Preliminary Study on Electrification Program for Bujumbura Area in

Transcription

Preliminary Study on
Electrification Program for Bujumbura Area
in Burundi
Study Report
March 2007
Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan
NEWJEC Inc.
This
work
was
subsidized
by
Japan
Keirin
Association through its Promotion funds from
Preliminary Study on
Electrification Program for Bujumbura Area
in Burundi
Study Report
March 2007
Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan
NEWJEC Inc.
Study Area
Location Map
Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... S - 1
Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1 - 1
1.1 Background and Objectives.......................................................................................................... 1 - 1
1.2 Scope of Works............................................................................................................................. 1 - 2
1.3 Study Area .................................................................................................................................... 1 - 2
1.4 Study Schedule ............................................................................................................................. 1 - 2
1.5 Study Team Member .................................................................................................................... 1 - 3
Chapter 2 Socio-economic Condition in Burundi .................................................................................. 2 - 1
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2 - 1
2.2 Population..................................................................................................................................... 2 - 1
2.3 Economy....................................................................................................................................... 2 - 5
2.4 International Trade ....................................................................................................................... 2 - 7
2.5 Foreign Assistance........................................................................................................................ 2 - 9
Chapter 3 Present Status of Power Sector in Burundi ............................................................................ 3 - 1
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3 - 1
3.2 Organization, Law and Regulations ............................................................................................. 3 - 2
3.2.1 Organization .......................................................................................................................... 3 - 2
3.2.2 Law and Regulations ............................................................................................................. 3 - 5
3.3 Government Policies and Programs ............................................................................................. 3 - 5
3.3.1 PRSP...................................................................................................................................... 3 - 5
3.3.2 Sectoral Policy of MIN E&M................................................................................................ 3 - 7
3.4 Existing Power Generation Facilities ........................................................................................... 3 - 9
3.5 Transmission and Distribution Facilities ...................................................................................... 3 - 12
3.6 Power Supply and Demand .......................................................................................................... 3 - 15
3.7 Power Trade with Other Countries ............................................................................................... 3 - 18
3.8 Electricity Tariff ........................................................................................................................... 3 - 20
3.9 Capacity Development ................................................................................................................. 3 - 21
3.10 Environmental Impact Assessment System................................................................................ 3 - 21
i
Chapter 4 Outline of Bujumbura Area.................................................................................................... 4 - 1
4.1 Overview of Bujumbura ............................................................................................................... 4 - 1
4.1.1 General Description............................................................................................................... 4 - 1
4.1.2 Situation of Electrification .................................................................................................... 4 - 1
4.2 Power Supply and Demand of Bujumbura Area........................................................................... 4 - 4
4.3 Power Supply and Demand Prospect of Bujumbura Area............................................................ 4 - 5
Chapter 5 Regional-Development Effects of Electrification.................................................................. 5 - 1
5.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 5 - 1
5.2 Potential........................................................................................................................................ 5 - 5
5.3 Japanese Experience..................................................................................................................... 5 - 9
5.4 Regional-Development by Stable and Enough Power Supply ..................................................... 5 - 11
Chapter 6 Hydro Potential for Electrification of Bujumbura Area......................................................... 6 - 1
6.1 Hydropower Potential in Burundi ................................................................................................ 6 - 1
6.1.1 Meteorology and Hydrology ................................................................................................. 6 - 1
6.1.2 Topography............................................................................................................................ 6 - 3
6.1.3 Previous Studies .................................................................................................................... 6 - 5
6.2 Reconnaissance Study of Candidate Site on Kagunuzi River ...................................................... 6 - 19
6.2.1 Site Reconnaissance .............................................................................................................. 6 - 19
6.2.2 Reconnaissance Study on Kagu 006 Hydropower Project .................................................... 6 - 21
6.3 Conceptual Study on Electrification of Bujumbura Area ............................................................. 6 - 32
Chapter 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 7 - 1
7.1 Electrification Scenario for Bujumbura Area ............................................................................... 7 - 1
7.2 Regional Development Effects of Electrification......................................................................... 7 - 2
7.3 Other Effects of Electrification..................................................................................................... 7 - 2
Appendix 1 Schedule for Field Investigation
Appendix 2 Interviewed Persons List
Appendix 3 Photos
Appendix 4 Collected Data List
ii
List of Tables
Table 2.1
Population change of each province in Burundi....................................................2 - 1
Table 2.2
Population change of Burundi and its urban area ..................................................2 - 3
Table 2.3
Population by age of each province in Burundi in 2001........................................2 - 4
Table 2.4
GDP, GDP per capita and Production of each sector in Burundi...........................2 - 5
Table 2.5
Working population of each sector in Burundi ......................................................2 - 6
Table 2.6
Main agricultural product in Burundi ....................................................................2 - 6
Table 2.7
Structure of exports from Burundi (in million Fbu) ..............................................2 - 7
Table 2.8
The main export partners in 2003..........................................................................2 - 8
Table 2.9
The main import partners in 2003 .........................................................................2 - 8
Table 2.10
Ratio of foreign aid in GNI to Burundi .................................................................2 - 9
Table 3.1
Composition of Power Plants in Burundi ..............................................................3 - 9
Table 3.2
Hydro-Electric Power Plants Installed in Burundi ................................................3 - 10
Table 3.3
Demand per Geographic Areas and Necessary Production (MWh)
2000 – 2010 ...........................................................................................................3 - 17
Table 3.4
Demand per Geographic Areas and Necessary Production (MWh)
2000 – 2010 ...........................................................................................................3 - 17
Table 3.5
Electricity Tariff Structures 2001 – 2004...............................................................3 - 20
Table 4.1
Consumed Energy in Bujumbura by Sector (GWh) 1988 – 1999 .........................4 - 4
Table 4.2
Electrification Ratio of Bujumbura 1998 – 2015...................................................4 - 8
Table 5.1
Number of employers according to economic activity section
(to 31 December) ...................................................................................................5 - 3
Table 5.2
Number of active workers for each economic activity (to 31 December) .............5 - 4
Table 5.3
Number of water service users in Bujumbura .......................................................5 - 7
Table 5.4
Japanese experiences for the regional promotion by the best use of
regional environment .............................................................................................5 - 9
Table 6.1
Rainfall Data at Bujumbura in Burundi (1992-1998)............................................6 - 3
Table 6.2
Theoretical Hydropower Potential in Burundi.......................................................6 - 7
Table 6.3
Exploitable Hydropower Projects in Burundi........................................................6 - 8
Table 6.4
Demand Forecast in MP 1983 Report....................................................................6 - 8
iii
Table 6.5
Inventory of Hydropower Potential Sites ..............................................................6 - 10
Table 6.6
List of Exploitable Hydropower Potential Sites ....................................................6 - 11
Table 6.7
Estimated Monthly Discharge of Kagunuzi and Kabulantwa Rivers ....................6 - 13
Table 6.8
Features of Candidate Hydropower Projects .........................................................6 - 17
Table 6.9
Construction Cost of Kagu 006 Run-Off-River Scheme .......................................6 - 23
iv
List of Figures
Figure 2.1
Population change of each province in Burundi....................................................2 - 2
Figure 2.2
Population change in Burundi ...............................................................................2 - 2
Figure 2.3
Population change of Burundi and its urban area ..................................................2 - 3
Figure 2.4
Population by age in Burundi in 2001 ...................................................................2 - 4
Figure 2.5
GDP and GDP per capita in Burundi .....................................................................2 - 5
Figure 2.6
Production of each sector in GDP ratio .................................................................2 - 5
Figure 3.1
Source of Energy in Burundi .................................................................................3 - 1
Figure 3.2
Organization Chart of MIN E&M .........................................................................3 - 2
Figure 3.3
Hydro-Electric Power Plants Installed in Burundi ................................................3 - 11
Figure 3.4
Electricity Production in Burundi including Import in 2004 .................................3 - 11
Figure 3.5
National Grid in Burundi .......................................................................................3 - 13
Figure 3.6
Network Diagram of the National Grid .................................................................3 - 14
Figure 3.7
Supplied/Consumed Energy and Loss ...................................................................3 - 15
Figure 3.8
Future T/L Network of Burundi and its Neighboring Countries............................3 - 19
Figure 4.1
Map of Bujumbura City Central ............................................................................4 - 3
Figure 4.2
Consumed Energy in Bujumbura by Sector ..........................................................4 - 5
Figure 4.3
Demand Prospect of Bujumbura............................................................................4 - 6
Figure 5.1
Number of water service users in Bujumbura .......................................................5 - 7
Figure 5.2
Number of tourists visited national parks in Rwanda............................................5 - 12
Figure 6.1
Wind system in Africa ...........................................................................................6 - 2
Figure 6.2
Annual Rainfall Distribution in East Africa ..........................................................6 - 2
Figure 6.3
Rainfall Unreliability in East Africa ......................................................................6 - 2
Figure 6.4
Annual Rainfall Variation at Bujumbura in Burundi .............................................6 - 3
Figure 6.5
Topographic map around Burundi .......................................................................6 - 4
Figure 6.6
Relief and landforms of East Africa ......................................................................6 - 4
Figure 6.7
Geology of East Africa ..........................................................................................6 - 5
Figure 6.8
Topography of Burundi..........................................................................................6 - 5
Figure 6.9
Location Map of Exploitable Hydropower Potential Sites ....................................6 - 12
v
Figure 6.10
Profile of Kagunuzi and Kitenge River .................................................................6 - 15
Figure 6.11
Profile of Kaburantwa River..................................................................................6 - 15
Figure 6.12
Power Development Plan in case of Medium Scenario.........................................6 - 15
Figure 6.13
Location Map of Candidate Hydropower Projects ................................................6 - 13
Figure 6.14
Root Map of Site Reconnaissance on August 26, 2006.........................................6 - 19
Figure 6.15
Section at Weir Site of Kagu 006...........................................................................6 - 20
Figure 6.16
Profile of Kagunuzi River......................................................................................6 - 20
Figure 6.17
Estimated Monthly Discharge at Kagu 006 Site....................................................6 - 22
Figure 6.18
Optimization of Kagu 006 Pondage Scheme.........................................................6 - 26
Figure 6.19
Kagu 006 Run-off-River Scheme ..........................................................................6 - 30
Figure 6.20
Kagu 006 Pondage Scheme ...................................................................................6 - 31
Figure 7.1
Electrification Scenario for Bujumbura Area ........................................................7 - 3
vi
List of Photos
Photo 5.1
Promotion residential quarter in Bujumbura .........................................................5 - 1
Photo 5.2
Worker district where vigor is filled in Bujumbura ...............................................5 - 2
Photo 5.3
Tanganyika lake and Resort hotel in Tanganyika lakefront...................................5 - 2
vii
List of Abbreviations (1/2)
Abbrev.
