. 61 and p. 83;
K. A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient And Old Testament, 1966, The Tyndale Press: London (UK), p. 72, note 58; J. K. Hoffmeier, Israel In Egypt:
The Evidence For The Authenticity Of The Exodus Tradition, 1999, Oxford University Press: Oxford (UK), p. 124.
37
"Solomon", The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1905, Volume XI, Funk & Wagnalls Company: London & New York, p. 438.
11 | P a g e
Encyclopedia Of The Bible 39,The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary,40 New Bible
Dictionary among others. This makes the Queen of Sheba's reign also in the 10th
century BCE.
38
T. Ishida, "Solomon", in D. N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, Doubleday: New York, p. 105.
The time of Solomon's reign was c. 970-960 to 930-920 BCE.
39
L. Goldberg, "Solomon" in W. A. Elwell (Gen. Ed.), Encyclopedia Of The Bible, 1988, Volume II, Marshall Pickering: London, p. 1975.
The time of Solomon's reign was 970-930 BCE.
40
"Solomon" in A. C. Myers (Ed.), The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary, 1987, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company: Grand Rapids (MI), p.
959. The time of Solomon's reign was c. 970-930 BCE.
12 | P a g e
* The People of Ad:
The Cushites were the first inhabitants
of Arabia, i.e. the ancient Arabs are
known in the national traditions by the
name of Adites, from their progenitor,
who is called Ad, the grandson of
Ham41 via Amalec42 or possibly Adah.
“The old race of Cushites, consisted
originally of 12 tribes with the
following designation: Ad, Thamud,
Tasm, Djadis, Amlik, Oum, Ayim, Abil,
Djourhoum, Wabar, Jasm, Anten, and
Hashen. 43” The Omani epic Kashf alGumma (The End of Doubt) refers to a
people of Ad in Dhofar and describes
People of Ad: Iram would seem to have been an ancient 'Ad capital,
in southern Arabia. It boasted of lofty architecture ("lofty pillars").
their involvement
trade.
in
the
incense
Medieval Arab genealogists divided
Arabs into three groups:
"44Ancient
Arabs", tribes that had
vanished or been destroyed, such as
'Ad 45 and Thamud, often mentioned in
the Qur'an as examples of God's
power to destroy wicked peoples,
(although remnants of their people
survive today like the Mahra people).
The Adites were destroyed by a
storm, according to the Quran and
they were succeeded by the people of
Thamud.
"Pure Arabs" of South Arabia,
descending from Qahtan. The Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated to
41
The New Larned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922citing F. Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch.2.
published 1869.
42
The Bombay quarterly magazine and review, Volume 2
43
Pre-Historic Nations or Inquiries Concerning Some of the Great Peoples and Civilizations of Antiquity and their Probable Relation to a
still Older Civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia, by John D. Baldwin , 1869, pg 78
44
Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim Exegesis, Brannon M Wheeler, pg 65
45
Surah 11:50-57 – The Quran
13 | P a g e
the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).Also
called the land of Kush or Cush.
The
"Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center and North Arabia, descending from
Ishmael son of Abraham. The Book of Jubilees claims that the sons of Ishmael
intermingled with the 6 sons of Keturah from Abraham and their descendants were
called Arabs and Ishmaelites. Even they were referred to as Hamitic46.
The Adites were a Kushitic/Hamitic people. “These Cushites were the first
inhabitants of Arabia, are known in the national traditions by the name of Adites,
from their progenitor, who is called Ad, the grandson of Ham47 48.” It is possible
that the name “Ad” is the matriarchal name of Cush49. According to F.Lenormant,
there were two “People of Ad” the oldest race being from Kush and the other,
called by the Egyptians “the land of Pun”, origins are unknown (possibly a SemiticHamitic hybrid mix). Cheikh Anta Diop in his book “African Origins of Civilization”
states “The Adites, Decedents of Cush from the line of Ham, lived originally
in Arabia. Cheddade (aka King Shaddad ibn Ad), a son of Ad and builder of
the legendary “Earthy Paradise” mentioned in the Koran, belongs to the
Epoch called the first Adites.” Their land was called Adan or Aden (Biblical
Eden)50. It was also known as the Garden of Iram. However, Diop had commented
that the Joktanides (Qahtan) came down from the North conquering original tribes
of Adites basing his belief on modern interpretations of Biblical and Arabian
history. However, F.Lenormant mentions that upon the Joktanite tribes arrival the
Adites were already destroyed51 which is consistent with the Holy Quran which
indicates there was some sort of natural disaster or “act of God” that destroyed
them52.
In Drusilla Dunjee Houston’s book, called “Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient
Cushite Empire” she also concurs with Francois Lenormant, E. Chevallier, and
Cheikh Anta Diop, in the chapter called “Arabia and her Ancient Races” that the
ancient Adites were a Cushite people. These Adites were probably the people of
46
His mother Hagar was an Egyptian woman (Genesis 16:1-3), and he married and Egyptian woman himself and settled in
Arabia which make him and his decedents very much Kushites.
47
The New Learned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922 citing F. Lenormant, Manual of Ancient
History, bk. 7, ch.2. published 1869.
48
A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars V2, pg 295. By Francois Lenormant, E.
Chevallier
49
Ad from Adah (Genesis 4:20-21), The first wife of Lamech (father of Noah) and the mother of Jabal and Jubal. (Genesis 4:19-23) or (2)
the first wife of Esau, the daughter of Elon the Hittite (Genesis 36:2-4).
50 WHEN ARABIA WAS EASTERN ETHIOPIA (Part 4) Revised - by - Dana Marniche
51
52
A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars V2, pg 297
Surah 69:6-10
14 | P a g e
the legendary Atlantis or Ad-lantis53. That Atlantis (Ad-lantis) was connected to
ancient Cush there can be little doubt. The Greek Philosopher, Proclus, stated in
his works that he could present evidence that Atlantis at one time actually existed.
He cited as his authority THE ETHIOPIAN HISTORTY of MARCELLUS54 55. In
referring to Ethiopian history to prove the existence of Atlantis, Proclus plainly
infers that Atlantis was a part of the Cushite Empire.56
A mythological “man from Ad” was “Adapa57” in Babylonian texts whose name was
also that of the ancient ruler Ityop of the Abyssinian king lists. In Greek legend
Ethiopais (Ge'ez 58: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā),, ‘son of Ethiops’ is a title of
Bacchus/Dionysus59,(Garnier 2006, p, 38.) "They are personified by a monarch to
whom everything is ascribed, and to whom is assigned several centuries of life."60,
Ad came from the northeast. "He married a thousand wives, had four
thousand sons, and lived twelve hundred years. His descendants
multiplied considerably. After his death his sons Shadid and Shedad
reigned in succession over the Adites. In the time of the latter the people
of Ad were a thousand tribes, each composed of several thousands of
men. Great conquests are attributed to Shedad; he subdued, it is said, all
Arabia and Irak (Iraq). The migration of the Canaanites, their
establishment in Syria, and the Shepherd invasion of Egypt are, by many
Arab writers, attributed to an expedition of Shedad61." The Persians record
that the Zohak, son of Shedad, had a brother named Cush62 63. This is an
indication that they both may have been decadences from Cush. This would
negate some Arab accounts that they may have been Semitic and that their
prophet, Hud, descended from Noah via Shem. The name Hud also appears
various ancient inscriptions, most commonly in the Hadhramaut. A Palmyrene
inscription, dated to 267-272 C.E., mentions a place or people called "Iyad" and
Ptolemy refers to the "Adites"64. Although there is a dispute as to whether the
53
Atlantis, the Antediluvian World, by Ignatius Donnelly, [1882], p. 276 “PART IV.THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A
RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS.CHAPTER I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS.
54
See: Maynard Shipley’s NEW LIGHT ON PREHISTORIC CULTURES.
See: Cory’s ANCIENT FRAGMENTS OF PHOENICIAN, CARTHAGINIAN, BABYLONIAN, EGYPTIAN AND OTHER AUTHORS,
London, 1876.
56
James Bramwell’s, LOST ATLANTIS, 1938
55
57
Adapa , Babylonian Adam, was a mythical figure who unknowingly refused the gift of immortality. Parallels can be drawn to the story
of Genesis, where Adam and Eve are expelled from the Garden of Eden by God, after they ate from the Tree of the knowledge of good
and evil, thus losing immortality.
58
Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz), is a script used as an abugida for several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea but originated in an abjad used to write
Ge'ez, now the liturgical language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Church.
59
Garnier, J. (2006). The Worship of the Dead or the Origin of the Pagan Idolatry.
60
("Ancient History of the East," Lenormant and Chevallier, vol. ii., p. 295.)
61
(Lenormant Ibid., p. 296.)
62
Origines: or, Remarks on the origin of several empires, states and ..., Volume 1, By Sir William Drummond, Thomas James Matthias, pg
383
63
A connection of sacred and profane history: from the death of Joshua to the decline of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, by By Michael
Russell, James Talboys Wheeler Page 8
64
A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Brannon M. Wheeler, Hud
15 | P a g e
Adites were Cushites or Semites, Arabian tradition affirms that the tribes of Ham,
Shem and Japheth were actually closely related tribes of African affiliation and
origination who were originally settled in southwestern and extending to the region
Mecca and Medina. The Term “ARAB” was a term used to describe both the
Cushite Arabians and the Semitic Arabians. Some scholars trace the peoples of the
Semitic Arabs to Joktan, who migrated from Northern Arabia. However, early
ethnographers, including Josephus65 and Hippolytus66, identified Joktan's sons with
peoples around the Indus river. Drusilla D Houston67 documents these people (of
India) as Chushites in the same book mentioned previously, in the chapter called
“The Civilization of India.”
In Surah 53, verse 50, where it says “he destroyed the ancient Ad”, which seems
to suggest that there were two Ads: the ancient one (which they placed in
southern Arabia) and another Ad (The people of Thamud) that appeared in the
north in the area of the Gulf of Aqaba. Late Muslim scholar and father of
Sociology, Ibn Khaldun (A.D. 1332-1406), claimed that the ancient Adites
occupied the south of Arabia and part of western Africa68.It has been argued that
the Adites were the Cushite Seba69, which involves the settlements of the eldest
son of Cush, and the settlements of the Adites both in Southern Arabia, and the
name Seba is mentioned all over in Yemen70, home of the Adites. Others like, Abu
Ja’far Muhammad ‘ibn al-Tabari (lived 838-922), states that the word sabi is
a personal name derived from Lamech, the father of Noah, and the Sabians took
their name from Lemach. Coincidently, his wife is called “Adah”.
It would also be suggestive to establish an Analogy between the Sheppard
descendants of the sons ‘Adah (Genesis 4:20-21) and the people of Ad, who were
the first descendants of Yemen. Destroyed by a Divine chastisement, similar to the
cities of Pentapolis71 (Genesis 19), the people of Ad are represented in Legend as
a nation of Giants, of the same nature as those mentioned in Genesis 6:472. Adah
65
Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi, a 19th century Arab historian, states that al-Hind and al-Sind are of Ophir, the son of Joktan.Isidore of Seville (c.
635) had also made Joktan the ancestor of the natives of north-west part of South Asia; his material was based on earlier enumerations
made by Jerome and Josephus, who had stated that Joktan's descendants "inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia
adjoining to it."SEE: p. 1769 A dictionary of the Bible comprising its antiquities, biography, geography, and natural history. by William
Smith, John Mee Fuller
66
The chronicle of Hippolytus of Rome (c. 234), existing in numerous Latin and Greek copies, assign Elmodad – Indians to the Joktan in
Genesis 10, similar to Josephus (See: Die Chronik des Hippolytus)
67
Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg 163, Forgotten Books
68
Ibn Khaldun, Kay's edition, quoted by Wilfred Schoff in his comments on The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Munshiram Manoharial
Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1995, page142
69
(Caussin, Essai, I, 42 sq.; Renan Langues Semitiques, I, 800)
70
Cyclopaedia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 1, By John McClintock, James Strong. Pg 340
71
In the biblical Holy Land, the word, Pentapolis , occurring in Wisdom, x, 6, designates the region where five cities — Sodom, Gomorrah,
Segor (A. V., Zoar), Admah and Zeboim — united to resist the invasion of Chedorlaomer (Genesis, xiv), and of which four were shortly
after utterly destroyed. See: Pentapolis". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
72
Beginnings of History 1882,By Francois Lenormant, Pg 213
16 | P a g e
had two sons, Jabal (meaning Sheppard) and Jubul (Musician, Rams horn
trumpet). Klein's Etymological dictionary of the Hebrew Language lists a word
written similar to Ethiopia, meaning spindle (with poetic `horn'.)
The name Jabal, descendent of Adah, can even be found among one of the Negro
companions of the Prophet Muhammad who recorded, memorized, and recited the
Quran, served as a Judge, and emissary of the prophet, and his name was
Mu’adh ibn Jabal73. He was also described as a very attractive looking individual
with dark eyes and eyelashes. His teeth were extremely white and his hair was
African in its curliness. Books referring to his physical appearance say that the
onlooker would be stunned by his good looks.
Although Arabic tradition holds that the tribe of 'Ad were the great-grandchildren
of Noah, via Ham or Shem. The Qur'an talks about 'Ad as “successors” after
Noah's people74, with no mention of a Shem, Ham, and Japheth. So it is therefore
possible that Kush, may have been 1st city established by the ancient Adites post
the flood, as the descendants of Adah. Because, according to the Sumerian King’s
list (WB-62), "After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from
heaven, the kingship was in Cush (Kish). A “successor” could be immediate or a few
generation later. However, there is evidence that remnants of Adah’s decedents
survived the flood, since the flood was NOT
universal but local, thus becoming the
founding members of the Kingdom of Cush.
The Sumerian King List also tells us that after
the flood, that King Meskiagkasher75 journeyed
from Uruk over the southern sea and came
ashore
in
a
mountainous
land.
Meskiagkasher left the reign of his country
to his successor Enmerkar/Nimrod76 to
become
an
explorer
of
the
seas.
Meskiagkasher name means "he who divides
the land (amongst his followers)". The
ancients and subsequently the writers of the
bible knew him by his hypocoristic pet name
Cush (because he was from the Kingdom of Kish.)
The voyage of Meskiagkasher/Cush
73
Narrated Qatadah: I asked Anas Ibn Malik: ‘Who collected the Qur’an at the time of Prophet?’ He replied: ‘Four, all of whom were from
the Ansar: Ubay Ibn Ka‘ab, Mu‘adh Ibn Jabal, Zayd Ibn Thabit and Abu Zayd.’ (Bukhari, Kitab Fada’ilu’l-Qur’an)
74
The Qur'an, chapter 7 (Al-A'raf), verse 65-69
75
Sons of Ham Part 1, Copyright ã 2007 Wade Cox & ors, PO Box 369, WODEN ACT 2606, AUSTRALIA.
76
Wouter F. M. Henkelman, "The Birth of Gilgamesh", in Altertum und Mittelmeerraum: die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der
Levante, p. 819.
17 | P a g e
We can trace Meskiagkasher/Kush’s journey from Eridu to the sacred island of
Dilmun (Bahrain) which had been used as a resting place by Sumerian sea
traders for many centuries. His fleet of ships had then journeyed on into the open
ocean and along the southern shore of the Arabian Peninsula to reach the coast of
Africa near the mouth of the Red Sea. There they came ashore in the mountainous
land we today call Ethiopia but which was anciently known as Kush. Throughout
their history, the later Egyptians would call the people of the Upper Nile ‘Kushites’,
after their eponymous ancestor. During the centuries which followed the initial
arrival of Cush and his fleet, many return journeys would be made by individual
ships laden with the produce of Africa. In memory of the great mariner king the
region he came to was also later known as Kush (Cush).
18 | P a g e
*The People of Thamud (The Second Adites): The oldest known reference to
Thamud is a 715 BC
inscription of the
77
Assyrian king Sargon II
which mentions
them as being among the people of eastern
and central Arabia subjugated by the
Assyrians. They were also a Cushite people78.
They are referred to as "Tamudaei" in the
writings of Aristo of Chios, Ptolemy, and
Pliny79. “When the royal authority of 'Ad was
wiped out, their brethren, the Thamud, took
over. They were succeeded, in turn, by their
brethren, the Amalekites. The Amalekites
Picture of Thamudi dwellings carved into the cliffs at
were succeeded by their brethren, the
Mada'in Saleh
Himyar. The Himyar were succeeded by their
brethren, the Tubba's, who belonged to the Himyar. They, likewise, were
succeeded, by the Adhwa'. Then, the Mudar came to power.80”
The Holy Qur'an mentions Thamud in Surah Al-A`raf in the context of several
prophets who warned their people of coming judgment. Thamud is mentioned
between the story of 'Ad and that of Lot (Lũt in Arabic), implying that the events
occurred before the time of Lot. Verse 74 says of Thamud, "ye take for
yourselves castles in plains, and carve out homes in the mountains". This
could refer to the rock-cut tombs of Madāʼin Ṣāliḥ (the Cities of Ṣāliḥ), although
these were actually much later than the time of Lot, during late antiquity. In the
Qur'an, 'Ad and Thamud are generally mentioned together as a matter of context.
The verses advise Thamud to take warning from the destruction of 'Ad.
“And to Thamûd (people, We sent) their brother Ṣâlih (Saleh). He said: "O
my people! Worship Allâh! You have no other ilâh (deity) than Him. (Lâ
ilâha ill-allâh: There is no god but Allâh). Indeed there has come to you a
clear sign from your Lord. This she-camel of Allâh is a sign unto you; so
you leave her to graze in Allâh's earth, and touch her not with harm, lest a
painful torment should seize you. (73) "And remember when He made you
successors after 'Ad (people) and gave you habitations in the land, you
build for yourselves palaces in plains, and carve out homes in the
mountains. So remember the graces (bestowed upon you) from Allâh, and
do not go about making mischief on the earth." —
77
78
79
80
M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936
Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origion of Civilization from Cushites, book 2, pg 89
Phillip Hitti, A History of the Arabs, London: Macmillan, 1970, p. 37.
Muqaddimah 2:21
19 | P a g e
This verse suggests some kind of relationship between 'Ad and Thamud, and 'Ad may
even have been a part of Thamud's history and culture. Just as Nuh's (Noah’s) people
were seen as the ancestors of 'Ad, it seems 'Ad were seen in a similar relation to
Thamud.
The 'Ad were a people living in southern Arabia. Some remains of Thamud were found
in the region where 'Ad had lived, especially around the region where capital city of
the Hadramites, the descendants of 'Ad, stood. A bit further on from the passage
quoted above, the Qur'an says,
Then they ham-strung the she-camel, and insolently defied the order of their Lord,
saying: "O Ṣâlih! bring about the threats, if thou art a prophet!" (77) So the earthquake
(rajfa) took them unawares, and they lay prostrate in their homes in the morning! —
In Surah Al-Qamar it says ….
"Surely We sent upon them [Thamud] a single cry, so they were like the dry fragments
of trees which the maker of an enclosure collects."
According to some one hadith, one by `Abd Allah ibn `Umar (ca. 614–693) narrated
that while Muhammad was passing by Thamud's houses on his way to the Battle of
Tabouk, he stopped together with the
people there. The people fetched water
from the wells from which the people of
Thamud used to drink. They prepared
their dough (for baking) and filled their
water skins from it (the water from the
wells). Muhammad ordered them to
empty the water skins and give the
prepared dough to the camels. Then he
went away with them until they stopped
at the well from which the she-camel (of
Salih) used to drink. He warned them
against entering upon the people that
had been punished, saying "I fear that
you may be affected by what afflicted
them; so do not enter upon them."
Members of Mahra tribe of southeastern Arabia
20 | P a g e
81
The modern
, descendents of Ad82, extend from Hadramaut to Oman and
are found in Somalia. They had clans named Samudayt (Thamud or Samud) and
Mashek (Mashek is also called Mash in the Bible) and Riyam or Rigam anciently
known from their king Rekem or Arkam, Mahli (Mahli the Korahite?) and Idi. Ibn
Mudjawir and other writers concur that the Mahra, Shahra people and the Ad were
one and the same, that in fact, they were the remnant of the people of Ad after
their destruction and migrated to “the mountains of Zufar and the islands of
Sukutra83”. Dana Marniche84 says that the Berbers were descendants of
Amalekites (Amalek) from Canaan and Himyarite from Yemen both descendants of
“Adites” that had invaded Egypt before 1200 B.C. and “advanced toward the
Maghreb”. She further states: “The Berbers as represented by the Tuareg
especially appear to have called themselves Mashek or Mazigh who are associated
with bringing the camel into Africa. Mashek is still the name of a tribe of the Mahra
of Oman and Hadramaut who also claim an origin in the Yemen.”
And Charles Foster states that these Mahra people were Cushites85. He states
“Again, while Ramah is written by Ptolemy Marata, Mahrah, seems to be
expressed by him under the corresponding denomination of Marimatha;
by which name he designates the town and port of Merbat or Morebat86, in
Shehr, belonging, with the whole of the incense country, to the people of
Mahrah. But Marimatha, like Marata, is only the anagram of Raamah; and
token, consequently, and proof of Cushite colonization.” Raamah (Hebrew:
‫רעמה‬, Ra‛mâh) is a name found in the Bible (Gen. 10:7), meaning "lofty, exalted”,
and also may mean "thunder", who is first mentioned as the fourth son of Cush,
who is the son of Ham, who is the son of Noah, and later appears as a country
that traded with the Phoenician city-state of Tyre, in Ezekiel 27:22. The AfroArabian Black (Cushite) Mahra people, were the conquerors of Egypt and Spain87,
and the word “MOOR” may be a corruption of the name Mahra by the Europeans.
It was the Moors that were responsible of bring Europe out of the Dark Ages,
teaching them history, art, culture, mathematics, and science.
81
The 1986 New Edition of Encyclopedia of Islam describes the Mahra in Arabia were “of brown complexion with black,
often curly hair”.
82
A landscape of pilgrimage and trade in Wadi Masila, Yemen: The case of al-Qisha and Qabr Hud in the Islamic period ...By Lynne S.
Newton, University of Minnesota, pg 48-49
The Encyclopedia of Islam Vol. 6. C.E. Bosworth et. al. 271,11,15
African Moors: The Appearance of the Original Berbers According to European Perceptions – By – Dana Marniche
85
The Historical Geography of Arabia or The Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed Religion Part 1. “Settlements of Cush”.pg 6669
86
Mahra People may have some correlation to Moabite people as claimed by the Moorish Science Temple. See , Koran
Circle 7, CHAPTER XLV, THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF THE ASIATIC NATIONS
87
Islamic History a New Interpretation, by N.A. Shaban, published 1971, Chanbridge University Press, Vol 1, pg 36
83
84
21 | P a g e
In Latin, the word maurus (plural mauri) means coming from Mauretania, a
Roman province on the northwestern fringe of Africa. In the Medieval Romance
languages (such as Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian,Romanian), the root
appeared in such forms as mouro, moro, moir, mor and maur. Derivatives are
found in today's versions of the languages. Some derive the word from the ancient
Greek mauros, meaning "dark". The term Mauri, or Mahra, was later used by
European traders and explorers of the 16th to 18th centuries to designate ethnic
Berber and Arab groups speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect. Today such groups
inhabit Mauritania and parts of Algeria, western Sahara, Morocco, Niger and Mali
Speakers of European languages have historically designated a number of
associated ethnic groups as "Moors"
22 | P a g e

