Dominican Republic

Dominican Republic
1
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
RepÄblica Dominicana (Spanish)
Motto:Ä"Dios, Patria, Libertad"
(Spanish)"God, Fatherland, Liberty"
Anthem:Ä
Himno Nacional
"National Anthem"
Capital
(and largest city)
Santo Domingo
19Ä00ÄN 70Ä40ÄW
Official language(s)
Spanish
Ethnic groups
73%: Multiracial
Demonym
[1]
[1]
16%: White
11%: Black
Dominican
[2][3]
Government
Unitary and Democratic Republic
[3]
Representative Democracy
Å-Å
President
Leonel FernÇndez
Å-Å
Vice President
Rafael Alburquerque
Å-Å
President-elect
Danilo Medina
Å-Å
Vice President-elect
Margarita CedeÄo de FernÅndez
Legislature
Congress
Å-Å
Upper house
Senate
Å-Å
Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Independence
or
[1]
Dominican Republic
2
[3]
Å-Å
from Spain
December 1, 1821
Å-Å
from Haiti
February 27, 1844
Å-Å
from Spain
August 16, 1865
[3]
[3]
Area
Å-Å
Total
48442Åkm2Å(130th)
18704ÅsqÅmiÅ
Å-Å
WaterÅ(%)
0.7
[2]
Population
Å-Å
2010Åcensus
9,378,818Å
Å-Å
Density
193.6/km2Å(60
501.5/sqÅmi
[4]
GDPÅ(PPP)
)
2011Åestimate
[5]
Å-Å
Total
$93.383 billion
Å-Å
Per capita
$9,286
[5]
GDP (nominal)
2011Åestimate
[5]
Å-Å
Total
$56.700 billion
Å-Å
Per capita
$5,638
[5]
[2]
GiniÅ(2005)
49.9
Å(high)Å
[6]
HDIÅ(2010)
0.663
[3]
Å(medium)Å(88th)
Currency
Peso
Time zone
Atlantic (UTC-4
(DOP)
[2]
)
Drives on the
right
ISOÄ3166Äcode
DO
Internet TLD
.do
Calling code
+1-809, +1-829, +1-849
[2]
Sources for:
É
[3]
area, capital, coat of arms, coordinates, flag, language, motto, and names:Å.
[2]
code 809, and Internet TLD:Å
For an alternate area figure of 48,730 km2, calling
i
Dominican Republic (
/dÅÇmÉnÉkÅnrÉÑpÖblÉk/; Spanish: RepÇblica Dominicana Spanish
pronunciation:Å[reÑpuÑlika ÖominiÑkana]) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago
in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of
two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the
second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with 48442 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'ÅsqÅmi)
and an estimated 10 million people.[3][7]
The
TaÜnos inhabited what is now the Dominican Republic since the 7th century. Christopher Columbus landed on it in
1492, and it became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, namely Santo Domingo, the
country's capital and Spain's first capital in the New World. Santo Domingo can boast of many firsts in the
Americas, including the first cathedral, and castle, both in the Ciudad Colonial area, a UNESCO World Heritage
Dominican Republic
Site.[3][8]
After three centuries of Spanish rule, with French and Haitian interludes, the country became independent in 1821
under the rule of a former colonial judge who maintained the system of slavery and limited rights for the mostly
mulatto and black population. The ruler, Josá Nàâez de CÇceres, intended that the Dominican Republic be part of the
nation of Gran Colombia, but he was quickly removed by the Haitian government and "Dominican" slave revolts.
Victorious in the Dominican War of Independence in 1844, Dominicans experienced mostly internal strife, and also
a brief return to Spanish rule, over the next 72 years. The United States occupation of 1916Ü1924, and a subsequent
calm and prosperous six-year period under Horacio VÇsquez Lajara, were followed by the dictatorship of Rafael
Leonidas Trujillo Molina until 1961. The civil war of 1965, the country's last, was ended by a U.S.-led intervention,
and was followed by the authoritarian rule of JoaquÜn Balaguer, 1966Ü1978. Since then, the Dominican Republic has
moved toward representative democracy,[2] and has been led by Leonel FernÇndez for most of the time after 1996.
The Dominican Republic has the second largest economy in the Caribbean and Central American region.[9][10]
Though long known for sugar production, the economy is now dominated by services.[2] The country's economic
progress is exemplified by its advanced telecommunication system.[11] Nevertheless, unemployment,[2] government
corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems. The country also has "marked
income inequality".[2]
International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly, as it receives and sends large flows of migrants.
Haitian immigration and the integration of Dominicans of Haitian descent are major issues; the total population of
Haitian origin is estimated at 800,000.[12] A large Dominican diaspora exists, most of it in the United States, where it
numbers 1.3 million.[13] They aid national development as they send billions of dollars to their families, accounting
for one-tenth of the Dominican GDP.[2][14]
The Dominican Republic has become the Caribbean's largest tourist destination; the country's year-round golf
courses are among the top attractions.[11] In this mountainous land is located the Caribbean's highest mountain, Pico
Duarte, as is Lake Enriquillo, the Caribbean's largest lake and lowest elevation.[15] Quisqueya, as Dominicans often
call their country, has an average temperature of 26 ÄC (unknown operator: u'strong'ÅÄF) and great biological
diversity.[11]
Music and sport are of the highest importance in Dominican culture, with merengue as the national dance and song
and baseball the favorite sport.[3]
Etymology
Its name is derived from the capital city Santo Domingo, which was named by Bartholomew Columbus on August 5,
1498 as La Nueva Isabela, Santo Domingo del Puerto de la Isla de la EspaÄola, named either or both after the sacred
day Sunday (the Latin word Dominicus meaning the "Lord's day") and Saint Dominic, whose feast day is August 4.
The demonym or adjective is "Dominican" in English, but with the syllable stress being on the first "i" (that
distinguishes it from same word used in reference to the Commonwealth of Dominica, in which case the stress is on
the second "i").
History
The TaÅnos
The Arawakan-speaking TaÜnos moved into Hispaniola, displacing earlier inhabitants,[16] c. AD 650. They engaged
in farming and fishing,[17] and hunting and gathering.[16] The fierce Caribs drove the TaÜnos to the northeastern
Caribbean during much of the 15th century.[18] The estimates of Hispaniola's population in 1492 vary widely,
including one hundred thousand,[19] three hundred thousand,[16] and four hundred thousand to two million.[20]
Determining precisely how many people lived on the island in pre-Columbian times is next to impossible, as no
3
Dominican Republic
accurate records exist.[21] By 1492 the island was divided into five TaÜno chiefdoms.
The Spanish arrived in 1492. After initially friendly relationships, the TaÜnos resisted the conquest, led by the female
Chief Anacaona of Xaragua and her ex-husband Chief Caonabo of Maguana, as well as Chiefs Guacanagarix,
GuamÇ, Hatuey, and Enriquillo. The latter's successes gained his people an autonomous enclave for a time on the
island. Nevertheless, within a few years after 1492 the population of TaÜnos had declined drastically, due to
smallpox, genocide, execution[22] and other diseases that arrived with the Europeans,[23] and from other causes
discussed below. The last record of pure TaÜnos in the country was from 1864. Still, TaÜno biological heritage
survived to an important extent, due to intermixing. Census records from 1514 reveal that 40% of Spanish men in the
colony had TaÜno wives, and some present-day Dominicans have TaÜno ancestry.[24][25] Tainos were stated to be
extinct in Hispanola by as a result of genocide by the Spanairds.[26] "By 1535, say the leading scholars on this grim
topic for all practical purposes, the native population was extinct."[27] Remnants of the Taino culture include their
cave paintings,[28] as well as pottery designs which are still used in the small artisan village of Higäerito, Moca.
Spanish rule
Christopher Columbus arrived on Hispaniola on December
5, 1492, during the first of his four voyages to America. He
claimed the island for Spain and named it La EspaÄola. In
1496 Bartholomew Columbus, Christopher's brother, built
the city of Santo Domingo, Europe's first permanent
settlement in the "New World". The Spaniards created a
plantation economy on the island.[19] The colony was the
springboard for the further Spanish conquest of America
and for decades the headquarters of Spanish power in the
hemisphere.
The TaÜnos nearly disappeared, above all, from European
infectious diseases to which they had no immunity.[29]
AlcÇzar de Colãn, located in Santo Domingo, is the oldest
Other causes were abuse, suicide, the breakup of family,
Viceregal residence in America.
starvation,[16] enslavement, forced labor, torture, war with
the Spaniards, changes in lifestyle, and miscegenation.
Laws passed for the Indians' protection (beginning with the Laws of Burgos, 1512Ü1513)[30] were never truly
enforced. Yet as stated above, the TaÜnos did survive. Some scholars believe that las Casas exaggerated the Indian
population decline in an effort to persuade King Carlos to intervene, and that encomenderos also exaggerated it, in
order to receive permission to import more African slaves. Moreover, censuses of the time omitted the Indians who
fled into remote communities,[24] where they often joined with runaway Africans (cimarrones), producing Zambos.
Also, Mestizos who were culturally Spanish were counted as Spaniards, some Zambos as black, and some Indians as
Mulattos.
