1 AHOSKIE CREEK PARK MASTER PLAN Rebecca Richardson

AHOSKIE CREEK
PARK MASTER PLAN
Rebecca Richardson Meece
Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies
East Carolina University
August 2007
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AHOSKIE PARK MASTER PLAN
OVERVIEW AND PURPOSES
The proposed planning site comprised nearly 74 acres which included 35 acres of
FEMA (i.e., Federal Emergency Management Agency) buyout property (now townowned) and 39 acres of land the adjacent to the site that the Town intends to purchase
with a CAMA grant. Located in Hertford County, North Carolina, Ahoskie is rapidly
changing. In 2000, Ahoskie’s population was 4,523
(http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37000.html). However, as noted in the 2004
Systemwide Comprehensive Park and Recreation Plan for Ahoskie, NC (Ammirati et al.,
2004), the Town’s population was projected to increase nearly 25% or to 5,800 people by
2010. With that growth will come increased demand for public services including
recreation and park opportunities.
In August, 2006 the Town of Ahoskie contracted with the Department of
Recreation and Leisure Studies at East Carolina University to provide a site-specific
master plan. The purposes of the plan were to:
1. summarize the 2004 Systemwide Comprehensive Recreation and Park Plan
for Ahoskie which was based on a needs analysis of the planning area;
2. operationalize the recommendations of that plan by proposing expansion and
development of the FEMA buyout property (i.e., Phase I Development);
3. collect local public input on the proposed public recreation developments;
4. identify and locate appropriate recreation facilities and programs for the site;
5. conduct on environmental review of the proposed site; and
6. present a cost estimate of the proposed development;
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7. present a site plan; and
8. present a 5 year Capital Improvement Plan.
SITE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
Description
Location and Size
Ahoskie, with an overall land area of 2.7 square miles, or 1,728 acres was founded
in Hertford Country, is located in northeastern North Carolina (Map 1). Adjacent counties
included Gates on the east, Chowan to the southeast, Bertie on the south, and
Northampton on the west. (http://www.welcometonc.com/countrydirectories/Hertford/).
The state of Virginia borders the northern side.
Map 1. North Carolina, Hertford County, and Ahoskie (www.rootsweb.com/~nchertfo/statemap,
Hertford County from www.wikepedia.com, Ahoskie from www.ahoskie.gov)
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Current Property Use
The planning site included FEMA flood buyout property consisting of 35 acres
and 39 acres of adjacent land owned by the Town, totaling nearly 74 acres (Map 2). As of
2006, the planning site was not used by the public on a daily basis, but was used once a
year as a site for the Ahoskie Heritage Festival. The site has been cleared of trees and
vegetation with some previously existing paved roads still present throughout.
Topography
Ahoskie and Hertford County were located in the northeastern part of North
Carolina on generally flat land. Ahoskie’s average elevation was 60 feet above sea level.
The county was characterized by broad sandy ridges and ridge tops
(http://www.topozone.com/map).
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Map 3: Buyout Property Map (Ahoskie Planning Department 2007)
Property Boundaries
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Soils
Two different soil types and twelve sub soil types were identified in Ahoskie; the
two soil types included: (1) Craven-Leaf-Caroline, and (2) Wilbanks soils. Wilbanks soils
were found in the southern region of Ahoskie within the Ahoskie Creek area and included
the planning site. Located in the planning site, were five sub-type soils including: (1)
Bibb Soils (BB), which is poorly drained and poorly suited for most urban and recreation
use because of flooding and wetness; (2) Seabrook Loamy (Se), which is moderately well
drained soil and poorly suited to recreation use due to wetness and rapid permeability
increasing the hazard of flooding; (3) Leaf Loam (LF), which is poorly drained and
poorly suited to most urban and recreational use due to slow permeability and wetness as
main limitations; (4) AltaVista Fine Sandy Loam (AtA), which is moderately well
drained and suited to most recreational uses; and (5) Conetoe loamy sand (CoB), which is
well drained soil on stream terraces and poorly suited to most urban and recreation uses
(USDA, Soil Conservation Survey of Hertford County, 1984).
Fauna and Flora
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Due to its relatively small geographic size (2.7 square miles), the Town of
Ahoskie was characterized by a limited diversity of plants and animals. Several species
were common to bottom land sites such as this, however, due to clearing most of these
were not present at this time. Species common to bottomland sites were presented in
Table 1.
As shown in Table 2, there were two animal, five mollusk, and one crustacean
species classified as threatened (T), endangered (E), significantly rare (SR), proposed or
of special concern (P) in Hertford County (http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/es/countyfr.html).
There were no species of concern located within the planning site.
Table 1. Plant and Wildlife Species in Hertford County (2006 Preliminary Engineering
report for wastewater study by The Wooten Company)
Common Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Alewide Herring
Alosa sapidissima
American Beech
Fagus grandifolia
American Robin
Bufo americanus
American Sweet Gum
Liquidambar
styraciflua
American Shad
Alosa sapidissima
Autumn-Olive
Elaeagnus umbellata
Atlantic Sturgeon
Acipenser oxyrhynchus
Beggerweed
Desmodium tortuosum
Black Crappie
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Bluestem
Andropogon gerardii
Blue Jay
Cyanocitta cristata
Crabapple
Malus spp.
Blueback Herring
Alosa aestivalis
Eastern Red Cedar
Juniperus virginiana
Bob White Quail
Colinus virginianus
Flowering Dogwood
Cornus florida
Carolina Chickadee
Parus carolinensis
Goldenrod
Solidago sp.
Carolina Thistle
Cirsium carolinianum
Grama
Bouteloua curtipendula
Carolina Wren
Thryothorus ludovicianus
Hawthorn
Crataegus sp.
Eastern Box Turtle
Terrapene carolina
carolina
Loblolly Pine
Pinus taeda
Eastern Cottontail
Rabbit
Sylvilagus floridanus
Northern Red Oak
Quercus rubra
Gray Squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis
Red Maple
Acer rubrum
Hickory Shad
Alosa mediocris
Russian-Olive
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Largemouth Bass
Micropterus salmoides
Smartweed
Polygonum sp.