The Prophet Shu’ayb (or Jethro) and the Cushitic Midianite
People:
Shuʿayb, or Shoaib, (Arabic: ‫ ; ش ع يب‬meaning Who
shows the right path), was an ancient Cushite-Midianite
prophet, who is mentioned in the Qur'an a total of 11
times88. He is believed to have lived after Abraham, and
Muslims believe that he was sent as a prophet to two
communities, namely the Midianites89 and the People of
the Wood90. To both the people, Shoaib proclaimed the
faith of Islam and warned the people to end their
fraudulent ways. When they did not repent, God
destroyed both the communities91 92. There are disputes
within scholarly circles rather Shu’ayb is Moses’ FatherMoses married Zipporah, daughter of
Jethro and Priest of Midian, a Cushite
woman.
in-law, Jethro.
Regarding the people he preached to, the Midianites
were an ancient people who occupied territory east of
the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of
the Arabia. They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through
the tenth centuries B.C.E. In the biblical account, the Midianites were descended from
Midian, a son of Abraham through his third wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-6). However,
they were also identified as a Cushite people93. And according to scholar Drusilla
Dunjee Houston, “We find two distinct families of Midianites, different in location,
character, and race. The Midianites dwelling about the eastern arm of the Red Sea
were Cushite. Among those Moses found refuge. He married the daughter of their
priest Jethro. Numbers xii called her a Cushite. These were the decedents from
Midian, son of Cush94.“ Yes, Moses married Zipporah, daughter of Jethro and Priest of
Midian, a Cushite woman95 (Exodus 2:21).
88
Brandon M. Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Shuayb, pg. 303
Quran 7:85-93
90
Quran 26:176-177
91
Quran 7:85–91
92
Quran 26:189
93
THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA OR THE PATRIARCHAL EVIDENCES OF REVEALED RELIGION PART ONE, by Charles
Foster, pgs 12-13
94
Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origin of Civilization from Cushites, book 2, pg 89
89
95
Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509): “She was a Cushite as black as a raven. Zipporah was from Midian and they are Ishmaelites
who are black because of effects of the sun and its heat..”
23 | P a g e
[Numbers 12:1] AND MIRIAM AND AARON SPAKE AGAINST MOSES
BECAUSE OF THE ETHIOPIAN WOMAN WHOM HE HAD MARRIED: FOR
HE HAD MARRIED AN ETHIOPIAN [Hebrew: "CUSHIT"] WOMAN.
24 | P a g e