Santo Domingo's population saw a spectacular increase during the 18th century, as it rose from some 6,000 in 1737
to about 125,000 in 1790. Approximately, this was composed of 40,000 white landowners, 25,000 black or mulatto
freedmen, and 60,000 slaves.[31]
After its conquest of the Aztecs and Incas, Spain neglected its Caribbean holdings. French buccaneers settled in
western Hispaniola, and by the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, Spain ceded the area to France. France created the wealthy
colony Saint-Domingue there, with a population 90% slave, and overall four times as populous (500,000 to 125,000)
as the Spanish area at the end of the 18th century.[31]
4
Dominican Republic
French rule
France came to own the island in 1795, when by the Peace of Basel Spain ceded Santo Domingo as a consequence of
the French Revolutionary Wars. At the time, Saint-Domingue's slaves, led by Toussaint Louverture, were in revolt
against France. In 1801 they captured Santo Domingo, thus controlling the entire island; but in 1802 an army sent by
Napoleon captured Toussaint Louverture and sent him to France as prisoner. However, Toussaint Louverture's
lieutenants, and yellow fever, succeeded in expelling the French again from Saint-Domingue, which in 1804 the
rebels made independent as the Republic of Haiti. Eastwards, France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo.
In 1808, following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the criollos of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule and,
with the aid of Great Britain (Spain's ally) and Haiti,[32] returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control.[33]
Ephemeral independence and Haitian occupation
After a dozen years of discontent and failed independence plots by various
groups, Santo Domingo's former Lieutenant-Governor (top administrator), Josá
Nàâez de CÇceres, declared the colony's independence as Spanish Haiti, on
November 30, 1821. He requested the new state's admission to Simãn BolÜvar's
republic of Gran Colombia, but Haitian forces, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, invaded
just nine weeks later, in February 1822.[34]
As Toussaint Louverture had done two decades earlier, the Haitians abolished
slavery. But they also nationalized most private property, including all the
property of landowners who had left in the wake of the invasion; much Church
property; as well as all property belonging to the former rulers, the Spanish
Crown. Boyer also placed more emphasis on cash crops grown on large
plantations, reformed the tax system, and allowed foreign trade. The new system
was widely opposed by Dominican farmers, although it produced a boom in
Juan Pablo Duarte is widely
sugar and coffee production. All levels of education collapsed; the university was
considered the architect of the
Dominican Republic and its
shut down, as it was starved both of resources and students, with young
independence
from Haitian rule in
Dominican men from 16 to 25 years old being drafted into the Haitian army.
1844.
Boyer's occupation troops, who were largely Dominicans, were unpaid, and had
to "forage and sack" from Dominican civilians. Haiti imposed a "heavy tribute"
on the Dominican people.[35]:page number needed Many whites fled Santo Domingo for Puerto Rico and Cuba (both still
under Spanish rule), Venezuela, and elsewhere. In the end the economy faltered and taxation became more onerous.
Rebellions occurred even by Dominican freedmen, while Dominicans and Haitians worked together to oust Boyer
from power. Anti-Haitian movements of several kinds Ü pro-independence, pro-Spanish, pro-French, pro-British,
pro-United States Ü gathered force following the overthrow of Boyer in 1843.[35]:page number needed
Independence
5
Dominican Republic
6
In 1838 Juan Pablo Duarte founded a secret society called La
Trinitaria, which sought the complete independence of Santo Domingo
without any foreign intervention.[36]:p147Ü149 MatÜas Ramãn Mella and
Francisco del Rosario SÇnchez, despite not being among the founding
members of La Trinitaria, were decisive in the fight for independence.
Duarte, Mella, and SÇnchez are considered the three Founding Fathers
of the Dominican Republic. On February 27, 1844, the Trinitarios (the
members of La Trinitaria), declared the independence from Haiti. They
Dominican flag from 1844 to 1849
were backed by Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle rancher from El Seibo,
who became general of the army of the nascent Republic. The Dominican Republic's first Constitution was adopted
on November 6, 1844, and was modeled after the United States Constitution.[17]
The decades that followed were filled with tyranny, factionalism, economic difficulties, rapid changes of
government, and exile for political opponents. Threatening the nation's independence were renewed Haitian
invasions occurring in 1844, 1845Ü49, 1849Ü55, and 1855Ü56.[35]:page number needed
Meanwhile, archrivals Santana and Buenaventura BÇez held power most of the time, both ruling arbitrarily. They
promoted competing plans to annex the new nation to another power: Santana favored Spain, and BÇez the United
States.
The voluntary colony and the Restoration republic
In 1861, after imprisoning, silencing, exiling, and executing many of
his opponents and due to political and economic reasons, Santana
signed a pact with the Spanish Crown and reverted the Dominican
nation to colonial status, the only Latin American country to do so. His
ostensible aim was to protect the nation from another Haitian
annexation.[37] But opponents launched the War of the Restoration in
1863, led by Santiago RodrÜguez, Benito Monciãn, and Gregorio
Luperãn, among others. Haiti, fearful of the re-establishment of Spain
as colonial power on its border, gave refuge and supplies to the
revolutionaries.[37] The United States, then fighting its own Civil War,
vigorously protested the Spanish action. After two years of fighting,
Spain abandoned the island in 1865.[37]
Political strife again prevailed in the following years; warlords ruled,
General Gregorio Luperãn, Restoration hero and
military revolts were extremely common, and the nation amassed debt.
later President of the Republic
It was now BÇez's turn to act on his plan of annexing the country to the
United
States,
where
two
successive
presidents
were
supportive.[17][34][38] U.S. President Grant desired a naval base at SamanÇ and also a place for resettling newly freed
Blacks.[39] The treaty, which included U.S. payment of $1.5 million for Dominican debt repayment, was defeated in
the United States Senate in 1870[34] on a vote of 28Ü28, two-thirds being required.[40][41][42]
Dominican Republic
7
BÇez was toppled in 1874, returned, and was toppled for good in 1878.
A new generation was thence in charge, with the passing of Santana
(he died in 1864) and BÇez from the scene. Relative peace came to the
country in the 1880s, which saw the coming to power of General
Ulises Heureaux.[43]
"LilÜs", as the new president was nicknamed, enjoyed a period of
popularity. He was, however, "a consummate dissembler", who put the
nation deep into debt while using much of the proceeds for his personal
use and to maintain his police state. Heureaux became rampantly
despotic and unpopular.[43][44] In 1899 he was assassinated. However,
the relative calm over which he presided allowed improvement in the
Dominican economy. The sugar industry was modernized,[45]:p10 and
the country attracted foreign workers and immigrants, both from the
Old World and the New.
Ulises 'LilÜs' Heureaux, President of the Republic
1882Ü84, 1886Ü99
From 1902 on, short-lived governments were again the norm, with
their power usurped by caudillos in parts of the country. Furthermore, the national government was bankrupt and,
unable to pay Heureaux's debts, faced the threat of military intervention by France and other European creditor
powers.[46]
U.S. interventions and occupation
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt sought to prevent European intervention, largely to protect the routes to the
future Panama Canal, as the canal was already under construction. He made a small military intervention to ward off
the European powers, proclaimed his famous Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and in 1905 obtained
Dominican agreement for U.S. administration of Dominican customs, then the chief source of income for the
Dominican government. A 1906 agreement provided for the arrangement to last 50 years. The United States agreed
to use part of the customs proceeds to reduce the immense foreign debt of the Dominican Republic, and assumed
responsibility for said debt.[17][46]
After six years in power, President Ramãn CÇceres (who had himself assassinated Heureaux)[43] was assassinated in
1911. The result was several years of great political instability and civil war. U.S. mediation by the William Howard
Taft and Woodrow Wilson administrations achieved only a short respite each time. A political deadlock in 1914 was
broken after an ultimatum by Wilson telling Dominicans to choose a president or see the U.S. impose one. A
provisional president was chosen, and later the same year relatively free elections put former president (1899Ü1902)
Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra back in power. To achieve a more broadly supported government, Jimenes named
opposition individuals to his Cabinet. But this brought no peace and, with his former Secretary of War Desiderio
Arias maneuvering to depose him and despite a U.S. offer of military aid against Arias, Jimenes resigned on May 7,
1916.[47]
Wilson thus ordered the U.S. occupation of the Dominican Republic.
U.S. Marines landed on May 16, 1916, and had control of the country
two months later. The military government established by the U.S., led
by Rear Admiral Harry Shepard Knapp, was widely repudiated by
Dominicans. U.S. naval officers had to fill some cabinet posts, as
Dominicans refused to serve in the administration. Censorship and
limits on public speech were imposed. The guerrilla war against the
U.S. forces was met with a vigorous, often brutal response.[47]
U.S. Marines during the 1916 occupation
Dominican Republic
8
But the occupation regime, which kept most Dominican laws and institutions, largely pacified the country, revived
the economy, reduced the Dominican debt, built a road network that at last interconnected all regions of the country,
and created a professional National Guard to replace the warring partisan units.[47]
Opposition to the occupation continued, however, and after World War I it increased in the U.S. as well. There,
President Warren G. Harding (1921Ü23), Wilson's successor, worked to end the occupation, as he had promised to
do during his campaign. U.S. government ended in October 1922, and elections were held in March 1924.[47]
The victor was former president (1902Ü03) Horacio VÇsquez Lajara, who had cooperated with the U.S. He was
inaugurated on July 13, and the last U.S. forces left in September. VÇsquez gave the country six years of good
government, in which political and civil rights were respected and the economy grew strongly, in a peaceful
atmosphere.[47][48]
The Trujillo Era
In February 1930, when VÇsquez attempted to win another term,
opponents rebelled, in secret alliance with the commander of the
National Army (the former National Guard), General Rafael Leonidas
Trujillo Molina, by which the latter remained 'neutral' in face of the
rebellion. VÇsquez resigned. Trujillo then stood for election himself,
and in May was elected president virtually unopposed, after a violent
campaign against his opponents.[48]
Rafael Leãnidas Trujillo ruled the Dominican
Republic from 1930 to 1961.
