bicep boy chest flex hairy muscle

#9
40
Anatomy
Abdomen Muscles of
abdomen , shoulder, back
,upper extremitis
Lana J. Khamaiseh
8/10/2015
Nabil Khouri
Abdominal muscles
Page | 1
Diaphragm
A circumpennate muscle that separates between thoracic and abdominal
cavity. Causes the major movement produced during breathing
 Origin; interior of the ribs, sternum and lumbar vertebrae, so it has
wide origin from the posterior aspect of the ribs , anteriorly and
laterally , and it goes all the ways back into lumbar vertebra , and
take origin from there and insert into something called central
tendon
 Insertion; central tendon
 Nerve supply: Phrenic nerve, it is only the abdominal muscle that
innervated by phrenic nerve which is cranial nerve
 Action:
- Inspiration: it is participating in inspiration by contraction, which
increasing the abdominal pressure
-depresses the floor of the thorax.
When they contract they elevate the organs in the abdomen, the
organs will push the diaphragm superiorly, and they depress the
ribs from lateral aspect, so it will widen the ribs, in the same time
they will elevate the organs upward and elevate the diaphragm as
well.
There are three openings in the diaphragm, and each opening allow
something to go through it :
Page | 2
Notes:
 in esophageal opening right and left vague nerves go through it, those are
two vagi that are located anterior and posterior to the esophagus , they can
be right and left , and they go from right anterior and left posterior to form
esophageal phlexus at that part
 The gastric and lymphatic vessels passes through the esophageal , and that’s
how certain cancers of the organs passes into the lung , it will pass from the
lung into diaphragm esophageal opening , or from the esophagus into
abdominal organs or from esophagus into the lung
 The aorta prime passes through these opening , and the thoracic duct as well
as the azygous and hemi azygous vein reach the opening which is the right
side and the left side.
Page | 3
:
- Diaphragm, two domes of the diaphragm, central tendon
- It takes it origin from medial aspect of inferior six ribs, and come
back into the lumber region, the lumbar part consisting of right and
left curare and those curare are two splitting muscle come into the
left and right and insert into the transverse process of the lumbar
vertebrae as well as the lower thoracic vertebrae.
- Again this muscle is prime respiratory muscle by its contraction its
elevate the lung upward with the help of external and internal
intercostal muscles, it widen the thorax, the amount of the air goes
to the lung it will be maneuver by this muscle
Page | 4
Muscles of the abdomen
The abdominal muscles are practically very important, because those
muscles will form the wall, which is no bone elements are found, so they
form the anterolateral wall of the abdomen, in addition to that they will
be attached to the lumbar fascia, which is the fascia that come out from
the lumbar region, and they will go and form the inguinal ligament
Now these muscles are grouped into lateral and intermediate
o The anterolateral are three muscles (external oblique , internal
oblique , transverse muscle) , and they all have aponeurosis , and
these aponeurosis passes toward the midline, and they will covered
the fourth muscle which is the rectus abdominis muscle , and all
Page | 5
these muscles have a centrally located billi , it’s very thin and the
direction of those billi are different from one to another
o The external oblique muscle has a direction of fiber medially and
inferiorly.
o The internal oblique muscle has a direction of fiber lateral and
inferior , whereas the transverse muscle passes transversely from
one side to another
o When those three muscles reach the rectus abdominis muscle, they
form a fusion line called linea alba, because they all end with
aponeurosis, and this is normal because they have nothing to end
around, and insert into, so they have to form this fusion.
But because they will fuse together they will pass from anterior or
posterior to the rectus abdominis, and that is depends on the region
either above the umbilical or below the umbilical.
-In the supraumbilicus region, the external oblique passes anterior to
the rectus muscle
-The internal oblique will reach the borders of abdominis muscle, and
splitting into anterior and posterior
-The transverse muscle goes all the way in the posterior
>> So there are two covering anterior of the rectus, and another two
posterior to the rectus
Now, when we talk about supraumblicus region, the two covering
reach the muscle wall and make what we called the rectus sheath.
This muscle sheath hold the rectus abdominis in its position, it leaves
anteriorly by the external oblique aponeuroses and the anterior
division of the internal oblique aponeuroses.
Page | 6
The posterior part of this sheath (above umbilical region) make by
posterior division of internal oblique and the transverse aponeuroses
When we go below the umbilicus, all these aponeuroses passes
anterior to the rectus abdominis, and practically they will leave a line
and this line is called arcuate line; it’s curved line which is the aim
of aponeuroses of all the posterior covering of the rectus abdominis
Note: The rectus abdominis has intercalated tendons, which are three
or four, and sometimes they called the six back, that most of boys are
working to have it
So..