Mallard Duck
Anas platyrhynchos
Tulip Poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera
Fauna
Scientific Name
Flora
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Mink
Mustela vison
Water Oak
Quercus nigra
Mourning Dove
Zenaida macroura
Wheatgrass
Elytrigia elongata
Muskrat
Ondotra zibethicus
White Oak
Quercus alba
Oppossum
Didelphis virginiana
Wild Millet
Panicum miliaceum
Red Fox
Vulpes vulpes
Wild Rice
Zizania aquatica
Song Sparrow
Melospiza melodia
Striped Bass
Morone saxatilis
Tufted Titmouse
Parus bicolor
White-tailed Deer
Odocoileus virginianus
Wood Duck
Aix sponsa
Yellow Perch
Perca flavescens
Table 2. Threatened and Endangered Animals and Plants
(http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/es/countyfr.html)
Common Name
Scientific Name
State Status Federal Status
Vertebrates:
American eel
Red-cockaded woodpecker
Anguilla rostrata
Picoides borealis
FSC
E
Current
Historic
Invertebrate:
Chowanoke crayfish
Orconectes virginiensis
FSC
Current
Mollusk:
Triangle Floater
Alewife Floater
Eastern Lampmussel
Tidewater Mucket
Eastern Pondmussel
Alasmidonta undulate
Anodonta implicate
Lampsilis radiate radiate
Leptodea ochracea
Ligumia nastua
T
T
T
T
T
State Key:
Definitions of Federal Status Codes:
E = endangered. A taxon "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range."
T = threatened. A taxon "likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a
significant portion of its range."
P = proposed. A taxon proposed for official listing as endangered or threatened.
C = candidate. A taxon under consideration for official listing for which there is sufficient information to
support listing. (Formerly "C1" candidate species.)
FSC = federal species of concern. A species under consideration for listing, for which there is insufficient
information to support listing at this time. These species may or may not be listed in the future, and many
of these species were formerly recognized as "C2" candidate species.
T(S/A) = threatened due to similarity of appearance. A species that is threatened due to similarity of
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appearance with other rare species and is listed for its protection. These species are not biologically
endangered or threatened and are not subject to Section 7 consultation.
EXP = experimental population. A taxon listed as experimental (either essential or nonessential).
Experimental, nonessential populations of endangered species (e.g., red wolf) are treated as threatened
species on public land, for consultation purposes, and as species proposed for listing on private land.
Definitions of "Record Status" qualifiers:
Current - the species has been observed in the county within the last 50 years.
Historic - the species was last observed in the county more than 50 years ago.
Obscure - the date and/or location of observation is uncertain.
Incidental/migrant - the species was observed outside of its normal range or habitat.
Probable/potential - the species is considered likely to occur in this county based on the proximity of
known records (in adjacent counties), the presence of potentially suitable habitat, or both.
Archaeological and Historic Sites
Though there were six historic sites identified in Ahoskie on the National Register
of Historic Places. There were no archaeological or historic sites located within the
planning site (http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/nc/Hertford/state.html).
Hydrology
Water Resources
Ahoskie was located within the Chowan River Basin with major sources of water
including the Chowan River, Meherrin River, and the Wiccacon River. Major creeks and
swamps in Hertford County were: Ahoskie Creek, Bear Creek, Cutawhiskie Swamp,
Chinkapin Swamp, Deep Swamp Branch, and Potecasi Creek. Ahoskie Creek bordered
the planning site on the southwest side. The North Carolina Department of Environment
and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality (NC DENR, 2003) classified the
quality of Ahoskie Creek as C, NSW which means that it is fresh water, supports aquatic
life and secondary recreation use, but it is also nutrient sensitive (i.e., it requires control
of both point and non point pollution sources).
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Table 3: Water Quality in Ahoskie, NC (NCDENR 2004)
Water Resource
Classification
Ahoskie Creek
C, NSW
Chowan River
B, NSW
Meherrin River
B, NSW
Wiccacon River
C, NSW
Key:
C- Aquatic Life, Secondary Recreation, Fresh
NSW- Nutrient Sensitive Waters. Supplemental classification intended for waters needing additional
nutrient management due to their being subject to excessive growth of microscopic or macroscopic
vegetation. In general, management strategies for point and non-point source pollution control require
control of nutrients (nitrogen and/or phosphorus usually) such that excessive growths of vegetation are
reduced or prevented and there is no increase in nutrients over target levels. Management strategies are
site-specific.
B- Waters used primarily for recreation and other uses suitable for Class C. Primary recreational
activities include swimming, skin diving, water skiing, and similar uses involving human body contact
with water where such activities take place in an organized manner or on a frequent basis. There are no
restrictions on watershed development or types of discharge.
Floodplains
The proposed planning site was located within a flood zone. Recent information
regarding floodplains in Hertford County was not available, however, confirmation
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regarding the proposed development site was provided by a United States Department of
Agriculture District Specialist (Appendix A p. 35) (Paul Boone, personal communication,
2007).
Existing Structures
The only existing structures located on the planning site were a pump station and
two houses; the houses were in the process of being acquired for demolition. (Dennis
Everett, personal communication, 2006).
Utilities
Utilities already existed within the planning area. Utility lines run from highway
42 through the pump station located on the property (Dennis Everett, personal
communication, 2006)
Permits Required
Two specific state-issued permits will be needed to develop Phase I: a
sedimentation and erosion control permit and a state 401 permit. If building within 75
feet of Ahoskie Creek a permit will be required from CAMA. Permits required from the
Town of Ahoskie will include building, electrical, and plumbing.
Proposed Facilities and Site Clearing
Phase I and II Development of the proposed site will encompass 74 acres. The site
has already been cleared. Phase I will be built with funds from the PARTF Grant (if
approved) and will be developed between 2007 and 2009. Phase II will be developed
between 2009-2011.