There was considerable economic growth during Trujillo's long and
iron-fisted regime, although a great deal of the wealth was taken by the
dictator and other regime elements. There was progress in healthcare,
education, and transportation, with the building of hospitals and
clinics, schools, and roads and harbors. Trujillo also carried out an
important housing construction program and instituted a pension plan.
He finally negotiated an undisputed border with Haiti in 1935, and
achieved the end of the 50-year customs agreement in 1941, instead of
1956. He made the country debt-free in 1947,[17] a proud achievement
for Dominicans for decades to come.
This was accompanied by absolute repression and the copious use of murder, torture, and terrorist methods against
the opposition. Moreover, Trujillo's megalomania was on display in his renaming after himself the capital city Santo
Domingo to "Ciudad Trujillo" (Trujillo City),[17] the nation'sáand the Caribbean'sáhighest mountain Pico Duarte
(Duarte Peak) to "Pico Trujillo", and many towns and a province. Some other places he renamed after members of
his family. By the end of his first term in 1934 he was the country's wealthiest person,[36]:p360 and one of the
wealthiest in the world by the early 1950s;[49] near the end of his regime his fortune was an estimated $800
million.[45]:p111
In 1937 Trujillo (who was himself one-quarter Haitian),[50] in an event known as the Parsley Massacre or, in the
Dominican Republic, as El Corte (The Cutting),[51] ordered the Army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side
of the border. The Army killed an estimated 17,000 to 35,000 Haitians over six days, from the night of October 2,
1937 through October 8, 1937. To avoid leaving evidence of the Army's involvement, the soldiers used machetes
rather than bullets.[34][50][52] The soldiers of Trujillo were said to have interrogated anyone with dark skin, using the
shibboleth perejil (parsley) to tell Haitians from Dominicans when necessary; the 'r' of perejil was of difficult
pronunciation for Haitians.[51] As a result of the massacre, the Dominican Republic agreed to pay Haiti US$750,000,
later reduced to US$525,000.[37][48]
Dominican Republic
9
On November 25, 1960 Trujillo killed three of the four Mirabal sisters, nicknamed Las Mariposas (The Butterflies).
The victims were Patria Mercedes Mirabal (born on February 27, 1924), Argentina Minerva Mirabal (born on March
12, 1926), and Antonia MarÜa Teresa Mirabal (born on October 15, 1935). Minerva was an aspiring lawyer who was
extremely opposed to Trujillo's dictatorship since Trujillo had begun to make rude sexual advances towards her. The
sisters have received many honors posthumously, and have many memorials in various cities in the Dominican
Republic. Salcedo, their home province, changed its name to Provincia Hermanas Mirabal (Mirabal Sisters
Province). The International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women is observed on the anniversary of
their deaths.
For a long time, the US and the Dominican elite supported the Trujillo government. This support persisted despite
the assassinations of political opposition, the massacre of Haitians, and Trujillo's plots against other countries. The
US believed Trujillo was the lesser of two or more evils.[51] The U.S. finally broke with Trujillo in 1960, after
Trujillo's agents attempted to assassinate the Venezuelan president, Rãmulo Betancourt, a fierce critic of
Trujillo.[48][53] Trujillo was assassinated on May 30, 1961.[48]
Post-Trujillo
In February 1963, a democratically elected government under leftist Juan Bosch took office but was overthrown in
September. In April 1965, after 19 months of military rule, a pro-Bosch revolt broke out.[54] Days later, U.S.
President Lyndon Johnson, concerned that Communists might take over the revolt and create a "second Cuba", sent
the Marines, followed immediately by the Army's 82nd Airborne Division and other elements of the XVIIIth
Airborne Corps in Operation Powerpack. "We don't propose to sit here in a rocking chair with our hands folded and
let the Communist set up any government in the western hemisphere", Johnson said.[55] The forces were soon joined
by comparatively small contingents from the Organization of American States. All these remained in the country for
over a year and left after supervising elections in 1966 won by JoaquÜn Balaguer, who had been Trujillo's last
puppet-president.[17][56]
Balaguer remained in power as president for 12 years. His tenure was a
period of repression of human rights and civil liberties, ostensibly to
keep pro-Castro or pro-communist parties out of power. His rule was
further criticized for a growing disparity between rich and poor. It was,
however, praised for an ambitious infrastructure program, which
included large housing projects, sports complexes, theaters, museums,
aqueducts, roads, highways, and the massive Columbus Lighthouse,
completed in a subsequent tenure in 1992.
President Leonel FernÇndez with Julio Valdez
1978 to present
In 1978, Balaguer was succeeded in the presidency by opposition candidate Antonio GuzmÇn FernÇndez, of the
Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD). Another PRD win in 1982 followed, under Salvador Jorge Blanco. Under
the PRD presidents, the Dominican Republic experienced a period of relative freedom and basic human rights.
Balaguer regained the presidency in 1986, and was re-elected in 1990 and 1994, this last time just defeating PRD
candidate Josá Francisco Peâa Gãmez, a former mayor of Santo Domingo. The 1994 elections were flawed, bringing
on international pressure, to which Balaguer responded by scheduling another presidential contest in 1996.[2] This
time Leonel FernÇndez achieved the first-ever win for the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), which Bosch founded
in 1973 after leaving the PRD (also founded by Bosch). FernÇndez oversaw a fast-growing economy, with growth
averaging 7.7% per year, a drop in unemployment, and stable exchange and inflation rates.[57]
In 2000 the PRD's Hipãlito MejÜa won the election. This was a time of economic troubles,[57] and MejÜa was
defeated in his re-election effort in 2004 by FernÇndez, who won re-election in 2008.[14] FernÇndez and the PLD are
Dominican Republic
10
credited with initiatives that have moved the country forward technologically, such as the construction of the Metro
Railway ("El Metro"). On the other hand, his administrations have also been accused of corruption.[57]
Geography
The Dominican Republic is situated on the eastern part of the
second-largest island in the Greater Antilles, Hispaniola. It shares the
island roughly at a 2:1 ratio with Haiti. The country's area is reported
variously as 48,442Åkmå (by the embassy in the United States)[3] and
48,730Åkmå (by the U.S. CIA),[2] making it the second largest country
in the Antilles, after Cuba. The country's capital and greatest
metropolitan area, Santo Domingo, is located on the southern coast.
The country lies between latitudes 17Ä and 20ÄN, and longitudes 68Ä
and 72ÄW.
There are many small offshore islands and cays that are part of the
Dominican territory. The two largest islands near shore are Saona, in
the southeast, and Beata, in the southwest. To the north, at distances of
Map of the Dominican Republic
100Ü200 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown
operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u'strong' unknown
operator: u'strong'), are three extensive, largely submerged banks, which geographically are a southeast
continuation of the Bahamas: Navidad Bank, Silver Bank, and Mouchoir Bank. Navidad Bank and Silver Bank have
been officially claimed by the Dominican Republic.
The country's mainland has four important mountain ranges. The most northerly is the Cordillera Septentrional
("Northern Mountain Range"), which extends from the northwestern coastal town of Monte Cristi, near the Haitian
border, to the SamanÇ Peninsula in the east, running parallel to the Atlantic coast. The highest range in the
Dominican Republic Ü indeed, in the whole of the West Indies Ü is the Cordillera Central ("Central Mountain
Range"). It gradually bends southwards and finishes near the town of Azua, on the Caribbean coast. In the Cordillera
Central are found the four highest peaks in the Caribbean: Pico Duarte (3098 metresÅ/ unknown operator: u'strong'
feet) above sea level), La Pelona (3094 metresÅ/ unknown operator: u'strong' feet), La Rucilla (3049 metresÅ/
unknown operator: u'strong' feet) and Pico Yaque (2760 metresÅ/ unknown operator: u'strong' feet).
In the southwest corner of the country, south of the Cordillera Central, there are two other ranges. The more
northerly of the two is the Sierra de Neiba, while in the south the Sierra de Bahoruco is a continuation of the Massif
de la Selle in Haiti. There are other, minor mountain ranges, such as the Cordillera Oriental ("Eastern Mountain
Range"), Sierra MartÉn GarcÉa, Sierra de YamasÅ and Sierra de SamanÅ.
Between the Central and Northern mountain ranges lies the rich and fertile Cibao valley. This major valley is home
to the city of Santiago and most of the farming areas in the nation. Rather less productive is the semi-arid San Juan
Valley, south of the Central Cordillera. Still more arid is the Neiba Valley, tucked between the Sierra de Neiba and
the Sierra de Bahoruco. Much of the land in the Enriquillo Basin is below sea level, with a hot, arid, desert-like
environment. There are other smaller valleys in the mountains, such as the Constanza, Jarabacoa, Villa Altagracia,
and Bonao valleys.