Dhul-Qarnayn, a Kushite King:
Surah 18:83-99 of the Holy Quran speaks of a great figure called Dhul-Qarnayn.
There is some speculation that he may be Alexander the Great96 ,because of the
similarities of the Alexander Romances with the
story of Dhul Qarnayn and his affiliation with
Aristotle. However he is disqualified from being this
great king because it is clear that the historical
Alexander the Great was a Greek pagan and a
homosexual, thus could not be the prophet of Islam
because the Quran vehemently denounces these
practices. While others say Dhul-Qarnayn is one of
the Persian Kings like Cyrus or Darius I. While these
are possibilities,(but unlikely because Muhammad
may not have heard of these Persian stories), there
is a third tradition that exist in Arabic literature, but
is often omitted in Quranic commentaries….There is
a Southern Arabian (Ancient Kush) story documented by the Yemenite
traditionalist Wahb ibn Munabbih (?-732 AD), a member of the Tabi‘un97, and was
later incorporated in a book by Ibn Hisham98 (?-833 AD) regarding the history of
the Himyarite99 100 Kushite Kingdom in ancient Yemen. [The name of their great
progenitor, Ham (meaning dusky of dark) and son of Noah (Nuh), is preserved in
the tribal name of Himyarite.] In this Yemenite variation, Dhul-Qarnayn is
identified with an ancient king of Yemen named Tubba'al-Aqran 101 102, rather than
Yeminite Bronze Statue -Kingdom of Sheba
715 BC
96
Appendix of Maulana Yusuf Ali's (1872–1953 AD) Translation of the Holy Quran "I have not the least doubt that Zulqarnain is meant to be ALEXANDER THE GREAT, the historic Alexander, and not the legendary Alexander, of whom more
presently. My first appointment after graduation was that of lecturer in Greek history. I have studied the details of
Alexander's extraordinary personality in Greek historians as well as in modern writers, and have since visited most of the
localities connected with his brief but brilliant career."
97
The Tābi‘ūn (Arabic: ‫" ال ون‬Followers") are the generation of Muslims who were born after the death of the Islamic
prophet Muhammad but who were contemporaries of the Sahaba "Companions". As such, they played an important part in
the development of Islamic thought and philosophy, and in the political development of the early Caliphate.
98
Cf. also Ibn Hisham, Sirah, I, 12 f “only events dealing with the Tubba"s return from his eastern expedition are
dealt with.”
99
Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg 88, “These Himyaritic Arabians
called themselves AEthiopians…”
100
In the 5th century AD, the Himyarites in the south of Arabia were styled by Syrian writers as Cushaeans and Ethiopians.
101
(Ibn Ishaq , Life of Muhammad, p 10-12 , quoting from Tabari 906), the term Dhul Qarnayn appears in a pre Islamic poem
by al Tubba
25 | P a g e
Alexander the Great, and the Arabic tradition parallel’s with the Quranic story of
the building of a Wall against Gog and Magog and his quest for the Water of Life.
The story also mentions that Dhul-Qarnayn (Tubba') visited a castle with glass
walls and visited the Brahmins of India. Other supporters of the Yemeni DhulQarnayn theory included (the Persian) Biruni in his Āthār al-bāqiyah (‫)ال ق يه آث ر‬,
Asma'i (‫ )ا م ی‬in his Tarikh al-Arab ("History of Arab" ‫)ال رب ري خ‬, and Sirah of
Ibn Hisham, among others.
The people of Tubba’ mentioned in the Quran103 were possibly named after this
great king. The Qur'an mentions these people of Tubba’ along with other
communities that were destroyed by God-Allah.104 The Kushite people of Sheba
are also called the people of Tubba because "Tubba" was used as the title for
Sheba's kings.105Therefore the Kingdom of Tubba is clearly a Cushite nation. Some
Muslim scholars, including Ibn Kathir, related that the People of Tubba were Arabs
from South Arabia106, which was ancient Kush. And according to Sa’id ibn Jubayar,
King Tubba’ was the one that clothed the Ka’bah in Mecca (after circumambulated
around it after hearing that a great prophet named “Ahmad107” would appear from
that city.)108 He also converted Yemen to Judaism. He seems to be the most
befitting as the Quranic Dhul-Qarnayn.
102
Iskandarnamah - A Persian Medieval Alexander-Romance, Translated by Minoo D. Southgate, Columbia University Press,
New York, 1978.
103
Quran 44:37
104
Qur'an 50:14
Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis.
Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0826449565.
106
Brannon M. Wheeler. "People of the Well". A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism.
105
107
Ahmad is a variation of the name Muhammad, who was predicted to come like from the “brethren” of the Jews and a
prophet like Moses. Deuteronomy 18:18
108
Prophets of the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesus, by Brannon M. Wheeler, pg 167
26 | P a g e

