Bioactive compounds of native potato species from the

Bioactive compounds of native potato species from the

Veli-Matti Rokka, Juha-Matti Pihlava, Jarkko Hellström
MTT Agrifood Research Finland
Biotechnology and Food Research, Jokioinen, Finland
Tatjana Gavrilenko, Ekaterina Krylova, Oleg Shuvalov, Anna Islamshina,
Olga Antonova
N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, St. Petersburg, Russia
Nordic meeting: Conservation and use of old potato varieties, 23.10.2012,
Ås, Norway
And to increase general interest in
potato and to increase potato
consumption; ’Potato is healthy’
Project financially supported by;
-
TEKES (the Finnish Funding Agency for
Technology and Innovation)
The Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
(MMM)
Finnish national industry
MTT Agrifood Research Finland
and University of Helsinki
Work package 1:
WASTE STREAMS AND BY-PRODUCTS OF POTATO
INDUSTRY:
many compounds with high bioactivity located in the
potato skin or in cell layers under the skin
utilisation of potato waste streams for needs of food
industry
in Finland, potato peel waste is obtained ca. 50-70 M
kg per year
most of the industrial waste streams are used for
animal feeding and soil improvement, partly for
bioethanol production
bioprocessing of peel waste for extractions of healthpromoting compounds
Work package 2:
GENETIC RESOURCES OF NATIVE
POTATO SPECIES (NPS MATERIALS):
In the Andes, not only Solanum
tuberosum, but other potato species are
cultivated:
Solanum ajanhuiri, S. chaucha, S.
juzepczukii, S. phureja, S. stenotomum,
S. tuberosum ssp. andigenum, S.
curtilobum (Hawkes 1990)
Peru, photo from CIP
or four species:
S. ajanhuiri, S. curtilobum, S. juzepczukii
and S. tuberosum according to David
Spooner
In the Canary Islands, there are remained
potato clones, which are genetically
diverse from S. tuberosum, like NPS
S. stenotomum, VIR
New potato releases in the UK:
Cultivation started in
Finland in 2012.
Potatoes with ’exotic germplasm’ from S. phureja at the Dundee Food and
Flower Festival in 2010. ’Mayan Gold, Mayan Twilight, Inca Belle’ etc.
materials provided from Vavilov
Institute of Plant Industry (VIR)
by Dr. Tatjana Gavrilenko
VIR has the oldest stored
collection of potatoes
VIR collection consists of 8,680
potato accessions (wild and
cultivated), morphologically and
genetically evaluated
materials adapted to long-daylength conditions
Neighbor joining analyses using nSSRs,
genetic relationships (Gavrilenko et al. 2010)
Bukasov
Hawkes
Spooner
Genotypes (54)
S. curtilobum
S. curtilobum
S. curtilobum
1
S. ajanhuiri
S. ajanhuiri
S. ajanhuiri
2
S. stenotomum
S. stenotomum
ssp. stenotomum
S. tuberosum
7
S. yabarii
S. stenotomum
ssp. stenotomum
S. tuberosum
1
S. goniocalyx
S. stenotomum
ssp. goniocalyx
S. tuberosum
9
S. rybinii
S. phureja
S. tuberosum
5
S. phureja
S. phureja
S. tuberosum
5
S. andigenum
S. tuberosum ssp.
andigenum
S. tuberosum
17
S. tuberosum
S. tuberosum ssp.
tuberosum
S. tuberosum
6+1
Anthocyanins
Polyphenolic compounds
(chlorogenic acid, kukoamines)
Glycoalkaloids
Tubers were cultivated in St.
Petersburg, VIR (Pushkin Station) in
2010 and 2011
Tubers harvested and peeled, skin
and flesh samples were sliced
separately and lyophilised
Compounds were extracted
Bioactive compounds were extracted
and analysed using HPLC and LCMS
in potatoes: anthocyanins with
blue, red, purple pigments
located mainly in skin,
sometimes also in flesh (cv. Blue
Congo)
aglycones are pelargonidin,
petunidin, malvidin, peonidin
delphinidin
influence on flavour
stable in heat
dietary antioxidants with health
benefits, beneficial effect against
diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, cancer
cv. Blue Congo
Malvin
Total content (mg/100 g FW) of anthocyanins in
potato skin samples analysed from NPS materials
In eggplant; total anthocyanin level is 750 mg / 100 g FW.
