for regional, interregional and cross-border development

Transcription

SOUTH EAST
EUROPE
Transnational Cooperation Programme
The NATREG project is fi nanced by the South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme.
www.southeast-europe.net
This publication refl ects the views only of the author, and the South East Europe Programme Managing Authority cannot be held
responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein.
Printing of this publication was sponsored by Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation and co-fi nanced by Ministry
of the Environment and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Slovenia.
GUIDELINES
www.natreg.eu
MINISTRSTVO ZA OKOLJE IN PROSTOR
Photo: Samo Jenčič
FOR REGIONAL, INTERREGIONAL AND
CROSS-BORDER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
CREATING ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
GUIDELINES
1 / FOR REGIONAL, INTERREGIONAL AND CROSS-BORDER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES CREATING ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
SOUTH EAST
EUROPE
Transnational Cooperation Programme
Recommendation -WIESER, M. et al. 2011. Guidelines for regional,
for quotation: interregional and cross-border development
strategies creating ecological corridors. Amt der
Steiermärkishen Landesregierung, Abteilung 16
Landes und Gemeindeentwicklung. Graz.
Published by:
Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature
Conservation
G U I D Authors:
E L I NMartin
E SWieser, Brigitte Grießer, Judith Drapela-
FOR REGIONAL, INTERREGIONAL
AND CROSS-BORDER
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
CREATING ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
Dhiflaoui, Horst Leitner, Johannes Leitner
Date:
Work package:
Review:
Photo on the cover:
The NATREG project is financed by the South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the South East Europe Programme Managing
Authority cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein.
Printing of this publication was sponsored by Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation
and co-financed by Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Slovenia.
January 2011
3.3 Development of guidelines
Gregor Danev, Amela Smajić Hodžić
Samo Jenčič
Design and
Author:
Martin Wieser,
BrigitteDesign,
Grießer,Belgrade,
Judith Drapela-Dhiflaoui,
AvantGuarde
Serbia
typesetting:
Horst Leitner, Johannes Leitner
Print: Zlatna knjiga plus, Jagodina, Serbia
Date: January 2011
Circulation: 300
Work package: 3.3 Development of guidelines
Relevant Internet links:
Land Steiermark; Geographisches Informationssystem (GIS): http://gis.steiermark.at/
Land Steiermark; Raumordnung, Landes- und Gemeindeentwicklung:
http://raumplanung.steiermark.at/
European Environment Agency: http://www.eea.europa.eu/
Umweltbundesamt Österreich: http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
FOR REGIONAL, INTERREGIONAL AND CROSS-BORDER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES CREATING ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS / 2
A. INTRODUCTION
A.1 Structure of the document
B. MAIN PRINCIPLES
B.1 Multifunctional approach
B.2 The Green Network in Regional Development Programs of Styria
Green zones
Living space corridors
B.3 General Aims and functions of the “Green Network”
B.4 Connecting strategies
B.5 Definition of regions
B.6 Basic data
B.7 Stakeholders
Who can contribute what?
C. GREEN ZONES AND LIVING SPACE CORRIDORS
C.1 General working stepsi
C.2 Method for demarcating green zones and living space corridors for the
sector Wildlife and Ecology
C.2.1 Wildlife corridors
How did we model the migration axis?
C.2.2 Ecological value and corridors
Ecological Value
Demand of green zones for the ecological sector
sector Recreation
Local recreation areas
Living space corridors with recreational function
Demand of green zones for the local recreation sector
sector Common Benefit
C.5 Method for the synthesis of sectoral results
Synthesis result
D. APPENDIX
D.1 Glossar
D.2 References
FIGURES
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Figure 1: Protected Areas in Styria and border-crossing
Figure 2: Phase1: Large-scale connection axes
Figure 3: Exemplary display of results / connecting strategy
Figure 4: Detail of the resulting map
Figure 5: Phase 2, Detail of the resulting map
Figure 6: Altitudinal and relief map of Styria
Figure 7: Spatial structures of Styria
Figure 8: Styrian regions
Figure 9: CORINE Land Cover 2006
Figure 10: CDDA Nationally designated areas
Figure 11: Regional stakeholder workshop - seminar
Figure 12: Regional stakeholder workshop – training
Figure 13: Detail of a poster of ECONNECT (www.alpine-ecological-network.org)
Figure 14: The “Green Network” of Styria consists of the four sectors wildlife, ecology,
recreation and common benefit
Figure 15: Workflow of the Styrian approach
Figure 16: Resulting maps of the four sectors
Figure 17: Crosstab table used for the determination of sectoral demands
Figure 18: Synthesis of sectoral results
Figure 19: Wildlife corridors – FIRST DRAFT of results
Figure 20: Ecological value
Figure 21: Sectoral demant / ecology
Figure 22: local recreation areas and corridors
Figure 23: sectoral demand / local recreation
Figure 24: sectoral demand / common benefit
Figure 25: synthesis – encoding of sectoral information
Figure 26: Synthesis result: multifunctional green zones and living space corridors in Styria
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DEVELOPMENT WITH NATURE
CONTENT
GUIDELINES
A.INTRODUCTION
B. MAIN PRINCIPLES
Why is the preservation of “Green Networks” so important?
Open spaces, which are of high importance for humans,
animals and plants, are endangered because of the continuous
growth in terms of economy, housing, infrastructure and
many other sectors contributing to a continuous soil sealing.
The present project seeks to channel the competing claims of
utilization of open spaces or to sustain the diverse functions of
these areas respectively. Especially the protection of extensive
local recreation areas as well as the protection of coherent open
spaces in the present and future settlement areas of Styria is
vital to facilitate the unobstructed dispersal of fauna and flora.
B.1 Multifunctional approach
The project fulfils a further cross-linking function. Through the
close collaboration between the disciplines of spatial planning
and ecology (nature conservation) an added value for all
departments can be generated, which could not be achieved
by one discipline on its own.
The present approach of connecting open spaces corresponds
to the strategies of the EC which have been published in
summer 2010 and propagate the consideration of various
relevant disciplines when connecting open spaces. Therefore
the innovative approach of the Styrian “Green Network” makes
a significant contribution to the European-wide starting
discussion about connecting open spaces and should be
introduced in other countries as well.
A.1 Structure of the document
The present guideline is structured as follows:
Part B of the guideline explains the basic ideas, goals,
strategies and working steps of connecting open spaces and
further elucidates the importance of spatial planning, which
in the end can protect green zones and habitat corridors with
means of legally binding instruments.