Luqman the Kushite:
Luqman ibn Ad109 (also known as Luqman The Wise, Luqmaan, Lukman, and
Luqman al-Hakeem Arabic: ‫ )ل قم ن‬was a Cushite king of Southern Arabia and in
Africa, who was given wisdom by God (Allah) to judge rightly.
His story is in the old Arabian legends and also in the Quran for
whom Surat Luqman (Arabic: ‫)ل قم ن سورة‬, the thirty-first surah
(chapter) of the Qur'an, was named. Luqman (c. 1100 BC),
according to some sources, is believed to be from Africa 110 111.
However, there are some sources that state that Luqman
belonged to the people of 'Ad and was a king of Yaman
(Yemen). Islamic scholar Maulana Sayyid Suleman Nadvi has
expressed the opinion in the “Ard al-Qar'an” that Luqman was a
descendent of the believers who remained safe with the
Prophet Hud after the destruction of the people of 'Ad by a
Divine torment, and he was one of the kings of Yaman (Yemen)
when it was ruled by the 'Ad. There are many stories about Luqman in Arabic and
Turkish literature and the primary historical sources are the Tafsir ibn Kathir and
Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir. The Qur'an does not state whether or not
Luqman was a prophet, but some people believe him to be a prophet and thus write
Alayhis salaam (A.S.) with his name.
Example of a coin image from
ancient Delphi thought by one
antiquarian to represent
Aesop (aka Luqman).
Perhaps the most famous story told about Luqman is this one. 112Luqman, while he
was still a slave, was summoned by his master and ordered to slaughter a sheep. He
did so, and his master said, "Now give me the best part of it." So Luqman removed
the tongue and the heart and prepared them for his master's supper. The next
evening he was again summoned by his master and ordered to slaughter a sheep. He
did so, and his master commanded, "Now give me the worst parts." Again Luqman
prepared the heart and tongue of the sheep for his master's supper. His master grew
angry and said, "When I ordered you to prepare the best parts of the sheep for me,
you gave me the tongue and heart, and now when I order you to give me the worst
parts of the sheep you again serve me the tongue and hear!" Luqman responded:
109
McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database (Biblesoft) 2000.
110
Ibn Kathir, Hafiz, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000 (original ~1370)
Al-Halawi, Ali Sayed, Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir, Dar Al-Manarah
111
112
Aesop of the Arabs , Written by Paul Lunde, pages 2-3 of the March/April 1974 print edition of Saudi Aramco
World.
27 | P a g e
"There is nothing better than them when they are good, and nothing worse when
they are bad."
If this last story sounds familiar, it should. The same story is told about Aesop by the
Greeks. Both Aesop and Luqman are described as having originally been Abyssinian
and ugly. The story about Luqman and the seven vultures seems to be purely Arab,
but both Aesop and Luqman are credited with having composed animal fables. In
Arabic literature, 49 animal fables are attributed to Luqman, all but two identical to
fables in the collection of Aesop. It is obvious that either the Greek fables are
translations from the Arabic or that the Arabic fables, are translations from the
Greek.
These animal fables were originally of an oriental literary genre hence Aesop and
Luqman are the same person and therefore the source of these tails or they both
adapted it from the same Babylonian source. It says much for the basic identity of
Classical and Islamic culture that the story of the tortoise and the hare, the wily fox,
the proud but rather stupid lion are equally at home in Greek and Arabic. No matter
how far Eastern and Western cultures have subsequently diverged they both have
their roots in a common East-Mediterranean culture of great antiquity.
In fact, the Greeks' Life of Aesop, a late work by the Byzantine litterateur Planudes, is
in reality a version of the Arabic, and earlier the Aramaic, Life of Ahiqar. Ahiqar had a
son, who in Arabic is called either Mathan, Nathan, Baran, or Tharan, who paid no
attention to the wise adages of his father, and as a consequence, after holding wild
parties in his father's house, chasing the serving girls (presumably wearing heavy
makeup) and ultimately selling state secrets to the Pharaoh, was ordered flayed. This
punishment took place to the accompaniment of sage counsel couched in the form of
animal fables and some of these fables later turn up in the collections attributed to
Luqman and Aesop. Even at the end, the son of Luqman, or Aesop, or Ahiqar, had to
put up with well-meant admonitions. They were probably harder to bear than the
flaying.
28 | P a g e
 Jesus with Cushite Ancestry113:
(J)esus descended from the line of Shem; His
lineage from Noah through Abraham is shown
in Genesis 11:10-27 and Luke 3:34-38 : Noah,Shem,
Arphaxad, Cainan, Salah, Eber, Peleg, Reu, Serug,
Nahor, Terah, Abram a.k.a Abraham. Jesus is a
descendant of Abraham, who came from the
Samarian city of Ur of Chaldes, which was a black
civilization, like many, if not most, of the societies
described in the Bible. The Sumerians referred to
themselvesas ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, phonetically uŋ saŋ giga
, literally meaning "the black- headed people ". Jesus'
This image of Jesus is from a church in Rome,
dates from AD 530.
lineage from Abraham through David is shown
in Matthew 1 and Luke 3: Matt 1:[2] Abraham, of Ur
of the Chaldees &; Sarah,Isaac &; Rebekah, Jacob &; Leah, [3] Judah &;Tamar
[Canaanite] ,Perez, Hezron, [4] Ram, Amminadab, Nahshon, [5] Salmon &; Rahab
[Canaanite], Boaz &; Ruth [Moabite], Obed, [6] Jesse, David &; Bethsheba.
Rahab was a contemporary of Joshua, successor to Moses. Seventy Israelites went
into captivity in Egypt and during the 400 years the Israelites were in captivity in Egypt
they and their descendants intermarried with non-Israelites. (The Israelites were in
Egypt 430 years, 400 in captivity.) The group of over 600,000 men plus women and
children that left Egypt under Moses was a darkend "mixed multitude". Ethnically, their
ancestors were a combination of Hamitic Egyptians and Semitic Israelites. Although the
Bible lays out Jesus' ancestors through Shem, it does not mention that His ancestors
would have had Hamitic blood from this intermixing, e.g. on their mothers' sides. In
other words Jesus has Black ancestry in his Blood. We know that Noah’s son, Ham,
was a Negro. Jesus descended from a number of Ham’s ancestors, including Tamar,
Rahab, Ruth, Naomi, Bathsheba and Jezebel. The Jews were from the Middle east,
mostly in the Iraq region, the seat of ancient Cush, and the people from this region
range in color from light brown to blue black.
* Jesus was a Cushite black from the perspective that he was brought to Africa when
he was a baby (Matthew 2:13-23) and he did not appear to be odd. There were no
Caucasians in Egypt or the surrounding areas at the time. Also from the angle that he
was a Jew and some Jews are black, and may Jews during Jesus time had some sort
of Cushite/Hamitic mixture. The evidence is conclusive. In fact, most of the people
mentioned in the Bible were of races of dark complexion. And the region that Jesus
113
From Brochure by Marcus Allgood, called “What if Jesus Was Black?”
29 | P a g e
came from featured only people of the Negroid and Mongoloid races. Thus, modern
scholarly opinion refutes the theologians who argued against a black presence in the
Bible. But sadly, the past Euro-centrist interpretation of the Bible, which did
recognize a black presence in the Bible, was deliberately used by some in the
past to justify the subjugation and enslavement of peoples of color.
In Islam, Jesus was always known as a Brown man of color (Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4,
Book 55, No. 649), but they do not make a big thing out of it because he is not deified.
Some say, however, the color of Jesus is not important as long as he died for our sins.
This idea undermines the clear Semitic Biblical teaching that no one can die for
another's sin, nor can someone inherit sin, thus disrupting the whole basis for Jesus
dying for our sins in the first place ( Deuteronomy 24:16, Ezekiel 18:20, Jeremiah
31:29-30) . If Jesus was the fulfillment of the law and the prophets (Matthew 5:1618) then he could not violate these laws while fulfilling them. That is why in Islam; God,
or any of his prophets are not represented in a physical image or in a picture. Because
He begets not nor is he begotten and there is none like unto him (Quran 112:1-4).
What are the psychological effects on Black people that worship a White
God? To answer this question, we must first understand the importance of religious
symbols and rituals in human life and consider the effect of male symbolism of God on
women and people of color. According to anthropologist Clifford Geertz, religious