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Table 4. Phase I Proposed Structures
Structures
2007-2009
Measurements/Acreage
Baseball/Softball Fields with
lighting and fencing (3)
1- 200’ radius,
2- 300’ radius
(6.75 acres)
Concession/Restroom building (2)
24’ x 40’ (2) (.04 acres)
Parking Lot (200 car)
450’ x 200’ (2.06 acres)
Picnic Shelter (5 with tables and
grills)
13,920 sq. ft. (.32 acres)
Football/Soccer Multipurpose
Field with lighting and fencing (3)
1- 180 yds x 360 yds,
1- 150 yds x 270 yds,
1- 165 yds x 360 yds
(3.78 acres)
Horseshoe Pits (2)
40’ x 6’ (2) (.01 acres)
Beach Volley Ball (2)
50’ x 79’ (2) (.18 acres)
Playground (2-5 years old) (8)
50’ x 60’ (8) (.55 acres)
Amphitheater (400 person seating
capacity)
4,000 sq. ft. (.09 acres)
Total acres
13.78 acres
Phase II Proposed Structures
2009-2011
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Pond
(Approximately .75 acres)
Walking/ Biking Trail
.5 miles, 6’ wide (.36 acres)
Outdoor Basketball Courts (2)
50’ x 80’ (2) (.18 acres)
Parking Lot (75-100 cars)
22,050 sq. ft. (.51 acres)
Skate Park
6,000 sq. ft. (.14 acres)
Total acres
1.94 acres
No structures will be built within 100 feet of Ahoskie Creek that runs adjacent to
the park.
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
The following summaries were based on the collection and analysis of data and
information presented in the 2004 Systemwide Comprehensive Recreation and Park Plan
for Ahoskie, North Carolina (Ammirati et al., 2004).
Summary of Community, Resident Socio-demographics,
and Projected Population Growth
Ahoskie was located in Hertford County in the Northeastern Region of North
Carolina. It encompassed 2.7 square miles or 1,728 acres. The county seat was located in
Winton (http://www.rootsweb.com/~nchertfo/). Hertford County was surrounded by Bertie
County to the south, Northampton County to the northwest, Gates County to the northeast,
and Chowan County to the southeast. The largest city of 200,000+ near Ahoskie was
Norfolk, VA (http://www.city-data.com/city/Ahoskie-North-Carolina.html). Hertford
County’s transportation system included highways I-95 and I-64, and state routes 42, 11
and 13 (http://www.vergie.com/ahoskie.html). The town has 26 churches, three public
schools, and three private schools.
Between 1980 and 2000, Ahoskie’s population had grown slower then the state
and the nation; however the town’s population was expected to increase through 2010. In
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2000 Ahoskie had a higher percentage of female households without husbands present
than the county, North Carolina, and the United States. The per capita and household
income levels in Ahoskie were significantly lower than the state and nation. A noticeably
lower percentage of persons in Ahoksie have college degrees when compared to the state
and nation. Nearly one-third of the population in Ahoskie was 55 and older. The
percentage of disabled persons in Ahoskie and the county was significantly higher than
the state and nation.
Summary of Existing Public Recreation Opportunities
Existing Facilities and Programs
An inventory of existing recreation and park opportunities in the planning area
identified numerous recreation opportunities offered through the public, quasi public,
non-profit, and private commercial sectors in Ahoskie, and the three public schools
serving Ahoskie. Ahoskie has three Neighborhood Parks, one Community Park, and three
public schools which were classified, as Metro/District Parks. In 2006 there were six
historic sites within Ahoskie, all of which were registered with the National Register of
Historic Places.
Condition of Facilities
The conditions of Ahoskie’s public recreation sites and facilities, including public
schools, were evaluated on the basis of maintenance, vandalism, user impact on
vegetation, and soil limitations. When all categories were totaled the highest possible
score was a “12”, meaning that the overall condition of the park was “good”. The lowest
possible score was a “4”, indicative of “severe impact” (2004 Systemwide
Comprehensive Parks and Recreation Plan for Ahoskie, North Carolina).
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All nine public recreation sites and facilities, including public schools, were
evaluated. Of those sites, two (i.e., Bearfield Primary, Hetrford County High School)
received a perfect score of “12”. The Recreation Center Park and Ahoskie Elementary
School received a “low impact” rating of 11. Wood Park, Julius W. Futrell Memorial
Park, H.D. Cooper Park, Bridge Park and Freddie Hall Memorial Park all received scores
between 7-9, and were placed in the “moderate impact” category. The average of all nine
sites was 10.7, which meant that overall, the recreation sites and facilities in Ahoskie
were experiencing “low impact” and in overall good condition.
Summary of Comparisons
Ahoskie’s recreation facilities and parks were inventoried and compared with
state standards and towns of similar size (i.e., population was the only criteria used).
Based on these comparisons, there was a significant need for more recreation
opportunities in the planning area. Based on these state standards, Ahoskie was not
meeting either acreage of facility standards. Additional Neighborhood Parks, Community
Parks, and a swimming pool, are needed to meet those standards. It barely met state
standards for softball fields and a community center. With the projected 2010 population
increase, it will soon exceed standards for those facilities as well. In comparison with
towns of similar size, Ahoskie was lacking in tennis courts, baseball/softball/soccer
fields, and walking trails. Neither one of the communities it was compared with (i.e.,
Erwin and Zebulon) had a swimming pool or fishing areas.
Summaries of Public Input on Overall Community Recreation Needs
The general recreation needs of the community were addressed in: (1) a meeting
with the Ahoskie Parks and Recreation Advisory Board, (2) two public meetings, (3) a
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random telephone survey, and (4) a school survey. Data collection methods and the
minutes of all meetings were presented in the 2004 Systemwide Comprehensive Parks
and Recreation Plan for Ahoskie, North Carolina (Ammirati et al., 2004).
Park and Recreation Advisory Board Meeting
Summary: The Advisory Board recognized that residents were not totally satisfied
with the recreation activities and facilities that are currently offered by the Ahoskie Parks
and Recreation Department. Barriers included: lack of facilities, lack of time (baseball),
distance traveled to facilities, and cost (baseball). Recommendations to overcome these
barriers included: more fields, lighting fields for night play, and building new/more
facilities.
Public Meetings
Summary: Two public meetings were held in Ahoskie on February 24 and 26,
2004. A copy of the questionnaire used at the meetings was included in the Appendix
(pg. 74) of the 2004 Systemwide Comprehensive Parks and Recreation Plan for Ahoskie,
North Carolina (Ammirati et al., 2004). Participants at the meetings were asked to
identify barriers to recreation participation in Ahoskie. They included: small, poorly
developed, not centralized, have very little involving exercise such as walking and
jogging. Residents also identified programs and facilities they would like to see in
Ahoskie; these included a bowling alley, centralized sport facility, indoor sports, and a
swimming pool.
