Situation in the Dominican Republic

Canisius College
Model United Nations
37th Annual Conference
Historic Security Council, 1965
Situation in the
Dominican Republic
Overview
The Dominican Republic is a modestly sized country situated on the eastern portion of
Hispaniola, an island divided into two sovereign states (its neighbor to the west is Haiti, from
which the Dominican Republic became independent in 1844). The country’s people have a
complex heritage and a rich culture, but the Republic also has a history of upheaval and political
violence that has undermined every attempt at establishing democracy. At this moment in time,
in 1965, the Dominican Republic has undergone some dramatic political changes over the past
few years and now finds itself facing a civil war, as supporters of the deposed president Juan
Bosch (forced from power in 1963) have staged an uprising against the current government.
The uprising has potential implications beyond the Dominican Republic itself, since the proBosch supporters are thought to be Communist sympathizers, meaning that they have at least an
ideological connection to the USSR and Cuba, if not actual ties to those countries. Widespread
violence in the Dominican Republic thus not only threatens human life inside of the country, but
also the security of Haiti, as well as peace and security in the Caribbean region; and, taken to its
extreme, in the Americas more broadly, especially as a proxy conflict for the Cold War between
East and West.
On 24 April 1965, Colonel Francisco Caamaño led an attempt to
overthrow of the triumvirate that had been in power since the 1963 coup
d'état against Juan Bosch. The attempt drew the immediate interest of
the United States, which had been a supporter of the triumvirate. Civil
unrest and warlike conditions followed, with former supporters of
Bosch—“Constitutionalists”—and communists seeking to reestablish a
constitutional government. Within just four days, on 28 April 1965, the
United States sent troops into the Republic to “forestall establishment of
a Communist dictatorship.” Estimates suggest that the U.S. has deployed
over 20,000 troops to the Dominican Republic, joining the fighting
between the Constitutionalists and the “Loyalists” – i.e., those who are defending the triumvirate.
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Historical Background
Hispaniola was colonized by Spain, but was wrested from Spanish control through a series
of resistance movements, including the famous Haitian slave revolt of 1791-93. Early in the 19th
century, Haiti declared itself free of Spanish control and established an empire in the Caribbean.
Santo Domingo split from Haiti in 1844 and this led to the formation of the Dominican Republic
as an independent entity. During the US Civil War, Spain
regained control of its former colony—but within just a
few years a popular revolt forced Spain to give up its
claims, and the second incarnation of the republic was
formed. During the early 20th century, the Dominican
Republic ran into financial trouble and struck a deal with
the United States to keep itself afloat. Not long thereafter,
problems inside the Republic led to a military intervention
by the United States, which lasted until 1924, at which time
a new constitution was announced and the Americans
withdrew. Six years later, General Rafael Trujillo seized
power by forcibly removing the president, and started a
reign that would last over 30 years.
LIFE%magazine%photo%of%Rafael%Trujillo
Many attribute the current crisis in the Dominican Republic as an effect from General
Rafael Trujillo’s assassination in 1961.1 This “turning point” in Dominican Republic history
led to other American states’ intervention in the region, especially the United States, to solidify
what many saw as a necessary democratic state. Elections were held in December 1962 for the
Dominican Republic’s first democratically elected president since 1924, with the result being the
election of president Juan Bosch. Bosch, having spent many years of Trujillo’s reign in exile,
returned and had a meteoric rise to power as the new president of the Dominican Republic.
Bosch introduced many democratic reforms, including making the Dominican Republic more
open to foreign investment and helping to improve the domestic economy. However, Bosch also
allowed for the creation of labor unions – a reform that was seen as suspicious for its promotion
of workers’ rights. Bosch was intent on upholding civil liberties that he saw as natural rights to
every person (workers, and communists, included).
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1
Rafael Trujillo was the ruling dictator in the Dominican Republic from 1930 until 1961. Trujillo’s
methods were brutal and included intimidation, indefinite detention, torture, and murder. Using these
terrible methods Trujillo kept political opponents and dissidents in check during his 30-year reign. For
information about how his regime is remembered, see
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/world/americas/13trujillo.html.