Part C of the guideline explains the method of sectoral
working steps as well as the combination of the sectoral results
to an expert-proposal for the demarcation of green zones and
living space corridors.
According to the Birds and Habitats Directive, numerous protected zones have been established
in the European Union within the past years. In the already existing management plans, district
aims, maintenance- and development measures and strategies were and will be developed.
For most of the animal and plant species the currently existing conservation areas are getting
too small, because specific species requirements, as foraging, reproduction, migration etc.,
often exceed the borders of these areas. To simply secure isolated sanctuaries is not sufficient
enough to ensure the preservation of biological biodiversity. Thus, an important further step is to
establish a continuity of PA´s (Protected Areas) in an integrated transnational “Green Network”.
Within the scope of a professional cooperation between spatial planning and (wildlife) ecology
in the pilot-region Styria, the approach of developing and securing green zones and habitat
corridors is put into practice. A professional, faultless demarcation of green zones and living
space corridors is essential for a funded argumentation within the scope of defining areas in
spatial planning.
Within the Styrian approach the way of establishing connections between single nature
reserves, other ecological core areas and regional development goals of sanctuaries is examined.
Via modelling of existing data and structured obtainment of expert knowledge, a Styrian “Green
Network“ is developed. The next step is the legal protection of the studies´ results by means of
spatial planning instruments.
The basis is the multifunctionality of open space. Apart from ecological corridor- and
habitat functions, open space also fulfils numerous positive functions for humans regarding
social welfare and recreation. Between these functions, numerous synergies exist and the
additional value of these areas should be highlighted in the results of this project. Besides the
already mentioned functions of open spaces, the productive function (e.g. agricultural or forest
areas) is of high importance. In Styria these areas are already under protection by means of
the so called “agricultural priority zones” of the spatial planning instruments. The approach of
protecting agricultural areas against urban sprawl forms the basis for a country-wide protection
of landscape-ecologically valuable areas. The productive function of agriculture and forestry
sometimes contradicts project-relevant open space functions. If operating as important wildlife
corridors, intensively used agricultural land is included into the results. A separate weighting
process is used to declare certain areas as ecological corridors or “agriculturally used zones” in
spatial planning. Therefore, intensive production areas are not considered in the subsequently
presented method, with the exception of those areas with important connecting functions.
The focus of the Styrian Nature Conservation Act lies on the protection of areas and species,
but lack the consideration of living space corridors. Further, planning-regulations for the entire
federal state, respectively for areas between protected areas, are hardly defined.
GUIDELINES
One basic principle of spatial planning in Styria is to establish a balance between interests
of settlement development and the utilization of open space. Spatial planning, as an
interdisciplinary matter, supports nature conservation by securing ecologically important
structures between protected areas (cross-linking requirements) and by implementing area
management. Within the scope of the Regional Development Programmes (REPRO- “Regionales
Entwickungsprogramm”), priority zones for different utilization (e.g. green zones) are defined.
The subsequently drafted method requires a strong co-operation between experts in spatial
planning and ecology.
Box B.1
Spatial planning policies, regulations and processes play an important role in conserving
protected areas. The spatial planning instruments identify and include favoured areas for
developments (e.g. residential or industrial expansion) and areas where developments
should be avoided or limited (e.g. green areas and corridors). (IEEP, 2007).
The issues related to land use and spatial planning are subject to the exclusive competence
of several states. This means that there are many different spatial planning practices (such
as different legislations, scales, measurements of the regions, in some cases there are no
measures on regional level at all – only on national and local level etc.). That´s why it is
only possible to provide specific guidelines and recommendations that aim to support
transnational approaches on certain land-use related issues.
The importance of spatial planning for safeguarding and preserving the green infrastructure is
clearly emphasised in the report of the European Commission:„One of the most effective ways to
build up green infrastructure is through spatial planning. Policies that adopt a spatial planning
approach can improve spatial interactions over a large geographical area – i.e. at a local and
regional level. Spatial planning entails bringing together different sectors in order to decide on
land-use priorities in an integrated and co-operative way. Integrated spatial planning can, for
instance, guide future infrastructure developments away from sensitivities, and help minimize
the risk of further habitat loss and fragmentation.” (European Commission, 2010).
B.2 The Green Network in Regional Development Programs of Styria
The Green Network of Styria consists of green zones and living space corridors. In accordance
with a consideration process, the legal protection of designated areas is carried out through the
Regional Development Programmes.
Green zones
The general legal framework for governing green zones is given by the Regional Development
Programs (e.g. the Regional Development Program of the planning region Leibnitz - Regional
Law Gazette No. 76/2009) of the Spatial Planning Department of Styria.
In accordance with the Styrian State Development Program (LEP 2009 Section 7), green zones
are areas fulfilling various functions:
· Protection of natural or cultural landscapes and its functions u ecological function
GUIDELINES
· Local recreation u recreational function
· Protection of settlement areas and prevention of the endangerment of potable water resources
u water management functions
The basic study of the “Green Network of Styria” achieves a broader overview through examining
the following aspects:
· Recreational function in the vicinity of urban settlement areas and in the central regions
· Important common benefit functions, such as climate-relevant areas, e.g. fresh-air flow corridors
· Ecological functions
A detailed examination and more precise formulation of definitions are particularly necessary in
central and urban areas, due to the heavy settlement pressure there. For example, in the built-up
areas it is very important to keep the so-called ‘fresh-air flow corridors’ unobstructed, in order to
ensure/secure air quality.
Living space corridors
The living space corridors fulfill following network functions:
· Ecological networks (migratory function and biotope coherence)
· Connection of recreation areas with each other or with urban settlement areas (which are
functionally connected to them).
There is currently no legal framework for living space corridors in Styria. Neither the Nature
Conservation Act (Naturschutzgesetz) nor the Spatial Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz)
refers to safeguarding or designating green zones or living space corridors. The necessity of
establishing living space corridors is specified, among other regulations, in the Styrian Spatial
Planning Principles (Stmk. Raumordnungsgrundsätze 1974, Section 3):
„[…] Protection from encroachments, particularly on areas with characteristic cultural
landscapes or ecologically important structures.“ (Para. 2, line 49.)
In addition, there exists the possibility of referring to the spatial location and the safeguarding of
the coherence and functionality of living space corridors in Regional Development Programmes.
The Regional Development Program of the planning region Leibnitz (Regional Law Gazette No.