English
French
AfDB
African Development Bank
Banque africaine de développement (BAD)
AfDF
African Development Fund
Fonds africain de Développement (FAD)
CEPGL
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands
Countries
Lacs
CNDD-FDD
Council for the Defence of Democracy - Forces The Conseil national pour la défense de la
for the Defence of Democracy
democratie (CNDD) - Forces pour la défense de
la democratie (FDD)
DGHER
General Direction of Hydraulics and Rural Direction Générale de l'Hydraulique et des
Energies
Energies Rurales
DRC
Democratic Republic of the Congo
EIA
Environment Impact Assessment
F-PRSP
Full PRSP (refer to “PRSP”)
FBU
Burundi franc
FNL
National Liberation Front
FS
Feasibility Study
GWh
Giga Watt Hour (1billion watt hour)
HEPP
Hydro-Electric Power Plant
Centrale Hydroélectrique (CHE)
HV
High Voltage
Haute Tension (HT)
I-PRSP
Interim PRSP (refer to “PRSP”)
ISTEEBU
Burundi Statistical and Economic Sciences Institut de Statistiques et d'Etudes Economiques
Institute
du Burundi
ITCZ
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
IMF
International Monetary Fund
JICA
Japan International Cooperation Agency
LV
Low Voltage
Basse Tension (BT)
MIN E&M
Ministry of Energy and Mines
Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines
MP
Master Plan
MV
Medium Voltage
MW
Mega Watt (1 million watt)
NBI
Nile Basin Initiative
NEF
New Energy Foundation of Japan
NELSAP
Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action program Programme d’action subsidiaire pour les pays des
Lacs équatoriaux du Nil (PAALEN)
ODA
Official Development Assistance
ONATOUR
National Office of Peat
Pre-FS
Pre-Feasibility Study
PRSP
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)
Forces nationales de libération (FNL)
Moyenne Tension (MT)
Initiative du Bassin du Nil (IBN)
l’Office National de la Tourbe
viii
List of Abbreviations (2/2)
Abbrev.
English
French
REGIDESO
Burundi Water and Electricity Production and Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et
Distribution Authority
d’Electricité
SAP
Subsidiary Action Program
SINELAC
International Electricity Supply Company of the Société Internationale d’Energie des Grands Lacs
Great Lakes
SMIs/SMEs
Small and Medium-sized Industries/Enterprises
SNEL
National Electricity Supply Company
SVP
basin-wide Shared Vision Program
WB
World Bank
Société Nationale d’Electricité
Banque mondiale (BM)
ix
Executive Summary
The Republic of Burundi is a landlocked country located in central Africa having a national land area of
27,800 km2 and population of 7.3 million (2004). Burundi is situated on a plateau area having an average
elevation of 1,700m and abounds in water resource, relatively abundant among African countries, with
1,500mm annual precipitation. Bujumbura, the capital city of Burundi, lies at the northeastern corner of
Lake Tanganyika and, with population of 365,000 in 2003. Bujumbura is Burundi’s largest city and its
administrative, communications, and economic center.
One of the rebel force (FNL) that had fought to the last minute since the civil war outbreak in 1993, agreed
to a permanent cease-fire on September 7, 2006. Then, Burundi walks steadily in the peacemaking process,
while Rwanda in the neighboring country is previously advancing one step. However, the infrastructure
conditions have never improved despite the peace-talk opening agreement of 1996 and a cease-fire of 2003
that ended nationwide armed struggle. Regarding the electric power sector, in particular, the country’s
electrification rate stands at a meager 2% due to destructions by the civil war and dilapidation of facilities
which is causing delays in the post-war restoration as well as the economic recovery and development.
On the other hand, the PRSP prepared in September, 2006 prioritized the good governance and the poverty
reduction as its main strategies, indicated the lack of facilities to support production activities, as problems,
and for achieving the poverty reduction and nation’s growth goals, emphasized the necessity of capacity
building for the power sector, together with water supply, transportation and communication, as means to
enhance production and diversification.
In view of the country’s necessity for “Peace-building” and “Human-security”, Japan is prepared to
provide an emergency humanitarian assistance through ODA and support their post-war reconstruction
efforts. The resumption of the bilateral economic cooperation was decided in September 1999 and financial
grant aids in the fields of road-building as well as health and medical care are to be executed in fiscal 2006.
Under these circumstances, the power supply in Bujumbura city has failed to keep up with the population
growth, its urban concentration and industrial development, and the chronic shortage of power supply is
(1) delaying post-war restoration activities, (2) deteriorating people’s health due to the insufficient power
supply to medical institutions, and (3) hampering industrial development. For bringing Burundi’s post-war
restoration, development and peace-building on a steady process, it is imperative to urgently improve the
power supply situation in the capital city of Bujumbura. The successful development of the capital city will
lay a foundation on which regional areas are stimulated and developed. This study aims to formulate a
preliminary electrification plan for the capital city of Bujumbura that will contribute to the regional
S- 1 -
industrial development through building the improved foundation for people’s living and industrial
activities.
This preliminary electrification plan conducted under such objectives for the capital city of Bujumbura will
provide a basis for Burundi’s post-war restoration, poverty reduction and economic development.
According to our preliminary study result on current situation of power sector in Burundi, the total
installed capacity in Burundi including imported electricity produced by hydropower is 57.7 MW. There
are 27 hydro-electric power plants (hereafter called HEPP) in Burundi; however, only 3 HEPPs, i.e.
Rwegura (18 MW), Mugere (8 MW) and Ruvyironza (1.275 MW) are interconnected to the National Grid
at present. Burundi also imports electricity through the National Grid from Ruzizi I HEPP of SNEL and
Ruzizi II HEPP of SINELAC, respectively for 8 and 12 MW as the maximum allowance for Burundi.
Therefore installed capacity of 27.3 MW produced by interconnected 3 HEPPs plus maximum 20 MW of
imported production are available for electricity supply to Bujumbura thorough the National Grid.
The electric power in Burundi is mainly made up by the hydroelectricity and to a lesser extent by thermal
electricity. Production by the other sources (photovoltaic, wind, etc.) is still marginal. State-owned diesel
power plant of 5.5 MW, constructed in Bujumbura in June 1996 and maintained as standby power for
emergency, cannot operate due to the prohibitively high cost of fuel. As the most of existing HEPPs in
Burundi were constructed in 1980s and also some were constructed in 1950s, problems due to aging
facilities were found. Under these circumstances, Burundi’s power import is increasing year by year. The
import share in the total electricity production was only 12.4% in 1987 when the first import from Ruzizi I
began. But the import dependence in 2004 is as high as 44.3% of the total electricity production.
Regarding the electricity demand, the latest record available on Bujumbura’s consumed energy is that of
1999, i.e. 80 GWh. It comprises 76.8% of the consumed energy in whole Burundi in the same year (104
GWh). Based on the previous studies and our compiling work and findings, we assume the present status
of Bujumbura is under the electrification ratio of about 22.5%, the consumed energy of 90 to 95 GWh
which comprises 71 to 75% of whole Burundi’s consumed energy. Also it is assumed that Bujumbura
potentially has a capacity of 98 to 103 GWh of consumed energy at the time of 2004. It is also indicated
that in order for Burundi to steadily attain poverty reduction and economic growth, Bujumbura will need a
consumed energy of 110 to 120 GWh in 2010. With such future perspective, efforts for securing stable
power sources to feed the National Grid and further expanding the distribution lines in Bujumbura area are
urgently needed.
In recognition of the indigenous hydropower development being the fundamental solution to the problems
S- 2 -
of the chronic power shortage and the low electrification level, this report proposes an electrification
scenario of the Bujumbura area as short and medium-to-long term measures.
The short term measure envisages approximately three years and proposes a run-off-river scheme
hydropower development (2.5 MW) which can be realized within the timeframe, comprises a base load
power source, and is environmentally acceptable. At the same time, the report supports the introduction of
a new diesel power plant (about 5 MW) including the supply of fuel, for emergency and future peak load
use, and specifically proposes the utilization of the diesel power plant (5.5 MW) which is kept dormant at
present. Considering the long lead time of about ten years required for a hydropower development, this
report proposes, as a medium to long term measure, to start formulating a master plan for hydropower
development and a feasibility study on potential hydropower sites as soon as practicable. The national
grid’s excessive dependence on hydropower poses a structural problem of the capacity drop in the dry
season being unavoidable. To diversify the energy sources for power generation in the future, therefore, an
early initiation of research for natural energy development potentials such as peat, biomass, solar etc. is
recommended.
For each of the regional development potentials, the stable and sufficient power supply is a prerequisite.
Judging from the current conditions of Bujumbura city, it is assumed that the stable and sufficient power
supply will directly lead to the regional development, i.e. raising the living standards of the people and
activating small and medium-sized enterprises. In parallel with the capacity improvement for the stable and
sufficient power supply, promoting additional measures should be most realistic for regional development,
such as development of hotel facilities and government-led personnel capacity building and active
appealing toward overseas, in a way to create employment opportunities from tourism. When the basic
infrastructure will have been built or become certain to be built in the future to attract private and overseas
investors, aquatic resources from locally characteristic Lake Tanganyika should be utilized for the canning
industry, and mineral products should be developed for the mining industry so that the broader and more
effective regional development will become a real possibility.
The stable and sufficient supply of electric power as the basic infrastructure to promote the people’s living
standards and to attract private and overseas investors in the future is an essential element needed for
Bujumbura city area development.
S- 3 -
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Objectives
The Republic of Burundi is a landlocked country located in central Africa having a national land area
of 27,800 km2 and population of 7.3 million (2004). It is bordered by Rwanda on the North, the
United Republic of Tanzania on the south and east, and Democratic Republic of Congo on the south
and west. Burundi is situated on a plateau area having an average elevation of 1,700m and abounds
in water resource, relatively abundant among African countries, with 1,500mm annual precipitation.
The capital city of Burundi, among others, faces Lake Tanganyika, and with a number of rivers
flowing into the lake, is endowed with relatively plentiful water resources.
Owing to the aftermath of the civil war that broke up in 1993, however, the infrastructure conditions
have never improved despite the peace-talk opening agreement of 1996 and a cease-fire of 2003 that
ended nationwide armed struggle. Regarding the electric power sector, in particular, the country’s
electrification rate stands at a meager 2% due to destructions by the civil war and dilapidation of
facilities which is causing delays in the post-war restoration as well as the economic recovery and
development.
On the other hand, the PRSP prepared in September, 2006 prioritized the good governance and the
poverty reduction as its main strategies, indicated the lack of facilities to support production
activities, as problems, and for achieving the poverty reduction and nation’s growth goals,
emphasized the necessity of capacity building for the power sector, together with water supply,
transportation and communication, as means to enhance production and diversification.
In view of the country’s necessity for “Peace-building” and “Human-security”, Japan is prepared to
provide an emergency humanitarian assistance through ODA and support their post-war
reconstruction efforts. The resumption of the bilateral economic cooperation was decided in
September 1999 and financial grant aids in the fields of road-building as well as health and medical
care are to be executed in fiscal 2006.
Under these circumstances, the power supply in Bujumbura city has failed to keep up with the
population growth, its urban concentration and industrial development, and the chronic shortage of
power supply is (1) delaying post-war restoration activities, (2) deteriorating people’s health due to
the insufficient power supply to medical institutions, and (3) hampering industrial development. For
bringing Burundi’s post-war restoration, development and peace-building on a steady process, it is
1-1
imperative to urgently improve the power supply situation in the capital city of Bujumbura. The
successful development of the capital city will lay a foundation on which regional areas are
stimulated and developed. This study aims to formulate a preliminary electrification plan for the
capital city of Bujumbura that will contribute to the regional industrial development through
building the improved foundation for people’s living and industrial activities.
This preliminary electrification plan conducted under such objectives for the capital city of
Bujumbura will provide a basis for Burundi’s post-war restoration, poverty reduction and economic
development.
1.2 Scope of Works
The investigation for the following items was conducted.