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Many democratic countries in the
region, including the United States, were
not very comfortable with Bosch’s
accommodation of communists and his
refusal to crack down on radicals, which
during the Cold War appeared to be
enemies of “freedom-loving” countries
like the U.S. Bosch's reorganization of
Dr.%Juan%Bosch%giving%a%speech
the military displeased high-ranking
military officers, who believed that the
civilian leader was trying to establish his own rival military power, thus disempowering the
military, which historically had played a very active role in politics and government in the
Dominican Republic. Bosch did not bend with the pressures from conservatives, and on 3
September 1963, in a bloodless coup, the military overthrew the democratically elected
government, driving Juan Bosch into exile again to Puerto Rico. A civilian government was
hastily created, while power remained with military men.
The situation in the Dominican Republic became a civil conflict spurred by the military's
overthrow of President Juan Bosch and the installation of a repressive puppet regime. The
September 1963 coup that removed the democratically elected Bosch after a mere seven months
in office brought to power a military-backed civilian triumvirate, headed by businessman
Donald Reid Cabral, that embarked on a course of corruption and repression that reminded
Dominicans of the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo. For two years the Dominican Republic was in
economic and political turmoil under this triumvirate. This three-man civilian junta only
increased the Dominican Republic’s majority population’s discontent. It is from this discontent,
and the rise of the idea to reinstate democratically-elected Juan Bosch to power that the current
situation in the Dominican Republic is occurring.
Sources:
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19343656
~ timeline of history of Dominican Republic
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/DominicanRepublic_KH.html
The Dominican Republic Reader - Eric Paul Roorda, from EBL Canisius Library
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch24-DR.html
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Current Crisis
On 24 April 1965, members of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), some
Christian Socialists, disgruntled professionals, and dissident elements of the armed forces led by
Colonel Francisco Caamaño Deñó, seized the government and arrested Reid Cabral. The
Constitutionalists' appeal for the restoration of democracy and the return of the constitutionally
elected President Juan Bosch from exile was met with enthusiasm from the Dominican populace
but with consternation on the part of pro-Cabral conservative elements among the armed forces
and the U.S. embassy, represented by William Tupley Bennett. The organizer of the coup
against Bosch, General Elías Wessín y Wessín, ordered the bombing of Santo Domingo by his
air force, which was followed by an attempted thrust into the old part of the capital. Not only
were the Constitutionalists able to repulse Wessín's attack, but within a few days they were on
the verge of victory. At this point U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered a massive armed
intervention.
On April 28 1965, in an effort to rescue American civilians and others who were put into
harm’s way by the incipient civil war, and to forestall what he claims will be a “communist
dictatorship” in the Dominican Republic, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson sent more than
22,000 U.S. troops to restore order on the island nation. Johnson’s action provoked loud protests
in Latin America and skepticism among many in the United States. By April 29, 1,500 Marines
were in Santo Domingo to create a safe corridor for foreign civilians trapped by the fighting, and
within days more than 22,000 U.S. troops had arrived.
The U.S. armed intervention—which came to be known as Operation POWER PACK—
had three primary objectives:
1. Evacuate all non-military U.S. personnel
2. Defeat the Dominican rebels and restore order to Santo Domingo
3. Re-install a democratic government in the Dominican Republic
Following Johnson’s orders to evacuate all U.S. citizens from the Dominican Republic,
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and Secretary of State Dean Rusk urged the President
not to involve the United States further...Despite warnings, President Johnson was determined
not to let another domino fall in his backyard and on May 7, 1965 in a televised address he
declared, “We will defend our nation against all those who seek to destroy not only the
United States but every free country of this hemisphere.”
Center for Strategic and International Studies,
Civil Affairs in the Dominican Republic
http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090129_dominican_republic_study.pdf
Perhaps President Johnson hoped that a resolute show of force would bring the matter to a swift
conclusion; but contrary to Johnson’s expectation, this conflict is lasting longer than and
resulting in more Dominican casualties than expected.