 The external oblique passes all the way anteriorly forming the
rectus sheath, and they will meet in the midline forming the
linea Alba, the internal oblique will split one anterior and one
posterior, also the transverse always in in the posterior aspect,
and all those fused together to form the linea alba which is the
hairy line in people.
 The direction of these muscles goes downward anterior and
downward medially.
 Those muscles originated from external surfaces of the lower
eleventh ribs, and it will take it origin again from lumbar fasciae
posteriorly, and by the time it will reach the midline or the
lateral border of the rectus abdominis, it will be changed into
external oblique aponeuroses, And after it finished its insertion
from iliac crest it will go down to form the inguinal ligament.
 The inguinal ligament is formed by folding of aponeurosis upon
itself, extends from anterior superior, and bind to symphysis
pubis.
Page | 7
 When another muscle participates in enforcing the inguinal
ligament it’s formed what we called the inguinal canal.
>> So the inguinal canal is triangular deficit on the external oblique
aponeuroses that is why it goes to the medial aspect.
 The internal oblique has directions upward and medially it will
take origin from the lumbar fascia, the three or four parts of
lateral surfaces of these ribs and from iliac crest
 The iliac crest has two limbs which is the external oblique limbs
and the external oblique limbs , it goes downward and forward
and participate in covering the rectus abdominis from posterior
upper the umbilicus and anterior below the umbilicus
 The transverse has transverse shape, they will go and come
nearly from the lumbar, and from superior medial surface of the
iliac crest, and goes all the way to rectus abdominis covering it.
 The rectus abdominis are practically two long muscles that are
located lateral to linea Alba to the left and right, and they are
covered by aponeuroses, and they are less covering by rectus
sheath, with linea Alba is the fusion of all those aponeurosis of
lateral muscles of the abdomen.
** This is the definition and formation of rectus sheath above and
below the umbilicus:
Rectus Sheath:Long fibrous sheath that encloses the rectus abdominis and
pyramidal is muscles.
Contents:
1.The lower six thoracic nerves (anterior rami)
2.Superior and inferior epigastric vessels
3.Lymph vessels
Page | 8
The last thing to talk about is the quadratus labarum and iliacus
muscle, psoas major
Those muscles are located in the posterior abdominal wall
They come from the transverse process of most of lower thoracic and
the lumbar vertebrae and we will talk about them in muscles of lower
extremity.
Psoas major muscle
Origin: Transverse processes and side of bodies of lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral discs.
Insertion: lesser trochanter
Nerve supply: lumbar nerves
Action: Flex the thigh at the hip joint on the trunk
Page | 9
This is a table summarize the abdominal muscles:
Muscles of the abdominal
wall
Now we will move to another topic in this lecture..
Page | 10
Muscles of the shoulder, back, and upper
extremity
Appendicular musculature
Page | 11
Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs
 Position the pectoral girdle
 Move the arm
 Move the forearm and hand
 Move the hand and fingers
The movements of those muscles either: extension, flexion,
abduction, adduction, rotation of the cuff
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
 Superficial
 Covers back and neck to base of skull
 Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
Rhomboid and levator scapulae
 Deep to trapezius (you have to remove the trapezius to see it)
 Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
 Insert on scapular border
So they connect the scapulae to the spinous and transverse process of
thoracic vertebrae
Serratus anterior
 On the chest
 Originates along ribs
 Inserts on anterior scapular margin
So they connect the scapulae to the anterolateral aspect of the ribs
Page | 12
Note: those muscles aren’t considered as respiratory muscles, they are just fixator and rotator
cuff of the scapulae, and connected it to the thoracic wall
Muscles that are widen the pectoral girdle
Subclavius
 Originates on ribs
 Inserts on clavicle
So it’s a very small muscle that runs from sternum to clavicles
 Located on the inferior aspect of the clavicle
Pectoralis minor




Attaches to scapula
Goes for third , fourth , and fifth ribs
Very small muscle , which it doesn’t pass any joints
Originated from coracoid process of scapulae , so it fixes the
scapulae anteriorly , and by contraction it withdraw the
scapulae forward
Page | 13
** This is description of pectoralis minor ..
Page | 14
** And this is another description for pectoralis major which is a big
muscle that cover the most superior anterior wall of the thorax, it has
wide origin from anterior surface of medial half of the clavicle, and
sternum.