- Electric power condition and relating matter
- Feasibility for electric power development and electrification planning
- Feasibility for regional-development
1.3 Study Area
The study was conducted in Bujumbura city1 that is the capital of Burundi and electrification
development target area in this study, and the outskirts where some hydro-electric potential sites are
located.
1.4 Study Schedule
Investigation in Bujumbura city and site survey in Bujumbura city outskirts were conducted during
August 23rd - August 31st of 2006, by the cooperation of REGIDESO (REGIE DE PROCDUCTION
ET DE DISTRIBUTION D'EAU ET D'ELECTRICITE) under the control of Ministry Energy and
Mines in Burundi.
Refer to Appendix 1 for detail itinerary in Burundi.
1
: “Bujumbura” has the case to mean “Bujumbura city” that is the capital of Burundi and the case to
mean “Bujumbura province” including Bujumbura city and its surrounding rural area.
1-2
1.5 Study Team Member
This study was conducted by the following members.
- Kazunori INOUE,
Leader / Electrification Planning
- Taketoshi MATSUNAGA, Electric Power Development Planning
- Masayoshi HAYASHI,
Social Environment Consideration
1-3
Chapter 2 Socio-economic Condition in Burundi
2.1 Introduction
The first national election for the local assembly, the Senate and the National Assembly since the
civil war outbreak in 1993 were executed in 2005 after the period of provisional politics. In August
2005, Mr. Nkurunziza who is the leader of CNDD-FDD that became the ruling party won by the
election was indirectly elected to the president at the general meeting of the Parliament.
Moreover, one of the rebel force (FNL) that had fought to the last minute since the civil war
outbreak in 1993, agreed to a permanent cease-fire on September 7, 2006. Then, Burundi walks
steadily in the peacemaking process, while Rwanda in the neighboring country is previously
advancing one step.
However, the former president Ndayizeye and other members were arrested on the suspicion related
to the coup attempt in August, 2006, while the vice president Nzomucnda who criticized government
graft and the human-right violation resigned. Thus, the political situation still faces many challenges.
2.2 Population
The population of Burundi is increasing every year in each region as shown in Table 2.1 and Figure
2.1.
Table 2.1 Population change of each province in Burundi
2-1
Figure 2.1 Population change of each province in Burundi
The population growth rate of less than 2 % that has continued since the civil war outbreak in 1993
is recovering to the rate before the civil war after 1999. The population and population growth rate in
Burundi are shown in Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2 Population change in Burundi
2-2
Table 2.1 shows that the most populous regions are Ngozi province located in northern part of
Burundi, and Gitega province containing the old capita, while it becomes the most populous in case
the population of Bujumbura city, the capital of Burundi:, and Bujumbura province surrounding
Bujumbura city are totaled. The populations of Cibitoke province, Kayanza province, Kirundo
province and Muyinga province that have borders with Rwanda or Tanzania are also large.
The source of Table 2.1, Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 on the previous page is the population data
published by Institut de Statistiques et D’Etudes Economiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU). While the
population changes of Burundi and its urban area whose source is the population data published by
African Development Bank (AfDB) are shown in Table 2.2 and Figure 2.3, shows a little different
figures from Table 2.1, Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2.
Table 2.2 Population change of Burundi and its urban area
Figure 2.3 Population change of Burundi and its urban area
2-3
Table 2.2 and Figure 2.3 shows that the population growth rate of urban area is higher than that of
the entire Burundi in these years, which means the population concentration to the urban area.
The population by age is shown in Table 2.3and Figure 2.4.
Table 2.3 Population by age of each province in Burundi in 2001
Figure 2.4 Population by age in Burundi in 2001
These data show the population composition of a typical developing country as the difference
between each categories of the childish population is big and explains the high mortality rate among
the childish generation.
2-4
2.3 Economy
GDP per capita and GDP ratio of production in each sector are shown in Table 2.4, Figure 2.5 and
Figure 2.6.
Table 2.4 GDP, GDP per capita and Production of each sector in Burundi
Figure 2.5 GDP and GDP per capita in Burundi
Figure 2.6 Production of each sector in GDP ratio
2-5
Though GDP was decreasing every year since the civil war outbreak, the recovering symptom is
seen in the data of 2004. And GDP per capita is about 90USD in these a couple of years, which
being less than the half of before the civil war breaks out.
As for the industrial composition, the ratio of the third industry including public service such as
electricity and water service is increasing every year, while the ratio of the primary industry of
agriculture etc. is decreasing. It could be also guessed that the population is concentrating in the
urban area from these diagrams, because the third industry is main industry in the urban area.
Table 2.5 Working population of each sector in Burundi
Table 2.6 Main agricultural product in Burundi
2-6
Burundi is an agrarian country as more than 90% of the work force is engaged in the primary
industry. (Refer to Table 2.5) Food could be self-supported domestically to be surmisable because
the primary industry accounted for about 50% of GDP before 1993. (Refer to Table 2.4 & Figure
2.6) However, Burundi is dependent on the food aid up to now since the civil war outbreak, because
of the situation with resource-poor and high density population. Table 2.6 shows that the agricultural
production ha been decreasing since 1993.
2.4 International Trade
The export amount of each product of Burundi is shown in Table 2.7. According to the data in 2003,
coffee, tea, beer, and sugar, etc. are major exporting products and coffee accounts for more than 60%,
of the total amount, while relying on the food aid. In recent years, the export amount of sugar has
been recovered to the level before the civil war outbreak as well as of beer , while there are some
products of which export amount has been decreased sharply since the civil war outbreak.
Table 2.7 Structure of exports from Burundi (in million Fbu)
2-7
The main countries for export and import in 2003 are shown in Table 2.8 and Table 2.9.
Table 2.8 The main export partners in 2003
Table 2.9 The main import partners in 2003
The export amount in 2003 to Switzerland occupies one third of the total export amount from
Burundi, and the total import amount from Luxembourg, and Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia occupies
more than a half of the total import amount to Burundi.
Burundi relies on the import for a lot of things such as capital goods like cement, oil and industrial
products, and foods.
2-8
2.5 Foreign Assistance
The proportion of ODA amount in GNI (Gross National Income) of Burundi is shown in Table 2.10.
Table 2.10 Ratio of foreign aid in GNI to Burundi
ODA to Burundi in 2003 is US$224 million1. This accounts for about 39% of GNI of Burundi in
2003, and the ratio is increasing year by year.
Japan’s ODA to Burundi up to 2003 pledged 3.3 billion yen (E/N base) as loan aid, 13 billion 289
million yen (E/N base) as grant aid, and 746 million yen (JICA base) as technical cooperation2.
The most largest donor country for the bilateral assistance to Burundi in 2002 is the United States,
followed by Belgium, Norway, Netherlands, and France2.
1
2
: The source is a statistical data of UNICEF.
(http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burundi_statistics.html)
: The source is each country and regional situation information of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. (http.www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/Burundi/data.html)
2-9
Chapter 3 Present Status of Power Sector in Burundi
3.1 Introduction
The Republic of Burundi heavily depends, for its energy source, on the biomass resources (wood,
peat and coal) which account for 87% of the total national requirement. Next to this, comes
petroleum (11%) and electric power represents only 2% (see Figure 3.1). Consequently, the country
not only suffers from problems such as the decline in the afforestation area ratio caused by excessive
logging, and subsequent environmental problems including soil erosion but also the state’s economic
growth is put under constraints because those problems have become impediments to the economic
development of the other industries than those benefiting from the use of energy.
With the above-mentioned background, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) prepared in
September 2006 proclaims that the promotion of industrial development that ensures the economic
growth and the development and the stabilization of electric power supply that constitutes the basis
for the industry are mandatory.
From the viewpoint of securing resources for the electric power development, it should be noted that
Burundi has a significant hydraulic power potential. The PRSP mentioned that Burundi has 1,700
MW of its theoretical capacity, of which only 32 MW is being utilized at present.
Wood, Peat, Coal
Petroleum
Electricity
Source: L’énergie et l’eau au Burundi, Ambassade de France au Kenya
– Mission Économique, March 2005
Figure 3.1
Source of Energy in Burundi
3-1
3.2 Organization, Law and Regulations
3.2.1 Organization
(1) Domestic Organization
The power sector of Burundi is administered by the Ministry of Energy and Mines, or Ministère de
l’Energie et des Mines (hereafter called MIN E&M). The organization chart of MIN E&M is shown
in Figure 3.2.
Jean’Marie NDARURINZE
Figure 3.2 Organization Chart of MIN E&M
MIN E&M consists of Headquarters, or Administration Centrale; Personalized Administrations, or
Administrations Personalisées; Public Companies, or Etreprises Publiques represented by
REGIDESO; Mixed Investment Company, or Société d’Economie Mixte; and Regional
Organizations, or Organismes Régionaux such as SINELAC.
Under Headquarters, General Department of Water and Energy, or Direction Générale de l’Eau et de
l’Energie administers REGIDESO which is outlined later. Under General Department of Water and
Energy, Department of Energy, or Direction de l’Energie administers new energies such as solar and
wind energies.
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REGIDESO (Burundi Water and Electricity Production and Distribution Authority, or Régie de
Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité) is responsible for the actual operation and
administration of the electric power generating facilities in Burundi.
On the other hand, the hydro-electric power developments for further remote areas (rural
electrification) are independently promoted by General Direction of Hydraulics and Rural Energies,
or Direction Générale de l’Hydraulique et des Energies Rurales (hereafter called DGHER) which is
under MIN E&M. As the hydro-electric power plants (hereafter called HEPP) of DGHER are
independent of the main power grid (every HEPP stands independent for the rural electrification
purpose), an agreement between REGIDESO and DGHER becomes necessary when any of HEPPs
under DGHER is interconnected into the grid for power transmission.
Another state-owned company administered by MIN E&M is ONATOUR (National Office of Peat,
or l’Office National de la Tourbe) which manages the peat or tourbe mined in the southern and
northern districts of Burundi. ONATOUR was established in 1977. Peat is a kind of young coal
available in swamps and former swamps and explorations have been conducted since the oil crisis of
1973 with a view to utilize peat as one of the promising energy sources to solve energy supply and
deforestation problems in Burundi. To date, the explorations have proved a reserve of 100 million
tons of peat throughout Burundi, of which 57 million tons are assessed as exploitable. On the other
hand, the current annual peat production is 10,000 tons, yet to catch up with the annual demand of
14,000 tons. The main user of peat is the Army who consumes 98 % of the production. As mentioned
in the beginning, the share of the biomass resources (wood, peat and coal) of the total energy
requirement is 87 % out of which peat represents a mere 0.04 %.
The other organization related to the power sector than MIN E&M is the Ministry of Trade and
Industry, or Ministère du Commerce et de l’Industrie which administers imports of petroleum
products as fuel for thermal (diesel) power generation. The regional economic sanctions applied to
Burundi between 1996 and 1999 have strongly affected consumption and the imports of oil, which,
in 1999-2000, had fallen of 74% compared to the level of 1994. However, oil currently takes again
importance since its imports increased by 30% between 1999 and 2002.
The consumption of derived petroleum products is on average 77,000 tons per year. Burundi has two
deposits of storage in Bujumbura and Gitega, which have a respective capacity of 12,000 and 20,000
m3.
Although there would be oil in Burundi in certain valleys of Cibitoke (north-western) and Muyinga
like in the lake Tanganyika, according to the government of Burundi, 100% of the resource is
imported. Burundi indeed misses funds to exploit its own layers. The government trying to attract
3-3
the foreign investments; certain South-African and Anglo-American investors seem to be interested
in the natural resources in Burundi.