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Telephone Survey
Summary: A telephone survey was completed as part of the previously cited 2004
Systemwide Comprehensive Parks and Recreation Plan. The survey found that
participation in recreation activities within Ahoskie was very low; less than 36% of
respondents participated in recreation in Ahoskie. The top three recreation activities
which respondents participated outside of Ahoskie were: basketball, baseball, and
bowling. The top five recreation activities that respondents participated in Ahoskie were:
walking, swimming, tennis, football, and baseball.
Citizens of Ahoskie said they would like to see a diversity of recreation facilities
developed. The facilities mentioned most frequently include: youth programs, swimming
pool, bowling, walking trail or track, tennis courts, and roller skating. Youth programs
and a swimming pool were clearly most popular. The majority of respondents (75.4%)
would be willing to pay user fees for the facilities and programs they want developed in
Ahoskie, while 82.1% would be willing to support tax dollars being used to provide these
facilities or programs. The survey found that the most frequently identified barriers to
participation among respondents were: health/disability, time, age, work, and availability.
School Survey
Summary: A public school survey was also conducted as part of the previously
cited 2004 Systemwide Comprehensive Parks and Recreation Plan. Students enjoyed a
variety of activities in their free time. The top five were: hanging out with friends,
basketball, running/walking, football, and swimming. Respondents were asked to rank
the use of school and recreation facilities in order of most used to least used and these
included: Hertford County High School, The Recreation Center, Bearfield Primary,
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Ahoskie Elementary School, Freddie Hall Memorial, Bridge Park, H.D. Cooper Park,
Wood Park, and Julius W. Futrell Park. The tope five activities students participated in
were: basketball, baseball/softball, flag football, and open gym/free time, and crafts.
Respondents were asked to list three recreation activities they would like to see in
Ahoskie and the top five included a: mall, bowling alley, theme park, basketball, and
swimming.
Public Meetings on the Proposed Development of the FEMA Buyout Property
Public input on the proposed development of the 74 acre property was gathered
through two public meetings held at Ahoskie City Hall. The meetings were advertised by
the Roanoke Chowan News Herald (Appendix B p. 36). The first was held at 6:00 pm on
Tuesday November 14, 2006; 15 residents attended. All 15 participants were Caucasian.
A draft site plan including facilities was presented to the participants.
Participants voiced concern regarding the proposed development. Some of the
concerns included: noise pollution, light pollution, increase in traffic and security issues.
Strong opposition was noted in regards to development of a skate park in the designated
area. Concerns regarding the development of a skate park included: noise, security, and
safety.
The second meeting was also held at City Hall at 6:00 pm on Thursday November
16, 2006; 28 residents attended. Nineteen participants were Caucasian while nine were
African-American. A draft site plan including facilities was presented to the participants.
The majority of participants present were in favor of the proposed development
with some participants still concerned with issues regarding the increase in traffic as a
result of development. Participants voiced comments regarding the need for the
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development as well as support for the proposed site plans. Concern for the development
of a skate park was again voiced and removal of the skate park from future development
plans was suggested.
Summary: Of those present at the meetings, 32 indicated they would use the
proposed park, while 7 indicated they would not use the park. Thirty-three individuals
stated they would support development of the proposed park, while 5 individuals stated
they would not support development of the park. Other recommendations are presented in
Table 5.
Table 5. Preferred Recreation Opportunities Listed by Public Meeting Participants
Response
# of Responses
Walking/Biking Trail
28
More Baseball Fields
2
More Soccer Fields
2
Amphitheater
1
Tennis Courts
2
Pool
3
Picnic Shelter w/tables
6
Go Cart Track
3
Volleyball Court
2
Basketball Court
1
Bleachers
1
Duck Pond
3
Gymnastics Area
1
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Petting Zoo
1
Batting Range
1
Playground
1
Horseshoe Area
1
Other comments voiced by public input participants were:
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Would the town provide security in off hours?
Would the property be gated if not in use?
How many nights of the week would the lights be burning?
This is a good first start
Park is desperately needed
The facilities we have at this time are not enough
It is very difficult to obtain usage of the fields during the season
Basketball courts are not needed
More baseball fields are needed
Try to protect the neighborhood from excessive traffic and noise
Amphitheater needed is questionable- it would be recommended against the
amphitheater
Football, soccer, softball baseball fields are the most needed and wanted
All traffic should be channeled on Evans St.
I would like to see traffic kept out of the neighborhoods
Open up ditch so water will move- make a cul-de-sac so truck traffic can turn
around near ditch
Prefer the quiet neighborhood we have now
I do not feel an amphitheater is necessary.
Supply some barriers such as a cul-de-sac at the end of Camlin and Stokes St.
I do not think outdoor basketball courts are needed
Ahoskie needs this bad!
We don’t have the room for the amount of kids we have which is a good problem
to have
Cut out Phase II and add to Phase I
I have coached for the last 10 years in the Town of Ahoskie and we desperately
need this. We don’t have enough fields to practice or play on now. We are behind
other Towns because lack of facilities and this is needed for our kids and the
future of Ahoskie. If they are active in sports, it will keep them out of trouble.
Phase I is needed, but Phase II is not as desirable.
More of Phase I fields
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As a property owner I have concerns about traffic, safety, lighting, and property
value
Good idea and concept, please think of the property owner when making next
proposal
I feel that Ahoskie needs something like this to attract people to our area
We need something positive like this for our youth
I would like our children to have better opportunities to excel in any area of sports
they choose
Facility that the boy scouts could use
This could help kids have positive activities instead of getting caught up in drugs
and bad habits
More baseball and softball fields
Nothing should be built near people’s residences
We need more to offer to Ahoskie residences
Add more softball and soccer fields
Town needs this project!
Skate park toward back of the park – please
This would be great for Ahoskie.
I want to have benches throughout the park
Do as you see fit- you can’t please everyone
Would like to see a place kids can go and learn sportsmanship and teamwork.