76/2009) contains the following reference to living space corridors: “The coherence and functionality
of ecologically important corridors should be safeguarded and improved.” (Section 2, Para. 3)
B.3 General Aims and functions of the “Green Network”
Despite the efforts of establishing protected areas, biodiversity is continuously declining in
the European countries. The main reasons are the destruction of natural habitats and the
deterioration of cultural landscapes associated with the fragmentation of vital areas for fauna
and flora. These phenomena become obvious mainly outside of protected areas. Areas without a
special protection status that are farmed, used or urbanized, are of major importance and have
to be connected (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 2010).
GUIDELINES
Since many valuable connecting structures are situated outside
of protected areas, the chosen interdisciplinary approach to
identify and safeguard these connecting structures is required.
The connection between high-valued physical regions needs to
be secured fairly long-term. This challenge needs a common
vision and can only be implemented successfully when
different actors/stakeholders and disciplines chase a common
European-wide aim together, using coherent strategy.
For this the main aims of the “Green Network” are
· Protect habitats and biocoenosis (ecosystems)
· Safeguard native fauna and flora (e.g. protection of a
reproductive populations)
· Safeguard, restore and develop the ecological functions in and
between protected areas, as well as between protected and
other areas of outstanding natural beauty.
The “Green Network” consists of core areas, corridors and
connecting elements (stepping-stone biotopes).The defined
aim of the Styrian approach fits in the interdisciplinary
methodological approach. It is obvious that green zones and
living space corridors, that have to be secured, fulfil multiple
functions. Thus the overall focus is set on following main
functions:
· Ecological function (protection of natural- and cultural
landscapes)
· Connecting function of corridors
· Recreational function (local recreation close to urban
settlement areas)
· Common benefit (Social welfare- and protective function,
such as climate effective areas, retention areas to protect
settlements e.g.).
According to the multifunctional approach of the here
presented “Styrian approach”, the following sectoral aims have
been defined:
· Maintenance and safeguard of ecosystem functions for
protected areas, ecological core-areas, corridors and steppingstone biotopes:
- in terms of exchange between populations to avoid
inbreeding
- in terms of genetic exchange and
- as additional retreat area
GUIDELINES
· Definition of zones with recreational function and the connection between them (main focus
on the central region and urban areas):
- Safeguard landscapes with high recreational value
- Establish and ensure „recreational qualities“ and thereby maintain the area´s character
- Establish and ensure connections between landscapes with high recreational value and
settlement areas
· Definition and protection of areas with protective - and common benefit function
- Protection of settlements against natural hazards
- Assurance of climatological compensation-areas and enhancement of environmental quality
(particularly in rehabilitation zones according to the Immission Control Act).
Box B.3
Europe’s green infrastructure should serve the following purposes:
· Combating biodiversity loss by increasing connectivity between existing natural areas and
increasing their ecological coherence (elements such as hedgerows, wildlife strips in fields,
small watercourses, ‘ecoducts’, green urban areas and habitat patches could help in this respect);
· Strengthening the functionality of ecosystems for delivering goods and services, as well as
mitigating and adapting to climate change effects;
· Increasing the resilience of ecosystems by improving their functional and spatial connectivity;
· Promoting integrated spatial planning by identifying multi-functional zones or by
incorporating habitat restoration measures and other connectivity elements into various
land-use plans and policies;
· Contributing to developing a greener and sustainable economy by investing in ecosystem
services instead of purely technical solutions, and mitigating adverse effects of transport
and energy infrastructure.
LIFE building up Europe´s green infrastructure – Addressing connectivity and enhancing ecosystem functions.
European Commission / Environment Director-General. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010.
B.4 Connecting strategies
In the strategic paper “LIFE building up Europe´s green infrastructure”, which has been published
in summer 2010 by the EC, the need for biotope connections on land, water and air is highlighted.
In the present study the connectivity is analysed at two levels (Styrian-wide level and regional
level) and corresponding to these levels in two phases.
In phase 1 the definition for the “Green Network” is established, which, after connecting
cross-border corridors, extends over the whole (Styrian) territory. Phase 1 indicates the general
principles of the main cross-border corridors of Styria.
During phase 2 those regionally important open spaces and connecting axes are filtered out,
which on the one hand have strong need for protection against further fragmentation and on
the other are of high importance for the migration of species. At the end of this phase green
zones and habitat corridors are displayed in a map.
GUIDELINES
The connecting strategy of open spaces is carried out in two steps. Phase 1 points out the main
corridors between individual protected areas at a very rough scale (1:200.000).
Figure 1: Protected Areas in Styria and border-crossing
migration axes
The “Styrian approach” comprises the model of phase 2, which is described in detail in chapter C.
green zones and living space corridors.
Figure 2: Phase1: Large-scale connection axes
In Phase 2, a detailed examination at regional level is carried out in order to filter and display
green zones and corridors. The main focus of the Styrian approach is the development and
implementation of a method which highlights and displays these regional green zones and
habitat corridors identified during Phase 2. By means of a GIS-model the respective high-value
areas of the country are pointed out according to the four relevant sectors (wildlife, ecology,
recreation and common benefit). Especially in the sector wildlife the main focus is the crossborder connection of corridors. The high-value areas of each sector form the basis to identify
the requirements of securing these areas in the Regional Development Program (legally binding
instrument of the Styrian spatial planning).
PHASE 1 includes:
· Connectivity of Natura 2000 sites (92/43/EEC)
· Connectivity of national nature reserves
· Important supraregional wildlife corridors
GUIDELINES
PHASE 2 includes:
· Connectivity of core areas
· Connectivity of and by stepping-stone
biotopes
· Important regional wildlife corridors
Figure 5: Phase 2, Detail of the resulting map
Due to the anthropogenic impacts the ecological value decreases in urban settlement areas
with high utilization pressure. Open spaces between settlement areas, however, still serve as
important retreat- and connection areas for various animal- and plant species.
Styria is part of the Alps and offers extensive lowlands and wide valleys as well as small-structured
hilly landscapes. In those very diverse regions the type of utilization pressure varies to a high degree,
hence a division into homogenous regions is needed. In addition to the ecological effects, urban
settlement areas are investigated in terms of recreational and common benefit effects. From the
Styrian approaches’ point of view, ecologically decreased areas, that fulfil multiple important
functions for the society, can also be defined as green zones or living space corridors.