(2) International Organization
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries, or Communauté Economique des Pays des
Grands Lacs (hereafter called CEPGL) is an organization launched in 1976 and is made up of three
countries, Burundi, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo (hereafter called DRC). Its main
aim is to foster economic integration and facilitate the movement of goods and people.
SINELAC, International Electricity Supply Company of the Great Lakes, or Société Internationale
d’Energie des Grands Lacs is a company jointly established by the three countries that comprise
CEPGL and manages Ruzizi II HEPP which was constructed in 1989.
On the other hand, Ruzizi I HEPP which was constructed in 1958 before CEPGL was launched, is
managed by SNEL, National Electricity Supply Company, or Société Nationale d’Electricité. Ruzizi
I HEPP was constructed by the three countries of Burundi, Rwanda and DRC along with Ntaruka
HEPP located in northern Rwanda. At present, however, the right of using Ntaruka HEPP belongs to
Rwanda and the right of using Ruzizi I HEPP belongs to Burundi and DRC.
Burundi, being located in the uppermost reaches of the Nile, the longest river in the world, is also a
member of NBI (Nile Basin Initiative) that consists of the Nile Basin states. Formally launched in
February 1999 by the Council of Ministers of Water Affairs of the Nile Basin States, NBI provides a
unique forum for the countries of the Nile to move forward a cooperative process to realize tangible
benefits in the Basin and build a solid foundation of trust and confidence.
As its main activities, NBI;
- Provides a platform for co-operation and for building working relationships between the riparian
countries,
- Provides an arrangement by which to move forward from discussion to action, and
- Implements the “Strategic Action Program”.
NBI launched Strategic Action Program, which includes two complementary components: a
basin-wide Shared Vision Program (SVP) and Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs).
Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action program (NELSAP), a project identification and
preparation facility within the framework of NBI, is to contribute to the eradication of poverty, to
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promote economic growth, and to reverse environmental degradation in the NEL region. NELSAP
oversees implementation of the jointly identified SAPs and promotes cooperative inter-country and
in country investment projects related to the common use of the Nile Basin water resources.
3.2.2 Law and Regulations
The regulations governing the power sector are being formulated with the assistance of Canada. In
order to avoid radical fluctuations in electricity rates, a controlling mechanism under the government
jurisdiction may be incorporated. Other related laws and regulations include Land Acquisition Code
(1986) and Forest Code (1985) both of which are under the process for revision. Furthermore,
Environment Code (2000) mentions environmental impact assessment (EIA) and establishment of
National Environmental Commission.
3.3 Government Policies and Programs
3.3.1 PRSP
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) describe a country's macroeconomic, structural and
social policies and programs to promote growth and reduce poverty, as well as associated external
financing needs. PRSPs are prepared by governments through a participatory process involving civil
society and development partners, including the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary
Fund (IMF). The Burundi’s Full PRSP (hereafter called F-PRSP) is one of the latest PRSPs prepared
in September 2006.
F-PRSP comes two and a half years after the approval in January 2004 by the Executive Boards of
the WB and the IMF of the Interim PRSP (I-PRSP). It was drafted in a time of major political change
characterized by the restoration of security and encouraging socio-economic developments. This
strategy, which was developed through a participatory process, is a reflection of these developments
and advances Burundi toward a better future through the reforms and programs it advocates. Its
objective is to build a new society of hope for Burundians as the 21st century unfolds.
The PRSP presents a medium- and long-term development vision for Burundi and sets out bold
poverty reduction objectives, which are consistent with the government’s 2005-2010 priority
program and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The foundation of the PRSP was laid on
3-5
the following principles so as to give substance to the vision: (i) refocusing the role of the State; (ii)
maintenance of peace and security; (iii) capacity building; (iv) renewed economic growth; (v)
stronger community involvement; (vi) affirmation of the central role of women; and (vii) promotion
of a new partnership with donors and lenders.
From the quantitative and qualitative analyses and the conclusions of the sectoral and thematic
poverty studies, it became clear that there was consensus on four main strategic axes:
(i) Improving governance and security
(ii) Promoting sustainable and equitable economic growth
(iii) Developing human capital
(iv) Combating HIV/AIDS
Referring to the second main axis of “promoting sustainable and equitable economic growth”, the
PRSP specifically describes it as follows.
Quote:
Burundi’s future will depend on its capacity to deliver strong and lasting economic growth to
feed its ever growing population and reduce poverty.
Promoting such growth is one of the
priority objectives of the PRSP, and the priority actions selected cover the following areas: (i)
strategic actions to revitalize sectors with growth potential, notably food and export crops,
livestock production, trading, mining, and manufacturing; (ii) reviving the private sector; (iii)
diversifying employment and income opportunities for rural communities, notably through
microcredit and the promotion of highly labor-intensive works; (iv) rehabilitating and
modernizing transport, energy, and telecommunications infrastructures, which are essential to
generating externalities that enable the Burundian economy to become more competitive; and
(v) restoring macroeconomic equilibria.
Unquote
One of the factors explaining the lack of dynamism associated with agricultural activities, livestock
rearing, fisheries, and small and medium-sized industries and enterprises (SMIs/SMEs) is the acute
shortage of support infrastructure. Consequently, water and energy shortages and problems in the
transport and telecommunications sectors continue to pose a major problem for attainment of the
country’s objective of increasing and diversifying production.
In the field of energy, Burundi has significant hydraulic power potential. The PRSP mentioned that
Burundi has 1,700 MW of its theoretical capacity, of which only 32 MW is being utilized at present.
3-6
Despite the country’s significant hydroelectric potential and heavy public investment in this sector in
20th century, the electrification rate remains very low (1.8 %).
At the moment, national electricity production has declined as a result of scant investment over the
past 15 years and the lack of rainfall. The sector is experiencing an energy deficit on the order of 10
MW, the result being the operation of the grids through load shedding and a slowdown in economic
activity.
3.3.2 Sectoral Policy of MIN E&M
Sectoral policy of MIN E&M submitted to the government in May 2006 for finalization of PRSP,
adopted by the ordinary meeting of the Council of Ministers, held on June 7, 2006.
Energy policy out of sectoral policy of MIN E&M is as follows:
(1) Objectives
The objectives to be reached in the energy sector are classified in two groups, namely:
- Total objectives
- Specific objectives to each total objective
Total Objectives
(a)
To ensure the access of most of the population the modern sources of energy,
(b)
To provide energy in quantity and quality sufficient for the industrial activities and artisanal,
(c)
To satisfy in energy the essential domestic requirements while taking care to safeguard the
environment,
(d)
To rationally use the local sources of energy for the community and domestic use, and
(e)
To promote the use of fertilizer containing the peat in agriculture and horticulture.
Specific Objectives
(a)
To ensure the access of most of the population the modern sources of energy
- To increase the rate of electrification of the country by the extension of the networks.
(b)
To provide energy in quantity and quality sufficient for the industrial activities and artisanal
- To increase the national energy production by constructing HEPPs.
- To improve the institutional effectiveness and the financial performances of the sector.
(c)
To satisfy in energy the essential domestic requirements while taking care to safeguard the
environment
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- To increase the energy effectiveness.
- To promote the rational management of energy.
(d)
To rationally use the local sources of energy for the community and domestic use
- To satisfy the demand for peat, as well on the level of the households as on the level of the
utility services to suppress the phenomena of deforestation.
(e)
To promote the use of fertilizer containing the peat in agriculture and horticulture
- To make available local manure in quality and quantity sufficient for the amendment of the
grounds.
(2) Strategies
Strategies to achieve the above Objective are as follows:
(a)
To increase the electrification ratio of the country through the extension of the networks
- To increase the operational effectiveness of the services of REGIDESO and DGHER.
- To carry out the extensions of the network and connections.
(b1) To increase the national energy production
- To build new hydroelectric power stations.
- To double the capacity of the existing hydroelectric power stations where it is possible.
- To obtain a power station of 10 MW.
- To rehabilitate the existing infrastructures to increase their output.
(b2) To improve the institutional effectiveness and the financial performances of the sector
- To restructure the companies of electricity to make them more profitable and more effective.
- To reinforce the structural and institutional capacities to face with the challenges effectively.
(c)
To improve the security of electricity supply
- To reinforce the reliability of the electrical supply network of transmission and distribution.
- To continue the regional policy of inter-connected national networks.
(d)
To satisfy the request digs peat about it to suppress the phenomenon of deforestation
- To exploit the national natural energy of the peat.
- To promote the hearths adapted to the level of the households and the communities.
- To ensure the formation necessary to the techniques of use of the peat in particular in the
production of building materials.
(e)
To make available local manure in quality and quantity sufficient for the amendment of the
grounds
- To rehabilitate the pilot building site.
- To reinforce the outputs.
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3.4 Existing Power Generation Facilities
The total installed capacity in Burundi including imported electricity produced by hydropower is
57.7 MW as shown in Table 3.1. Domestic installed capacity of HEPPs is 32.2 MW as shown in
Table 3.2 and Figure 3.3, and REGIDESO owned 31 MW (96.2%) out of 32.2 MW. In terms of the
remaining 1.2 MW, micro HEPPs for a total of 0.5 MW are owned by DGHER and for a total of 0.7
MW are owned by private companies such as Parish1, OTB2, etc. There are 27 HEPPs in Burundi;
however, only 3 HEPPs are interconnected to the National Grid at present.
Burundi also imports electricity through the National Grid from Ruzizi I HEPP of SNEL and Ruzizi
II HEPP of SINELAC, respectively for 8 and 12 MW as the maximum allowance for Burundi.
Therefore installed capacity of 27.3 MW produced by interconnected 3 HEPPs plus maximum 20
MW of imported production are available for electricity supply to Bujumbura thorough the National
Grid.
