docemotion - Wofford
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emotion - Wofford
EMOTION 1 CHAPTER 11.4 LEARNING GOALS Discuss the Function of Emotions Differentiate Attitudes, Mood, and Emotion Examine the evidence for and against basic emotions • Discuss the cross-cultural research concerning facial expressions and emotion • Explain the facial-feedback hypothesis Differentiate among the various theories on how emotions occur • Explain the components of each theory 2 • Critique each theory 1 OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur? • Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur? • Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain 2 WHY HAVE EMOTIONS? Would we be better off if we just relied on our reasoning capabilities? WHY HAVE EMOTIONS? Communication Survival value Enhancing memory 3 OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur? • Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain Gender, Culture, and Emotion WHAT IS EMOTION? Emotion is a type of affect Affect includes: Attitudes Mood Emotion Evaluation of something’s “goodness” or “badness” General Long-lasting Not regarding a specific stimulus Short-lived In response to a particular stimulus 4 OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur? • Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain Gender, Culture, and Emotion HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Amusement Anger Contempt Contentment Disgust Embarrassment Excitement Fear Guilt Pride in achievement Relief Sadness/distress Satisfaction Sensory pleasure Shame Families of emotions: 5 HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Emotion: • Physiology • Behavior • Cognition • Expression • Subjective experience According to the basic emotions view, each of these characteristics of each basic emotion is universal and unlearned HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Emotion: • Physiology • Behavior • Cognition • Expression* • Subjective experience According to the basic emotions view, each of these characteristics of each basic emotion is universal and unlearned 6 HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Happy face: 95-100% of Americans, Brazilians, Chileans, Argentineans and Japanese agree Paul Ekman and colleagues HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YgOZ3AYRds Paul Ekman and colleagues 7 FACIAL-FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS Laird/Ekman: Facial contortions (expressions) yield emotions that fit Expression can influence emotional experience HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? Intuitive (?) view: Stimulus Emotion Physiologic al and behavioral changes 8 HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? James-Lange theory • emotional feelings result • AFTER aware of a physiological response to an emotion-provoking stimulus Proposed simultaneously by William James and Carl Lange in 1884 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES: SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 9 JAMES-LANGE THEORY Stimulus Physiologic al and behavioral changes Emotion CANNON-BARD THEORY Cannon Bard theory • emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex • which is responsible for conscious experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, which causes physiological arousal 10 CANNON-BARD THEORY Stimulus Physiologic al and behavioral changes Emotion HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? Critiques of theories so far: • Commonalities in brain activations for different emotions • Similar physiological and cognitive characteristics • Shortness of breath • Racing heart • Thoughts are consumed by a stimulus 11 HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? • Similar physiological and cognitive characteristics • Shortness of breath • Racing heart • Thoughts are consumed by a stimulus Context and cognition matter! SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory suggests that two things must happen for a person to feel an emotion • • There must be physiological arousal There must be a cognitive interpretation of the arousal, so the person can label it as a specific emotion 12 TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION: SCHACTER & SINGER Physiological arousal • Sweaty palms • Increased heart rate • rapid breathing Cognitive Label • Attribute source of arousal to a cause To have an emotion, both factors are required SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY Physiological arousal • Sweaty palms • Increased heart rate • rapid breathing Cognitive Label • Attribute source of arousal to a cause To have an emotion, both factors are required Bears are dangerous! 13 SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY High Bridge study (Dutton & Aron) • Bridge induces feelings of physiological arousal • Attractive female experimenter approached males either on or off the bridge to complete a survey • How many males from each group later called the experimenter to ask her for a Men approached ON the bridge were more likely date? to call the experimenter back. SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY High Bridge study (Dutton & Aron) Men on the bridge attributed their physiological arousal (being “lovestruck”) to the female experimenter, rather than the height of the bridge • Demonstrates that cognitive interpretation coupled with physiological response leads to emotional response 14 LAZARUS THEORY Lazarus theory • cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response • all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it LAZARUS THEORY Physiologic al and behavioral changes Stimulus Cognitive Appraisal Emotion 15 LAZARUS THEORY You think the bear could be dangerous and possibly attack you. OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur? • Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain 16 EMOTION REGULATION Can we change our emotional responses? Emotion regulation refers to the processes by which we change the emotions we have and when we have them (Gross, 1998) At least two forms: • Reappraisal • Suppression EMOTION REGULATION: REAPPRAISAL Changing the way that you think about an emotional stimulus Changing your reaction toward an emotional stimulus 17 REAPPRAISAL You think the bear could be dangerou s and possibly attack you. Appraisal You think that the bear is far enough away that it won’t get to you. Re-appraisal REAPPRAISAL Leads to a reduction in physiological responses and subjective emotional experience • Ex: reduced heart rate Chronic use of reappraisal is associated with higher levels of subjective well-being 18 SUPPRESSION Changing the behavioral outcome of an emotional response • Ex: • Hiding facial expression SUPPRESSION You think the bear could be dangerou s and possibly attack you. Appraisal Suppression 19 SUPPRESSION Unlike reappraisal, suppression does not lead to a reduction in either physiology or subjective emotional experience Chronic use of suppression is associated with lower levels of subjective well-being OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur? • Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain 20 EMOTION AND THE BRAIN amygdala EMOTION AND THE BRAIN Amygdala: • Responds to emotional information • Most often associated with fear • More recently, evidence points to the amygdala’s role in responding to any emotionally arousing information 21 EMOTION AND THE BRAIN The amygdala is stimulated when fearful eyes are flashed too briefly for conscious recognition A fast route to emotional recognition? Whalen et al., 2004 EMOTION AND THE BRAIN Prefrontal Cortex 22 EMOTION AND THE BRAIN Prefrontal Cortex: • Important for appraisals and regulation of emotional information • Shares reciprocal connections with the amygdala • Can dampen the response of the amygdala (for example, when overcoming a fear response) 23