B.5 Definition of regions
Depending on geomorphology and utilization, each country offers a wide range of various
landscapes such as mountains, hilly areas, highlands, coastal areas, wetlands etc. The very diverse
utilization in permanent settlement areas entails a high consumption of area. Especially zones in
inner-alpine valleys and around congested areas stay under high anthropogenic utilization pressure.
Thereby, natural mitigation of wildlife is strongly affected and can even be inhibited to some extent.
In the previously defined regions quite heterogeneous utilization-intensities are registered.
Figure 4: Detail of the resulting map
Figure 3: Exemplary display of results / connecting strategy
The challenge of phase 2 is to filter and localize areas with high potential for ecological
development, recreational- and common benefit function. The results of this working step are
a definition of open spaces with high value in terms of ecology, recreation and common benefit
and the detailed definition of living space corridors.
Based on the geomorphological conditions and the anthropogenic utilization, Styria is divided
into two major geographic regions, the alpine Upper Styria and the non-alpine ridges of the so
called Eastern-and Western Styria.
In Upper Styria, settlements are mainly located in the valleys. The ownership structure is more
spacious than in the cultural landscapes of Western- and Eastern Styria. Inner alpine valleys offer a
wide net of main traffic infrastructure displaying strong barriers for fauna and flora. Anthropogenic
GUIDELINES
caused fragmentation is concentrated in these inner alpine valley landscapes. Higher reaches, on
the other hand, offer a high ecological potential with lower anthropogenic influences.
Within the hilly landscapes of Eastern- and Western Styria, anthropogenic utilization is distributed
quite differently, e.g. settlement areas predominantly develop in valleys as well as on hills.
The diverse mosaic of landscapes in this area is based on the diverse land utilisation structures
(specialised cultivation of different crops: vineyards, fruit-growing, crop-farming, grassland,
settlement areas, etc.), the small-scale structure of plots and the prevailing ownership structures. In
these sub-regions, it is especially difficult to safeguard areas that have been influenced by human
activities only to a low degree. Favourable settlement areas are situated in valleys as well as on
the top of the hills. Due to anthropogenic utilization, Eastern- and Western Styria are divided into
small sections and show a high degree of fragmentation. The road network is close-meshed and
settlement densities are higher than in Upper Styria.
GUIDELINES
landscape units. The definition of homogenous landscape areas is necessary to answer the
dominant, spatial related question of connecting habitats. This allows the adjustment of the
validation of selected assessment indicators according to the particular (sub) region.
· Alpine area (gray)
· Alpine urban zones (orange)
· Central urban zone (red)
· Alpine – and non-alpine
valleys (green)
· Ridges / Hills (yellow)
Figure 8: Styrian regions
B.6 Basic data
Figure 6: Altitudinal and relief map of Styria
Figure 7: Spatial structures of Styria
The comparison of the two major geographic regions of Styria (Upper Styria; Eastern and Western
Styria) displays the degree of regional differences and the therefore derived necessity to define
connecting areas during phase 2.
For different regions indicators and criteria, which are necessary to distinguish sectoral green
zones, are assessed in a miscellaneous way. Furthermore, the method to demarcate habitat
corridors has to be adjusted according to the conditions of the respective region. Basic
requirements to define regions are:
· Geological and geomorphological homogeneity of adjacent areas
· Intensity of anthropogenic utilizations, particularly the density of settlement structures
· Small total number of regions implies a minimum size of area
· Use of appropriate names for regions
In due consideration of these aspects, a classification of the manageable number of regions
is conducted. Independent from administrative borders, these regions represent connected
In order to identify and define high-ranking ecological areas with multiple functions, data
sets of different quality and origin are combined. The model was designed in order to be able
to use initial data sets of different scales. The necessary initial data sets are only available at
different scales; e.g. the results of the Austrian cultural landscape mapping is available at a scale
of 1:200.000, the results of the biotope mapping of Styria are available at a scale of 1:1.000
since 2007. The quality of the results is therefore derived from the quality and homogeneity in
scale of the initial data sets. The exactness of the results depends on the scale, timeliness and
homogeneity of scale of the initial data sets, whereas the maximum required output scale must
not be exceeded. The result of the Styrian part of the project of phase 2 is illustrated as a raster
of 100 x 100 m.
During phase 1, uniform European datasets are used and integrated in a GIS-analysis-model.
The data providing authorities are institutions of the European Union such as EEA (European
Environment Agency) or GISCO (Eurostat, European Commission). The primarily used datasets are:
· GISCO NUTS Administrative borders
(vector, level 3)
· CORINE LandCover 2006
(raster, 100x100m)
· CDDA Nationally designated areas
(vector, habitat level 4)
· LMCS soil sealing
(raster, build up areas, 100x100m)
GUIDELINES
Figure 9: CORINE Land Cover 2006
Figure 10: CDDA Nationally designated areas
After the experts´ definition of main corridors, a detailed GIS-modelling on the basis of specific
national and regional datasets is conducted during phase 2. Compared to European data, an
improvement and concretion of data is conducted in this phase. For this purpose, data is provided
by national and federal state specific institutions such as the UBA (Federal Environment Agency)
or GIS-Styria (Department for Geoinformation of the Styrian Federal State Government).
Depending on the area coverage and their timeliness, following datasets are used according to
following thematic fields (a detailed list can be found in Box B. 6):
Borders of the planning regions, districts and municipalities
Traffic infrastructure, water bodies, forests
Classification of cultural landscapes, biotope areas, protected areas
Distribution of population, settlement areas, etc.
GUIDELINES
- Roads with ADT (average daily traffic) of over 2000 vehicles
- Settlement areas
- Intensively used leisure- and recreation areas
· Experiential value/Closeness to nature
- Utilisation (Waters, selected categories of the CORINE data, which indicate a qualitatively
valuable structure or natural scenery, e.g. natural grassland)
- Provisions (recreational function as specified in the Forest Development Plan, protected
portions of landscape, landscape conservation areas)
· Local recreation offers connection with open spaces
- Supraregional and regional local recreation focus and excursion destinations
- Nature conservation projects with focus on the recreational function
· Path connections / Accessibility / Inward exploitation
- Regional cycle path network, supraregional and regional hiking trail network
- Opening up to public transport
· Accessibility / Path connections
- Regional cycle path network, hiking trail network
- Opening up for public transport
· Fragmenting effect of recreational function
- High-ranking traffic (e.g. road network, railway tracks)
- Large, mono-functional industrial and business locations (e.g. airports, goods terminals, etc.)