symbols shape a cultural ethos, defining the deepest values of a society and the
persons in it. Geertz writes "Religion is a system of symbols which act to produce
powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations" in the people of a given
culture. "Mood" equates to attitude such as awe, trust, and respect, while a "motivation"
is the social and political trajectory created by a mood that transforms a Religious
symbol system into social and political reality. Symbols have both psychological and
political effects, because they create their inner conditions (deep-seated attitudes and
feelings) that lead people to feel comfortable with or to accept social and political
arrangements that correspond to the symbol system. Religions centered on the
worship of a White-male God create "moods “and "motivations" that keep women and
people of color in a state of psychological dependence on White men and male
authority, while at the same time legitimating the political and social authority of white
fathers and sons in the institutions of society. In Islam, God-Allah is neither male nor
female, thus subjection and servitude is not to any person, Black or White, Male or
Female, but only to God. Try Islam.
30 | P a g e
Conclusion:
What is the point of all of this? To understand my context for my approach it was very
important for me during my Afro-centric studies to learn that most, if not all, the
civilizations we read about during antiquity were various shades of Black and Brown.
That was important to learn, because most history books lead you to believe that
dark skinned folks have made no contribution to any civilization. I believe the Afrocentric scholars provided a great service to all people by providing ample evidence of
the myth of the eternal slavery and backwardness of Black people. It does amaze me
that the same Afro-centric scholars that have gone to great pain to prove the Black
and “African-ness of Arabia” and then turn around and call the Arab Muslims White
destroyers of African Civilization. Even in Arab-Middle Eastern traditions they try and
minimize or “White-Wash” the Black presence from their traditions, including their
religion of Islam. And claim the only positive contribution was that of Bilal calling the
Ahdan (Muslim call to prayer.) Many of their movies and film, approved by Islamic
scholars, about Prophet Muhammad and his time only depict fair skinned Arabs and
show Blacks as slaves. However, Islam is a very ancient Hamitic-Cushitic Religion
even predating Muhammad himself.
31 | P a g e
I was asked once by a colleague: “without debate, let’s assume the evidence is
conclusive, and we know that all the Arabs were at one point Black, how that informs
us of our moral/ethical standard?” To answer this question, we must first understand
the importance of religious symbolism and rituals in human life and consider the
effect of racial representation of God’s “chosen people” or his prophet’s, or even how
God is depicted affects us mentally, morally, politically, economically, and ultimately
spiritually . 114According to anthropologist Clifford Geertz, religious symbols shape a
“cultural ethos”, defining the deepest values of a society and the persons in it. Geertz
writes "Religion is a system of symbols which act to produce powerful, pervasive, and
long-lasting moods and motivations" in the people of a given culture. "Mood" equates
to attitudes such as awe, trust, and respect, while a "motivation" is the social and
political trajectory created by a mood that transforms a Religious symbol system into
social and political reality. Symbols have both psychological and political effects,
because they create their inner conditions (deep-seated attitudes and feelings) that
lead people to feel comfortable with or to accept social and political arrangements
that correspond to the symbol system. In thinking that the TRUE or ORIGINAL ARAB
was BLACK, it forms our moral ethical standard in thinking we were better than
slaves, and our history goes beyond America. It puts us back in the driver’s seat,
rather than passengers going along for the joy, going in any direction the proverbial
“they” want to take us theologically, politically, morally, or spiritually. In fact, we
brought the concept of God, religion, morality to the world, and were the vanguard of
these virtues thus we can escape the bondage of negroism and transcend back to our
proper role as God's original Khalifa, in Adam (meaning brown in Arabic) formed from
the Black molded into shape. We are the beginning, it began with us, and ultimately
it will end with us. This is a RACIAL FACT, this is an ARCHELOGICAL FACT, this is
GENETIC FACT, this is a MATHEMATICAL FACT, and it is a SPIRITUAL FACT. As the
old adage goes, what goes around must come back around.
Our Black Asiatic ancestors have had many triumphs; like the invention of
philosophy, religion, science, and mathematics, and they had many shortcomings
which resulted in the end of their civilizations. All nations have an expiration date; no
one lasts forever, except Allah. We have to keep in mind that we should learn from
their success and failures.....and do better and be better. If we do not learn from
their successes then we would be reinventing the wheel. And if we do not learn from
their failures we are doomed to repeat them. This is a point emphasized in the Quran,
it points to their successes and failures and asks us to reflect on them (Surah 3:137 ,
6:11). Besides; today's Negroes have no sense of history, and knowledge of self
which is required for self determination. Allah made us into (different) tribes and
nations so that we may know one another. But how can we know any other people
without knowledge of self and our history. Without knowledge of self you are doomed
to assimilate, or emulate another culture or self destruct as a people.
114
See Kush in the Quran: Jesus with Cushite Ancestry
32 | P a g e
We stand up and pledge allegiance to a flag that has been unjust to us. Let us call to
something else other then America, let us call our self Kush, Asiatic, Moorish, African,
or whatever... Other then American or Black, we will have the most critical eye. But
where is our criticism of USA and Europe? Where is the criticism of the sons of
Japheth, this Gentile (JINN-tile) nation of the Gog & Magog, the United Snakes of
America and Europe? We are proud of our government jobs, or working in corporate
America... But lack the ambition for self determination and cooperative economics.
Allah made us low so that he may choose us for himself to show the nations of the
world his greatness (Surah 7:137). This is the SUNNA (or WAY) OF ALLAH (Surah
33:62). There is a sign from Allah in the story of Israel while they were in Egypt.
They never identified themselves as Egyptians, and eventually separated themselves
from their oppressors. This is an Ayah (sign) to you; Black Man and Woman, from
Allah, that we should never identify with our oppressors. A sign for our liberation
struggle (Jihad). If you call yourself American, you would be subject to the
punishment Allah has in store for America.
What would you do if your father was a criminal and your mother a hore, making the
family name synonymous with wrong doing? Do you just change your name and deny
you were even related to them? Or would you do better for yourself, and bring dignity
back to the family name? Kush is our family name, thus we should bring dignity back
to this ancient name for Black people. The name Kush is one of the oldest nations on
earth, thus in my humble opinion, we should reclaim its legacy and call to our people
to Taqwa (fear of God, Righteousness), and call our people back to greatness. My call
is to tawheed (Oneness of God and Divinity), and that eventually we should board
and ride the arc (boat) of truth (and have love for self and our people) or drown in
false universalism. Tawheed's natural consequence is for us to be “abdullahs” or
slaves to Allah alone…the natural consequence of being a slave to God-Allah means
we are to be no man’s slave…. which means our goal is to seek independence of
mind, body, spirit, individual independence, and a collective independence by belief in
Allah and organizing in ranks politically, financially, and in defense, as if we are a
solid cemented structure..... So that our service would be only to Allah. Amen.
33 | P a g e
Appendix 1:
The Cushite Genealogy Tree
Adam (Adapa) & Eve
|
Cain
|
Irad
|
Methushael
|
Lamech & Wife (Adah) >>sons: Jabal (Yabal) and Jubal (Yubal).
(Genesis 4:19-23) |
|
\/
Noah/ Ziusudra (Sumerian King after the flood)
\/
|
\/
>(Unknown descendants of Adah traveled with tents and live stock into
Sothern Arabia as Sheppards/Jabal means “Sheppard”)
|
\/
Ham
\/
Abraham-Black Sumerian>Isaac >Esau (wife Adah)> Eliphaz >
>Amalek (son of Elipha> beget Ad
|
\/
Cush =Meskiagkasher(Sumerian King)>Ad>sons:Shadid,Shedad,& Cush>
\/
|
>>>>Thamud