Page | 15
Deltoid muscle
- The deltoid muscle is another muscle that’s cover and holds the
pectoral girdle in place and has three origins:
One come from the clavicle, one from the acromion, and one from the
spine of scapulae.
-Its posterior fibers come from the scapulae, and its anterior fibers come
from the clavicle, and these all run into the tuberosity of the deltoid,
which is located on the lateral aspect of the humerus, and this muscle
according to position of the fiber has functions (flexion, extension,
abduction), they will help pectoralis major to fix the shoulder, trapezius,
muscles of the back.
Page | 16
Muscles Crossing the Shoulder
** Rotator cuff muscles : are four muscles ; supraspinatus , infraspinatus
, subscapularis , teres minor
 Function mainly to reinforce the capsule of the shoulder
 Secondarily act as synergists and fixators
 The coracobrachialis and teres major:
 Act as synergists
 Do not contribute to reinforcement of the shoulder joint
Page | 17
Supraspinatus
• ORIGIN: supraspinatus fossa of the scapula
• INSERTION: superior facet on the great tubercle of the humerus
Page | 18
• ACTION: initiation and help deltoid muscle in abduction &
lateral rotation
N.SUPPLY: Suprascapular.N From B.P (C5,C6)
NOTE: you can feel supraspinatus by fixing your hand and putting
your arm on the supraspinous fossa
Infraspinatus
-
bigger muscle than supraspinatus muscle
its inserted from the medial surface of the facet of the tubercle of
the humerus , and originated from the infraspinatus fossa ,
especially from fossa and medial border of the scapulae , and goes
to the external tubercle of the humerus.
- The action is the rotation of shoulder by facing the head of the
humerus
Teres minor
-
originate from the border of the scapulae laterally , which is the
middle lateral aspect , and goes all the way to greater tubercle of
the humerus
- Action: external rotator, internal rotator .medial rotator , except
that internal rotator originate from the anterior aspect of the
scapulae , and go to the lesser trochanter , to the tubercle of the
humerus
>> And again all those muscles will blend in what we called a
capsule, rotate the capsule: rotation because they are around the
capsule.
SUBSCAPULARIS
Page | 19
 ORIGIN: medial 2/3 subscapular fossa, lateral border of the
scapula
 INSERTION: lesser tubercle of the humerus
 ACTION: stabilise the shoulder & prevents anterior displacement
of the shoulder (med. rotation, adduction of arm)
 N.SUPPLY: Upper &Lower Subscapular .N (c5,c6)
All the way the infraspinatus , teres minor , supraspinatus , are
located anterior and superior where the posterior aspect is
subscapularis muscle that is superior anterior and inferior.
At inferior aspect the humerus come and there is no muscles,
and that part of the joint enforced by very thick capsule and this
part is called axilla
We have two types of muscles of the shoulder, which is superficial and
deep muscles:
** The superficial one: is the trapezius muscle , and the serratus
anterior that goes away from medial border of scapulae to the ribs,
infraspinatus , and we talked about teres minor in rotator cuff muscles
together with the supraspinatus and supscapularis,
We have another one that widen around of the teres minor which is
the teres major
Teres major
- takes its origin from inferior aspect of the scapulae all the way into
the humerus and insert into it.
- It acts on the scapulae and draw it,
Page | 20
also they extend humerus, help fixating and drawing the angle of
teres minor and scapulae.
Now..
Trapezius muscle
 Has a wide origin from the spine, clavicle, and those all the way to
be inserted in the midline of the cervical and the upper ten
thoracic vertebrae, sometimes it will react with eleven but not that
always.
 This very good muscle because it elevates, rotates, and draws the
scapulae toward the midline.
 If you remove the trapezius, you will see the deep muscle of the
back which is : rhomboid major , rhomboid minor , and those
muscles take origin from the medial border of the scapulae
 Elevator scapulae : is a muscle that goes to the transverse process
of the cervical vertebrae (c1- c4) ,this is forceful elevator of the
scapulae upward and medially together with trapezius , but this
one only withdraw the medial angle of mandible upward , so
elevating the scapulae.
Muscles of the back
Page | 21
Now will see , the muscle of the back We have superficial spinal
extensor and deep spinal extensor, those are group of muscles
located in the back , if we go through them they are very hard to
memorize and identify , so you need to know the names of groups
and the muscles of them only without the origin and insertion.
