rekayasa teknologi budidaya

9/11/2012
REKAYASA TEKNOLOGI
BUDIDAYA PERAIRAN
AQUACULTURE
ENGINEERING
Overview of Unit Operations
SISTEM BUDIDAYA
• KOMPETENSI DASAR
Setelah mengikuti kuliah
ini mahasiswa dapat
menjelaskan jenis-jenis
sistem budidaya, sarana
dan prasarana dasar dari
tiap jenis sistem budidaya,
syarat untuk setiap jenis
sistem budidaya, dan
desain umum dari setiap
jenis sistem budidaya
Overview of System Design
Aeration
Air/Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Removal
Disinfection
Fish Culture Tank
Monitoring &
System
Control
5%
Waste Solids
Removal
Sludge
Disinfection
Fish Culture Tank
Fine & Dissolved
Solids Removal
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Monitoring &
System Control
Sludge
BIOSECURITY
Aeration
Air/Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Removal
Fine & Dissolved
Solids Removal
Sludge
• INDIKATOR
1. Dapat menjelaskan
jenis sistem budidaya
2. Dapat menyebutkan
sarana dan prasaran
sistem budidaya
3. Dapat menjelaskan
syarat sistem budidaya
4. Dapat menghitung
desai sistem budidaya
Biosecurity
Program
95%
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Settable
Solids
Suspended
Solids
Sludge
Sludge
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Polyethylene
Culture Tank
Fish Culture Tank
“Anything that holds water”
Fiberglass Tanks
Fiberglass
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Fiberglass
Kayu
Baja
Panel dengan pelapis
Aluminum
Steel
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Kayu Raceways
Aquarium Systems
Beton Raceways
Settable Solids
Removal
5%
Settable
Solids
Sludge
• saluran di dasar tengah
• penegelaman dasar
• separator putar/ Hydrocyclones
Rule of Thumb:
1 lb of feed  0.30 lbs of solids
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Settling Basin
Center Dual-Drain System
Swirl Separator
Suspended Solids
Removal
•
Filter Screen
95%
Suspended
Solids
Sludge
• rotating microscreens
• horizontal screen
• vertical screen
• Filter Manik-manik (bead) bertekanan
• Filter pasir bertekanan
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Rotating Microscreen Filter
Inclined Screen Filter
Horizontal Screen Filter
Pressurized Bead Filters
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Pressurized Sand Filters
Fine & Dissolved Solids
• Foam Fractionation
• Protein Skimmers
Solids Disposal
Fine & Dissolved
Solids Removal
Sludge
GeoTextile Bags
Sludge
• GeoBags
• land application
• composting
• lagoons
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Vacuum Honey Wagon
Compost Bin
Waste Lagoon
Biofiltration / Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria
2 NH4+ + OH - + 3 O2  2 H + + 2 NO2- + 4 H2O
Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria
2 NO2 + 1 O2  2 NO3Nitrite
Nitrate
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Biofiltration / Nitrification
Biofiltration / Nitrification
Biofiltration
Nitrification
1 g of ammonia yields:
4.42 g nitrate NO35.93 g carbon dioxide
consumes
:
Biofiltration
Nitrification
• Submerged Biofilters
• Trickling Biofilters
4.34 g oxygen
7.14 g alkalinity
• Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
Rule of Thumb:
1 kg feed  about 0.03 kg ammonia
Gravel Biofilter
Submerged/Trickling Biofilter
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Submerged Foam Filter
Classic Trickling Tower
Trickling Tower & Spray Bar
Smaller Version
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Rotating Biological Contactors
Biofiltration / Nitrification
RBC Drive Shaft
Propeller Washed Bead Filter
Biofiltration
Nitrification
• Pressurized bead biofilters
• Fluidized sand biofilters
• Fluidized bead biofilters
• Moving bed BioReactors
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Bubble Washed Bead Filter
Fluidized Bed Biofilters
Drop Filters (PolyGeysers)
Downflow
micro-bead
biofilter
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Moving Bed
Biofilter
Aeration / Oxygenation
Aeration
Air/Oxygen
Oxygen Requirements
• Metabolism/respiration: 0.25 lbs O2 / lb feed
• Nitrifying bacteria: 0.40 lbs O2 / lb feed
Total: 0.65 to 1.00 lbs of O2 / lb feed
Sources of Air - Blowers
Aeration / Oxygenation
Aeration
Air/Oxygen
Aeration (less than 1/3 lb of fish / gal of water)
•Diffusers (air stones)
•Mechanical agitators
•Packed column aeration
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Air Lifts - Mechanical Aeration
Aeration Tower
Recirculating Aquaculture
Systems Short Course
Aeration / Oxygenation
Oxygenation
Aeration
Air/Oxygen
sources: compressed oxygen cylinders
liquid oxygen (LOX)
on-site oxygen generation
Oxygen Sources
on-site oxygen generators
• Downflow Bubble Contactor
• Counter Current Diffusion Column
• Multi-stage Low Head Oxygenation (LHO)
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LOX
Downflow
Bubble
Contactor
Emergency Supply
Full Scale Speece Cone
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Carbon Dioxide Removal
Ultraviolet radiation
• Ozone
Monitoring & System Control
Phone Dialer
Disinfection
•
• Packed column
degassing units
Continuous
• DO
• Level
• Flow
• Temperature
• Air pressure
Disinfection
Carbon Dioxide
Removal
Monitoring &
System Control
Continuous Monitoring
Periodically
• pH
• NH3
• NO2
• NO3
• CO2
• Alkalinity
It takes only one mistake to KILL
EVERYTHING IN YOU FACILITY!!!!