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Johnson's intervention was
criticized by Latin America's
democracies (Mexico and
Chile), which viewed his action
as the end of Roosevelt's Good
Neighbor Policy. While
President Johnson wanted a
rapid end to the rebellion, he did
not want unnecessary killing to
alienate the Dominicans and
push them into the communists’
arms. “After being informed
that an American invasion of
the Dominican Republic was also a violation of the non-intervention clause of the Organization
of American States (OAS) Charter,” notes the CSIS, “Johnson also sought to appease the
governments of several Latin American countries by involving them as much as possible in later
peacekeeping efforts.” The hemisphere's dictatorships cooperated, and dispatched 500 soldiers
(including Brazilian, Nicaraguan, Honduran, and Paraguayan) to Santo Domingo to serve in an
Inter-American Peace Force under U.S. General Bruce Palmer. These forces are provided under
the auspices of the OAS (a United Nations-like institution for the Western Hemisphere,
dominated by the United States). They have been working to bring an end to the fighting and
hope to install a conservative, non-military government.
Source:(http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/(dominican7intervention71.htm
Currently, the United Nations is appealing for a truce to settle the fighting in the Dominican
Republic, and is asking for both the United States’ intervention forces and both sides of the
Dominican conflict to stop fighting. The UN hopes that the Dominican Republic junta will agree
to a truce shortly.
Sources:
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch24-DR.html
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-troops-land-in-the-dominican-republic
https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19650518&id=rxpbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=404NAAAAIBAJ&pg=7111,1688921&hl=en
http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/PowerPack.pdf
Key Actors Involved
General Rafael Trujillo was the leader of the Dominican Republic from his election in
1930 until his assassination in 1961. During his campaign in 1930, Trujillo was known to have
organized a secret police to torture the supporters of his opponents, thus winning the election by
a landslide. Recognized as a dictator, Trujillo often oppressed much of the Dominican population
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and ruled with violent measures at times. His assassination prompted a cycle of effects that led to
the present situation in the Dominican Republic.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/dominican-republic/rafael-trujillo.htm
~ article about Dominican Republic ruler (1930s - 1961 assassination) Trujillo
http://www.biography.com/people/rafael-trujillo-39891#military-career
Former Dominican President Juan Bosch is a central figure to the current situation in the
Dominican Republic. Democratically elected in 1962, he was removed from office by a military
coup which set up a civilian triumvirate. It was pro-Bosch supporters that wanted him to return
to power that began the revolt against the triumvirate.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/dominican-republic/bosch-dies.htm
~ article about Dominican Republic former president Juan Bosch
General Elias Wessin y Wessin was the leader of the opposition against Bosch. Assisted
by the United States to overcome the pro-Bosch movement, he organized the bombing of Santo
Domingo and the fighting against those supporting Bosch. He was so important to the anti-Bosch
fighting in the Dominican situation that he was on the cover of Time magazine on May 7, 1965.
http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19650507,00.html
The United States of America plays a major role in the present situation in the Dominican
Republic in its involvement with the anti-Bosch supporters. During the Cold War, the United
States is still focused on the policy of the containment of communism. President Lyndon B.
Johnson has expressed his concern about the Dominican Republic going down a communist path
like Cuba and supports the anti-communist, far-right populace of the country. This leads to
fueling the situation and has resulted in much of the fighting over the past few weeks, especially
after the invasion of 22,000 American troops onto the island.
http://millercenter.org/president/lbjohnson/speeches/speech-4033
~ U.S. President Lyndon Johnson’s speech, 2 May 1965, on Dominican Republic situation
The Organization of American States (OAS) plays a part leading up to the current
Dominican Republic situation as well as one similar to the United Nations in its advisory role.
Made up of most of the sovereign states located in North America, Central America, the
Caribbean, and South America, OAS had been discussing the Dominican Republic since 1960.