There is group of muscles located in the superior aspect called
superficial group which contain spinalis and spinalis capitis
- There is another group of muscles which is called the longissimus
group
Page | 22
It contain :longissum lambarum , longissum thoracis ,longissum
cervicis .
so longissimus are different muscles and they are called
longissmus because they are long and they exist in cervical region
,thoracic , lumbar region.
• Muscles of the Vertebral Column
- Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep)
- Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)
– Superficial Spinal Extensors(they will hold the spinal region into
vertical position)
• Spinalis group
• Longissimus group
• Iliocostalis group
– Deep Spinal Extensors
• Semispinalis group
• Multifidus muscle(the deepest muscle of the whole group of
posterior muscle of the back)
• Interspinalis muscles
• Intertransversarii muscles
Rotatores muscles
Note: It’s very important to know the groups , and the names of these
muscles as a group .
• Anterior Muscles of the Vertebral Column
– Spinal flexors
Page | 23
• Neck
– Longus capitis and longus colli
– Rotate and flex the neck
• Lumbar
– Quadratus lumborum muscles
– Flex spine and depress ribs
The quadratus lambarum
- come out from the twelve ribs , those all the way come from the
eleven rib and lateral border gives most of the lumbar fascia
- Lumbar fascia extend posteriorly to be inserted in the spinous
process of the lower thoracic , and they covered all these muscles
from which the lateral part of these muscles comes out from the
quadratus labarum , divide origin for external , internal, transverse
oblique muscles in the abdomen
Page | 24
The origin and insertion of the back muscles , that are located on
the anterior surface of the cervical region , anterior region of the
abdomen
 These are muscles only remember the name of these muscles
without the origin and insertion :
Long vesuculi
Anterior vesuculi
Posterior scalini
Middle and anterior scalini help in respiration , the action of those
muscles couldn’t consider big, which the anterior and middle
scalini goes to the second rib , and come from the transverse
process as the other one (c2-c6)
Muscles of the upper extremity region
Today we will talk about brachial region, one of the muscles that cross the
shoulder is:
coracobrachialis muscle
- From its name it comes from the coracoid process of the
scapulae( its origin ) , and goes all the way to the medial
brachial aspect which is the humerus (its insertion)
- This muscle is located in the arm
- the functions : is the flexion of supporting tissue similar and
helper to biceps muscle of the medial border of the humerus ,
powerful adductor of the arm ; helping the anterior and middle
deltoid muscle
- The only muscle that cross the shoulder
Page | 25
- Elongated , narrow muscle lying on the superior medial part of
the arm
Biceps brachi
- Its located in the anterior aspect , so it’s a flexor muscle
- They cross from the arm into the forearm
- it will help in stabilizing the shoulder because it has a long
tendon , pass through this canal , this canal which is called
bicipital canal
- This muscle has two heads of insertion and had aponeurosis that
goes medially , And insert into the radius and insert into it
Page | 26
- Its powerful muscle have main function in flexion in the
forearm and arm.
- This muscle practically calling bicipital aponeurosis
- This bicipital aponeurosis , we talked it when we talk about
cubital region and elbow region
- This muscle being a covering of this structure that pass from the
arm into the forearm, such as the arteries and veins, you can see
and feel it, when you flex your hand into elbow.
Brachialis
- Flattened , fusiform muscle lying posterior to the biceps brachii
- Origin : the front of the lower half of the shaft of the humerus
- Insertion: the front of the coroni process of the ulna
- Function : flexion of the arm
Brachioradialis
Page | 27
- passes into the joint, and comes from the lower anterior aspect of
the humerus goes all the way to the ulna, at the level of the
coronoid process of the ulna.
- The function is flexion of the forearm; notice we are talking
about general functions not specific functions.
Triceps branchi
- This is the third and posterior compartment of the arm
- It extends the forearm
- It has three heads: lateral, long, short; that is why it’s called
triceps brachi
- It Goes to the olecranon process of the ulna, and provide
insertions for the anconeus, so it is covered by the anconeus
-The aponeurosis that is located on this muscle provide small part
for the attachment of anconeus muscle that is located deep in the
posterior compartment of the forearm
- The long head comes from infraglenoid tubercle of the scapulae
-The lateral head come from the oblique ridge of the upper surface
of the radial groove, medial head from the posterior surface of the
humerus inferior to the radial groove.
- go deep to the ulna help in attachment of anconeus muscle
- nerve supply : radial nerve (c7 ,c8)
It’s finally done..
I put everything mentioned by the doctor, and the slides.
I did my best for make it easy for you
.. Please forgive me for any mistake 
Your colleague: Lana Khamaiseh
Page | 28