Table 3.1
Composition of Power Plants in Burundi
Installed Capacity
(MW)
Type of Power Plant
Hydro
(Domestic)
Interconnected
HEPPs
(REGIDESO)
Rwegura
18
Mugere
8
Ruvyironza
1.275
Sub Total
Isolated HEPPs REGIDESO
27.275
Thermal
Others
0.503
Private
0.716
Sub Total
4.911
32.186
Ruzizi I HEPP (28.2MW)
8
8 MW for Burundi
Ruzizi II HEPP (36MW)
12
12 MW for Burundi
Total Import
20
Bujumbura Diesel Power Plant
5.5
Total Themal
5.5
Not Specified
-
Grand Total
1
2
* Under Rehabilitation
3.692
DGHER
Total HEPPs
Hydro
(Import)
Remarks
57.686
: “Parish” is the name of the Roman Catholic Mission
: Burundi Tea Authority or Office du Thé du Burundi
3-9
* For Emergency Use
Table 3.2
Name of
HEPP
Owner
Hydro-Electric Power Plants Installed in Burundi
Name of
Year of Installed Capacity
Remarks
River
Startup
(MW)
Rwegura
REGIDESO
Gitenge
1986
18 (6×3units)
Network Interconnected (110kV)
Mugere
REGIDESO
Mugere
1982
8 (2×4)
Network Interconnected (35kV)
Ruvyironza
REGIDESO
Ruvyironza
1980
1984
0.850 (0.425×2) Network Interconnected (30kV)
1.275 (0.425×3) * Under Rehabilitation
Nyemanga
REGIDESO
Siguvyave
1988
1.440 (0.720×2) Southern Network (30kV)
Gikonge
REGIDESO
Mubarazi
1982
Local Network (10kV)
0.850 (0.425×2) Muramvya
Kayenzi
REGIDESO
Kavuruga
1984
0.850 (0.425×2) North-eastern Network (30kV)
Marangara
REGIDESO
Ndurumu
1986
0.240 (0.120×2) Northern Network (30kV)
Buhiga
REGIDESO
Ndurumu
1984
0.240
Ruyigi
(Sanzu)
REGIDESO
Sanzu
1982
0.072
Kigwena
DGHER
Nzibwe
1984
0.050
Butezi
DGHER
Sanzu
1990
0.240
Ryarusera
DGHER
Kagogo
1984
0.020
Nyabikere
DGHER
Nyabisi
1990
0.139
Murore
DGHER
Rusumo
1987
0.024
Utilization: Mission + Hospital
Giheta
DGHER
Ruvyironza
1984
0.030
Mugera
Ruvyironza
1962
0.030
Buyongwe
1981
0.064
K (G) itenge 1979
0.025
Utilization: Mission
Nyamabuye
1981
0.006
Kirasa
1982
0.025
Utilization: Mission + School
Mukanda
1983
0.016
Nyabigondo
1971
0.360
Kaniga
(Mucece)
1984
0.044
Kayokwe
1983
0.015
Burasira
Private*1
(Parish )
Private
(Parish)
Private
(Parish)
Private
(Parish)
Private
(Parish)
Private
(Parish)
Private*2
(OTB )
Private
(Parish)
Private
(Parish)
Private
(Seminar)
* Out of Service
* Out of Service
Ruvubu
1961
0.025
Utilization: Tea Factory
(OTB: Burundi Tea Authority)
* Owner was changed to REGIDESO
Utilization: Station of ISABU*3
* Out of Service
Kibimba
Private
Kaniga
1954
0.050
Kibumbu
Private
Mushwabure 1953
0.056
Kiremba
Masango
Musongati
Mutumba
Mpinga
Teza
Kiganda
Gisozi
Karuzi Local Network (10kV)
* Out of Service
Ruyigi Local Network (10kV)
* Out of Service
Utilization: Health Care Center
* Out of Service
Utilization: Sanatorium
* Out of Service
Total
32.186
Excluding HEPPs under rehabilitation 29.258
and out of service
Note: *1 “Parish” is the name of the Roman Catholic Mission
*2 Burundi Tea Authority (Office du Thé du Burundi)
*3 Institute of Agricultural Science of Burundi (Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi)
3-10
DGHER
1.6%
Other Isolated
HEPPs 3.692MW Private
2.2%
(REGIDESO) 11.5%
Thermal
Hydro 0%
(Isolated)
6.655GWh
Ruvyironza
1.275MW
(REGIDESO) 4%
Hydro
(Interconnected)
55.9%
85.719GWh
Figure 3.3
Hydro-Electric Power Plants
Installed in Burundi
43.3%
r
15 Nat
6. i on
28
a
95 3G l G
.9 W r id
%
h
52.6%
(REGIDESO)
Total
162.938
GW h
Fo
(REGIDESO)
Rwegura
18MW
Fo
Mugere
8MW 24.9%
Hydro
(Import)
70.564GWh
Total
32.186
MW
rN
2 7 at i
.2 on
a
7
8 4 5M l G
.7 W r id
%
Under Rehabilitation
4.1%
Figure 3.4
Electricity Production in Burundi
including Import in 2004
Figure 3.4 shows electricity production in Burundi including import in 2004. Total 163 GWh of
electricity was produced or imported in 2004, and 95.9% of electricity seemed to be transmitted to
Bujumbura thorough the National Grid.
The electric power in Burundi is mainly made up by the hydroelectricity and to a lesser extent by
thermal electricity. Production by the other sources (photovoltaic, wind, etc.) is still marginal.
State-owned diesel power plant of 5.5 MW (1.5 MW×2, 1.25 MW×2), constructed in Bujumbura in
June 1996 and maintained as standby power for emergency, cannot operate due to the prohibitively
high cost of fuel. But when the power transmission from Ruzizi I HEPP and Rwegura HEPP broke
down in 1996 for six months, Bujumbura diesel power plant generated electricity of 3.35 GWh. As
far as records are concerned, there is no evidence that this diesel power has ever been operated since
1996. Furthermore as there remain no operational records since 1999 on the other thermal power
plants which are scattered locally, the present power production in Burundi comes virtually 100%
from hydropower excepting, though, independent diesel generating facilities which are owned by
hotels, manufacturing plants and so on and not reflected on the statistics.
As the most of existing HEPPs in Burundi were constructed in 1980s and also some were
constructed in 1950s, problems due to aging facilities were found. According to Table 3.2, seven (7)
HEPPs such as Buhiga and Ruyigi (Sanzu) of REGIDESO; Giheta of DGHER; Mugera, Gisozi,
Kibimba and Kibumbu of private companies were out of service and five (5) HEPPs such as
Ruvyironza and Gikonge of REGIDESO; Kigwena, Butezi and Ryarusera of DGHER were under
rehabilitation.
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Under these circumstances, Burundi’s power import is increasing year by year. The import share in
the total electricity production was only 12.4% in 1987 when the first import from Ruzizi I began.
But the import dependence in 2004 is as high as 44.3% of the total electricity production (see Figure
3.4). For reference, the import purchase of electricity from Ruzizi II (SINELAC) is about 2.0 ¢/kWh.
3.5 Transmission and Distribution Facilities
The National Grid consisting of transmission lines (hereafter called T/L) of 110 kV, 70 kV, 35 kV, 30
kV and 10 kV as shown in Figure 3.5. Interconnected T/Ls of 110 kV and 70 kV are extended to
DRC, respectively. There are three (3) substations (hereafter called S/S) in capital Bujumbura for
distribution, namely SNEL, RN1 and OZONE. These S/Ss step down reached electricity ranging
from 100 kV to30 kV into 6.6 kV. Figure 3.6 also shows the network diagram of the National Grid.
Electricity from Ruzizi I HEPP is transmitted through high voltage (hereafter called HV) lines of 70
kV and reached to SNEL S/S, which located in northern part of Bujumbura.
Electricity from Ruzizi II HEPP (Mururu 2) is transmitted through HV lines of 110 kV and reached
to RN1 S/S, which located in eastern part of Bujumbura. Electricity from Rwegura, largest HEPP in
Burundi, is also transmitted through same HV lines of 110 kV from Bubanza and reached to RN1
S/S. Bujumbura and Gitega, which is the old capital of Burundi, is also interconnected between RN1
S/S and ZEGE S/S through HV lines of 110 kV.
Mugere HEPP, located at the Mugere river in the southern part of Bujumbura province, was
constructed in 1982 with the assistance of People's Republic of China (hereafter called PRC).
OZONE S/S was also constructed by PRC for the purpose of electricity distribution for Bujumbura.
OZONE S/S is located in southeastern part of Bujumbura and received the electricity from Mugere
HEPP through medium voltage (hereafter called MV) lines of 35 kV.
The problems relating to T/L and S/S include the aging of switchgears at the existing S/Ss. An aid
from Europe for replacing them is expected. Regarding the existing T/Ls, damaged by the civil war,
the electric cables and steel transmission towers were replaced and have been kept in good order, but
the communication lines need rehabilitation. At present radio communications are employed. The
T/L connecting Ruzizi I with SNEL S/S uses 70 kV cables, but the steel towers, upgraded at the time
of replacement, are capable of holding 110 kV cables, and if cables and S/S are upgraded and it
seems to be so intended, 110 kV power can be received in the future.
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Source: REGIDESO
Figure 3.5
National Grid in Burundi
3-13
Bujumbura
Source: Etude D'Implantation De Nouveaux Postes De Repatition D'Electricite A Bujumbura, Rapport Final, Juillet 2001
Figure 3.6
Network Diagram of the National Grid
3-14
3.6 Power Supply and Demand
Figure 3.7 shows the supplied and consumed energy and loss of Burundi that we have prepared by
compiling data from study reports and statistics of MIN E&M as listed hereunder.
No.11 “Audit des Installations de Production, Transport et Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricite de la
REGIDESO”, Sogreah, June 2001
No.17 Etude du PreFaisabilite et de Faisabilite des Amenagements Hydroelectriques de Kabu16,
Kabu23, Masango et Rushiha, “Revision Simplifiee du Plan Directeur National
D'Electrification”, Sogreah, June 1995
No.23 “Statistiques et Bilan Energertiques”, “Statistiques de L'eau Potable”, Periode: Annee 2003,
MIN E&M, December 2004
No.24 “Statistiques et Bilan Energertiques”, “Statistiques de L'eau Potable”, Periode: Annee 2004,
350
300
250
200
Legend
Suppl i ed Energy, Whol e Burundi
Sogreah 1995
Hi
Suppl i ed Energy, Netw ork Interconnected
gh
dle
Mi d
Lo w
Consumed Energy, Whol e Burundi
Consumed Energy, Netw ork Interconnected
H i gh
Consumed Energy, Bujumbura
150
M i d d le
100
Sogreah 2001
50
0
100
Network Interconnected
Whole Burundi
80
60
40
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
20
Total Loss (%)
Supplied/Consum ed Energy (GWh)
MIN E&M, December 2005
0
Figure 3.7 Supplied/Consumed Energy and Loss
The years with missing broken lines and columns in the graph mean there are no existing data
available. Specifically, the total loss (column) represents the difference between the supplied energy
and consumed energy and is shown only when both data are available for a given year
It is known from Figure 3.7 that the consumed energy abruptly drops during the years of civil war
3-15
and the total loss in 1997 is strikingly high. Considering the state of war, however, the loss
exceeding 80% is still hard to regard realistic. The pre-war period indicated more or less 20% total
loss and the post-war period indicated 30~40% total loss. According to the interviews we had with
REGIDESO, the post-war total loss was about 25% and the pre-war total loss was about 13%
without information on the breakdown due to the absence of data on transmission and distribution
losses.
There are various demand forecasts conducted by consulting firms such as Sogreah, Lahmeyer and
so on with widely different views due to the different time of analysis and different premises adopted.
Especially, the consumption as affected by the civil war dropped remarkably from 1995 to 1997, the
base year for the result of analysis set either prior to or after the war produced completely different
forecasts. This report adopted, fore reference, the two forecasts prepared by Sogreah, the analysis
results of 1995 (Data No. 7) and the analysis results of 2001 (Data No. 11), because both of them,
copies given us, present not only the study results but also the conditions and the process of analysis
in a way easy to digest. The data plotted on the figure represent the consumed energy for whole
Burundi.
The middle and high cases extracted from the Sogreah’s analysis which was conducted in 2001
(hereafter called Sogreah 2001) are shown in Table 3.3 and Table 3.4 respectively. The annual
demand growth rate was estimated at 3.3% for the middle case and at 4.4% for the high case
respectively. The actual demand transition up to 2004, shown in Figure 3.7, is seemingly leveling off
after 2002 but it is hardly assumed to reflect the intrinsic demand. It is due to the load shedding that
has been practiced in Burundi to control the demand and make up for the supply capacity shortage.