\/
Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabtecah (Sons of Cush)> Mahra Tribe
34 | P a g e
References:
1. This was observed as early as 1734, in George Sale's Commentary on the Quran.
2. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, phonetically uŋ saŋ giga,
literally meaning "the black-headed people". See - W. Hallo, W. Simpson (1971).
The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 28.
3. Reference the Ryan-Pitman Theory, which argues for a catastrophic deluge about
5600 BC from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea.
4. 'Noah's Flood' Not Rooted in Reality, After All?" National Geographic News, February
6, 2009. Reported that the flooding might have been "quite mild".
5. Dr. Maurice Bucaille in his book, The Bible, the Qur'an & Science
6. Maulana Muhammad Ali’s Translation of the Holy Quran, pg 461, note 42a in
regards to Surah 11:40-43
7. According to Robert Charles Zaehner, "we hear of Magi not only in Persia, Parthia,
Bactria, Chorasmia, Aria, Media, and among the Sakas, but also in non-Iranian
lands like Samaria, Ethiopia, and Egypt. Their influence was also widespread
throughout Asia Minor. It is, therefore, quite likely that the sacerdotal caste of the
Magi was distinct from the Median tribe of the same name."See: Zaehner, Robert
Charles (1961), The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, New York: MacMillan, p.
163.
8. The Quranic word ‫( ال مجوس‬Quran 22:17), Arabic majusya
9. History of al-Tabari [State University of New York Press; Albany, NY 1989], p. 369
10.Noah lived to be actually 83 years old, if the 950 years of age is derived from the
Sumerian SHE–GUR number system designed for counting volumes of grain
(Shuruppak was a grain distribution city); thus converted tens of years to
hundreds, years to tens of years, tenths of years to years, which seemingly inflated
the ages at death. See article: “Analysis of the Numbers in Genesis 5, By
Robert M. Best”, May 2009
11.Nimrod is thought to be the Assyrian King Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-1207). See:”
Noah’s Flood, In Bible, Quran, and Mesopotamia Stories” by Munir Ahmed Khan, Pg
15.
12.Enmerkar the founder of Uruk was the original inspiration for Nimrod, because the
story of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta bears a few similarities to the legend of
Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and because the -KAR in Enmerkar means
"hunter". Additionally, Enmerkar is said to have had ziggurats built in both Uruk
and Eridu, which Rohl postulates was the site of the original Babel. See Enmerkar
and the lord of Aratta: translation". Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
13. “Ibn Kathir “ Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim ExegisBrannon M Wheeler, pg 65-66 .
14.Arabic Language & Middle East /North African Cultural Studies - by Terri DeYoung,
Spring 1999, reference article on
http://www.indiana.edu/~arabic/arabic_history.htm
15.Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998), "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past), p. 16
16.Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient
Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites
were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt
on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points
35 | P a g e
between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (ca. 1200–1000 BC). The
record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived
from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature.
Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation
between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp6–7).Smith, Mark
(2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel"
(Eerdman's)
17.The Loom of Language, Geo. Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1944, p. 420ff.
18.Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age (Arrow Books, UK, 1999), Richard Rudgley , p.
48
19.[Albright & Lambdin, ‘The Evidence of Language’ in CAH I:1,1970, pp. 124,133]
20.Seba was the eldest son of Cush, according to Genesis 10:7 .
21.Quran 2:62, Quran 5:69, Quran 22:17
22.“THE MEANING OF THE GLORIOUS QURAN” by Mohammed Marmaduke
Pickthall, Hyderabad-Deccan : Government Central Press [1938]; Surah 2:62,
5:69, 22:17
23.Abul ‘Ailya said: “The Sabis are a sect of people of the Scripture who recite the
Zaboor.”
24.Abu Hanifah (d.767 AD) who is the founder of the Hanafite School of Islamic Law
wrote: "The Sabians read Zaboor and are between Judaism and Christianity."
25. (see, e.g., Ryckmans, J., Müller, W. W., and ‛Abdallah, Yu., Textes du Yémen
Antique inscrits sur bois. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 1994 (Publications de l'Institut
Orientaliste de Louvain, 43)).
26.Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, 1991.
27.Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn Zayd (d. 798 AD) wrote: "The Sābi'ūn say that their religion is
a religion to itself and they live near Mosul (jazirat al-mawsil) and believe in only
one God." He also wrote that they have: "… no cult though their main belief is “La
ilaha il Allah”." He also remarked that: "the Sābi'ūn did not believe in the Prophet
Mohammed (in the same way as his followers did), yet the polytheists were known
to say of the Prophets and his companions “these are the Sabians” comparing them
to them."
28.Wahb ‘ibn Munabbih (d 728-732 AD), who was originally from Iran, wrote: "The
Sabians believe 'La ilaha il Allāh' but they do not have canonical law."
29.Qatadah ‘ibn Di’amah (d736 AD) wrote: "The Sabians worship angels, read Zaboor,
pray five ritual prayers."
30.Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn ‘Zayd (d.798 AD) wrote: "The polytheists used to say of the
prophet and his companions ‘these are the Sabians’ comparing them to them,
because the Sabians who live Jaziartal-Mawsil (today known as Iraq) would say ‘La
ilaha ila Allah’."
31.Churton, Tobias. The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First
Freemasons. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2002. p. 26
32.Qur'an, Sura 4 (An-Nisa), ayah 163, Qur'an, Sura 17 (Al-Isra), ayah 55, Qur'an,
sura 21 (Al-Anbiya), ayah 105
33. W. St. Clair-Tisdall (W.St. Clair Tisdal, The Sources of Islam, The Orgins of the Koran, pp.236237)
34.This story is from the Quran Surah (27:23) to (27:44).
36 | P a g e
35.K. A. Kitchen, "How We Know When Solomon Ruled", Biblical Archaeological
Review, 2001, Volume 27 (September/October), No. 5, pp. 32-37 and p. 58.
36.K. A. Kitchen, On The Reliability Of The Old Testament, 2003, Wm. B. Eerdmans
Publishing Company: Michigan, p. 58, p. 61 and p. 83; K. A. Kitchen, Ancient
Orient And Old Testament, 1966, The Tyndale Press: London (UK), p. 72, note 58;
J. K. Hoffmeier, Israel In Egypt: The Evidence For The Authenticity Of The Exodus
Tradition, 1999, Oxford University Press: Oxford (UK), p. 124.
37."Solomon", The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1905, Volume XI, Funk & Wagnalls
Company: London & New York, p. 438.
38.T. Ishida, "Solomon", in D. N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible
Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, Doubleday: New York, p. 105. The time of Solomon's
reign was c. 970-960 to 930-920 BCE.
39.1 L. Goldberg, "Solomon" in W. A. Elwell (Gen. Ed.), Encyclopedia Of The Bible,
1988, Volume II, Marshall Pickering: London, p. 1975. The time of Solomon's reign
was 970-930 BCE.
40."Solomon" in A. C. Myers (Ed.), The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary, 1987, William B.
Eerdmans Publishing Company: Grand Rapids (MI), p. 959. The time of Solomon's
reign was c. 970-930 BCE.
41.The New Larned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922citing F.
Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch.2. published 1869.
42.The Bombay quarterly magazine and review, Volume 2
43.Pre-Historic Nations or Inquiries Concerning Some of the Great Peoples and
Civilizations of Antiquity and their Probable Relation to a still Older Civilization of
the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia, by John D. Baldwin , 1869, pg 78
44.Prophets in the Quran: an intro to the Quran & Muslim Exegesis, Brannon M
Wheeler, pg 65
45.Surah 11:50-57 – The Quran
46.His mother Hagar was an Egyptian woman (Genesis 16:1-3), and he married and
Egyptian woman himself and settled in Arabia which make him and his decedents
very much Kushites.
47.The New Learned history for Ready Reference Reading and Research, 1922 citing F.
Lenormant, Manual of Ancient History, bk. 7, ch.2. published 1869.
48.A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median
Wars V2, pg 295. By Francois Lenormant, E. Chevallier
49.Ad from Adah (Genesis 4:20-21), The first wife of Lamech (father of Noah) and the
mother of Jabal and Jubal. (Genesis 4:19-23) or (2) the first wife of Esau, the