Dominican Republic
Cayo Levantado in Samana Bay is one of the
many cays in the D.R.
11
The Llano Costero del Caribe ("Caribbean Coastal Plain") is the
largest of the plains in the Dominican Republic. Stretching north and
east of Santo Domingo, it contains many sugar plantations in the
savannahs that are common there. West of Santo Domingo its width is
reduced to 10 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'Åmi) as it hugs
the coast, finishing at the mouth of the Ocoa River. Another large plain
is the Plena de Azua ("Azua Plain"), a very dry region in Azua
Province.
A few other small coastal plains are in the northern coast and in the
Pedernales Peninsula.
Four major rivers drain the numerous mountains of the Dominican
Republic. The Yaque del Norte is the longest and most important
Dominican river. It carries excess water down from the Cibao Valley
and empties into Monte Cristi Bay, in the northwest. Likewise, the
Yuna River serves the Vega Real and empties into SamanÇ Bay, in the
northeast. Drainage of the San Juan Valley is provided by the San Juan
River, tributary of the Yaque del Sur, which empties into the
Caribbean, in the south. The Artibonito is the longest river of
Hispaniola and flows westward into Haiti.
South shore of Lake Enriquillo, looking
northward to the Sierra de Neiba
There are many lakes and coastal lagoons. The largest lake is Enriquillo, a salt lake at 40 metres (unknown
operator: u'strong'Åft) below sea level, the lowest point in the Caribbean. Other important lakes are Laguna de
Rincãn or Cabral, with freshwater, and Laguna de Oviedo, a lagoon with brackish water.
Climate
The climate of the Dominican Republic is mostly tropical. The annual average temperature is 25 ÄC (unknown
operator: u'strong'ÅÄF). At higher elevations, the temperature averages 18 ÄC (unknown operator: u'strong'ÅÄF)
while near sea level the average temperature is 28 ÄC (unknown operator: u'strong'ÅÄF). Low temperatures of 0 ÄC
(unknown operator: u'strong'ÅÄF) are possible in the mountains while high temperatures of 40 ÄC (unknown
operator: u'strong'ÅÄF) are possible in protected valleys. January and February are the coolest months of the year,
while August is the hottest month. Some snowflakes can fall in rare occasions on the top of the Pico Duarte.[58]
The wet season along the northern coast lasts from November through January. Elsewhere, the wet season stretches
from May through November, with May being the wettest month. Average annual rainfall is 1500 millimetres
(unknown operator: u'strong'Åin) countrywide, with individual locations in the Valle de Neiba seeing averages as
low as 350 millimetres (unknown operator: u'strong'Åin) while the Cordillera Oriental averages 2740 millimetres
(unknown operator: u'strong'Åin). The driest part of the country lies in the west. Tropical cyclones strike the
country every couple of years, with 65Åpercent of the impacts along the southern coast. Hurricanes are most likely
between August and October.[58] The last time a category 5 hurricane struck the country was Hurricane David in
1979.[59]
Dominican Republic
12
Environmental issues
Bajos de Haina, 12 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'Åkm) west of Santo Domingo, was included on the
Blacksmith Institute's list of the world's 10 most polluted places, released in October 2006, due to lead poisoning by
a battery recycling smelter closed in 1999. Cleanup of the site began in 2008, but children continue to be born with
high lead levels, causing learning disabilities, impaired physical growth and kidney failure.[60][61]
Provinces and municipalities
The Dominican Republic is divided into 31 provinces. Santo Domingo, the capital, is designated Distrito Nacional
(National District). The provinces are divided into municipalities (municipios; singular municipio). They are the
second-level political and administrative subdivisions of the country.
Atlantic Ocean
Azua
Baoruco
Barahona
Caribbean Sea
Dajabãn
Distrito Nacional
Duarte
El Seibo
ElÜas
Piâa
Espaillat
Haiti
Dominican Republic
13
Hato Mayor
Hms.
Mrb.
Independencia
Isla Beata
Isla Catalina
Isla Saona
La Altagracia
La
Romana
La Vega
MarÜa
Trinidad
SÇnchez
Monseâor
Nouel
Monte Cristi
Monte Plata
Pedernales
Peravia
Puerto Plata
SamanÇ
San
Cristãbal
San Josá
de Ocoa
San Juan
San Pedro
de MacorÜs
SÇnchez
RamÜrez
Santiago
Santiago
RodrÜguez
Santo
Domingo
Valverde
* The national capital is the city of Santo Domingo, in the Distrito Nacional (DN).
Dominican Republic
14
Name and symbols
Some of the important symbols include the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem, titled Himno Nacional.
The flag has a large white cross that divides it into four quarters. Two quarters are red and two are blue. Red
represents the blood shed by the liberators. Blue expresses God's protection over the nation. The white cross
symbolizes the struggle of the liberators to bequeath future generations a free nation. An alternate interpretation is
that blue represents the ideals of progress and liberty, whereas white symbolizes peace and unity amongst
Dominicans.[62] In the center of the cross is the Dominican coat of arms, in the same colors as the national flag. The
coat of arms pictures a red, white and blue flag-draped shield with a Bible and cross; the shield is surrounded by an
olive branch (on the left) and a palm branch (on the right). A blue ribbon above the shield reads, "Dios, Patria,
Libertad" (meaning "God, Fatherland, Liberty"). A red ribbon under the shield reads, "Repàblica Dominicana"
(meaning "Dominican Republic"). Out of all the flags in the world, the depiction of a Bible is unique to the
Dominican flag.
The national flower is the Bayahibe Rose and the national tree is the West Indian Mahogany.[63] The national bird is
the Cigua Palmera or Palmchat ("Dulus dominicus").[64]
For most of its history (up to independence) the colony was known as Santo Domingo,[31] the name of its present
capital, and its patron saint, Saint Dominic. The residents were called "Dominicanos" (Dominicans), which is the
adjective form of "Domingo", and the revolutionaries named their newly independent country "La Repàblica
Dominicana". At present, the Dominican Republic is one of two nations worldwide (along with the Central African
Republic) with only a demonym-based name.[65] In the national anthem of the Dominican Republic (Himno
Nacional) the term 'Dominican' never appears. The author of its lyrics Emilio Prud'Homme consistently uses the
poetic term Quisqueyanos, that is, "Quisqueyans".
Holidays
Date
Name
Remarks
Non-working day.
January 1
New Year's Day
January 6
Catholic day of the Epiphany Movable.
January 21
Dia de la Altagracia
Non-working day. Patroness Day
(Catholic).
January 26
Duarte's Day
Movable. Founding Father.
February 27
Independence Day
Non-working day. National Day.
(Variable date)
Holy Week
Working days, except Good Friday.
A Catholic holiday.
May 1
Labour Day
Movable.
Last Sunday of May Mother's Day
(Variable date)
Catholic Corpus Christi
Non-working day. A Thursday in May
or June
(60 days after Easter Sunday).
Last Sunday of July Father's Day
August 16
Restoration Day
Non-working day.
September 24
Virgen de las Mercedes
Non-working day. A Patroness Day
(Catholic)
November 6
Constitution Day
Movable.
December 24
Christmas Eve
Dominican Republic
15
December 25
Christmas Day
Non-working day.
Notes:
É Non-working holidays are not moved to another day.
É If a movable holiday falls on Saturday, Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day. If it falls on
Tuesday or Wednesday, the holiday is moved to the previous Monday. If it falls on Thursday or Friday, the
holiday is moved to the next Monday.
Demographics
Population
The population of the Dominican Republic in 2007 was estimated by the United Nations at 9,760,000,[66] which
placed it number 82 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In that year approximately 5% of the
population was over 65 years of age, while 35% of the population was under 15 years of age. There were 103 males
for every 100 females in the country in 2007.[2] According to the UN, the annual population growth rate for
2006Ü2007 is 1.5%, with the projected population for the year 2015 at 10,121,000.
It was estimated by the Dominican government that the population density in 2007 was 192 per kmå (498 per sq mi),
and 63% of the population lived in urban areas.[67] The southern coastal plains and the Cibao Valley are the most
densely populated areas of the country. The capital city, Santo Domingo, had a population of 3,014,000 in 2007.