The fundamental structure where the supply capacity stays short of the potential demand that grows
steadily is one of the major problems of the power sector of Burundi and a fundamental cause
impeding the country’s industrial development with Bujumbura at the center.
The interview with REGIDESO revealed that the maximum supply capacity of 26 MW (including
isolated HEPPs) to cover the potential demand of 45 MW is causing a chronic shortage of 19 MW.
The load shedding has to be practiced for this reason. In the actual practice, the supply stoppage
areas and time schedules are pre-announced through newspapers and radios. The daily load is hard to
grasp due to the load shedding, but the peak time is in the evening from 18 to 21 hours.
3-16
Table 3.3
Demand per Geographic Areas and Necessary Production (MWh) 2000 – 2010
(Middle Case)
2000
Consumed Energy
Total Demand
(Whole Burundi)
Percentage of
Bujumbura (%)
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
102,994
126,546
134,166
143,200
153,213
164,091
74.7%
75.5%
73.7%
71.8%
69.9%
68.1%
Bujumbura
76,897
95,524
98,874
102,763
107,079
111,699
Network
Interconnected
98,161
120,610
134,166
143,200
153,213
164,091
Necessary Production (Supplied Energy)
Total Loss (%)
39%
33%
30%
26%
22%
20%
Network
Interconnected
136,783
160,412
174,416
180,431
186,920
196,910
26.2 MW
31.6 MW
34.3 MW
35.5 MW
36.8 MW
38.8 MW
Peak Power (MW)
Source: Audit des Installations de Production, Transport et Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricite de la REGIDESO, June 2001
Table 3.4
Demand per Geographic Areas and Necessary Production (MWh) 2000 – 2010
(High Case)
2000
Consumed Energy
Total Demand
(Whole Burundi)
Percentage of
Bujumbura (%)
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
102,994
129,546
138,959
151,251
165,900
182,168
74.7%
76.1%
73.7%
71.0%
68.3%
65.8%
Bujumbura
76,897
98,524
102,462
107,455
113,316
119,804
Network
Interconnected
98,161
123,610
138,959
151,251
165,900
182,168
Total Loss (%)
39%
33%
30%
26%
22%
20%
Network
Interconnected
136,783
164,402
180,647
190,576
202,398
218,602
26.2 MW
32.4 MW
35.6 MW
37.5 MW
39.8 MW
43.0 MW
Peak Power (MW)
As was mentioned in “3.4 Existing Power Generation Facilities”, the total installed capacity of
HEPPs interconnected to T/L and capable of sending power to Bujumbura is 47.3 MW, the
breakdown of which is shown in Table 3.1. Outside of this capacity, Bujumbura diesel power plant
having 5.5 MW capacity is being mothballed due to the fuel price upsurge and available for
emergency use only.
3-17
Due to the hydropower-lopsided structure to, the available supply capacity drops below one half
during the dry season (generally June through September). As of August 2006, the available supply
capacity was 23 MW, representing 40% of the total installed capacity. The capacity decline reflects
the drop in the generating capacity stemming from the lowered water level of reservoirs and the
decreased river discharge. In the last few years, particularly, the water level of reservoirs has been
low owing to the lasting drought.
3.7 Power Trade with Other Countries
To meet its requirements in electricity, Burundi must import electricity through the National Grid
from Ruzizi I HEPP and Ruzizi II HEPP in DRC, respectively for 8 and 12 MW as the maximum
allowance for Burundi.
Ruzizi I HEPP is located at the Ruzizi river outlet from Lake Kivu and managed by SNEL. Ruzizi I
HEPP was constructed in 1958 along with Ntaruka HEPP located in northern Rwanda. At present the
right of using Ntaruka HEPP belongs to Rwanda and the right of using Ruzizi I HEPP belongs to
Burundi and DRC. Burundi has the free right of being supplied maximum 8 MW out of 28.2 MW
which is the total installed capacity of Ruzizi I HEPP. Due to aging facilities and water shortage,
however, electricity supply from Ruzizi I HEPP for Burundi was only 2 MW as of August 2006.
Electricity from Ruzizi I HEPP is transmitted through HV lines of 70 kV and reached to SNEL S/S.
Burundi also exports electricity to DRC. Step downed electricity at SNEL S/S is transmitted to Uvira
in DRC through low voltage (hereafter called LV) lines of 15 kV.
Ruzizi II HEPP, managed by SINELAC, was constructed in 1989. Burundi buys one third of
electricity production for import, which should be 12 MW out of total installed capacity of 36 MW.
However due to water shortage problem like Ruzizi I HEPP, electricity supply from Ruzizi II HEPP
for Burundi was also decreased to 7 MW as of August 2006.
In the future, T/L in Burundi will be developed and interconnected to the neighboring countries such
as Rwanda and Tanzania as shown in Figure 3.8. Power trade with other countries will be actively
carried out after the development of T/L.
3-18
Source: Study on Power Transmission Lines Related to the Rusumo Falls Hydropower Station, AfDF, September 2006
Figure 3.8
Future T/L Network of Burundi and its Neighboring Countries
3-19
3.8 Electricity Tariff
The electricity tariff structures covering 2001 through 2004 are shown in Table 3.5. In the table, the
low voltage (hereafter called LV) is for individual household subscribers and the MV is for business
subscribers such as industrial plants. The charged cost is the sum of the fixed service charge and the
amount of used electricity multiplied by the tariff. The service charge for individual subscribers is a
small amount fixed according to classification. (The service charges for business subscribers are as
described in the table.)
Table 3.5
Electricity Tariff Structures 2001 – 2004
Clasiffication
Low Voltage (LV)
Resident
Social Tariff
High Standing
2001
Electricity Tariff (FBU)
2002
2003
2004
0 ~ 150 kWh/2month
151 ~ 300 kWh/2month
751 ~
kWh/2month
21.60
24.71
44.20
56.63
23.00
26.00
49.00
63.00
26.50
30.00
56.00
72.00
32.00
36.00
67.00
100.00
0 ~ 300 kWh/2month
301 ~ 1,000 kWh/2month
1,001 ~
kWh/2month
53.67
58.92
64.18
65.60
66.00
73.00
79.00
73.00
75.50
83.50
90.00
83.50
91.00
100.00
108.00
100.00
1,684.70
3,369.40
1,860.00
3,720.00
2,120.00
4,240.00
2,544.00
5,088.00
62.71
40.26
21.00
64.18
-
70.00
45.00
30.00
80.00
-
80.00
51.00
34.00
91.00
35.00
83.50
96.00
61.00
41.00
109.00
42.00
100.00
Commerce
Administration
Medium Voltage (MV)
Premium Fix of Contracted Power (CP) kWh/1month
Super Premium Fix of CP
kWh/1month
Energy
(Utilization of CP)
0 ~ 150 kWh/1month
451 ~
kWh/1month
(Without Utilization of CP)
DGHER
Street Lighting
According to REGIDESO, the present averaged electricity tariff is 80 FBU/kWh (about 8.0 ¢/kWh)
and is put under the government control to prevent any radical increases. As the generating cost of
the diesel power is 250 FBU/kWh (about 25 ¢/kWh), a sharp tariff increase becomes necessary if it
is directly reflected on the tariff. To avoid this, the tariff covers only the O&M (Operation and
Maintenance) cost (since REGIDESO is responsible for O&M of diesel power plant) and the power
plant itself, fuel, and the transmission that are not covered by the tariff are provided as supplies from
the government. (Subsidies from the government are not paid to REGIDESO, but supplies in kind
3-20
are provided for cost items that are not recovered by the tariff.)
3.9 Capacity Development
REGIDESO, as part of training programs, participates in various kinds of international conferences
and training programs sponsored by donor countries. REGIDESO owns a training center next to
OZONE S/S. (The training center is a facility built by Burundi and has no financial connection with
PRC.) We learned through interviews with REGIDESO that they do have some training programs
but the fund shortage is preventing the actual practice, and the details of the programs were not made
available.
On the other hand, the interview with Mugere HEPP, one of our reconnaissance sites, revealed that
the turbine is to be overhauled in 2007 and PRC is planning to send their engineers. Mugere HEPP
has been on a five-yearly maintenance assistance by PRC and therefore, as we observed, is well
maintained. Furthermore, as was mentioned in “3.4 Existing Power Generation Facilities”, while the
five (5) HEPPs in Burundi are under a rehabilitation process, Ruvyironza and Gikonge owned by
REGIDESO are being rehabilitated by PRC. From these findings, it is assumed that PRC is
providing REGIDESO with multiple technical transfer arrangements and capacity development
programs.
3.10 Environmental Impact Assessment System
As is pointed out in “3.2.2. Law and Regulations”, the environment impact assessment (EIA) system
is contained in the Environment Code (2000) which we failed to obtain this time. But the following
documents were obtained as EIA reports that had been carried out in the past.
No. 9 Etude de PreFaisabilite et de Faisabilite des Amenagements Hydroelectriques de Kabu16,
Kabu23, Masango et Rushiha, “Volume 4 Impact des Projects sur l'Environnement”, Sogreah,
September 1993
The composition of Data No. 9 is introduced below. The past EIA follow the regulations of the donor
countries, and it is assumed that the process stipulated in the Environment Code also follow those
regulations. The results of EIA must be submitted to the National Environmental Commission,
assessed and approved by them.
3-21
Volume 4: Impact of the Projects on the Environment
Synopsis
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1
Objectives of the report
1.2
Methodology and carried out tasks
1.3
Description of the projects
Chapter 2
Objectives and Contents of the study
Chapter 3
Physical Environment
3.1
Geological base
3.2
Relief result of the geological and geomorphological history
3.3
Characteristics of the climate
Chapter 4
Biological Environment
4.1
Natural vegetation
4.2
Terrestrial wild fauna
4.3
Fish (aquatic habitat)
4.4
Artificial timberings
4.5
Characteristics on water of the rivers
Chapter 5
Population
5.1
Density of population
5.2
Socio-economic characteristics of the population
5.3
Characteristics of the families
5.4
Characteristics of the residences
Chapter 6
Health
Chapter 7
Agriculture
7.1
Utilization of the grounds
7.2
Log exploitations and cultures
7.3
Exchanges in the exploitations
7.4
Breeding in the farms
7.5
Problems of the exploitations
Chapter 8
Impacts of the Projects
3-22
Chapter 4 Outline of Bujumbura Area
4.1 Overview of Bujumbura
4.1.1 General Description
Bujumbura, the capital city of Burundi, located at 3°22'34" South, 29°21'36" East. The city lies at
the northeastern corner of Lake Tanganyika and, with population of 365,000 in 2003. Bujumbura is
Burundi's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic center. Bujumbura is
also Burundi’s main port and ships most of the country’s chief export, coffee, as well as cotton, skins,
and tin ore.
Gitega, the second largest city lying east of Bujumbura, is the old capital of Burundi. Bujumbura
grew from a small village after it became a military post in German East Africa in 1889. After World
War I it was made the administrative center of the Belgian League of Nations mandate of
Ruanda-Urundi. The city’s name was changed from Usumbura to Bujumbura when Burundi became
independent in 1962.
The city center is a colonial town with a large market, the national stadium, a large mosque, and a
cathedral. Museums in the city include the Burundi Museum of Life and the Burundi Geological
Museum. Other nearby attractions include the Ruzizi National Park, a rock at Mugere marking what
claims to be the place where David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley met (although the
meeting is usually thought to have happened in Ujiji in Tanzania) and the source of the southernmost
tributary of the Nile, described locally as the source of the Nile.