After adopting a resolution calling for the severance of diplomatic ties with the Dominican
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Republic in 1960, the OAS became a place for nearby states to express their concern about the
civil turmoil occurring in the state. The OAS is also responsible for gathering information for the
United Nations pertinent to the events in the current situation.
http://www.oas.org/en/about/our_history.asp
United Nations Involvement
The Security Council has remained possessed of this issue since it was referred to the Council by
the Soviet Union on 3 May 1965. Several sessions have discussed the issue, resulting in one
preliminary resolution of interest:
http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1965.shtml
~ 1965 UN Security Council Resolutions
Specifically: S/RES/203 (14 May 1965)
For deeper background, delegates might also consider this resolution from 1960:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_156
Questions to Ponder
We urge all delegates in the Historic Security Council sessions to read and think about these
questions, to do additional research if needed, and to draft some ideas about how to answer each
question as you prepare for the deliberations on conference day.
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Where does your country stand with regard to the government of the Dominican
Republic? Do you have a reason to support the triumvirate and the Loyalists, who are
associated with those who forced Bosch from power in 1963? Or, on the other hand,
maybe your country favors the constitutionalistas (the Constitutionalists) for ideological
reasons (if your country is pro-Communist, for example) or for reasons of democracy (the
Constitutionalists want to reinstate the government that was democratically elected in
1962) or for practical reasons (your country has some kind of dispute with the triumvirate
government of the Dominican Republic). Conduct some research about your country in
spring 1965 to determine where you stand with regard to the triumvirate government in
the Dominican Republic, and decide whether you will try to support it, argue against it, or
remain neutral on this matter.
•
Where does your country stand on the United States’ deployment of troops to the
Dominican Republic? From your country’s perspective, was this a charitable act meant
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primarily to protect the innocent? Or was this part of a dangerous escalation of the Cold
War? What about a third interpretation, that is perhaps likely for countries in the Third
World (what we would call the developing world): that the United States was acting as a
“neoimperialist” country—that is, using its power to interfere in the affairs of a weaker
neighboring country to make it possible to exploit that country? Advocates of this
alternative interpretation would point to the virtual takeover of the Dominican Republic
by the United States earlier in the century, the creation of deep economic ties with the
Dominican Republic that brought massive profits to American companies, and the United
States’ manipulation of politics in the Dominican Republic to keep in power government
officials who were friendly to the U.S. and its business interests; when Bosch was elected
to power in 1962, his economic reforms may have threatened U.S. interests, and therefore
the U.S. had an incentive to help Bosch’s opponents remove him from power (see for
example: https://amte.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/the-1965-revolution-in-the-dominican-republic/). Do
you find this alternative interpretation plausible? In 1965, would the government of the
country to which you are assigned see the United States as a “neoimperialist” country that
was using its military power in dangerous ways? Or was the U.S. government truly trying
to use its forces for good—to maintain peace and stability in a country prone to political
violence that threatened the safety of civilians?
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What should the United Nations Security Council do in this situation? What can it do?
And perhaps even more important, given the opposition between the United States and
the USSR during the Cold War, what can’t the Security Council do? Is this a case where
the UN is better off allowing a regional international organization—the OAS—deal with
the crisis, or should the United Nations get involved? Keep in mind that peacekeeping
operations at this time in history are very new and not used very often, especially within a
single country (they are more common in border areas where two or more countries
meet).
•
If the Security Council attempts to formulate a resolution, what should the resolution say?
Such resolutions have the force of international law, so it is important to take care when
writing one. What sorts of precedents, if any, should be considered in this case? What, if
anything, does the Security Council think should be included in a resolution that
presumably is meant to encourage (1) peace and security in the Dominican Republic, the
Caribbean region, and beyond; and (2) democracy, political stability, and the
protection of human rights in the Dominican Republic and countries like it?
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Resources
Jeremy Patrick White, “Civil Affairs in the Dominican Republic.” Center for Strategic &
International Studies (CSIS) paper on International Security.
http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090129_dominican_republic_study.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19343656
http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0071.xml
Appendix
Summary of Political Developments, Crisis, and Conflict in the Dominican Republic, 1959-1965
Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management (DADM) Project, University of Central Arkansas
[While Trujillo was still in power] Dominican exiles attempted an invasion from Cuba on June 14, 1959,
but the invasion was defeated by government troops. Some 80 individuals were killed during the
invasions. Venezuela accused the Dominican Republic of "flagrant violations of human rights," and
referred the matter to the Organization of American States (OAS) Council on February 5, 1960. The OAS
Council established a four member fact-finding mission (El Salvador, Mexico, Uruguay, U.S.) to
investigate the accusation beginning on February 8, 1960. On June 8, 1960, the OAS fact-finding
commission reported that the Dominican Republic had violated the human rights of its citizens.