Other important cities are Santiago de los Caballeros (pop. 756,098), La Romana (pop. 250,000), San Pedro de
MacorÜs, San Francisco de MacorÜs, Puerto Plata, and La Vega. Per the United Nations, the urban population growth
rate for 2000Ü2005 was 2.3%.[68]
Ethnicity
According to the CIA World Factbook, the ethnic composition is self
reported which shows that Dominican population is 73% multiracial,
16% white, and 11% black.[2] The multiracial population is primarily a
mixture of European a significant African of 70%, but there is as well a
minor TaÜno element in the population;[24] research published in 2010
showed that 15% of Dominicans have TaÜno ancestry, and 70% have
African genes.[69] There is also a large Haitian minority. Other ethnic
groups in the country include West Asiansámostly Lebanese, Syrians
Municipal Map of the Dominican Republic
and Palestinians.[70] There are about 30,000 Jamaicans living in the
showing the Ancestry volume due to 2002
Dominican Republic.[71] A significant presence of East Asians,
Census.
primarily ethnic Chinese and Japanese, can also be found.[70]
Europeans are represented mostly by Spanish, German Jews, Italians,
Swiss, Portuguese, British, Dutch, Danes, and Hungarians.[70][72][73] There is also a expatriate community of
Dominicans born in the United States residing in the country.[74]
A system of racial stratification was imposed on Santo Domingo by Spain, as elsewhere in the Spanish Empire. Its
effects have persisted, reaching their culmination in the antihaitianismo of the Trujillo regime, as the dictator used
racial persecution and nationalistic fervor against Haitians.[51][75] In October 2007, a U.N. envoy found that racism
Dominican Republic
16
against blacks in general, and Haitians in particular, is rampant in
every segment of Dominican society.[76] According to a study by the
CUNY Dominican Studies Institute, about 90% of the contemporary
Dominican population has West African ancestry to varying
degrees.[77] However, most Dominicans do not self-identify as black,
in contrast to people of West African ancestry in other countries. A
variety of terms are used to represent a range of skin tones, such as
moreno/a (brown), canelo/a (red/brown) ["cinnamon"], indio/a
(Indian), blanco/a oscuro/a (dark white), and trigueÄo/a (literally
"wheat colored", or olive skin).[78]
Typical Dominican Family.
Ramona HernÇndez, director of the Dominican Studies Institute at City
College of New York asserts that the terms were originally a defense
against racism: "During the Trujillo regime, people who were dark
skinned were rejected, so they created their own mechanism to fight
it." She went on to explain, "When you ask, 'What are you?' they don't
give you the answer you want ... saying we don't want to deal with our
blackness is simply what you want to hear."[79]
Religion
The Dominican Republic is 68.9% Roman Catholic, 18.2%
Evangelical, 10.6% with no religion, and 2.3% other.[80] However,
other sources place the irreligious ratio at 7% and nearly 10%.[81]
Recent immigration, as well as proselytizing, has brought other
religions, with the following shares of the population: Spiritist:
Dominican girls at carnival in TaÜno garments
2.2%,[82] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: 1.1%,[83]
and makeup (2005)
Buddhist: 0.10%, BahÇ'Ü: 0.1%,[82] Islam: 0.02%, Judaism: 0.01%,
Chinese Folk Religion: 0.1%.[82] The nation has two patroness saints:
Nuestra SeÄora de la Altagracia (Our Lady Of High Grace) and Nuestra SeÄora de las Mercedes (Our Lady Of
Mercy).
The Catholic Church began to lose popularity in the late 19th century. This was due to a lack of funding, of priests,
and of support programs. During the same time, the Protestant evangelical movement began to gain support.
Religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in the country has been rare.
There has always been religious freedom throughout the entire country. Not until the 1950s were restrictions placed
upon churches by Trujillo. Letters of protest were sent against the mass arrests of government adversaries. Trujillo
began a campaign against the church and planned to arrest priests and bishops who preached against the government.
This campaign ended before it was even put into place, with his assassination.
During World War II, a group of Jews escaping Nazi Germany fled to the Dominican Republic and founded the city
of Sosàa. It has remained the center of the Jewish population since.[84]
Languages
The population of the Dominican Republic is entirely Spanish-speaking, save for some recent immigrants. Schools
are based on a Spanish educational model,[85] with English being taught as a secondary language in most private
schools, it is also being taught in public school as well. Haitian Creole is spoken by the population of Haitian
descent. There is a community of about 8,000 speakers of SamanÇ English in the SamanÇ Peninsula. They are the
descendants of formerly enslaved African Americans who arrived in the nineteenth century.[86] Tourism, American
Dominican Republic
pop culture, the influence of Dominican Americans, and the country's economic ties with the United States motivate
other Dominicans to learn English.
Education
Primary education is officially free and compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 14, although those who
live in isolated areas have limited access to schooling. Primary schooling is followed by a two-year intermediate
school and a four-year secondary course, after which a diploma called the bachillerato (high school diploma) is
awarded. Relatively few lower-income students succeed in reaching this level, due to financial hardships and
limitation due to location. Most of the wealthier students attend private schools, which are frequently sponsored by
religious institutions. Some public and private vocational schools are available, particularly in the field of
agriculture, but this too reaches only a tiny percentage of the population.[87]
Crime
Further information: Crime in the Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic has become a trans-shipment point for Colombian drugs destined to Europe as well as the
United States and Canada.[2][88] Money laundering via the Dominican Republic is favored by Colombian drug cartels
for the ease of illicit financial transactions.[2] In 2004 it was estimated that 8% of all cocaine smuggled into the
United States had come through the Dominican Republic.[89] The Dominican Republic responded with increased
efforts to seize drug shipments, arrest and extradite those involved, and combat money-laundering.
The often light treatment of violent criminals has been a continuous source of local controversy. In April 2010, five
teenagers ages 15 to 17 (including 2 females) shot and killed two taxi drivers and killed another five by forcing them
to drink drain cleaning acid. On September 24, 2010, the teens were sentenced to only 3Ü5 year prison terms, despite
the protests of the taxi drivers' families.[90]
Health
In 2007 the Dominican Republic had a birth rate of 22.91 per 1000, and a death rate of 5.32 per 1000.[2]
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic in 2003 stood at an estimated 1.7 percent, with an
estimated 88,000 HIV/AIDS-positive Dominicans.[91] A mission based in the United States is helping to combat
AIDS in the Dominican Republic.[92] Dengue is endemic to the country, and there are cases of malaria.[93]
The practice of abortion is illegal in all cases in the Dominican Republic, a ban that includes conceptions following
rape, incest, and in situations where the health of the mother is in danger. This ban was reiterated by the Dominican
government in a September 2009 provision of a constitutional reform bill.[94]
Immigration
In the 20th century, many Arabs (primarily from Lebanon and Syria), Japanese, and, to a lesser degree, Koreans
settled in the country as agricultural laborers and merchants. The Chinese, who were fleeing the Chinese Communist
People's Liberation Army (PLA), found work in mines and building railroads. The current Chinese Dominican
population totals 50,000. The Arab community is rising at an increasing rate. Estimates are at 3,400. Japanese
immigrants, who mostly work in the business districts and markets, are at an estimate of 1,900 living in the country.
The Korean presence is minor but evident, at a population of 500.
In addition, there are descendants of immigrants who came from other Caribbean islands, including St. Kitts and
Nevis, Antigua, St. Vincent, Montserrat, Tortola, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Guadeloupe. They worked on sugarcane
plantations and docks, and settled mainly in the cities of San Pedro de Macoris and Puerto Plata. There is an
increasing number of Puerto Rican immigrants, especially in and around Santo Domingo; they are believed to
number around 10,000.[95] Before and during World War II, 800 Jewish refugees moved to the Dominican
17
Dominican Republic
18
Republic.[96]
Illegal Haitian immigration
Haiti is the neighboring nation to the Dominican Republic and was its
former ruler. In 2003, 80% of all Haitians were poor (54% in abject
poverty) and 47.1% were illiterate. The country of nine million people
has a fast-growing population, but over two-thirds of the labor force
lack formal jobs. Haiti's per capita GDP (PPP) was $1,300 in 2008, or
less than one-sixth of the Dominican figure.[2][97] As a result, hundreds
of thousands of Haitians have migrated to the Dominican Republic,
with some estimates of 800,000 Haitians in the country,[12] while
others put the Haitian-born population as high as one million.[98] They
usually work at low-paying and unskilled jobs in building construction,
household cleaning, and in sugar plantations.[99] There have been
accusations that some Haitian immigrants work in slavery-like
conditions and are severely exploited.[100]
Children of illegal Haitian immigrants are often stateless and denied
services, as their parents are denied Dominican nationality, being
deemed transient residents due to their illegal or undocumented status;
the children, though often eligible for Haitian nationality,[101] are
denied it by Haiti because of a lack of proper documents or
witnesses.[102][103][104][105]
A border watch tower to control illegal
immigration from Haiti, located in the Cordillera
Central, Dominican Republic
A large number of Haitian women, often arriving with several health problems, cross the border to Dominican soil
during their last weeks of pregnancy to obtain much-needed medical attention for childbirth, since Dominican public
hospitals do not refuse medical services based on nationality or legal status. Statistics from a hospital in Santo
Domingo report that over 22% of childbirths are by Haitian mothers.[106]
Sonia Pierre is a notable Haitian Dominican who was born in Dominican Republic. She fought for the rights of
Dominicans of Haitian descent.[107]
In 2005, Dominican President Leonel FernÇndez criticized collective expulsions of Haitians as having taken place
"in an abusive and inhuman way".[108] After a UN delegation issued a preliminary report stating that it found a
profound problem of racism and discrimination against people of Haitian origin, Dominican Foreign Minister Carlos
Morales Troncoso issued a formal statement denouncing it, asserting that "Our border with Haiti has its problems,
this is our reality and it must be understood. It is important not to confuse national sovereignty with indifference, and
not to confuse security with xenophobia".[109]
Emigration
The first of three, late-20th century emigration waves began in 1961, after the assassination of dictator Trujillo,[110]
due to fear of retaliation by Trujillo's allies, and political uncertainty in general. In 1965, the United States began a
military occupation of the Dominican Republic to end a civil war. Upon this, the U.S. eased travel restrictions,
making it easier for Dominicans to obtain U.S. visas.[111] From 1966 to 1978, the exodus continued, fueled by high
unemployment and political repression. Communities established by the first wave of immigrants to the U.S. created
a network that assisted subsequent arrivals. In the early 1980s, underemployment, inflation, and the rise in value of
the dollar all contributed to a third wave of emigration from the island nation. Today, emigration from the
Dominican Republic remains high.[112] In 2006, there were approximately 1.3 million people of Dominican descent
in the US, counting both native- and foreign-born.[13] There is also a growing Dominican immigration to Puerto
Dominican Republic
19
Rico.