Ferries sail from Bujumbura to Kigoma in Tanzania, while the city is also home to the Bujumbura
International Airport and the University of Bujumbura.
4.1.2 Situation of Electrification
According to the website of ELECTROGAZ of Rwanda, formerly REGIDESO of Burundi and
ELECTROGAZ were one organization. In 1939 the REGIDESO Ruanda-Urundi was created with
its head quarters at Usumbura (Bujumbura) and the head office at Bukavu in DRC. REGIDESO,
became a public company in 1962, was separated to Rwanda Region in Kigali and Burundi Region
in Bujumbura on November 1, 1963.
4-1
Thorough the National Grid, 95.9% (in case of 2004, see Figure 3.4) of electricity production in
Burundi including import is transmitted to Bujumbura. There are three (3) S/Ss in Bujumbura for
distribution, namely SNEL, RN1 and OZONE as shown in Figure 3.6. These S/Ss step down reached
electricity ranging from 100 kV to 30 kV into 6.6 kV.
Bujumbura city and its surrounding electrified area (hereafter called Bujumbura area) is said to be
the most electrified area in Burundi, however, electrification ratio of Bujumbura area is still very low
compared with other country’s capital.
As of 1993, electrification ratio of Bujumbura was about 27% (13,940 domestic subscribers for
approximately 51,180 households), although electrification ratio of whole Burundi was only 1.5%
(18,909 domestic subscribers for approximately 1,260,000 households).
However electrification ratio of Bujumbura in 2000 was decreased to 21.5% (17,617 domestic
subscribers for approximately 81,846 households). The assumable main reasons are such that the
distribution of electricity is unable to match with the growing population in Bujumbura and the
power supply itself is in shortage hampering the subscribers’ increase in proportion to the population
growth.
The study team, therefore, conducted a site reconnaissance on the electrification status of Bujumbura
city. According to REGIDESO, the following five areas are planned for the future development (see
Figure 4.1).
(a)
Kanyosha and its southern area: Electricity has been distributed since 2004, but poor
electricity supply and also not sufficient water supply.
(b)
Gihosya and Gasenyi: Poor electricity supply and also not sufficient water supply.
(c)
Buterere: No electricity and no water supply
(d)
Gasekebuye (New Town): No electricity and no water supply.
(e)
Carama (New Town): No electricity and no water supply
In Kamenge which we passed en route to Carama, newly developed distribution lines were observed.
REGIDESO desires to increase the number of subscribers to raise tariff income and, for that purpose,
wants to expand the distribution network to un-electrified areas, and furthermore, as a prerequisite
for that, are extremely anxious to increase the supplied production of electricity to the National Grid
which serves Bujumbura. In reality, however, the supply capacity is running behind the demand at
the moment, compelling the exercise of the load shedding to put the demand under control.
4-2
(e)
Photo 5.1 (2)
(c)
(b)
Photo 5.2 (1), (2)
(d)
Photo 5.1 (1)
(a)
Source: Etude D'Implantation De Nouveaux Postes De Repatition D'Electricite A Bujumbura, Rapport Final, Juillet 2001
Figure 4.1
Map of Bujumbura City Central
4-3
4.2 Power Supply and Demand of Bujumbura Area
Figure 3.7 shows the supplied/consumed energy and loss in Burundi, but also shows, in parallel, the
consumed energy in Bujumbura (area). According to the study reports prepared in the past, the latest
record available on Bujumbura’s consumed energy is that of 1999, i.e. 80 GWh. It comprises 76.8%
of the consumed energy in whole Burundi in the same year (104 GWh).
Table 4.1 shows the consumed energy in Bujumbura classified by sector (Residential, Industrial,
Commercial and Public) from 1988 through 1999. The same is graphically shown in Figure 4.2.
Table 4.1
Consumed Energy in Bujumbura by Sector (GWh) 1988 – 1999
Sector
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Residential
19.43
21.12
23.24
26.92
29.11
31.35
-
-
-
15.73
22.40
21.49
22.5% 25.9% 25.3% 26.4% 28.8% 32.4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
∆a
∆b
Industrial
∆a
32.06
∆a
∆a
10.63
∆b
26.46
32.84
26.22
30.93
33.12
10.03
12.98
23.26
-
7.1%
-0.8% -20.2% -11.3%
15.01
16.43
22.56
-
16.10
-
-
-
-
12.3% 12.3% 14.2% 14.7% 16.3% 15.6%
-
-
-
-5.6% 29.4% 15.6%
9.5%
-8.2%
-
-
-
24.09
22.71
24.21
-
-
-
28.2% 29.5% 26.8% 26.3% 22.5% 25.0%
-
-
-
24.40
86.52
24.57
26.81
-1.3%
2.0%
9.1% -15.3%
6.6%
-
-
-
81.70
91.72 101.86 101.09
96.87
-
-
-
-4.2%
-
-
-
-5.6% 12.3% 11.1%
-0.8%
-49.8%* 42.4%
19.55
18.95
-4.1%
22.51
31.0% 24.4% 28.1%
-3.0% -28.6% 21.4%
15.09
∆b
Total BJM
7.7%
-17.5% 16.9%
∆b
Public
8.1%
37.1% 32.4% 33.7% 32.5% 32.5% 27.1%
∆b
Commercial
8.7% 10.0% 15.8%
24.9% 28.8% 26.9%
10.32
-3.1% 18.8%
12.31
11.84
16.4% 15.8% 14.8%
-31.6%* 19.3%
17.46
24.08
-3.8%
24.13
27.7% 31.0% 30.2%
-27.9%* 37.9%
63.06
0.2%
77.74
79.97
-34.9%* 23.3%
2.9%
Note: ∆a: Ratio of the sector in total Bujumbura
∆b: % change over previous year in the same sector
*: % change over 1993
From this figure, it is assumed to be difficult to use the post-war data for the two years (1997~1999)
alone to forecast the consumed energy trend of Bujumbura after 1999. However, judging from the
growth trend of the consumed energy of whole Burundi up until 2004, and the fact the Bujumbura’s
share of the consumed energy in whole Burundi is 76.8% in 1999 as the main consuming area, it is
clear that the consumed energy of each sector of Bujumbura as a whole should be on a growth trend
after 1999.
4-4
150
Legend
100
50
Industrial
Public
Residential
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Com mercial
Figure 4.2
Consumed Energy in Bujumbura by Sector
4.3 Power Supply and Demand Prospect of Bujumbura Area
As the economic growth of Burundi progresses in the future, and the local development is promoted,
while the National Grid is broadly expanded, the power consuming areas are expected to diversify
not only in Bujumbura area but also widely throughout Burundi. In the absence of any actual data
regarding electrification ratios after 1999 and with uncertainty about the current electrification status
of Bujumbura, however, we are discussing the future development based on the demand forecast of
Sogreah 2001 as shown in “3.6 Power Supply and Demand” and the following report prepared by
Lahmeyer on the Bujumbura’s electrification plan (hereafter called Lahmeyer 2001).
No.14 Etude D'Implantation De Nouveaux Postes De Repatition D'Electricite A Bujumbura,
Rapport Final, Lahmeyer, Juillet 2001
Lahmeyer 2001 designates 2015 as the target year and sets the electrification ratio of Bujumbura in
2015 at the four cases of (i) status unchanged (20.8%), (ii) 25% attained, (iii) 50% attained and (iv)
95% attained, and calculates the number of subscribers needed to attain each of the target ratios. The
results of the simulation, as are shown in Table 4.2, indicate (i) 800 new subscriber/year, (ii) 1,300
new subscriber/year, (3) 3,700 new subscriber/year and (iv) 8,000 new subscriber/year are needed to
attain each of the targets respectively.
4-5
According to Table 2.1, the latest statistical population of Bujumbura in 2003 is 365,382. Using 3.97
person/household for 2003 (see Table 4.2) which is derived by the formula adopted in the demand
forecast of Lahmeyer 2001, the number of households was calculated as 92,036. On the other hand,
the statistical data of MIN E&M of 2003 (Data No. 23) showed the number of subscribers in 2003 in
Bujumbura was 20,754, and therefore the electrification ratio of Bujumbura at 2003 is calculated as
22.5%. Furthermore, from the difference of the numbers of subscribers between 2000 and 2003, the
new subscriber/year was calculated as 1,046.
The demand forecast of Sogreah 2001 also attempted to find the ratio of the consumed energy in
Bujumbura over that of whole Burundi. According to the report, the ratio of the consumed energy of
Bujumbura over that of whole Burundi for the middle case was 74.7% in 2000, 75.5% in 2002 and
73.7% in 2004 (see Table 3.3) respectively. Applying these ratios to the actual consumed energy of
whole Burundi during 2000 through 2004, the consumed energy in Bujumbura were calculated and
shown in Figure 4.3. In the same Figure, the results of Sogreah 2001 demand forecast as per table
3.3 and Table 3.4 were also shown in parallel.
150
Legend
Hig
h
100
Mi d
dle
Sogreah 2001
re
Fo
50
ca
st
Industrial
Public
Residential
Com mercial
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 4.3
Demand Prospect of Bujumbura
4-6
4-7
441,365
456,423
472,097
488,421
505,432
523,169
541,674
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2.56%
2.57%
2.58%
2.59%
2.60%
2.61%
2.62%
2.63%
2.64%
2.65%
2.66%
2.67%
2.68%
2.69%
2.70%
2.71%
2.72%
2.73%
Note: * Electrification Ratio
426,890
2008
374,264
2004
412,970
362,298
2003
2007
350,764
2002
399,576
339,642
2001
2006
328,912
2000
386,682
318, 557
1999
2005
308,560
1998
1.0%
0.9%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.7%
0.7%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
3.80
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.86
3.87
3.89
3.90
3.92
3.93
3.94
3.96
3.97
3.99
4.00
4.02
4.03
4.05
142,495
137,118
131,979
127,065
122,364
117,864
113,554
109,423
105,464
101,665
98,021
94,522
91,161
87,933
84,829
81,846
78,975
76,214
Number of
Forecasted Natural
Number of
Migration
Persons /
Year Number of Increase
Households
Ratio
Households
Inhabitants Ratio
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
1188
-1287
-
21.0%
21.2%
21.4%
21.6%
21.7%
21.9%
21.9%
22.0%
22.0%
22.1%
22.0%
22.0%
21.9%
21.7%
21.5%
20.8%
23.2%
29,617 20.8%
28,817
28,017
27,217
26,417
25,617
24,817
24,017
23,217
22,417
21,617
20,817
20,017
19,217
18,417
17,617
16,429
17,716
ER*
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1188
-1287
-
New
26.1%
26.2%
26.1%
26.1%
26.0%
25.8%
25.6%
25.3%
25.0%
24.6%
24.1%
23.6%
23.0%
22.3%
21.5%
20.8%
23.2%
ER*
37,117 26.0%
35,817
34,517
33,217
31,917
30,617
29,317
28,017
26,717
25,417
24,117
22,817
21,517
20,217
18,917
17,617
16,429
17,716
Total
1300 Subscribers/Year
Total
25% of Households in 2015
Actual Level (20.8%)
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
3700
1188
-1287
-
New
50.6%
49.8%
48.8%
47.7%
46.3%
44.8%
43.2%
41.3%
39.2%
36.8%
34.3%
31.5%
28.5%
25.1%
21.5%
20.8%
23.2%
ER*
73,117 51.3%
69,417
65,717
62,017
58,317
54, 617
50,917
47,217
43,517
39,817
36,117
32,417
28,717
25,017
21,317
17,617
16,429
17,716
Total
Forecasted Number of Subscribers
Electrification Ratio of Bujumbura 1998 – 2015
New
Table 4.2
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
1188
-1287
-
New
94.5%
92.1%
89.4%
86.3%
82.8%
78.9%
74.6%
69.8%
64.5%
58.8%
52.5%
45.7%
38.2%
30.2%
21.5%
20.8%
23.2%
ER*
137,617 96.6%
129,617
121,617
113,617
105,617
97,617
89,617
81,617
73,617
65,617
57,617
49,617
41,617
33,617
25,617
17,617
16,429
17,716
Total
From Figure 4.3, consumed energy of Bujumbura in 2004 is obtained for each of the three cases, i.e.