Would like to parental involvement to staff the facility so there is a since of
ownership
Need bigger fields to support events now
Teams now go all year with only one practice because of field time this would
increase friendships and team honor
We have great kids in this area, but we don’t have great facilities
Great idea
Concerned with traffic flow into facility and policing after hours
Only allow cars in parking area, gate off everything so cars can’t get back there at
night
Do not allow traffic in neighborhoods
Keep it lit up at night, keep it safe
I want to be able to take my children to play and not hear bad language
Want a safe and secure area, with controlled entrances and roads, we want it to be
an extension of Evans St. and not from Memorial, Stokes, and Camlin street
Skate park should be as far away from residence as possible
I think the lighted ball fields should be far from residences
This park is ideal for this area, so many parents drive out of the area for kids
sports
I’m glad we are moving forward in this project
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In summary, the above comments, though not unanimous, indicated a demand for:
more youth activities, sport facilities (e.g., baseball, softball, soccer, basketball) security
and safety, lighting, and a concern for the impact of traffic and park development on
nearby neighborhoods.
RECREATION FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS
DESCRIPTION
Facility Description
Development of the proposed planning site encompassed 74 acres. It will occur in
two stages (i.e., 2006-2009 and 2009-2011).
The first stage (2006-2009) will include the following facilities:
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Concession Stand with Restrooms (2)
Football/Soccer Multi-Purpose Field (180 yds x 360 yds) (1)
o with lighting and fencing
Football/Soccer Multi-Purpose Field (150 yds x 270 yds) (1)
o with lighting and fencing
Football/Soccer Multi-Purpose Field (165 yds x 360 yds) (1)
o with lighting and fencing
Baseball/Softball Fields 200’ radius field (1), 300’ radius fields (3)
o With lighting and fencing
Amphitheatre (400 person seating capacity) (1)
Playground (2-5 yr olds, 50x60 ft) (8)
Horseshoe Pits (2)
Beach Volley Ball (2)
Parking lot 450’ x 200’ ( 200 vehicles)
Picnic Shelter (5 with tables and grills)
The second stage (2009-2011) will include the following facilities:
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Outdoor Basketball Courts (2-50x84)
Walking/Biking Trail (1/2 mile long, 4-6 ft wide)
22
•
•
•
Parking (75-100 cars)
Pond
Skate Park
Future Additions and/or Developments (i.e., post 2011) might include:
•
•
Tennis Courts (3-36x78 ft)
Par 3 Golf Course
Program Description
Programs using the above facilities (i.e., first stage and second stage) will include:
Youth
Baseball
Softball
Cheerleading
Soccer
Nature Study
Concerts
Basketball
Hiking
Football
Walking
Special Events
Skating
Adults/Seniors
Soccer
Basketball
Walking
Concerts
Jogging
Photography
Softball
Hiking
Biking
Special Events
Nature Programs
Baseball
People with Disabilities
Nearly all programs cited above can be provided for individuals with disabilities
through adaptation of rules, equipment, and/or facilities (e.g., softball and buddy ball for
those with physical or mental disabilities, beep ball for visually impared, wheelechair
basketball, etc.)
23
Summary
Development of the proposed planning site through 2011 will significantly assist
Ahoskie on meeting and providing for the recreation needs of all citizens in the planning
area. This master plan will provide both documentation and guidelines for action. With
the anticipated growth of the area, implementation of this plan will be fundamental to
providing citizens with a higher “quality of life”
24
23
COST ESTIMATES
Cost estimates for the proposed development of the proposed planning site were
listed in Table 6. Personal communication regarding cost estimates and invoices are
included in Appendix C (p.37).
Table 6. Ahoskie, NC Cost Estimates for Phase I of Proposed Development of
FEMA Buyout Property
Project Elements
Unit
Unit Cost
Total Estimated
Costs *
Concession Stand/ Restroom
Fencing of Complex
Dugouts
Field Lighting
Field Irrigation
Infield Mix
Bermuda Outfield
Fill Dirt
Portable Bleachers 21’
Transport Kit for Bleachers
Portable Bench w/o Backrest
Portable Soccer Goal
Backstop
40’ Wood Amphitheater
24’x22’ Park Shelter, Steel**
2-5 yr. old Playground
Engineered Wood Fiber
Installation of Wood Fiber
Sand Volleyball Court
Horseshoe Pit
Grill
Wood Top Picnic Table
2
1
8
1
1
34 tons
1
1
14
1
6
6
4
1
5
8
8
8
2
2
5
10
$51,000
$113,500
$3,274
$812,000
$140,000
$60 per ton
$127,000
$393,750
$3,588
$536
$224
$921.50
$1,556
$21,420
$5,886
$12,083
$1457
$940
$8,000
$500
$379
$454
$102,000
$113,500
$26,192
$812,000
$140,000
$2040
$127,000
$393,750
$50,232
$536
$1,344
$5,529
$6,224
$21,420
$29,430
$96,664
$11,656
$7,520
$16,000
$1,000
$1,895
$4,540
Total for
Project
Total PARTF
Grant
Request
$1,970, 472
$500,000
*These estimates, were based on unit prices included in Appendix C (p.29). Note that in
cases where more than one unit was planned, the cost was calculated based on multiple
units.
**Additional fees for installation may apply.
24
TOWN OF AHOSKIE CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PLAN
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
REFERENCES
Ahoskie, North Carolina. Retrieved February 20, 2004 from http://www.citydata.com/city/Ahoskie-North-Carolina.html
Ahoskie, North Carolina. Retrieved February 20, 2004 from
http://www.vergie.com/ahoskie.html
Ahoskie, North Carolina, Map. Retrieved July 30, 2007 from www.ahoskie.gov
Ammirati, A., Colistra, C., Grandy, T. (2004). Systemwide Comprehensive Park and
Recreation Plan for Ahoskie, NC.
Hertford County, historic information. Retrieved November 2, 2006 from
http://www.rootsweb.com/~nchertfo/
Hertford County, Map. Retrieved July 30, 2007 from www.wikepedia.com
Horseshoe Pit Construction Cost Estimate. Retrieved August 1, 2007 from
http://webs.directcon.net/harris/CONSTRUCTION.html
National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved November 2, 2006 from
http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/nc/Hertford/state.html
North Carolina Division of Water Quality (2003). Chowan River Basin. Retrieved February
24, 2004 from
www.h2o.enr.state.nc.us/bims/reports/basinsandwaterbodies/hydrochowan.pdf
North Carolina, Map. Retrieved July 30, 3007 from www.rootsweb.com/~nchertfo/statemap
Sandorfi, C.C. (2005). Volleyball Construction Cost Estimate. Retrieved August 1, 2007
from http://www.volleyballmag.com/archive/instruct/1995/court.html
Topozone, topography, Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http://www.topozone.com/map
U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37000.html
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Hertford County. Retrieved November 2, 2006 from
http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/es/countyfr.html
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (1984).