Variation in total anthocyanin levels in S. tuberosum
lines:
Anthocyanin content in skin samples of S.tuberosum
subsp.tuberosum and subsp.andigenum (lot 2010)
mg/100g FW
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0,000
Sample number
subsp.andigenum
subsp.tuberosum
Anthocyanins in skin and flesh samples (examples):
Skin
(/100 g)
Flesh
(/100 g)
skin colour
flesh colour
Athocyanin
aglycons
S. ajanhuiri
137-131
147 mg
74 mg
Purplish red
(uniform)
Pale yellow
(purplish red in
vascular ring)
Pelargonidin,
peonidin
S. curtilobum
137-97
191 mg
48 mg
Purple (uniform)
White (purple in
vascular ring)
Petunidin,
peonidin
S. goniocalyx
137-93
381 mg
15 mg
Purplish red
(uniform)
Pale yellow
(uniform)
Pelargonidin,
peonidin
S. rybinii
137-74
1214 mg
30 mg
Intensively dark
purple (uniform)
Yellow (violet
scattered areas)
Petunidin,
peonidin,
malvidin
S. stenotumum
137-153
676 mg
22 mg
Purplish red
(uniform)
Yellow (purplish
red in vascular
ring)
Pelargonidin,
peonidin
S. tuberosum
137-54
65 mg
0 mg
Purplish red
(uniform)
Yellow (uniform
throughout)
Pelargonidin,
malvidin (only
in skin)
Blue Congo
137-197
131 mg
58 mg
Dark Purple
(uniform)
Purple
throughout
Petunidin,
malvidin
Petunidin,
peonidin
Pelargonidin,
peonidin
S. ajanhuiri
Pelargonidin,
petunidin,
peonidin,
malvidin
S. curtilobum
Petunidin,
malvidin
S. phureja
S. tuberosum Blue Congo
divided into several classes
in potato mainly chlorogenic acid, ester
formed between caffeic acid and quinic
acid
located mostly in potato skin areas
antioxidants, antimicrobial,
anticarsinogenic
chlorogenic acid decreases the release
of glucose into the bloodstream after a
meal
phenolic compounds quite stable after
cooking
cv. Van Gogh: phenolic compound
levels in cooked potatoes 52 mg / 100 g
(Mattila & Hellström 2007)
a cup of coffee contains 20 mg of
chlorogenic acid
Chlorogenic acid
Total content (mg/100 g FW) of chlorogenic
acid in NPS-potatoes, skin samples
H
•
•
•
•
•
•
cultivated potato contains solanidanes
(solanine and chaconine),
tubers: 20 mg / 100 g FW (toxicity)
levels related to abiotic stresses, and
resistance to pests in potato
in leaves, 50x higher levels than in
tubers
mostly located in the tuber skin area
young and small tubers may have
high concentrations
in the leaves of S. tuberosum ’minor’
glycoalkaloids, such as solamargin
and solamarin identified
N
N
O
R
R
α-Solanine, R=solatriose
α-Tomatine, R=lycotetraose
α-Chaconine, R=chacotriose
D-Glucose
CH2OH
O
O
HO
Chacotriose
C3H
O
O
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
CH3
L-Rhamnose
L-Rhamnose
D-Galactose
HO
CH2OH
Solatriose
O
HO
HO
CH2OH
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
D-Glucose
O
CH3
L-Rhamnose
HO
HO
O
HO
D-Glucose
HO
CH2OH
O
O
Xylose
O
O
HO
Lycotetraose
O
HO
CH2OH
OH
D-Glucose
CH2OH
O
HO
O
OH
D-Galactose
H
CH3
Chemical structure resembles structure of
human steroidal hormones
Anticancer activities
High bioactivity against cancer cells, some
with higher activity than taxol
Tomatine reduces blood cholesterol and
triglyceride levels (not toxic?)
Production of cosmetic compounds,
functional foods, novel pesticides?
Total content of a-solanine and a-chaconine
(mg/100 g FW) in skin samples of NPS potatoes
Relative amounts of a-solanine and a-chaconine
(%) in skin samples of NPS potatoes
Total content of a-solanine and a-chaconine (mg/100
g FW) in flesh samples of NPS potatoes
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0,000
isomer of dehydrochaconine
dehydrochaconine
malonylated chaconine
VIR catalogue number
Content of minor types of glycoalkaloids in accessions of
S.tuberosum ssp. andigenum
(lot of 2011)
µg/g FW
µg/g FW
Content of minor types of glycoalkaloids in accessions of
S.tuberosum ssp. andigenum (lot of 2010)
100
80
60
40
20
0
isomer of dehydrochaconine
dehydrochaconine
malonylated chaconine
VIR catalogue number
Native potato genetic resources (9 species)
of Vavilov Institute, Russia, were
analysed
High anthocyanin levels were found,
mostly in tuber skin
Pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin and
malvidin aglycons dependent on the
genotype were identified
Solanine and chaconine levels were high
in skin, also in flesh samples in certain
genotypes
New forms of glycoalkaloids were
identified
Some native potatoes are in the market
through programmes of CIP, potatoes
with S. phureja genome also in the EU,
old landraces grown in Spain
NEW PROJECT ACTIVITY:
Production of disease-free planting
materials for root and tuber species
(Cassava, Irish potato and Sweet potato)
-To improve crop yields of potato, sweet potato
and cassava in Zambia
-Strengthening the infrastructure and human
capacity at ZARI for sustainable production of
disease-free planting materials
-Collaboration with SPGRC (SADC Plant
Genetic Resources Centre, Lusaka)
Project period: June 2012 – June 2015, Budget
700,000 euros
Cassava breeding in Mansa