Culture
The culture and people of the Dominican Republic, like
its Spanish Caribbean neighbors, is a blend of the
cultures of the Spanish colonists, African slaves, and
TaÜno natives. European, African and TaÜno cultural
elements are most prominent in food, family structure,
religion and music. Many Arawak/TaÜno names and
words are used in daily conversation and for many
foods native to the Dominican Republic.[2]
Cuisine
Carnaval of La Vega, one of the most famous carnivals in the
country
Dominican cuisine is predominantly Spanish, TaÜno,
and African. The typical cuisine is quite similar to what
can be found in other Latin American countries, but many of the names of dishes are different. One breakfast dish
consists of eggs and mangÇ (mashed, boiled plantain), a dish that the Dominican Republic shares with Cuba and
Puerto Rico. For heartier versions, mangÇ is accompanied by deep-fried meat (Dominican salami, typically) and/or
cheese. Similarly to Spain, lunch is generally the largest and most important meal of the day. Lunch usually consists
of rice, meat (such as chicken, beef, pork, or fish), beans, and a side portion of salad. "La Bandera" (literally "The
Flag") is the most popular lunch dish; it consists of meat and red beans on white rice. Sancocho is a stew often made
with seven varieties of meat.
Meals tend to favor starches and meats over dairy products and vegetables. Many dishes are made with sofrito,
which is a mix of local herbs used as a wet rub for meats and sautáed to bring out all of a dish's flavors. Throughout
the south-central coast, bulgur, or whole wheat, is a main ingredient in quipes or tipili (bulgur salad). Other favorite
Dominican foods are chicharrÑn, yuca, casabe, pastelitos (empanadas), batata, yam, pasteles en hoja, chimichurris,
tostones. Some treats Dominicans enjoy are arroz con dulce (or arroz con leche), bizcocho dominicano (lit.
Dominican cake), habichuelas con dulce, flan, frÉo frÉo (snow cones), dulce de leche, and caÄa (sugarcane). The
beverages Dominicans enjoy include Morir SoÄando, rum, beer, Mama Juana, batida (smoothie), jugos naturales
(freshly squeezed fruit juices), mabÉ, coffee, and chaca (also called maiz caqueao/casqueado, maiz con dulce and
maiz con leche), the last item being only found in the southern provinces of the country such as San Juan.
Music
Musically, the Dominican Republic is known for the creation of the musical style called merengue,[113]:376Ü7 a type
of lively, fast-paced rhythm and dance music consisting of a tempo of about 120 to 160 beats per minute (though it
varies) based on musical elements like drums, brass, chorded instruments, and accordion, as well as some elements
unique to the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, such as the tambora and gÖira. Its syncopated beats use Latin percussion,
brass instruments, bass, and piano or keyboard. Between 1937 and 1950 merengue music was promoted
internationally by Dominicans groups like Billo's Caracas Boys, Chapuseaux and Damiron "Los Reyes del
Merengue", Joseito Mateo, and others. Radio, television, and international media popularized it further. Some
well-known merengue performers include Johnny Ventura, singer/songwriter Juan Luis Guerra, Fernando Villalona,
Eddy Herrera, Sergio Vargas, Toâo Rosario, Milly Quezada, and ChichÜ Peralta. Merengue became popular in the
United States, mostly on the East Coast, during the 1980s and 90s,[113]:375 when many Dominican artists, among
them Victor Roque y La Gran Manzana, Henry Hierro, Zacarias Ferreira, Aventura, and Milly Jocelyn Y Los
Vecinos, residing in the U.S. (particularly New York) started performing in the Latin club scene and gained radio
Dominican Republic
20
airplay. The emergence of bachata, along with an increase in the number of Dominicans living among other Latino
groups in New York, New Jersey, and Florida have contributed to Dominican music's overall growth in
popularity.[113]:378
Bachata, a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside
and rural marginal neighborhoods of the Dominican Republic, has
become quite popular in recent years. Its subjects are often romantic;
especially prevalent are tales of heartbreak and sadness. In fact, the
original name for the genre was amargue ("bitterness", or "bitter
music", or blues music), until the rather ambiguous (and mood-neutral)
term bachata became popular. Bachata grew out of, and is still closely
related to, the pan-Latin American romantic style called bolero. Over
time, it has been influenced by merengue and by a variety of Latin
American guitar styles.
Dominican rock is also popular. Many, if not the majority, of its
performers are based in Santo Domingo and Santiago.
Dominican singer Juan Luis Guerra in concert,
2005
Particularly among the young, hip-hop/rap has been growing in popularity in recent years. Also known as Rap del
Patio ("backyard rap"), Dominican rap is created by Dominican crews and solo artists. Originating in the early 2000s
with crews such as Charles Family, successful rappers such as Lapiz Conciente, Vakero, Toxic Crow, and R-1
emerged. The youth have embraced the music, sometimes over merengue, merengue tÜpico, bachata, as well as salsa,
and, most recently, reggaeton. Dominican rap differs from reggaeton in the fact that Dominican rap does not use the
traditional Dem Bow rhythm frequently used in reggaeton, instead using more hip hop-influenced beats.
Dominican Republic
21
Sports
Baseball is by far the most popular sport in the Dominican
Republic.[113]:59 The country has a baseball league of six teams.[114] Its
season usually begins in October and ends in January. After the United
States, the Dominican Republic has the second-highest number of
Major League Baseball (MLB) players. Ozzie Virgil, Sr. became the
first Dominican-born player in the MLB on September 23, 1956. A few
of the others born in the Dominican Republic are: Julian Javier, Pedro
MartÜnez, Manny RamÜrez, Jose Bautista, Hanley RamÜrez, David
Ortiz, Albert Pujols, Ubaldo Jimánez, Josá Reyes, Juan Marichal (a
Baseball Hall of Fame member[115]), PlÇcido Polanco and Sammy
Sosa. Felipe Alou has also enjoyed success as a manager, and Omar
Minaya as a general manager.
In boxing, the country has produced scores of world-class fighters and
several world champions.[116] Basketball also enjoys a relatively high
level of popularity. Al Horford, Felipe Lopez, and Francisco Garcia are
among the Dominican-born players currently or formerly in the
National Basketball Association (NBA). Olympic gold medalist and
world champion hurdler Fálix SÇnchez hails from the Dominican
Republic, as does NFL defensive end Luis Castillo.[117]
Other important sports include, Volleyball, which was introduced in
1916 by US marines, is controlled by the Dominican Volleyball
Federation. Other sports include Tae Kwon Do, in which Gabriel
Mercedes is an Olympic silver medalist; and Judo.[118]
Dominican native and Major League Baseball
player Albert Pujols
Government and politics
The Dominican Republic is a representative democracy or democratic
republic,[2][3][14] with three branches of power: executive, legislative,
and judicial. The President of the Dominican Republic heads the
executive branch and executes laws passed by the Congress, appoints
the Cabinet, and is commander in chief of the armed forces. The
president and vice-president run for office on the same ticket and are
elected by direct vote for 4-year terms. The national legislature is
bicameral, composed of a Senate, which has 32 members, and the
Chamber of Deputies, with 178 members.[14] Judicial authority rests
National Palace in Santo Domingo
with the Supreme Court of Justice's 16-members. They are appointed
by a council composed of the President, the leaders of both houses of
Congress, the President of the Supreme Court, and an opposition or nonÜgoverning-party member. The Court "alone
hears actions against the president, designated members of his Cabinet, and members of Congress when the
legislature is in session."[14]
The president appoints the governors of the 31 provinces. Mayors and municipal councils administer the 124
municipal districts and the National District (Santo Domingo). They are elected at the same time as congressional
representatives.[14]
Dominican Republic
22
The Dominican Republic has a multi-party political system. Elections are held every two years, alternating between
the Presidential elections, which are held in years evenly divisible by four, and the Congressional and municipal
elections, which are held in even-numbered years not divisible by four. "International observers have found that
presidential and congressional elections since 1996 have been generally free and fair."[14] The Central Elections
Board (JCE) of 9 members supervises elections, and its decisions are unappealable.[14]
There are many political parties and advocacy groups and, new on the scene, civil organizations. The three major
parties are the conservative Social Christian Reformist Party (Spanish: Partido Reformista Social Cristiano [PRSC]),
in power 1966Ü78 and 1986Ü96; the social democratic Dominican Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido
Revolucionario Dominicano [PRD]), in power in 1963, 1978Ü86, and 2000Ü04); and the originally leftist,
increasingly conservative Dominican Liberation Party (Spanish: Partido de la Liberaciãn Dominicana [PLD]), in
power 1996Ü2000 and since 2004.
The presidential elections of 2008 were held on May 16, 2008, with incumbent Leonel FernÇndez winning with 53%
of the vote.[119] He defeated Miguel Vargas Maldonado, of the PRD, who achieved a 40.48% share of the vote.