Soil Survey of Hertford County, North Carolina. Washington, D.C.
Welcome to North Carolina, County Information. Retrieved February 20, 2004 from
http://www.welcometonc.com/countrydirectories/Hertford/
Wooten Company. (2006). Preliminary Engineering Report for wastewater study
33
APPENDIX
34
Appendix A. Flood Plain Information
To: Rebecca Richardson Meece, This note is being provided to confirm that the area on
the east side Ahoskie between Roanoke Chowan Hospital and the Ahoskie Creek has
flooded on numerous occasions, with the worst being Hurricane Floyd in 1999. The
entire area which Ahoskie is developing recreation fields on along Ahoskie Creek is in
the flood zone. This is the FEMA buy out area where 60+ homes were purchased by
FEMA and were destroyed and the land has ultimately been turned over to the town of
Ahoskie. The Town of Ahoskie is where that the area is in a flood zone and is planning
the rec. areas accordingly.
Thanks, Paul Boone
35
Appendix B.
Newspaper Advertisement
Roanoke-Chowan News Herald, Ahoskie
36
Appendix C. Cost Estimates
Rebecca Meece,
Thanks for your inquiry. We furnished a combination restroom/concession building to a
High School in Durham last year for about $51,000. On that project we combined 2ea.
12'x20' buildings, one was the concession area, and the other was the restroom. Your
project will require that you prepare a gravel base to set the buildings on. Afterwards you
can put a sidewalk all around the buildings to adequately contain the gravel and for your
use of walking around the building. You will also need to provide Electric, & Plumbing
to the building and make hook-ups. We installed the lighting & electrical boxes, and all
of the internal plumbing fixtures and piping. We also delivered and setup the buildings
for this $51,000.
Below is a link to a short slide show that includes (the white brick building) the
buildings at Riverside High. This slideshow also demonstrates that we will need
room/access for the large trucks and crane. The other restroom (reddish color) also
demonstrates the flexibility of color combinations and a sidewalk around the building
poured afterwards. Send me your mailing address and I can get you some brochures also.
If you have any further questions please do not hesitate to ask.
Louis Marusik
General Manager
SMITH-CAROLINA Corp.
http://www.photoshow.net/watch/iy9Nc8Gx
37
Rebecca:
Please excuse my delay in sending the information you requested. Unfortunately, the
timeframe before anticipated construction and lack of details makes it difficult to give a
very good estimate. Regardless, I have looked at numerous recent projects similar to
yours and anticipated steel prices to continue to rise over the next two years. I have also
assumed your specifications will meet or exceed ASTM and Chain Link Fence
Manufacturers’ Standards. With this in mind, I believe the following price ranges could
be used for initial budgeting purposes:
Youth baseball fields:
$18,000.00 to $20,000.00
Adult softball fields:
$23,000.00 to $25,000.00
Adult baseball fields:
$26,000.00 to $28,000.00
Multipurpose field:
$4,000.00 to $5,000.00
If you have any additional questions please let me know.
Sincerely;
Roy G. Garner
38
To: Town of Ahoskie
Rebecca Meece
March 26, 2007
Re: Price of Infield Mix with Turface
Delivered to 1326 West First Street
Ahoskie, NC 27910
25 tons delivered at $60.00 per ton plus tax
Thank You,
Shelly
R.L. Bradsher Contracting, Inc.
39
From: Trenda Herring [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Wed 4/25/2007 2:02 PM
To: Meece, Rebecca Richardson
Subject: RE: Town of Ahoskie
Rebecca,
For budgeting purposes I think you would be safe with the following:
$ 80,000 Irrigation (with meter and main already installed)
$ 95,000 Bermuda Sod
$ 200,000 - 250,000 Dirt & Infield Mixes and required laser grading with installation of
these materials
Trenda Herring
Carolina Green Corp.
10108 Indian Trail-Fairview Road
Indian Trail, NC 28079
Ph: 704-753-1707 ext.104
Fax: 704-753-2033
[email protected]
40
41
42
43
Town of Ahoskie Ballfields and Soccer Field
Town of Ahoskie, NC
Date: February 7, 2007
To: Rebecca Meece
Equipment Description
Light-Structure Green™ System delivered to your site in Five Easy Pieces™
•
Pre-cast concrete bases
•
Galvanized steel poles
•
UL Listed remote electrical component enclosure
•
Pole length wire harness
•
Factory-aimed and assembled luminaires
Also Includes:
•
Energy savings of more than 50% over a standard lighting system
•
•
50% less spill and glare light than Musco’s prior industry leading technology
Musco Constant 25™ warranty and maintenance program that eliminates 100% of
your maintenance costs for 25 years, including labor and materials
•
Guaranteed constant light level for 25 years, +/- 10% per IESNA RP-06-01
•
1 group re-lamp at the end of the lamps’ rated life, 5000 hours
•
Reduced energy consumption
•
Control Link® Control & Monitoring System for flexible control and solid management of your
lighting system
Sales tax is not included as part of this budget estimate.
Budget Estimate
Musco’s Light Structure Green™ as described above and delivered to the job site
200’ Radius Field $65,000 – $70,000
300’ Radius Field $115,000 – $125,000
360’ x 160’ Field $125,000 – $130,000
Pricing furnished is effective for 60 days unless otherwise noted and is considered confidential.
Divulging technical or pricing information to competitive vendors will result in removal from the bid list.
Payment Terms
Option A
44
Payment of 25% of the contract price is required with order. The contract balance is due
no later than 20 days after invoice date.
Option B - Wholesalers Only
100% of the contract price is due and payable no later than 20 days after invoice date.
Late payment will be subject to service charges of 1 ½% per month (18% APR).
Musco will attempt to coordinate shipment so that delivery corresponds with the customer’s payment
schedule. It will be the responsibility of the wholesaler to ensure that Musco is aware of this delivery
timeframe. We will expect payment within the terms described above unless there is a written statement
from Musco’s corporate headquarters stating the acceptance of different terms.
•
Delivery to the job site from the time of order, submittal approval, and confirmation of order
details including voltage and phase, pole locations is approximately 30-45 days. Due to the builtin custom light control per luminaire, pole locations need to be confirmed prior to production.
