Fruit fly, Rhodesian Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi) Diptera:Tephritidae

Islamic Republic Of Iran
Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture
Plant Protection Organization
A Guide for
Diagnosis & Detection
Of Quarantine Pests
Fruit fly, Rhodesian
Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi)
Diptera:Tephritidae
Edited by:
Ahmad cheraghian
Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis
2014
Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi)
Diptera : Tephritidae
Common name:
Fruit fly, Rhodesian
Synonyms:
Pardalaspis quinaria Bezzi
Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) quinaria (Bezzi)
Economic impact:
Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi) is one of the most serious of fruit fly pests in the Africa
region. It has a very wide host range, including many cultivated crops. Citrus , Prunus
americana (apricot), Prunus persica (peach), Psidium guajava (guava), As in areas
where the fly is endemic, in outbreak conditions economic impacts include reduced
production, increased control costs and lost. The social impact on fruit growers and
their families caused by the introduction of C. quinaria (Bezzi) into Africa, mostly
through reduced or lost income. Movement restrictions imposed on fruit carried by
travellers
Hosts:
Major hosts: Citrus , Prunus americana (apricot), Prunus persica (peach), Psidium
guajava (guava)
Geographic distribution:
Asia: Yemen
Africa:Angola, Botswana, Côte d'Ivoire,Malawi, Mali, Namibia,South Africa,Sudan,
Zimbabwe.
World distribution map of Ceratitis quinaria
Morphology:
Adult
Head. Number of frontal bristles two pairs. Number of orbital bristles two pairs. Anterior
orbital bristle of male normal, unmodified. Posterior orbital bristles reclinate; acuminate.
Ocellar bristles long, about as long as frontal bristles. Postocellar bristles present. With both
inner and outer vertical bristles. Outer vertical, postvertical and postocellar bristles all
acuminate. Postocular bristles acuminate; normal. Genal bristle present. Head higher than
long. Male and female head width the same. Frontofacial angle much greater than a right
angle and rounded. Face concave; about as long as frons; vertical; without dark marks.
Parafacial spot absent. Frons and parafacial without small silvery markings. Fronto-orbital
plate setulose. Frontal stripe setulose. Eye round, about as high or slightly higher than long.
Antenna considerably shorter than face. Scape, pedicel, and first flagellomere all relatively
short. First flagellomere shorter than face; rounded apically. Arista longer than first
flagellomere; pubescent, with hairs about as long as greatest aristal width; hairs both dorsal
and ventral. Proboscis short, capitate.
Thorax. Inner scapular bristle present and distinguishable from surrounding vestiture; pale.
Outer scapular bristle present and distinguishable from surrounding vestiture; pale.
Postpronotal bristle present. Presutural dorsocentral bristle absent. Presutural supra-alar
bristle present. Postsutural supra-alar bristle present. Acrostichal bristle present. Postsutural
dorsocentral bristle present; bristles aligned with postsutural supra-alar bristles or slightly
behind. Intra-alar bristle present, well developed, similar to postalar bristle. Intrapostalar
bristles absent. Number of scutellar bristles two pairs. Apical scutellar bristles 50%-90% as
long as basals. Anterior notopleural bristle present. Posterior notopleural bristle(s) acuminate.
Number of outstanding anepisternal bristles one. Katepisternal bristles present. Anepisternal
bristles dark, brown to black. Long, erect setulae on laterotergite absent. Scutal setulae
acuminate and pale. Scutellum sparsely setulose. Setulae on scutellum long, erect;
unicolorous, acuminate. Transverse suture with the lateral branches wide apart. Complete
sclerotized postcoxal metathoracic bridge absent or semimembranous. Scutum yellowish;
without a large dark central stripe which broadens basally. Postpronotal lobe entirely pale
whitish or yellowish. Posterior half of notopleuron pale whitish or yellowish. Scutum dorsad
of notopleuron with a pale whitish or yellowish stripe which extends from postpronotal lobe
to posterior half of notopleuron. Dark lyre-like pattern on scutum absent. Discrete shiny black
spots on scutum present. Median longitudinal black stripe on scutum absent. Number of pale
whitish to yellow postsutural stripes two (sublateral). Scutum without blackish
dorsocentral stripe. Area bordering scutoscutellar suture medially without dark brown spot,
light colored. Discrete pale horizontal stripe along upper anepisternum present and distinct,
extending from postpronotal lobe to wing base, or absent or indistinct. Distinct pale vertical
anepisternal stripe absent. Katepisternite with pale yellowish or whitish spot present and
distinct, or absent or indistinct. Transverse suture without distinct stripe or spot. Katatergite
with pale yellowish or whitish spot present and distinct. Anatergite with pale yellowish or
whitish spot present and distinct. Subscutellum uniformly yellowish to pale orange-brown.