· Protection against natural hazards
- Water bodies (flood risk areas, red/yellow zones mountain torrent)
- Forest and open spaces (protection forest of the Forest Development Plan, red/yellow zone
avalanche)
· Protection of groundwater and potable water
· Water protection areas and water sanctuaries / Climate protection
- Welfare function of the Forest Development Plan
- Climate-effective open areas / fresh-air flow corridors
The resulting level of detail thereby depends on the existing, area-wide available, basic data.
B.7 Stakeholders
Box B.6
Subsequently a detailed compilation of indicators, which are used in the Styrian GIS-model
(Phase 2), is presented:
· Ecological Value - Habitat
- Utilizations (biotopes, forests, water bodies, selective categories of the CORINE-data,
which indicate qualitatively valuable structure, cultural landscape types of Austria,
hemeroby of the Styrian forests, etc.
- Regulations/Agreements (protected areas according to the nature conservation Act incl.
Natura 2000 sites.
· Wildlife corridors
- Utilisations (forests, water bodies, Austrian Map ÖK 50, aerial photos, SINUS data set,
alternative CORINE data (forests, meadows, areas of arable land, unproductive areas,
waters, etc.)
- Wildlife crossing aids on motorways and express highways
· Habitat fragmenting factors
- High-ranking traffic infrastructure (e.g. road network, railway tracks)
For a successful development and safeguarding of green zones and living space corridors
the acceptance and the support of different stakeholders is necessary. Right from the phase
of demarcating these zones the integration of stakeholders in the project has to occur. It
has turned out to be feasible to summon representatives of government agencies, nature
conservation, spatial planning, traffic planning, hunting and forestry to discuss and validate
in an interdisciplinary way. It is not only about convincing stakeholders of the project´s idea,
but to integrate them in the process and further, to gain valuable knowledge about the current
conditions of the landscape.
In the Styrian approach the stakeholder participation took place within the scope of five regional
stakeholder workshops. After giving overall information about the method and results, an open
discussion of the results based on previously prepared working plans was held. These working
plans displayed the experts´ draft for the demarcation of green zones and living space corridors.
GUIDELINES
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Figure 11: Regional stakeholder workshop - seminar
Box B.7
Figure 12: Regional stakeholder workshop – training
At the beginning of the project a (Styrian) steering committee was founded, which consists of
representatives of relevant regional and national departments. The duties and responsibilities of
the steering committee are the discussion of the method, the input of subject-specific knowledge
as well as the promotion and application of the project´s philosophy and results.
Who can contribute what?
(Wildlife-) ecology / Conservation: The heart-piece in developing the “Green Network” is to
define and develop core areas and corridors. In order to connect protected areas, it is important
to examine their ecological value as well as the connecting suitability of adjacent areas.
Spatial Planning: As an interdisciplinary field, spatial planning plays an essential role in connecting
habitats. Habitat corridors determined by wildlife-ecologists and ecologists are only functional, if these
corridors are secured by spatial planning instruments via appropriate determinations on the one hand
or as a result of an assessment process between different utilization-requirements on the other.
Traffic planning: e.g. wildlife crossings and tunnel-planning have to be adapted to establish
migration corridors
Hunting, Forestry: important stakeholders in terms of an „ecological network“
Agriculture: Awareness raising for the importance of agriculture (grass- and edge strips
or hedges; abandon the use of fertilizers, insecticides etc.; biological diversity - biological
agriculture/ compensation-payments in order to enhance biodiversity and cross-linking)
Politics: Support of environmentally friendly developments/ implementation of measures –
regional pool: e.g. financing via compensation measures resulting from the requirements of
major projects (EIA, infrastructure…)
Contribution of everyone: appreciation and acceptance for the interests of cross-linking of areas.
Figure 13: Detail of a poster of ECONNECT (www.alpine-ecological-network.org)
In the frame of the Alpine Convention the Platform Ecological Network was established
in 2007. It provides an important link between policy makers, the scientific community
and practitioners, encouraging the political discussion to support the Alpine connectivity
initiatives. This project emphasizes the importance of stakeholder involvement as well.
ECONNECT, a project of the EU´s ETC Alpine Space Programme connects 16 partners from
six Alpine countries. ECONNECT aims to bring forward the implementation of ecological
networks in pilot regions until summer 2011.
GUIDELINES
C. GREEN ZONES AND LIVING SPACE CORRIDORS
GUIDELINES
C.1 General working steps
The following chapter explains the method of the sectoral values in the sectors wildlife, ecology,
recreation and common benefit, as well as the method to locate green zones and living space
corridors.
Figure 14: The “Green Network” of Styria consists of the four sectors wildlife, ecology, recreation and common benefit.
Supplementary to the guidelines, the following method represents a basic study in the
classification of green zones and living space corridors.
Figure 15: Workflow of the Styrian approach
1. Definition of regions. In the first work package the demarcation of homogenous regions is
performed. Due to various spatial and structural conditions, the federal area of Styria is classified
in following homogenous regions (see Box B 5 Styrian regions)
· Alpine areas
· Valley landscapes
· Urban zones
· Hilly-landscapes of Western- and Eastern Styria
2. Zoning. Based on the principles and goals of the Styrian Regional Planning Act, green zones
and living space corridors are demarcated according to the following four main thematic fields
(=sectors):
· Wildlife
· Ecology
· Recreation / local recreation
· Common benefit and protection of human beings and settlement areas
In the second work package high-value regions are defined for the four already mentioned
sectors by means of GIS-analysis. Sectoral results are illustrated by sectoral validation maps (e.g.
map of the ecological value, local recreation value, etc.). To be able to demarcate green zones and
living space corridors it is necessary to recalculate the determined validation depending on the
sub-space relevant utilization pressure. This is determined by using crosstabular data in which
sectoral values and regions are compared with each other.
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
sector Wildlife and Ecology
The aim is to point out the most valuable and important areas for ecological connectivity on a regional
level. The illustration of those areas is conducted for the whole Styrian territory as well as for the
Eastern- and Western Styrian part of the country on local level. This project offers an outstanding
opportunity to bring together the two disciplines of nature conservation and spatial planning.
Figure 16: Resulting maps of the four sectors
Before starting, it has been decided to work with the umbrella species red deer (where the red
deer does not occur the roe deer was used as umbrella species was.) under the assumption that
the requirements of these species to their environment and for migration are similar to those of
many other wildlife species.
1. Core areas (good connectivity already exists). The core areas have been defined by experts
and cover woodland and alpine regions far from cities and highways.
Figure 17: Crosstab table used for the determination of sectoral demands.