Amable Aristy, of the PRSC, achieved 4.59% of the vote. Other minority candidates, which includes former
Attorney General Guillermo Moreno from the Movement for Independence, Unity and Change (Movimiento
Independencia, Unidad y Cambio [MIUCA]) and PRSC former presidential candidate and defector Eduardo Estrella
obtained less than 1% of the vote.
Economy
The Dominican Republic has the second largest economy[9] (the
largest, according to the U.S. State Department)[14] in Central America
and the Caribbean. It is an upper middle-income developing
country,[120] with a 2007 GDP per capita of $9,208, in PPP terms,
which is relatively high in Latin America. In the trimester of
JanuaryÜMarch 2007 it experienced an exceptional growth of 9.1% in
its GDP, which was actually below the previous year's 10.9% in the
same period. Growth was led by imports, followed by exports, with
finance and foreign investment the next largest factors.[121]
The Dominican Republic is primarily dependent on natural resources
and government services. Although the service sector has recently
overtaken agriculture as the leading employer of Dominicans (due
principally to growth in tourism and Free Trade Zones), agriculture
remains the most important sector in terms of domestic consumption
and is in second place, behind mining, in terms of export earnings. The
service sector in general has experienced growth in recent years, as has
construction. Free Trade Zone earnings and tourism are the
fastest-growing export sectors. Real estate tourism alone accounted for
$1.5 billion in earnings for 2007.[122] Remittances from Dominicans
living abroad amounted to nearly $3.2 billion in 2007.[14]
Santo Domingo, the capital of the Republic and
its largest city.
Santiago de los Caballeros, the second largest city
in the country
Dominican Republic
23
Economic growth takes place in spite of a chronic energy shortage,[123]
which causes frequent blackouts and very high prices. Despite a
widening merchandise trade deficit, tourism earnings and remittances
have helped build foreign exchange reserves. The Dominican Republic
is current on foreign private debt.
Following economic turmoil in the late 1980s and 1990, during which
the gross domestic product (GDP) fell by up to 5% and consumer price
inflation reached an unprecedented 100%, the Dominican Republic
entered a period of growth and declining inflation until 2002, after
which the economy entered a recession.[14]
The Naco sector, in Santo Domingo, with a view
of Tiradentes Avenue
This recession followed the collapse of the second-largest commercial
bank in the country, Baninter, linked to a major incident of fraud
valued at $3.5 billion, during the administration of President Hipãlito
MejÜa (2000Ü2004). The Baninter fraud had a devastating effect on the
Dominican economy, with GDP dropping by 1% in 2003 as inflation
ballooned by over 27%. All defendants, including the star of the trial,
Ramon Baez Figueroa, were convicted. One subpoena was not
delivered because the United States denied extradition.
According to the 2005 Annual Report of the United Nations
La Trinitaria in Santiago de Los Caballeros is an
Subcommittee on Human Development in the Dominican Republic, the
area of increasing development.
country is ranked No. 71 in the world for resource availability, No. 79
for human development, and No. 14 in the world for resource mismanagement. These statistics emphasize national
government corruption, foreign economic interference in the country, and the rift between the rich and poor.
Currency
The Dominican peso (DOP, or RD$[124]) is the national currency, although United States dollars (USD) and euros
(EUR) are also accepted at most tourist sites. The dollar is implicated in almost all commercial transactions of the
Dominican Republic; such dollarization is common in high inflation economies. The peso was officially at par with
the dollar until the early 1980s, but has depreciated since then. The exchange rate, liberalized by 1985, stood at 2.70
pesos per dollar in August 1986,[36]:p417, 428 14.00 pesos in 1993, and 16.00 pesos in 2000. Having jumped to 53.00
pesos in 2003, the rate was back down to around 31.00 pesos in 2004. As of November 2010 the rate was 1 DOP =
0.0273 USD, that is, 36.6 DOP per USD; 1 DOP = 0.020 euro (EUR, or à); and 1 DOP = 2.294 Japanese yen (JPY,
or ç).[124]
Dominican Republic
Tourism
The green mountains and hills of the Dominican Republic, ideal for biking and bird-watching, are
major tourist attractions. Å
A garden at a resort in Bayahibe
Tourism is fueling the Dominican Republic's economic growth. With the construction of projects like Cap Cana, San
Souci Port in Santo Domingo, and Moon Palace Resort in Punta Cana, the Dominican Republic expects increased
tourism activity in the upcoming year. Ecotourism has been a topic increasingly important in the nation, with towns
like Jarabacoa and neighboring Constanza, and locations like the Pico Duarte, Bahia de Las Aguilas and others
becoming more significant in efforts to increase direct benefits from tourism.
24
Dominican Republic
Services and transportation
Communications
The Dominican Republic has a well-developed telecommunications
infrastructure, with extensive mobile phone and landline services.
Cable Internet and DSL are available in most parts of the country, and
many Internet service providers offer 3G wireless internet service. The
reported speeds are from 256 kbit/s / 128 kbit/s for residential services,
up to 5 Mbit/s / 1 Mbit/s for residential service. For commercial service
Boeing 737-800 at Cibao International Airport in
Santiago
there are speeds from 256 kbit/s up to 154 Mbit/s. (Each set of
numbers denotes downstream/upstream speed; that is, to the user/from
the user.) Projects to extend Wi-Fi hot spots have been made in Santo Domingo. The country's commercial radio
stations and television stations are in the process of transferring to the digital spectrum, via HD Radio and HDTV
after officially adopting ATSC as the digital medium in the country with a switch-off of analog transmission by
September 2015. The telecommunications regulator in the country is INDOTEL (Instituto Dominicano de
Telecomunicaciones).
The largest telecommunications company is Claro Codetelápart of Carlos Slim Helà's Amárica Mãviláwhich
provides wireless, landline, broadband, and IPTV services. Indotel reports that as of June 5, 2009 there are more than
8 million phone line subscribers (land and cell users) in the D.R., representing 81% of the country's population and a
fivefold increase since the year 2000, when there were 1.6 million. The communications sector generates about 3.0%
of the GDP.[125] Indotel reports 6,807,831 prepaid and just under a million (994,027) post-pay (under-contract) cell
user accounts. For fixed phone lines (non-cell) it reports 678,901 dedicated lines in use for residential services. For
business lines it reports 266,341. For public phones/services it reports 13,639. As of the second quarter of 2008,
there are no more analog lines in the trunk services by local providers. Indotel reports 2,439,997 Internet users in the
country for the end of March 2009.[126]
In November 2009, the Dominican Republic became the first Latin American country to pledge to include a "gender
perspective" in every information and communications technology (ICT) initiative and policy developed by the
government.[127] The Dominican Republic is leading Latin American governmentsâ thinking around gender and
technology as part of the regional eLAC2010 plan. The tool the Dominicans have chosen to design and evaluate all
the public policies is the APC Gender Evaluation Methodology (GEM).
Electricity
Electric power service has been unreliable since the Trujillo era, and as much as 75% of the equipment is that old.
The country's antiquated power grid causes transmission losses that account for a large share of billed electricity
from generators. The privatization of the sector started under a previous administration of Leonel FernÇndez.[57] The
recent investment in a "Santo Domingo-Santiago Electrical Highway" to carry 345 kV power,[128] with reduced
losses in transmission, is being heralded as a major capital improvement to the national grid since the mid-1960s.
During the Trujillo regime, electrical service was introduced to many cities; still, almost 95% of usage was not billed
at all. Around half of the Dominican Republic's 2.1 million houses have no meters and so most do not pay or just pay
a fixed monthly rate for their electric service.[129]
Household and general electrical service is delivered at 110 volts alternating at 60ÅHz; electrically powered items
from the United States work with no modifications. The majority of the country has access to electricity. Tourist
areas tend to have more reliable power, as do business, travel, healthcare, and vital infrastructure. The situation
improved somewhat after 2006.[130] Concentrated efforts were announced to increase efficiency of delivery to places
where the collection rate reached 70%.[131] The electricity sector is highly politicized. Some generating companies
25
Dominican Republic
are undercapitalized and at times unable to purchase adequate fuel supplies.[14]
Transportation
The Dominican Republic has three national trunk highways, which connect every major town in the country. These
are DR-1, DR-2, and DR-3, which depart from Santo Domingo towards the northern (Cibao), southwestern (Sur),
and eastern (El Este) parts of the country respectively. These highways have been consistently improved with the
expansion and reconstruction of many sections. Two other national highways serve as spur (DR-5) or alternate routes
(DR-4). In addition to the national highways, the government has embarked on an expansive reconstruction of spur
secondary routes, which connect smaller towns to the trunk routes. In the last few years the government constructed
a 106-kilometer toll road that connects Santo Domingo with the country's northeastern peninsula. Travelers may now
arrive in the SamanÇ Peninsula in less than two hours. Other additions are the reconstruction of the DR-28
(Jarabacoa Ü Constanza) and DR-12 (Constanza Ü Bonao). Despite these efforts, many secondary routes still remain
either unpaved or in need of maintenance.
The Dominican government has put effort towards providing efficient public transportation with the construction of
the Santo Domingo Metro, the first mass transit system in the country, and second in the Caribbean and Central
American nations, after the Tren Urbano in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On February 27, 2008 president Leonel
FernÇndez tested the system for the first time and free service was offered thereafter several times. Commercial
service started on January 30, 2009. Several additional lines are currently being planned and line two is currently in
advanced stages of construction. The Santiago light rail system is in planning stages and currently on hold.