Changes to pole locations after the product is sent to production could result in additional
charges.
Notes
Estimate is based on:
•
Shipment of entire project together to one location
•
Providing 50 fc infield, and 30 fc outfield for the ballfields
•
Providing 30 fc for the football field
•
Structural code and wind speed = 2003 IBC, 90 MPH exposure C.
•
Confirmation of pole locations prior to production
Thank you for considering Musco for your sports-lighting needs. Please contact me with
any questions.
Jason Briggs
Musco Sports Lighting, LLC
Phone: 800-825-6030
E-mail: [email protected]
Fax: 641-672-1996
45
WHAT IS TAKES TO BUILD A REGULATION HORSESHOE PIT
One of the items is MONEY and it takes quite a bit. It runs approx. $400.00 to $600.00 to
buy materials for one pit. This includes Cyclone fencing, lighting, water, utilities.
Membership donations and dues have really helped with construction costs. It also helps
to go out and sell the project to the community and get some backing and donations. I
have given talks to several orginizations, promoting the project and have had good
success. If you would like to make a donation to help with our construction cost, it would
really be appreciatied. Because we are a non-profit organization,your donation is tax
deductable. Make any donation payable to Forebay Park Horseshoe Club, c/o Bill Harris,
4949 Rainbow Tr., Pollock Pines, Ca. 95726.
1)---The placement of the pit is very important. You don't want to be pitching shoes into the sun,
so the placement of the pit should be North & South.
2)---You need an area about 48 feet long and 10 feet wide. The area needs to be level.
3)---The horseshoe stakes (or pins as they are sometimes called) are forty feet apart; measured
from the center of one stake to the center of the other stake.
4)---Stakes are of 1 inch cold-roll steel and 30 to 36 inches long.
MATERIALS NEEDED:
12-----2" x 6" x 8' Redwood.
48-----16d Galv. Nails. (maybe a few more in
case you bend some)
8-----2" x 4" x 8' DF. (for the intermediate pads)
8-----2" X 4" X 18" DF. (intermediate pads)
64-----16d duplex nails. (intermediate pads)
1------Cubic yard of 5 to 6 sack concrete.
2------Sheets of 3/4" plywood-3' x 6'. (bottom of
pits)
2------1" Cold-Rolled Steel Pins x 30 to 36 "
long.
TOOLS NEEDED:
Pick & Shovel.
Garden Rake.
Framing Level.
String Line.
String Line-Level.
Framing Hammer.
Nail Puller.
Hand Saw.
Framing Square.
Sledge Hammer (4 to 6 lbs.)
100' Measuring Tape.
10' Measuring Tape.
Carpenters Pencil.
SEE THE PITCHERS BOX BELOW
Redwood lumber cut to size and nailed together, ready to set into ground.
http://webs.directcon.net/harris/CONSTRUCTION.html
46
Volleyball Court Construction
http://www.volleyballmag.com/archive/instruct/1995/court.html
Court Cents
Here's the complete guide to building your own sand court, including what it's going
to cost.
By C.C. Sandorfi
After fielding calls and letters from readers for three years now, we've decided it's time
for an encore presentation of one of our most popular subjects: how to build your own
sand volleyball court. But be forewarned: This is not a project to undertake in half
measures. If you're planning to put in a court, do it right, and be prepared to invest a fair
amount of time and money. Otherwise, you could end up with the world's most expensive
sand box.
The Basics
•
•
•
•
•
•
The playing area consists of the court and a space around it measuring
approximately 10 feet in each direction (more if possible). The space above the
playing area should be free of obstructions (branches, power lines, etc.). The
playing area should be level. It's important to use good quality sand, thick enough
to prevent players from contacting any underlying hard surface.
Dimensions of a standard court are 18 meters (59-0 feet) by nine meters (29-6)
and are measured from the outer edge of the boundary lines. The boundary lines
should be made of brightly colored rope or material having similar characteristics
but shouldn't unreasonably impede play.
Net supports should be made of wood, metal, PVC or other material that will
withstand tension and not bend or break. Supports should be about 14 feet long
and buried five feet deep (cement is optional). Make sure they're free of hazardous
protrusions. If you use guy wires, they should be made of bright colors or marked
with flags so they're visible. All anchors for guy wires and court lines should be
level with the playing surface and free of sharp edges.
For areas comfortably above sea level, the court area should be excavated two to
three feet deep, depending on the depth of the sand and gravel base you intend to
use. For low-lying areas, the court area should be excavated only about six to
eight inches; you should end up building an elevated court rather than one that is
flush with the ground.
To keep dirt or grass from mixing in with the court sand, you may want to build a
barrier around the court, either with wooden beams (such as railroad ties) or some
type of low, solid fencing. This can be especially important for a court that is built
slightly above ground.
You should have a drainage system under the court. A drainage ditch should lead
away from the lowest point of the court, and perforated drainage pipe should be
laid in a zig-zag pattern over the base of the area with one end capped and the
39
other open to the drainage ditch. Drainage is very important. You don't want to be
playing in a swamp.
Step by Step
1. Excavate the court area to your
desired depth using a Bobcat or frontend loader. Our experts all advise
against using a bulldozer or backhoe
(the bulldozer won't be able to pick up
and replace the dirt, and the backhoe
won't dig a level surface). If you're in
a low sea-level area (for example,
shoreline areas in Florida), the court
should be built slightly above ground.
Use the dirt you excavate to create a
slight slope up to the court.
2. Arrange your court perimeter (if
desired) around the edges of the
excavated site. This keeps dirt and
grass from leaking into the court and
vice-versa. If you're using railroad
Illustration by Darren Henke
ties or similar materials, our experts
suggest covering the exposed top edges with some sort of padding to minimize
injury potential. One expert says he's had great luck buying used rubber escalator
handrail material from escalator companies and seating it atop his 2 x 6-inch
wooden boundaries.
3. Lay out your drainage pipe, perforated side down, with the open end at the low
point of the court. You may wish to wrap each section of pipe with some type of
filter to keep sand from filling up the pipe: burlap is one choice although
eventually it will rot. Our experts suggest using flex wrap or "handicap wrap,"
which can be bought at plumbing supply houses.