3. Overlay. Areas of multiple values. In the third work package a synthesis of (single sectoral)
identified green zones and areas is performed, which results in the definition of multiple-value areas.
2. Connectivity points and migration axis. In the core areas so called connectivity points are
set, which are connected by the least cost method (GIS). This method presents the best way to
identify optimal connectivity between the identified connectivity points, which was defined as
the migration axis.
3. Wildlife corridors. On these migration axes so called wildlife corridors between core areas
were lined out. If it was possible, wildlife corridors should have a minimum width of 1.000
meters. For a good connectivity on the regional level in the alpine valleys there should be a
wildlife corridor every 10 to 20 kilometers. In the southeastern part of Styria the amount of
wildlife corridors is much higher (local level).
4. Evaluation. The wildlife corridors were evaluated by local experts in the different regions of
Styria (hunters, forester and conservationists).
Figure 18: Synthesis of sectoral results
The result of the synthesis is presented to the stakeholders during regional workshops. The goal
of these expert-workshops is to enhance the defined zones with regional technical knowledge
and further, to gain regional stakeholder acceptance for these new ideas as a professional basis
to compile legally binding regional development programmes.
C.2.1 Wildlife corridors
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
C.2.2 Ecological value and corridors
Figure 19: Wildlife corridors – FIRST DRAFT of results
How did we model the migration axis?
The following table shows different resistant values of the several land use layers which have
been included. With the aid of the least cost method the migration axis were generated. Every
10 to 20 kilometers a wildlife corridor is lined out.
Land use function
Build up areas
Fenced Highways except wildlife passages
100 m buffer around build up areas
Alpine region (free of vegetation)
Woodland
Grassland, cropland,
Pomiculture, viniculture
Alpine meadows
Streets up to 1.500 vehicles per day (vpd)
Streets between 1.500 and 5.000 vpd
Streets between 5.000 and 10.000 vpd
Streets over 10.000 vpd
Main railways
Secondary railways
Water > 1 ha
Table: 1 Table of resistant values
Value of resistance
1 (total barrier)
1 (total barrier)
0,9
0,9
0,05
0,3
0,5
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
0,9
0,7
0,5
0,7
Ecological Value
Aim of the model is to determine the ecological value of each raster grid (100x100m) by
existing data on a regional level and consecutively to demarcate the important areas to ensure
ecological connectivity on a regional level. An expert system explains the determination of the
“ecological value” by combining existing, Styrian-wide available data of positive and negative
criteria. Basis is the sensitivity value of cultural landscapes of Austria (Wrbka et al. 2005).
Positive and negative criteria increase or decrease the ecological value. Due to the inadequate
data quality changes in the method were necessary (determination on two levels: Styrian wide
and regionally detailed level), as described below. The intensitiy of landuse is derived from
information of the digital elevation model – as it depends on altitude and slope in combination
with spatial location in Styrian regions. Small scale conservation areas (nature conservation area
“Naturschutzgebiete”, Ramsar sites) give spatially precise information about high ecological
value. In large scale conservation areas (Natura 2000 sites, Nature Park, National Park, protected
landscapes) also areas with low ecological value are included, like arable land, streets, railways,
settlement. This fact was considered in the model. Forest and woods are important elements of
the “Green Network”, especially in Eastern- and Western Styria. In the inner-alpine valleys the
ecological value is even higher. Unfortunately there is no Styrian-wide information available
about vegetation or land cover in an adequate level of detail. Nevertheless the spatial quality
of information about bogs from CORINE land cover data is considered as detailed enough to
be implemented into the model. Water bodies (rivers and lakes) increase - depending on their
ecological status and size - the ecological value too.
Negative criteria are the degree of fragmentation (roads), settlement area, roads and railways.
The result is a Styria-wide map of the ecological value on regional level. Large non fragmented
areas are defined as “core areas” (see also chapter “wildlife”). The size of core areas differs from
the alpine region of Upper Styria (with larger non-fragmented areas) to the Western and Eastern
region of Styria (with smaller non-fragmented areas).
To determine the demand of green zones for the ecological sector – even on the regional level
–more detailed information about vegetation would be essential. Existing information of
mapping of vegetation types (“Biotopkartierung Steiermark”) as well as of habitats (according
to the Habitats Directive) in Natura 2000 sites could provide the necessary information. The
gathering of these data is in progress; therefore data are only available for several regions,
respectively Natura 2000 sites.
Results of the sector „ecology“ are
· Map of ecological value (Styrian wide and regionally detailed),
· Map of demand of ecological green zones
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
A priori no green zones are demarcated in the alpine region, because the alpine region lays not
within the scope of the spatial planning instrument “green zone” in Austria. This corresponds
with the fact, that most of the alpine areas are “core areas”.
To improve the result the mentioned data are included in the model, although they are only
available for some parts of Styria. The result is a map (on basis of the raster 100x100m) of the
ecological value expressed in six categories.
Figure 21: Sectoral demand / ecology
sector Recreation
The focus for establishing green zones and living space corridors for the sector recreation is set
primarily on the “urban zones” as well as on areas with elevated catchment potential, because
recreational areas near settlements can be secured by the determination of green zones in areas
with intensive utilisation- and settlement pressure.
Figure 20: Ecological value
Demand of green zones for the ecological sector
The demand of protection of ecologically valuable areas by demarcating green zones is
determined in a cross-tab considering ecological value and location in the six Styrian regions and
expressed in three categories (1 low - 2 medium - 3 high).
The green zones for the ecological sector can be of the two types “ecological corridors” and
“ecological stepping-stone biotopes”.
Rivers (above a threshold size) are considered important corridors - also independent of their
ecological status. The network of the above described wildlife corridors connects the core areas
by axis crossing the valley (see Figure 21). This network of wildlife corridors is completed by the
“ecological corridors” of main rivers above a threshold size (corresponding to the Waterframe
Directive) independent of their ecological value.
Areas with medium or high demand for protection are “ecological stepping stone biotopes”,
“island” elements of the “Green Network”, which are of high importance for the connection
without being necessarily physically connected to other elements in all cases. For the ecological
function only areas with high ecological value can be “ecological stepping-stone biotopes”
(whereas for wildlife also areas with low ecological value can have stepping-stone function).