There are two main bus transportation services in the Dominican Republic: one controlled by the government,
through the Oficina Tácnica de Transito Terrestre (OTTT) and the Oficina Metropolitana de Servicios de Autobuses
(OMSA); and the other controlled by private business, among them, Federaciãn Nacional de Transporte La Nueva
Opciãn (FENATRANO) and the Confederacion Nacional de Transporte (CONATRA). The government
transportation system covers large routes in metropolitan areas, such as Santo Domingo and Santiago.
Military
Congress authorizes a combined military force of 44,000 active duty personnel. Actual active duty strength is
approximately 32,000. However, approximately 50% of those are used for non-military activities such as security
providers for government-owned non-military facilities, highway toll stations, prisons, forestry work, state
enterprises, and private businesses. The Commander in Chief of the military is the President. The principal missions
are to defend the nation and protect the territorial integrity of the country. The army, larger than the other services
combined with approximately 20,000 active duty personnel, consists of six infantry brigades, a combat support
brigade, and a combat service support brigade. The air force operates two main bases, one in the southern region near
Santo Domingo and one in the northern region near Puerto Plata. The navy operates two major naval bases, one in
Santo Domingo and one in Las Calderas on the southwestern coast, and maintains 12 operational vessels. In the
Caribbean, only Cuba has a larger military force.[14]
The armed forces have organized a Specialized Airport Security Corps (CESA) and a Specialized Port Security
Corps (CESEP) to meet international security needs in these areas. The Secretary of the Armed Forces has also
announced plans to form a specialized border corps (CESEF). Additionally, the armed forces provide 75% of
personnel to the National Investigations Directorate (DNI) and the Counter-Drug Directorate (DNCD).[14]
The Dominican National Police force contains 32,000 agents. The police are not part of the Dominican armed forces,
but share some overlapping security functions. Sixty-three percent of the force serve in areas outside traditional
police functions, similar to the situation of their military counterparts.[14]
26
Dominican Republic
27
Notes
[1] https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ dr. html"/>
[2] "CIA Ü The World Factbook Ü Dominican Republic" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ dr. html).
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). . Retrieved June 4, 2007.
[3] "Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States" (http:/ / www. domrep. org/ gen_info. html). . Retrieved February 27, 2009.
[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1 (http:/ / www. un.
org/ esa/ population/ publications/ wpp2008/ wpp2008_text_tables. pdf). 2008 revision. United Nations. . Retrieved 2009-03-12.
[5] "Dominican Republic" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2012/ 01/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?pr. x=44& pr. y=15& sy=2009&
ey=2012& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=243& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). International
Monetary Fund. . Retrieved April 18, 2012.
[6] "Human Development Report 2010" (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2010_EN_Table1. pdf). United Nations. 2010. . Retrieved
November 5, 2010.
[7] "Estimaciones y Proyecciones de la Poblaciãn Dominicana por Regiones, Provincias, Municipios y Distritos Municipales, 2008" (http:/ /
www. conapofa. gov. do/ __estimaciones_y_proyecciones/ Estimacionesyproyecciones2008. zip). . Retrieved December 25, 2008. Context:
Estimaciones; Poblaciãn en Tiempo Real (http:/ / www. conapofa. gov. do/ estimaciones. asp)
[8] "Colonial City of Santo Domingo" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 526). . Retrieved February 27, 2009.
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[10] The U.S. State Department calls it the largest ( Dominican Republic (12/08) (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/ bgn/ 35639. htm). Retrieved
2009-02-27). However, GDP figures from the CIA's The World Factbook indicate that the Dominican Republic is second in PPP GDP, third in
nominal terms.
[11] "Consulate-General of the Dominican Republic Bangkok Thailand" (http:/ / www. dominicanconsulate. org/ gralinfo. htm). . Retrieved
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[12] Pina, Diãgenes. "Dominican Republic: Deport Thy (Darker-Skinned) Neighbour" (http:/ / ipsnews. net/ news. asp?idnews=37018). Inter
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[13] "United States Ü Selected Population Profile in the United States (Dominican (Dominican Republic))" (http:/ / factfinder. census. gov/
servlet/ IPTable?_bm=y&
-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:405;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:405;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:405;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:405&
-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201& -qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR& -qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&
-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR& -ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_& -TABLE_NAMEX=& -ci_type=R& -redoLog=true&
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Waugh"+ Dominican+ annexation& cd=1). UNC Press. p.Å137. ISBNÅ978-0-8078-3317-9. .
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history/ common/ briefing/ Treaties. htm#5). United States Senate. . Retrieved October 17, 2008.
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Fall_2003/ ling001/ wucker. html). Windows on Haiti. . Retrieved December 26, 2007.
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1965-05-06_Dominican_Truce). Universal Newsreel. 1965. . Retrieved February 22, 2012.
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Dominican-Revolution,-Cuba/ 12301381029534-4/ ). . Retrieved March 24, 2009.
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FernÅndez. . Retrieved October 4, 2004.
28
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htm). Country Studies US. . Retrieved October 27, 2009.
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html). The Miami Herald. . Retrieved May 29, 2007.
[62] "Ejárcito Nacional de la Repàblica Dominicana Ü Bandera Nacional" (http:/ / www. ejercito. mil. do/ index. php?option=com_content&
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[63] "Listin Diario" (http:/ / www. listindiario. com/ la-vida/ 2011/ 7/ 16/ 196080/ La-rosa-de-Bayahibe-nuestra-flor-nacional). . Retrieved July
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[64] Párez, Faustino. "El jardÜn BotÇnico Nacional :: Salud :: DiarioDigitalRD.com Ü Noticias Republica Dominicana" (http:/ / www.
diariodigital. com. do/ articulo,30016,html) (in Spanish). DiarioDigitalRD.com. . Retrieved October 20, 2008.
[65] "Alphabetical List of Countries" (http:/ / www. internetworldstats. com/ list2. htm). Internet World Statistics. . For example, the French
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The World Factbook
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Directory Project
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aspx?Country=DO) from International Futures
Travel
É Official Website of the Ministry of Tourism of the Dominican Republic (http://www.godominicanrepublic.
com/)
É Dominican Republic travel guide from Wikitravel
Social Development
É Official Website of the IDDI, Instituto Dominicano de Desarrollo Integral (http://www.iddi.org/)
Gastronomy
É Dominican Cooking (http://www.dominicancooking.com/)
Music
É Live Bachata & Merengue music Stream / Màsica Dominicana, en Vivo (http://www.BachataRadio.com)
32
Article Sources and Contributors
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2D, 2T, 32dedd, 334a, 4dhayman, 621PWC, 7ladybug15, 911isfun, A Doon, A. Parrot, A3RO, A8UDI, ABF, AFROboeing, AFROdr, ARC Gritt, AUTOtheft, Aaron Brenneman, Abigail
alderate, Aboganster, Abrech, Academic Challenger, Acceleratorhams, Access Denied, Ace ETP, Achowat, Acntx, AdRock, Adam01smith, Adashiel, Addshore, Adelapaz, AdjustShift,
Adjwilley, Adreamtonight, Aeusoes1, Aff123a, Afroamericowest, Againme, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuskay, Aimeexdenise, Air glendye, Aitias, Aiyda, Ajdz, Aka042, Akanemoto, Akendall,
Al-Andalus, Alanadf, Alansohn, Alastairgbrown, Albania T, AldebarandeTauro, Ale jrb, AlefZet, Alex4488, Alexander Domanda, Alexandra lb, AlexiusHoratius, Ali'i, Alicia1984,
Alidrummond, Alison9, Allstar86, Alpha 4615, AlphaRelay, Alphachimp, Alsandro, Altaar, Am rods, Amakuru, AmiDaniel, Ammodramus, Ammon86, Andonic, Andre Engels, Andrei S,
Andres, Andres65, Andresilich, Andrew Kurish, Andrewa, Andy M. Wang, Andy Marchbanks, Andyleeno, Anen87, Angela, Angie4400, Angr, Angryapathy, Angryartichoke, Ani0227, Animaus,
Anmoris, AnonMan777, Anonymous101, Antandrus, Antipastor, AntonioMartin, Applesause, Aquamelli, Aque0us, Arakunem, Arcdemon, ArchonMeld, Arielasteif, Arjun01, Armandomol,
Arthena, Arthur Robert Zeltser, Arthur Rubin, Asanabia, Ashwinr, Aspie1, Assassinã, Asterion, Astronautics, Asuero, Atarigirl21, Atif.t2, Atl1457, Atlant, AuburnPiIot, Austin512, Avala,
Avfnx, Avicennasis, Axeman89, Azorjonathan, Azshaldon, B, B00P, B1nge, B30b30, BD2412, Bab-a-lot, Bachrach44, Bakanov, Balintawak, Bangbang48, Barek, Barklund, Barthandelus, Bash,
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Chulosantos1990, Chun-hian, Chunky Rice, Chymicus, CiaPan, Cirt, CityOfSilver, Cjmnyc, Cjstreetz, Clerks, Clilly, Clindberg, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, Cmm 394, Codingmasters, Coffee,
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