Mediotergite uniformly yellowish to orange-brown. Scutum entirely microtrichose,
microtrichia evenly distributed, or at most with small presutural, medial bare area, or
microtrichia in discrete pattern due to density differences. Dorsum of scutellum convex and
swollen. Scutellum normal; with a dark and pale pattern; with five isolated dark spots (3
apical, 2 discal).
Legs. Femora slender. Fore femur with regular bristles; without ventral spines; with 1 to 3
posterodorsal and 1 posteroventral rows of bristles only. Mid femur and hind femur without
spine-like bristles. Middle leg of male without feathering. Femora all entirely of one color;
dark mark on fore femur 0% of length of femur; dark mark on middle femur 0% of length of
femur; dark mark on hind femur 0% of length of femur.
Wings. Wing partly bare. Cell bc microtrichia covering whole cell. Cell c microtrichia
covering whole cell. Cell dm entirely microtrichose. Dense microtrichia at end of vein
A1+CuA2 in male absent. Dominant wing pattern cross-banded. Crossbanded wing patterns
Ceratitis-like. Wing pattern mostly yellowish, or mostly brownish. Dark longitudinal streaks
through basal cells present. Crossvein r-m covered by a major crossband. Crossvein dm-cu
covered by a major crossband which reaches posterior margin of wing. Crossveins r-m and
dm-cu not both covered by a single crossband. Cell r2+3 apical to r-m with large hyaline area.
Anal band absent, or not reaching nearly to wing margin. Cell r1 and r2+3 with distinctly
darker spots within dark areas of pattern. Intercalary band absent. Subbasal crossband present.
Subbasal and discal crossbands not joined. Marginal hyaline area in cell r1 absent or
indistinct. Ratio of width of apical band in cell r4+5 to length of r-m 2. Anterior apical
crossband partly to entirely separated from costa by marginal hyaline band or spots. Anterior
apical band or costal band not extended to vein M. Posterior apical crossband absent. Costal
and discal bands joined on vein R4+5. Discal band transverse, or oblique in anterobasalposteroapical direction, or absent. Discal and apical crossbands directly joined. Discal and
subapical crossbands not joined. Discal and subapical bands not connected along vein R4+5.
Subapical and anterior apical crossbands not joined, subapical crossband not reaching costa.
Outstanding costal spine(s) at subcostal break present. Ratio of length of costal section 3 to
costal section 4 0.4. Ratio of pterostigmal length to width 3. Vein R1 dorsal setation without
bare section opposite end of vein Sc. Vein Rs dorsal setation non-setulose. Vein R2+3
generally straight. Anteriorly-directed accessory vein emerging from R2+3 absent. Vein R4+5
dorsal setation sparse over both sections; ventral setation absent or only present on node or
close thereafter. Distance between crossvein r-m and costa longer than r-m. R-m crossvein on
cell dm at or near proximal third of cell dm. Cell bm narrow, triangular; ratio of length to
width 2.5; ratio of width to cell cup width 1. Vein M distally straight. Cell dm widens apically
gradually from base. Posterodistal corner of cell dm distinctly acute. Cell cup extension or
lobe present, vein CuA2 abruptly bent; shorter than vein A1+CuA2; constricted in the middle.
Abdomen. Abdomen ovate or parallel sided. Abdominal tergites separate. Abdomen in lateral
view flatter, more flexible. Abdominal tergite 1 broader at apex than at base; without a
prominent hump laterally. Pecten of dark bristles on tergite 3 of male absent. Tergal glands on
tergite 5 absent. Abdominal tergite 5 normal. 6th tergite of female normally concealed, or
exposed (strap-like); shorter than 5th. Abdominal setulae mixed dark and pale acuminate.
Abdominal microtomentum in bands. Abdominal sternite 5 of male less than 2x wider than
long, not longer than wide. Posterior margin of sternite 5 of male with shallow posterior
concavity. Abdominal tergites 3–5 predominantly yellow to orange brown. Abdominal
tergites without medial dark stripe; not brown with medial T-shaped yellow mark; without
isolated dark areas on lateral margins of T3-T5; without dark brown transverse bands.
Male terminalia. Epandrium in posterior view with long outer surstyli, which are more than
half as long as epandrium; lateral view with outer surstyli distinctly narrower than epandrium,
clearly differentiated.
Female terminalia. Syntergosternite 7 straight; shorter than preabdomen; base without a
laterally projecting flap; flattened. Ratio of syntergosternite 7 to abdominal tergite 5 1.3.
Dorsobasal scales of eversible membrane about as large as other scales (?). Aculeus tip
gradually tapering, needle-like, with flat cross-section; fused to main part of aculeus, not
movable; 0% serrated; not serrate.