Local recreation areas
The following sectoral aims for the determination of green zones have been defined:
· Demarcation of zones with high demand potentials (i.e. high population density nearby)
· Safeguard landscape areas with high recreational value
· Safeguard the quality of experience and preservation of landscape characteristics
The selection of suitable areas for the establishment of green zones with a focus on recreational
function is carried out through certain indicators:
· Demand potential
- Determination of open spaces with high recreational values in combination with calculated high
population density nearby (approximately three kilometre radius from the direct neighbourhood)
· Quality of experience / Orientation by nature
- Utilisation (waterbodies, selected categories of CORINE data, which indicate a qualitatively
high-value structure or natural scenery, e.g. natural grassland)
- Predefinitions (recreational function according to the Forest Development Plan, protected
landscape areas, conservation areas etc.)
· Local recreation opportunities associated with open spaces
- Supra-regional and regional recreation emphasis and excursion destinations
- Nature conservation projects with focus on recreational function
· Path connections / Accessibility / Inner site development
- Regional cycle path network, (inter)regional hiking trail network
- Public transport development
The analysis of the above mentioned input data results in a raster-based sectoral dataset
(100x100m), indicating areas with high (local) recreational value.
Living space corridors with recreational function
Sectoral aims of living space corridors, regarding local recreation:
· Connection of landscape areas with high recreational value
· Safeguarding connections between local recreation - and settlement areas
GUIDELINES
Demand of green zones for the local recreation sector
Through the combination of the determined local recreational areas and living space corridors,
maps are produced in which the recreational value is illustrated. These areas are determined
by excluding settlement areas, high-ranging traffic routes, etc. and are further subject to a
categorization for green zone determination.
Considering different regions of Styria lead to the determination of sectoral green zone demand
in the sector “local recreation”.
The establishment of living space corridors is particularly important between areas of high
recreational value (see above) which are functionally connected, respectively between
settlement areas and determined local recreation areas.
· Accessibility / Path connections
- Regional cycle path network, hiking trail network
- Public transport development
· Fragmenting influences
- High-ranking / Major traffic (e.g. road network, railway tracks)
- Mono-functional and large industrial and business locations (e.g. airports, goods terminals, etc.)
Figure 23: Sectoral demand / local recreation
sector Common Benefit
In the sector Common benefit the focus lies on elaborating a proposal for the demarcation of
green zones. For this sector living space corridors are not relevant.
Aims of establishing green zones:
· To protect settlement areas against natural hazards
· To safeguard climatic buffer areas and to improve the quality of the environment, particularly in
rehabilitation areas in accordance with the Air Emission Control Act (IG-L)
The selection of suitable areas for establishing green zones, with focus on conservation and
welfare function (common benefit), is carried out through the establishment of certain indicators:
Figure 22: Local recreation areas and corridors
· Protection against natural hazards
- Waterbodies (flooding zones, hazard areas, mountain torrent)
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
- Forest and open space (protection forest according to the Forest Development Plan,)
· Protection of groundwater / potable water
- Water protection areas and water sanctuaries
· Climate protection
- Welfare function of the Forest Protection Plan
- Climate-relevant open spaces / Fresh-air flow corridors
Considering the diverse sub-regions of Styria, each of the four sectors has a “sectoral green zone
demand”. The results are illustrated in a 100x100 m raster map with consistent coding.
By using raster analysis and reclassifications of sectoral results, a synthesis raster with a
comprehensible overall appraisal is compiled. By using a comprehensive coding – similar to
the Austrian Forest Development Plan – sectoral values can be identified for each raster cell,
respective subspace, of the overall result.
The conservation and welfare function is determined through the different conservation and welfare
requirements. Areas which are valuable from the conservation and welfare point of view will be
determined by excluding building areas, major traffic zones, etc. and are incorporated in the proposal for
the demarcation of green zones. They are further subject to a categorization for green zone determination.
The technical basis for the determination of green zones and living space corridors results from
the respective subspace which at least contains 1 x 3 respectively 2 x 2 in its coding.
By taking into consideration different sub-spaces of Styria the sectoral green zone demand in the
sector “protection - and common benefit function” is determined.
Figure 25: Synthesis – encoding of sectoral information
Figure 24: Sectoral demand / common benefit
C.5 Method for the synthesis of sectoral results
Different functions of green zones and living space corridors have been evaluated in four different
sectors:
· Wildlife
· Ecology
· Local recreation
· Common benefit
GUIDELINES
Synthesis result
GUIDELINES
D. APPENDIX
D.1 Glossar
Term used in the
guideline
Definition
German
common benefit
Function of a open space, e.g. filter function for
air pollution control, stabilisation of the water
balance to secure high quality potable water
resources, etc.
Wohlfahrtsfunktion
corridor
connecting area
Korridor Verbindung
ecological corridor
Connecting structures, which show high
ecological value; can be wildlife corridors at the
same time
ökologischer Korridor
green zone
Describes an area with high natural value; mainly
unaffected by anthropogenic influences
Grünzone
living space corridor
Connecting structure, which has wildlife -,
ecological and recreational functions
Lebensraumkorridor
open space
It describes those parts of the landscape which
are not occupied by human settlements and
intensive cultivation
Freiraum offener
Landschaftsraum
recreation corridor
Connecting structure with recreational function
Erholungskorridor
wildlife corridor
Connection structure which allows the passage
of (wild) animals; not necessarily with high
ecological value
Wildtierkorridor
Figure 26: Synthesis result: multifunctional green zones and living space corridors in Styria
Figure 26 presents the preliminary result of the experts´ proposal for demarcating green zones
and living space corridors. The graphic shows the high-value and multifunctional green zones
and living space corridors in the Styrian regions with high anthropogenic utilization. These
areas exhibit a strong need for protection by means of spatial planning instruments. Extensive
high-value regions, as e.g. the alpine regions of Upper Styria, are not part of the results, because
those regions show only small-scale anthropogenic fragmentation or settlement structures.
Apart from the latter, all identified high-value regions need to be kept free from anthropogenic
utilization pressure and therewith connected landscape fragmentation, to secure the connection
of living spaces and establish the “Green Network” in Styria.
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
D.2 References
• Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, A16, Graz, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Wildtierbiologie (SGW)
2000: GIS-Modell zur landesweiten Beurteilung der & Schweizerische Vogelwarte Sempach. Bern, 116 S.