The U.S. government imposed military sanctions (suspension of military assistance) and economic
sanctions (withdrawal of the sugar quota) against the government of the Dominican Republic in June
1960. The Congress declared a state-of-emergency at President Trujillo's request on July 1, 1960.
President Trujillo resigned on August 2, 1960, and Vice-President Joaquin Balaguer was sworn in as
president on August 3, 1960. OAS foreign ministers imposed diplomatic sanctions (suspension of
diplomatic relations) and military sanctions (arms embargo) against the government on August 19, 1960.
Provincial and local elections were held on December 15, 1960.
OAS foreign ministers imposed economic sanctions against the government on January 4, 1961. Roman
Catholic Bishop Thomas Reilly accused the government of "acts of intimidation and persecution" on
March 12, 1961. General Rafael Trujillo was assassinated by a group led by General Juan Tomas Diaz
(possibly with the assistance of the U.S. C.I.A.) on May 30, 1961, and two of the assassins were killed by
government police. The U.S. government mobilized naval ships in the area between May 30, 1961 and
June 10, 1961. Lt. General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Martínez ("Ramfis Trujillo"), the son of the former
dictator, took over as chief-of-staff of the Dominican armed forces on June 2, 1961. President Joaquin
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Balaguer promised to democratize the country and hold multiparty elections the following year. The U.S.
government referred the matter of reports of human rights abuses by Dominican police to the OAS
Council on June 2, 1961.
The OAS Council established a five-member fact-finding mission headed by Augusto Guillermo Arango
of Panama on June 5, 1961. The OAS fact-finding mission returned to Washington DC on June 15, 1961.
The National Civic Union (Unión Cívica Nacional--UCN) was established on July 15, 1961. President
Balaguer requested electoral assistance from the OAS Council on August 6, 1961. The OAS Council
established a technical assistance mission to the country on August 7, 1961. The OAS mission, which
consisted of representatives from Panama, Uruguay, and the U.S. (including three staff members),
provided technical assistance from August 24 to October 19, 1961 and June 24 to December 20, 1962.
The OAS fact-finding mission headed by Augusto Guillermo Arango of Panama returned to the
Dominican Republic on September 12, 1961. Government police and demonstrators clashed in Ciudad
Trujillo and other cities on October 16-25, 1961, resulting in the deaths of four individuals. Lt. General
Ramfis Trujillo resigned as chief-of-staff of the armed forces, and fled the country on November 17,
1961. President Balaguer assumed control of the armed forces, and declared a state-of-emergency on
November 19, 1961. The U.S. government deployed 14 naval ships near the country in support of
President Balaguer between November 19 and December 5, 1961. Francisco Jose Oyarzun of Chile
mediated negotiations between President Balaguer and Viriato Alberto Fiallo, leader of the UCN, in Santo
Domingo on December 4-5, 1961. The PD was formally dissolved as a political party on December 28,
1961. President Balaguer relinquished power on December 31, 1961, and a seven-member provisional
Council of State was installed on January 1, 1962.
The OAS Council lifted economic sanctions against the government on January 4, 1962, and the U.S.
government provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the provisional government of the
Dominican Republic on January 7, 1962. Government troops fired on demonstrators in Santo Domingo
on January 15, 1962, resulting in the deaths of four individuals. The Council of State was overthrown by a
seven-member military junta on January 16, 1962, but the military junta was overthrown on January 18,
1962. Rafael Bonnelly was installed as chairman of the Council of State, and President Balaguer went
into exile. The Council of State imposed a state-of-emergency on February 21, 1962. The U.S.
government agreed to provide military assistance to the government of the Dominican Republic on March
8, 1962.