4. Prepare your net standards by attaching hooks, hook-and-eye hardware and any
winch-type hardware. Sink your poles at least three feet deep since they'll need to
be sunk five feet overall when you're finished. For longevity, if you're using
wooden poles you should pre-treat them with a weather-resistant stain. If you're
not using guy wires as supports, set your poles in the ground at a slight angle
outward from the court to allow for any "bend" caused by eventual net tension.
5. Cover the pipe and the remaining court area with a one-foot thickness of small
gravel. Various sizes seem to work, but the overall consensus is to use a small,
pea-sized gravel known around the country as #56 gravel, #2 or #3 size gravel.
Explain to your gravel supplier that it will be used for drainage, and he can
recommend the size for your needs.
6. Cover the gravel with a screen-type filter to keep gravel and dirt from working its
way up to the sand level. Again, burlap will work, but it will eventually rot,
especially if you get a lot of rain. The best material is ground stabilization filter
40
fabric, which is a woven poly-blend that won't deteriorate. You can find a supplier
by calling a landscaping or excavating company for a referral.
7. Deposit your sand - one to two feet deep - and rake so it's level. With a good
gravel base, one foot of sand is usually enough.
8. Attach your net, put down your boundary lines and you're ready to play.
Tips from Our Experts
John Daloise, president of Standard Building Systems and local promoter for the
Bud Light Pro Beach 4s and WPVA, Dallas:
•
•
•
It's best to hire a contractor if you're unfamiliar with the excavating equipment.
It'll save you time and headaches in the long run.
One foot of sand is usually enough; if you put down more, you won't be able to
reach the lower levels with a rototiller or rake.
Don't use sugar sand-it sticks too much and is too fine to be a good playing
surface.
Richard Anderson, vice-chair of Olympic Committee for Clayton County,
Jonesboro, Georgia:
•
•
•
Try using used escalator handrail material for padding on the court borders.
Rake your court frequently with a three-foot garden rake.
Use a net with steel cable both on top and bottom for maximum tightness.
J.B. Shares, owner, Hot Shots beach volleyball clubs, Rochester, New York:
•
•
•
Pay special attention to the plans and follow them line by line. Don't cut corners
or it'll cost you in the long run.
If you use steel poles for net standards, seat them in steel sleeves so you can
easily remove the poles for maintenance or replacement.
If your net has steel cables, use pulleys on each side to hold it tight.
Robert "La Jolla Bob" Roemer, owner, La Jolla Beach Volleyball Club, Toledo,
Ohio:
•
•
•
Go with round poles whenever possible to reduce injury risks; try used utility
poles (you can get them for free in many communities by contacting the utility
companies).
Allow plenty of space for a sand perimeter around the court - don't let grass or dirt
serve as your perimeter.
Watch out for freebies. Sometimes free sand can be more expensive than
purchased sand because removing or sifting debris from the sand will be more
expensive in the long run.
41
Dale Hoffman, president, California Beach Volleyball Association, Ventura,
California:
•
•
•
Always put in proper drainage.
Use the simplest net attachment system possible. In Brazil, they cut a notch in the
top of the pole and drill a hole in the middle, string the net cable and rope over the
top of the pole and knot it off at the hole.
Choose your site carefully. Putting a court near a busy road or a swimming pool
isn't a great idea.
How Much?
Now for the big question: How much? Your basic costs will fall into three categories:
sand and gravel, excavation equipment rental and court equipment.
If you're lucky enough to live on a coast, sand will probably be readily available at a
reasonable cost. But unless you want to spend a lot of time with a shovel and a pickup
truck at the beach, you'll need to purchase sand from a local sand pit or milling company
(check your yellow pages).
Sand comes in several grades, but our volleyball experts say this isn't the place to cut
corners. Washed plaster sand, washed masonry sand, washed river sand or, if possible,
washed beach or dune sand are recommended.
Sand is sold either by the ton or by the yard, depending on where you live. On average,
washed masonry sand will cost between $8.50 and $15 a ton, not including delivery. And
delivery is where the hidden costs lie. If you're nearby, it can be $2 or $3 per ton. As you
get farther away, the cost escalate. If you're in the Midwest, for instance, the sand might
have to be shipped by freighter and then trucked to your location, raising the cost
considerably.
You can calculate how much sand you'll need using the following formula: (Length x
Width x Depth in feet divided by 27) x 1.6 gives you tonnage; (L x W x D) divided by 27
gives you yardage. Using this formula, a court approximately 40 x 70 feet with one foot
of sand needs about 166 tons of sand.
Gravel can be slightly cheaper, ranging from $5 to $14 per ton, although in some areas it
can cost more than the sand. The formula for calculating the tonnage needed is the same
as for sand. Delivery charges are similar.
When it comes to digging your court, you'll find that all your friends armed with shovels
won't compare to a Bobcat or front-end loader. Our panel says a Bobcat is ideal because
of its compact size and easy maneuverability.
If you're doing the digging yourself, expect to pay somewhere between $100 and $200 a
day for Bobcat rental, plus a delivery fee of $40 to $100. You can also contract the work
42
out to an excavation or landscaping company. It costs more, but you're getting a trained
professional who can probably do the job much faster and won't take out a corner of your
house in the process.
Considering the investment, you should purchase a net with top and bottom steel cables
($100 to $300) and good-quality supports. For standards, 4 x 6-inch wooden posts are
favored ($20 each). Steel supports are also an option.
The final price tag: Expect to spend $6,000-$10,000.
Costs by Region
Dallas
•
•
•
Sand: $10-17/yard delivered
Gravel: $22-30/yard delivered
Bobcat rental: $130/day plus $50-60 delivery fee
Toledo, Ohio
•
•
•
Sand: $15/ton delivered
Gravel: $6.95/ton plus delivery
Bobcat rental: $112/day plus $50/hr. for delivery
Atlanta
•
•
•
Sand: $16/ton delivered
Gravel: $12.50/ton plus delivery
Bobcat rental: $135/day, $1.50 per mile for delivery
Southern California
•
•
•
Sand: $8.50-11/ton plus delivery
Gravel: $9/ton plus delivery
Bobcat rental: $190/day plus $100 delivery charge
Rochester, New York
•
•
•
Sand: $8.50-9.50/ton plus $2-$3/ton delivery
Gravel: $6-7/ton plus delivery
Bobcat: $185/day plus $45 delivery charge
43
44