Standorteignung für Industrie und Gewerbe in der Steiermark • Köhler, C. (2005): Habitatvernetzung in Österreich, GIS• Berthoud, G.; Müller, S. (1995): Sicherheit Fauna/ Modellierung von Mobilitäts-Widerstandswerten für
Verkehr. Praktisches Handbuch für Bauingenieure. - waldbevorzugende, wildlebende Großsäuger. – Dipl.École polytechnique fédéral de Lausanne. Département Arb. am Institut für Vermessung, Fernerkundung und
de génie civil. Laboratoire des voies de circulation Landinformation, Univ. f. Bodenkultur Wien, 72 Seiten
+ Karte (http://ivfl.boku.ac.at/Projekte/Woek).
(LAVOC). 135 Seiten.
• Blechl, H. ; R. Piechl (2002): Die Landschaftsräumliche • Proschek, M. (2005): Strategische Planung für
Lebensraumvernetzung in Österreich – Prioritätensetzung
Gliederung Kärntens. - Klagenfurt.
• Bogner, D.; Egger, G.; Fuchs, M.; Mohl, I. (2006): für Nachrüstungsvorschläge für Grünbrücken über
Freiraumkonzept Kärnten. -Projektbericht. Klagenfurt Autobahnen und Schnellstraßen. Wildökologische
Bedeutung und raumplanerische Sinnhaftigkeit
(Umweltbüro Klagenfurt GmbH), 248 S. + 2 Karten.
• Dubié, N. (2006) : Relevante Instrumente zum Thema untersucht anhand der Tierarten Bär, Luchs, Wolf, Elch und
Ökologische Korridore im Alpenraum. - Hrsg. CIPRA Rothirsch. - Studie des WWF Österreich im Auftrag der
International. Alpmedia.net. April 2006, Berlin/Schaan. ASFINAG. Wien. 172p und Annex.
• European commission (2003) : Habitat fragmentation • Völk, F.; Glitzner, I.; Wöss, M. (2001): Kostenreduktion bei
due to transportation infrastructure. -Cost Action 341. Grünbrücken durch deren rationellen Einsatz. Kriterien –
Indikatoren - Mindeststandards. - Straßenforschung
246 Seiten + Anhang.
• European Commission 2010: LIFE building up Europe’s Heft 513. Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation
green infrastructure / Addressing connectivity and und Technologie. Wien. 97 Seiten + Anhang.
• Völk, F.; Reiss-Enz V.; Walcher, A.; Schacht, H. (2005):
enhancing ecosystem functions, Luxembourg.
• Grillmayer, R.; Proschek, M.; Köhler, C. (2007): GIS- Überregional bedeutsame Wildtierkorridore in Österreich
Modellierung - von wildökologischen Vernetzungs- und ihre planerische Sicherung. - BfN Schriftenreihe für
Potenzialen als Grundlage zur Raumplanerischen Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz: Lebensraumkorridore
Absicherung. - In: Manfred Schrenk, Vasily V. Popovich, für Mensch und Natur. Referate und Ergebnisse der
Josef Benedikt. REAL CORP 007 - Proceedings / gleichnamigen Fachtagung des Deutschen Jagdverbandes
(DJV) und des Bundesamtes für Naturschutz (BfN) am
Tagungsband. Wien, 2007.
27. November 2002 in der Andreas-Hermes-Akademie,
• Griesser, H. (2006): Ökologische Korridore im Bonn-Röttgen. Bonn-Bad Godesberg.
The NATREG
project
is
financed
by
the
South
East
Europe
Transnational
Cooperation Programme.
Alpenraum. Ein Hintergrundbericht. - Hrsg.: Cipra,
• Völk, F.; Plattner, G.; Schacht, H.; Reiss-Enz, V.; Walcher,
Alpmedia.net. 48 Seiten.
A.; Ellmauer, T.; Leitner; H.; Wöss, M. (2002): Strategische
• IEEP - Institute for European Environmental Policy 2007. Partnerschaft Lebensraumvernetzung. Natur Land
Guidance onreflects
the maintenance
of landscape
connectivity
This publication
the views only
of the author,
and the South
East Europe
Salzburg
9 (4): Programme
17 – 21. Managing
features
of major
and fauna.
Authority
cannot
be heldimportance
responsibleforforwild
anyflora
use, which
may be•made
of
the
information
therein. E., StockerWrbka, T., Reiter, K., Paar,contained
M., Szerencsits,
IUCNof –this
Thepublication
World Conservation
Union. by Institute of the Republic
Printing
was sponsored
of
Slovenia
for
Nature
Conservation
Kiss, A. & K. Fussenegger, 2005: Die Landschaften
Hochschule für
2006: Ansprüche
von Planning
and •co-financed
byTechnik,
MinistryRapperswil,
of the Environment
and Spatial
of theund
Republic
of Slovenia.für die biologische
Österreichs
ihre Bedeutung
Naherholungsuchenden und deren Berücksichtigung in Vielfalt. Monographie M-173 Umweltbundesamt.
verschiedenen Arten von Planungsinstrumenten
Digital als e-Book, http://www.umweltbundesamt.at
• Holzgang, O.; Pfister, H.P.; Heynen, D.; Blant, M.; • Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften,
Righetti, A.; Berthoud, G.; Marchesi, P.; Maddalena, Winterthur, 2008: Gewässerbezogene Naherholungsräume
T.; Müri, H.; Wendelspiess, M.; Dändliker, G.; Mollet, P.; im Kanton Zürich (Pilotprojekt)
Bornhauser-Sieber, U.; (2001): Korridore für Wildtiere
in der Schweiz. - Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 326,
Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL),
Recommendation
for quotation:
Published by:
Authors:
Date:
Work package:
Review:
Photo on the cover:
Design and
typesetting:
Print:
Circulation:
-WIESER, M. et al. 2011. Guidelines for regional,
interregional and cross-border development
strategies creating ecological corridors. Amt der
Steiermärkishen Landesregierung, Abteilung 16
Landes und Gemeindeentwicklung. Graz.
Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature
Conservation
Martin Wieser, Brigitte Grießer, Judith DrapelaDhiflaoui, Horst Leitner, Johannes Leitner
January 2011
3.3 Development of guidelines
Gregor Danev, Amela Smajić Hodžić
Samo Jenčič
AvantGuarde Design, Belgrade, Serbia
Zlatna knjiga plus, Jagodina, Serbia
300
Relevant Internet links:
Land Steiermark; Geographisches Informationssystem (GIS): http://gis.steiermark.at/
Land Steiermark; Raumordnung, Landes- und Gemeindeentwicklung:
http://raumplanung.steiermark.at/
European Environment Agency: http://www.eea.europa.eu/
Umweltbundesamt Österreich: http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/

for regional, interregional and cross-border development

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