Adult of Ceratitis quinaria
Biology and ecology:
Detailed biological data on C. quinaria is lacking, but this species presumably resembles C.
capitata (EPPO/CABI, 1996a) in biology and survival capacity (possibly, in view of its
essentially tropical distribution, it is even less tolerant of winter cold).
Few specific details are known. Mature females of Ceratitis oviposit into fruit, usually
at the start of ripening (this may vary with fly or host species); there are three larval
instars and they develop over a period of about 1 week (Grove et al., 1997); final
instar larvae of Ceratitis drop to the ground, find a crack to drop into, and then form a
puparium (hardened larvae skin) within which pupation takes place; pupariation lasts
10-12 days (Silvestri, 1913); adults may be expected to emerge after 1-2 weeks; adults
of known species of Ceratitis are long lived (2-3 months) and so several generations
must be completed in each year.
Life cycle of Ceratitis quinaria
Symptoms:
Attacked fruit usually shows signs of oviposition punctures.
Attacked fruit usually shows signs of oviposition punctures around which necrosis may occur.
Symptoms by affected plant part
Fruits/pods: internal feeding; lesions; abnormal exudates; visible mould; discoloration;
odour..
Damage of Fruit fly
Means of movement and dispersal:
Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport
- Fruits (inc. Pods): Eggs, Larvae; borne internally; visible to naked eye.
- Growing Medium Accompanying Plants: Pupae; borne internally; visible to naked eye.
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
- Bark/ - Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes
- Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx/ - Leaves
- Seedlings/Micropropagated Plants/ - Roots
- Stems (above Ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches
- True Seeds (inc. Grain)/ - Wood.
Transport pathways for long distance movement
- Conveyances (transport Vehicles): Aeroplanes And Boats, With Fruit Cargo.
- Mail: Fruit In Post./ - Containers And Packing: Of Fruit Cargo.
- Soil, Gravel, Water, Etc.: Risk Of Puparia In Soil./
- Travellers And Baggage: Fruit In Case Or Handbag.
Phytosanitary significance:
C. quinaria does not seem important enough for the EPPO region to justify specific
phytosanitary measures. However, measures similar to those for C. rosa (EPPO/CABI,
1996c) would no doubt be suitable for excluding it. C. quinaria is quarantine pest for Iran.
Detection and inspection:
C. quinaria can be monitored by traps baited with male lures. Like many Ceratitis spp., it is
attracted to terpinyl acetate but not to cue lure. Unlike the main pest species C. capitata and
C. rosa, it is not attracted to trimedlure. The responses to baits of 16 Ceratitis species were
tabulated by Hancock (1987). A review of the biological aspects of male lures is presented by
Cunningham (1989) and the use of lures is described more fully by Drew (1982).
fruits (locally grown or samples of fruit imports) should be inspected for puncture marks and
any associated necrosis. Suspect fruits should be cut open and checked for larvae. Larval
identification is difficult, so if time allows, mature larvae should be transferred to saw dust (or
similar dry medium) to allow pupariation. Upon emergence, adult flies must be fed with sugar
and water for several days to allow hardening and full colour to develop, before they can be
identified. Detection is described in the control section under Early Warning Systems.
methyl eugenol (1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene)
Trap position:
Near the highest point of the plant using supporting posts approximately 1 meter high or
higher if the crop is higher.
Trap data and interpretation
Collect date weekly from the start of the flight of the over wintering generation. During the
height of the population more frequent reading may be needed. Decisions on pesticide
application should not be taken solely on the trap catch data. Climatic and biological
considerations should be taken in account.
Lures:
Lures can be changed every 4-6 weeks to get the most accurate results.
Lures handling :
Pheromone lures are very sensitive tool. They can be affected by exposure to elevated heat
and direct sunshine. Direct touching by hand may cause cross contamination leading to mixed
catches in the trap. Some contaminants such as Nicotine may have repellent effect reducing
trap catch.
Lure Storage:
Cool dry place. Shelf life can very from 3-36 months depending on the storage temperature.
See Technical Data Sheet for further details.
Detection and inspection host for fruit fly
(Jackson Trap)
McPhail (McP)
Yellow Panel (YP)
ChamP Trap
Open Bottom Dry Trap (OBT)
Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly
Multilure
Tephri Trap
Steiner Trap (ST)
C & C (Cook and Cunningham)
Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly
Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly
References:
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Inst.,Tehran, 147p.
Barouti,S. ,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology ,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine
Nematode in Iran.,222-234p.
Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,Tehran,822p.
Esmaile ,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,Tehran,366p.
CAB International. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. 2007 Edition . CAB
International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran.
Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,877p.
Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute ,Ministey of
Agriculture pub,279p.
IAEA, 2003. The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA, Trapping
Guielines for Progeammes,International Atomic Enerrgy Agency Vienna, 2003
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