Legislative elections were held on December 20, 1962, and the Dominican Revolutionary Party (Partido
Revolucionario Dominicano - PRD) won 49 out of 74 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The National
Civic Union (Unión Cívica Nacional--UCN) won 20 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Juan Bosch
Gavino of the PRD was elected president with some 60 percent of the vote on December 20, 1962, and he
was inaugurated as president on February 27, 1963. The OAS sent 36 observers from 17 countries to
monitor the presidential election from December 17-21, 1962. Government troops suppressed a rebellion
in Palma Sol on December 28-30, 1962, resulting in the deaths of some 30 individuals.
Post-Crisis Phase (February 28, 1963-September 24, 1963): A new constitution went into effect on
April 29, 1963. On April 1, 1963, the government of President Juan Bosch permitted the return from
exile of Maximo Lopez Molina, leader of the Dominican People's Party (DPP). A new constitution was
promulgated on April 19, 1963. The Reformist Party (Partido Reformista - PR) was established by
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Joaquin Balaguer in July 1963. On July 12, 1963, General Elías Wessin y Wessin issued an ultimatum to
President Bosch to adopt an anti-communist stance, but the ultimatum was rejected by President Bosch.
Crisis Phase (September 25, 1963-April 23, 1965): President Juan Bosch was deposed in a right-wing
military coup led by General Elías Wessin y Wessin on September 25, 1963, and a military-backed
provisional government headed by Dr. Emilio de los Santos assumed power and abolished the
constitution on September 26, 1963. The U.S. government imposed diplomatic sanctions (suspension of
diplomatic relations), economic sanctions (suspension of economic assistance), and military sanctions
(suspension of military assistance) against the Dominican Republic on September 25, 1963. The
Venezuelan government imposed diplomatic sanctions (suspension of diplomatic relations) against the
government on September 25, 1963. The provisional government declared a state of siege in Santo
Domingo on October 7, 1963.
The governments of Britain, France, West Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Honduras provided
diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the provisional government on November 1, 1963. The
U.S. government provided diplomatic assistance (diplomatic recognition) to the military junta and
military assistance beginning on December 12, 1963. Aurelio Manuel "Manolo" Tavarez Justo, and some
19 other members of the left-wing June 14th Revolutionary Movement surrendered and were killed to
government troops on December 21, 1963. Dr. Emilio de los Santos resigned as head of the militarybacked provisional government, and Donald Joseph Reid Cabral was appointed as head of the provisional
government on December 23, 1963. The U.S. government provided $100 million in economic assistance
to the military junta between January 1964 and April 1965.
Conflict Phase (April 24, 1965-May 21, 1965): Some 2,700 Dominican soldiers led by Colonel
Francisco Caamano Deno rebelled against the government of President Reid Cabral on April 24, 1965.
The rebels seized the radio station and the headquarters of the army in Santo Domingo. President Reid
Cabral was overthrown during a military rebellion led by Colonel Francisco Caamano on April 25-26,
1965, and Jose Rafael Molina Urena was named provisional president on April 26, 1965. General Elias
Wessin y Wessin led a rebellion against the government of President Molina Urena. President Molina
Urena requested military assistance from the U.S. on April 27, 1965. Some 32,000 U.S. troops were
deployed in support of the government beginning on April 28, 1965.
The Vatican (Papal Nuncio) attempted to mediate a ceasefire agreement on April 28-30, 1965. The OAS
Council appealed for a ceasefire and offered to mediate on April 29, 1965. The OAS Council established
a good offices commission (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Panama) chaired by Ricardo
Colombo of Argentina on April 30, 1965. The OAS Council established Operation Socorro (Operation
Help) consisting of 30 personnel to provide humanitarian assistance to some 500,000 individuals affected
by the conflict on May 3, 1965.
The Soviet Union referred the matter to the United Nations (UN) Security Council, and the UN Security
Council held 16 meetings concerning the matter from May 3-25, 1965…The UN Security Council
approved a resolution on May 14, 1965, which appealed for a cessation of military hostilities and invited
the UN secretary-general to send a representative to the Dominican Republic.
http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/dominican-republic-1902-present/
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