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Water Quality Lab
Support Components
•Water Quality Lab
•Storage - Feed, Chemicals, Product
•Equipment Storage
•Staff Support
•Back-up Generator
•Quarantine Area
•Waste Disposal
BioSecurity
SAFETY
Water and electricity do not mix!
• Have Back-up Plans and Use Them!
• Train staff in emergency preparedness!
• Think!!!
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SAFETY
Putting It All Together
Aeration
Air/Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Removal
Disinfection
Fish Culture Tank
Fine & Dissolved
Solids Removal
The Good!
Biofiltration
Nitrification
Mercury!!
Sludge
The Ugly!!
Waste Solids
Removal
Sludge
The Bad!
Questions?
BIOSECURITY
Monitoring &
System Control
Tipe Budidaya.
• Extensive (beberapa organisme tiap ruang
akuatik).
• Semi-Intensive (lebih banyak organisme tiap
ruang).
• Intensive (banyak organisme tiap ruang
akuatik).
• Super Intensive (sangat banyak organisme tipa
ruang).
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Tipe Budidaya.
•
•
•
•
•
Pond culture.
• Kolam tanah atau dengan pelapis.
• Statis atau dengan pertukaran air.
• Menggunakan air pasang atau aliran grafitasi atau
pompa air.
Pond culture.
Tank culture.
Cage culture.
Bag culture for bivalves.
Sea Ranching.
• Each of these is further subdivided and can be used
for the previous definitions that depend on stocking
density.
Recirculating Systems
Ponds
• Manmade ponds, recirculating
seawater
• Enclosed tanks
– Water is cleaned & reused
– Striped bass, salmon, sturgeon
– Environmentally sound
– Shrimp, catfish, tilapia
• Pro’s:
–
–
–
–
Cheap
no by-catch
does not deplete wild stocks
Provides jobs
• Pro’s
– Can help rebuild wild populations
– Provides jobs
– Conserves wild stocks
• Con’s:
http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/nc
m3/pond_liner.gif
– Location of ponds can destroy
important habitat (mangroves)
– Untreated water contaminates local
environment
• But, it CAN be treated
http://www.ag.auburn.edu/fish/image
_gallery/data/media/77/Recirc_Kent_S
eatech_jpg.jpg
• Con’s
– Requires a lot of energy and thus
$$
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Tank Culture.
• Beton, fiberglass atau pelapis?
• Indoor or outdoor?
• Static or water exchange?
Cage culture.
• Biasanya pada badan air.
• Kurang memerlukan mekanisasi dan kontrol kualitas
air.
• Lebih terpapar bencana alam.
Tank Culture.
• Beton, fiberglass atau pelapis?
• Indoor or outdoor?
• Static or water exchange?
Bag culture.
• Juga pada badan air.
• Untuk organisme filter
feeder yang sesil
(oysters, clams,
mussels).
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Sea Ranching.
Raceways
• Kultur oyster di dasar perairan.
• Pembenihan alga.
• Melepaskan larva untuk memanen setelah
dewasa.
• Divert water from a waterway
– Must be treated before being
released back to waterway
– Rainbow trout
• Pro’s:
– no by-catch
– does not deplete wild stocks
– Provides jobs
• Con’s:
http://www.lib.noaa.gov/korea/korean_aquac
ulture/raceway.files/baqbk001.jpeg
– Can be costly to build
– Untreated water
– Escapees (invasive species)
A few pictures.
Shellfish Culture
• Ropes, plastic trays,
mesh bags
– Shellfish require only
clean water to survive
• Pro’s
– Easy to do
– Can clean up nutrient rich
water
– Protects wild populations
http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/oceanus/2
005/6/v43n1-kitepowell3en_10837.jpg
• Problems:
– Waste accumulation
– disease
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Artemia (brine shrimp)
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Apakah semudah yang terlihat?
• Organisme yang hidup dalam densitas, raltif
kental, secara kimia lebih aktif jika
dibandingkan dengan organisme daratan.
• Sangat kuat dipengaruhi oleh habitatnya.
Sehingga , sistem harus:
• Menjaga medium dapat diterima untuk
survival dan pertumbuhan optimal.
• Menambah oksigen dan membuang CO2.
• Membuat organisme dapat di akses untuk
pengawasan.
• Perangi penyakit.
• Buat Nyaman untuk organisme.
Permasalahan Utama dalam budidaya
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lingkungan membutuhkan filter.
Oksigen perlu ditambahkan.
Organisme tidak dapat dilihat.
Penyakit menyebar dengan cepat.
Kerusakan peralatan.
Bagian dalam organisme secara konstan
berhubungan dengan bagian luar medium.
C U NEXT WEEK
• Minggu depan kita akan membahas desain
sistem budidaya.
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