daughter of Elon the Hittite (Genesis 36:2-4).
50.
WHEN ARABIA WAS EASTERN ETHIOPIA (Part 4) Revised - by - Dana Marniche
51.A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median
Wars V2, pg 297
52.Surah 69:6-10
53.
Atlantis, the Antediluvian World, by Ignatius Donnelly, [1882], p. 276 “PART
IV.THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF
ATLANTIS.CHAPTER I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS.
54.See: Maynard Shipley’s NEW LIGHT ON PREHISTORIC CULTURES.
55.See: Cory’s ANCIENT FRAGMENTS OF PHOENICIAN, CARTHAGINIAN, BABYLONIAN,
EGYPTIAN AND OTHER AUTHORS, London, 1876.
56.James Bramwell’s, LOST ATLANTIS, 1938
37 | P a g e
57.Adapa , Babylonian Adam, was a mythical figure who unknowingly refused the gift
of immortality. Parallels can be drawn to the story of Genesis, where Adam and Eve
are expelled from the Garden of Eden by God, after they ate from the Tree of the
knowledge of good and evil, thus losing immortality.
58.Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz), is a script used as an abugida for several languages of Ethiopia
and Eritrea but originated in an abjad used to write Ge'ez, now the liturgical
language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Church.
59.Garnier, J. (2006). The Worship of the Dead or the Origin of the Pagan Idolatry.
60. ("Ancient History of the East," Lenormant and Chevallier, vol. ii., p. 295.)
61. (Lenormant Ibid., p. 296.)
62.Origines: or, Remarks on the origin of several empires, states and ..., Volume 1, By
Sir William Drummond, Thomas James Matthias, pg 383
63.A connection of sacred and profane history: from the death of Joshua to the decline
of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, by By Michael Russell, James Talboys Wheeler
Page 8
64.A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Brannon M. Wheeler, Hud
65.Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi, a 19th century Arab historian, states that al-Hind and al-Sind
are of Ophir, the son of Joktan.Isidore of Seville (c. 635) had also made Joktan the
ancestor of the natives of north-west part of South Asia; his material was based on
earlier enumerations made by Jerome and Josephus, who had stated that Joktan's
descendants "inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining
to it."SEE: p. 1769 A dictionary of the Bible comprising its antiquities, biography,
geography, and natural history. by William Smith, John Mee Fuller
66.The chronicle of Hippolytus of Rome (c. 234), existing in numerous Latin and Greek
copies, assign Elmodad – Indians to the Joktan in Genesis 10, similar to Josephus
(See: Die Chronik des Hippolytus)
67.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg
163, Forgotten Books
68.Ibn Khaldun, Kay's edition, quoted by Wilfred Schoff in his comments on The
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Munshiram Manoharial Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1995,
page142
69. (Caussin, Essai, I, 42 sq.; Renan Langues Semitiques, I, 800)
70.Cyclopaedia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 1, By John
McClintock, James Strong. Pg 340
71.In the biblical Holy Land, the word, Pentapolis , occurring in Wisdom, x, 6,
designates the region where five cities — Sodom, Gomorrah, Segor (A. V., Zoar),
Admah and Zeboim — united to resist the invasion of Chedorlaomer (Genesis, xiv),
and of which four were shortly after utterly destroyed. See: Pentapolis". Catholic
Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
72.Beginnings of History 1882,By Francois Lenormant, Pg 213
73.Narrated Qatadah: I asked Anas Ibn Malik: ‘Who collected the Qur’an at the time of
Prophet?’ He replied: ‘Four, all of whom were from the Ansar: Ubay Ibn Ka‘ab,
Mu‘adh Ibn Jabal, Zayd Ibn Thabit and Abu Zayd.’ (Bukhari, Kitab Fada’ilu’l-Qur’an)
74.The Qur'an, chapter 7 (Al-A'raf), verse 65-69
75.
Sons of Ham Part 1, Copyright ã 2007 Wade Cox & ors, PO Box 369,
WODEN ACT 2606, AUSTRALIA.
76.Wouter F. M. Henkelman, "The Birth of Gilgamesh", in Altertum und
Mittelmeerraum: die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante, p. 819.
38 | P a g e
77.M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936
78.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origion of Civilization from
Cushites, book 2, pg 89
79.Phillip Hitti, A History of the Arabs, London: Macmillan, 1970, p. 37.
80.Muqaddimah 2:21
81.The 1986 New Edition of Encyclopedia of Islam describes the Mahra in Arabia were
“of brown complexion with black, often curly hair”.
82.
A landscape of pilgrimage and trade in Wadi Masila, Yemen: The case
of al-Qisha and Qabr Hud in the Islamic period ...By Lynne S. Newton,
University of Minnesota, pg 48-49
83.The Encyclopedia of Islam Vol. 6. C.E. Bosworth et. al. 271,11,15
84.African Moors: The Appearance of the Original Berbers According to European
Perceptions – By – Dana Marniche
85.The Historical Geography of Arabia or The Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed
Religion Part 1. “Settlements of Cush”.pg 66-69
86. Koran Circle 7, CHAPTER XLV, THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF THE ASIATIC NATIONS
87.Islamic History a New Interpretation, by N.A. Shaban, published 1971, Chanbridge
University Press, Vol 1, pg 36
88.Brandon M. Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism,
Shuayb, pg. 303
89.Quran 7:85-93
90.Quran 26:176-177
91.Quran 7:85–91
92.Quran 26:189
93.THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA OR THE PATRIARCHAL EVIDENCES OF
REVEALED RELIGION PART ONE, by Charles Foster, pgs 12-13
94.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire: Origin of Civilization from
Cushites, book 2, pg 89
95.Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509): “She was a Cushite as black as a raven. Zipporah
was from Midian and they are Ishmaelites who are black because of effects of the
sun and its heat..”
96.Appendix of Maulana Yusuf Ali's (1872–1953 AD) Translation of the Holy Quran "I
have not the least doubt that Zul-qarnain is meant to be ALEXANDER THE
GREAT, the historic Alexander, and not the legendary Alexander, of whom more
presently. My first appointment after graduation was that of lecturer in Greek
history. I have studied the details of Alexander's extraordinary personality in Greek
historians as well as in modern writers, and have since visited most of the localities
connected with his brief but brilliant career."
97.The Tābi‘ūn (Arabic: ‫" ال ون‬Followers") are the generation of Muslims who were
born after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad but who were
contemporaries of the Sahaba "Companions". As such, they played an important
part in the development of Islamic thought and philosophy, and in the political
development of the early Caliphate.
98.Cf. also Ibn Hisham, Sirah, I, 12 f “only events dealing with the Tubba"s return
from his eastern expedition are dealt with.”
99.Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, by Drusilla Dunjee Houston, pg
88, “These Himyaritic Arabians called themselves AEthiopians…”
39 | P a g e
100.
In the 5th century AD, the Himyarites in the south of Arabia were styled by
Syrian writers as Cushaeans and Ethiopians.
101.
(Ibn Ishaq , Life of Muhammad, p 10-12 , quoting from Tabari 906), the
term Dhul Qarnayn appears in a pre Islamic poem by al Tubba
102.
Iskandarnamah - A Persian Medieval Alexander-Romance, Translated by
Minoo D. Southgate, Columbia University Press, New York, 1978.
103.
Quran 44:37
104.
Qur'an 50:14
105.
Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the
Quran and Muslim Exegesis. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 166.
ISBN 0826449565.
106.
Brannon M. Wheeler. "People of the Well". A-Z of Prophets in Islam and
Judaism.
107.
Ahmad is a variation of the name Muhammad, who was predicted to come
like from the “brethren” of the Jews and a prophet like Moses. Deuteronomy
18:18
108.
Prophets of the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesus,
by Brannon M. Wheeler, pg 167
109.
McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database (Biblesoft) 2000.
110.
Ibn Kathir, Hafiz, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000 (original
~1370)
111.
Al-Halawi, Ali Sayed, Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir, Dar Al-Manarah
112.
Aesop of the Arabs , Written by Paul Lunde, pages 2-3 of the March/April
1974 print edition of Saudi Aramco World.
113.
From Brochure by Marcus Allgood, called “What if Jesus Was Black?”
40 | P a g e
41 | P a g e

Kush in the Quran

Transcription

Similar documents

dowload flyer

Year 4 News - The Chandler

Untitled - Muslim Council of Calgary

AncientWisdomTours.com Egypt

Methods - 2nd Turkish Arab Congress on Higher Education

new challenge...? - Noah`s Ark Trust

Noahs Ark ACH Online Payment Instructions

orchard park elementary - Kettering City School District

Surah Yasin - Dr Musharraf Hussain

Turkish Ambassador Visits UT President UT Professors Visit