(a) Bujumbura’s ratio used in Sogreah 2001 is applied to the actual consumed energy of whole
Burundi, (b) that of Sogreah 2001 (middle case), and (c) that of Sogreah 2001 (high case). The
consumed energy of Bujumbura in 2004 is 93 GWh in case (a), 98.8 GWh in case (b), and 102.5
GWh in case (c), respectively.
The above discussion leads us to assume the present status of Bujumbura is under the electrification
ratio of about 22.5%, the consumed energy of 90 to 95 GWh which comprises 71 to 75% of whole
Burundi’s consumed energy.
It is assumed that Bujumbura potentially has a capacity of 98 to 103 GWh of consumed energy at the
time of 2004. It is also indicated that in order for Burundi to steadily attain poverty reduction and
economic growth, Bujumbura will need a consumed energy of 110 to 120 GWh in 2010. With such
future perspective, efforts for securing stable power sources to feed the National Grid and further
expanding the distribution lines in Bujumbura area are urgently needed.
4-8
Chapter 5 Regional-Development Effects of Electrification
5.1 Background
The population of Burundi keeps increasing every year as described in Chapter 2. The refugee's
return will be expected to advance in the near future, especially; people who find jobs are expected
to concentrate into the urban area such as Bujumbura, as peacemaking process after civil war is
advancing steadily. According to the USAID1 report, the labor force is expected to increase by 2.3%
a year, and the employment or the income chance for about 90,000 new workers will be necessary
every year.
The housing sites houses are being newly developed in the periphery of Bujumbura city, in
preparation for the population growth. But the infrastructure lines other than the road such as
electricity and water service have not been facilitated yet (See Photo 5.1).
(1) Gasukebuye New Town
(2) Carama New Town
Photo 5.1 Promotion residential quarter in Bujumbura
On the other hand, there exist workers’ dwelling districts with vigor in the circumference of
Bujumbura city center. We can see brand-new distribution lines in these districts, and the family who
needs electrification should apply house wiring and meter installation to REGIDESO (REGIE DE
PROCDUCTION ET DE DISTRIBUTION D'EAU ET D'ELECTRICITE) (See Photo 5.2).
The power supply is unstable and insufficient, while the potential power demand is increasing as
described in Chapter 4. Therefore, the rolling blackout is always executed in Bujumbura city, and
there are some districts where the opportunity to secure power supply for 24 hours continuously only
once a week. The electric shortage becomes the obstruction factor to promote regional industries in
the developing district such as Bujumbura city where life materials can be obtained to some degree.
1
: USAID, Burundi Economic Performance Assessment, August 2005
5-1
Without electricity, the development more than the present level cannot be expected, but with the
sufficient and stable electricity, more efficient industries (industrial promotion) and more convenient
life (improvement of life level) can be expected.
(1) Buyenzi District
(2) Car renovation shop
Photo 5.2 Worker district where vigor is filled in Bujumbura
The number of employers of each economic activity sector is shown in Table 5.1, and the number of
workers of each economic activity is shown in Table 5.2.
The composition of labor force is distributed evenly in order of public service, manufacturing (food
and drink, fiber, clothes, and leather), agriculture/livestock farming, and shop/restaurant/hotel. And
as for the employment organization, there are a lot of numbers of shops/restaurants/hotels next to
public service, and 70% of the shops/restaurants/hotels in Burundi are in Bujumbura city.
(1) Tanganyika lake
(2) Resort hotel in Tanganyika lakefront
Photo 5.3 Tanganyika lake and Resort hotel in Tanganyika lakefront
5-2
Table 5.1 Number of employers according to economic activity section (to 31 December)
The stage where Bujumbura city stands now necessitates regional developments that will help raise
the living standards of the people by providing the employments and income sources as well as the
basic infrastructure. In the process of raising the living standards as part of the regional development,
the development of the basic infrastructure initiated by the government and the industrial
development that lead to creating employments and income sources based on such infrastructure
should be the priority policies. The stable and sufficient supply of electric power continues to be an
indispensable element of the infrastructure throughout the initiation and expansion processes of the
regional development.
5-3
Table 5.2 Number of active workers for each economic activity (to 31 December)
5-4
5.2 Potential
Sufficient and stable power supply is indispensable for regional development in Bujumbura city as
described in Section 5.1. In this section, the potentiality of regional promotion in Bujumbura city by
securing sufficient and stable power supply is examined in consideration of the contents of Section
5.1.
[Raising the living standard of people]
In Bujumbura city, rolling blackouts are executed due to shortage of power supply. A worker living
in Buyenzi district of Bujumbura city said through the interview, that the usage of electricity under
the condition of the opportunity to secure power supply for 24 hours continuously only once a week
was only a battery charging and a light, and heat source for cooking was charcoal. The worker also
said, that in case of supplying the steady electric power continuously, they want to buy the home
appliances such as televisions, refrigerators and electric heat sources for cooking and to use them in
life.
However, the current state is a vicious circle shown in the following, and it cannot be hoped for
people to raise their living standard.
(1) Electric shortage; rolling blackout
-> (2) Decreasing buying intention for electrical appliances, no desire to improve living standard
-> (3) Impossibility of increasing of electric rates
-> (4) Impossibility of implementation of diesel power generation
-> Return to (1)
[Promotion of small and medium-sized enterprise]
Insufficient and unstable power supply in Bujumbura city exerts a big influence on small and
medium-sized enterprise level managed in Bujumbura city.
A manager who runs the car repair industry in Buyenzi district of Bujumbura city said through the
interview, that a few increasing of electric rates were toleratable if the steady electric power without
the power failure is supplied, because the unstable electric power with rolling blackouts is a problem
in work. The workers also said, that in case of supplying the steady electric power, they can always
use the electric equipments and the work of the welding etc. makes progress in work.
However, the current state is a vicious circle shown in the following similarly with the living
standard case, and it cannot be developed to develop better than the present condition.
5-5
(1) Electric shortage; rolling blackout
-> (2) No desire to improve productivity, inefficient of work
-> (3) Impossibility of increasing of electric rates
-> (4) Impossibility of implementation of diesel power generation
-> Return to (1)
In this Buyenzi district, various shops such as car parts shop, repair shops and secondhand shop for
electric appliances such as televisions and refrigerators, and there are full of vigor.
Moreover, there are various shops such as copy service shop, software sales mediation shop,
moneychanger, beauty parlor and general shop also in street lined with office buildings in the central
part of city. However, it is often dim in their shops because of the rolling blackout.
[Development of waterworks]
The source of domestic water comes from Lake Tanganyika in Bujumbura city, so it is necessary to
pump up water from the lake to the hill. The stable supply of the electric power necessary for the
pumping up water is the important matter that precedes the preparation of water service in the
Bujumbura city that faces the population growth including the return of the refugees. The electric
power is also indispensable for the water service preparation in the new residential quarter district
shown in Photo 5.1. Especially, the pumping up is indispensable for Gasukebuye district as it is
located at the higher level than other areas, even if it is expanded from the existing water supply
district. According to Table 5.3 and Figure 5.1, the number of water service users in Bujumbura city
increases at the annual rate of about five percent in the recent years, and the stable supply of the
electric power to meet the water service development are indispensable in the future. The services
for both the power supply and the water supply in the urban area are executed by REGIDESO under
the control of Ministry Energy and Mining in Burundi.
[Promotion of tourism]
The promotion of the tourism shall be expected by finding of tourist attraction to make use of Lake
Tanganyika that faces Bujumbura city and belongs to be the Great lake region forming the African
large rift valley belt as well as developing the sightseeing facilities such as hotels. As for the
sightseeing attraction, cruising of Lake Tanganyika that is famous in worldwide as a part of the
African large rift valley, marine sports, and the ecotourism etc. are considered.
However, due to the power shortage in Bujumbura city, a private power generation facilities such as
small diesels generators are indispensable in the hotels now.
In addition, the tourism also contributes very much to not only the way of the foreign currency
acquisition but also the job creation such as the employment in the hotels and the restaurants, etc.
5-6
Table 5.3
Number of water service users in Bujumbura
Figure 5.1 Number of water service users in Bujumbura
[Promotion of industry- Cannery]
People in Tanzania cans the fish caught in Lake Tanganyika, and export them. So there is a
possibility of similar industry at Tanganyika lakefront in Burundi, while it is necessary to supply
enough electricity. It should be noted that the canned food technology will contribute to
Self-sufficient in food production by stabilizing the food stockpile and the food supply to inland.
[Promotion of mining]
Mineral mining, though small in scale, has been practiced in Burundi since 1930s when it was under
Belgian rule. After its independence, explorations have been conducted to identify mineral reserves
under the support of the UN, Belgium, France, Austria and China but it has not led to ensuring the
5-7
GDP growth yet. The main minerals2 with confirmed reserves are nickel, vanadium3 and gold. The
factors that have impeded foreign investments are destructions on mining equipments, the reduced
number of mineral producers and insufficient intermediate technical staff, all attributable to the civil
war, its handicapped transportation means due to enclavement of the country, and in particular, the
lack of sufficient electric power. Boasting of its nickel and vanadium reserves, one of world largest,
Burundi may have the mining industry, in the future, as one of the country’s trunk industries and a
powerful means to earn foreign currencies.
[Promotion in rural area]
According to the interview in the unelectrified rural village at the site survey to the Hydroelectric
Power Development candidate site, the energy source for the daily life such as cooking is firewood
that is gathered twice a week. There is no regular income for the villager, and cash earnings of about
BFu50,000 (= about USD50) per year by surplus crops such as corn, bean, sweet potatoes, cotton
and banana is spent for the stationeries for the children.
The increase of the villagers’ income and the improvement of children’s scholastic attainments can
be expected by the availability of electric light in the nighttime to release the manpower (especially
for women and children) from collecting firewood by electrifying such unelectrified village in the
future, though the objective area to be electrified examined in this study is Bujumbura city.
2
3
: Mineral reserves: Nickel ore 180 million tons in Rutana and Musongati provinces (nickel content
1.62%), Vanadium ore 11.8 million tons in Gitega and Buhoro-Mukanda provinces, Gold ore
738 million tons in Muyinga and Butihinda provinces (gold content 2.2 g/ton), Source PRSP.
: It is used as an additive of various metals. Because vanadium steel that adds the vanadium to iron
increases strength and the thermal resistance, etc. with toughness kept, it is used for various
usages; from structural construction materials of the skyscraper to steel materials of tools for
machines such as spanners and wrenches. Moreover, the vanadium gallium alloy is used in the
superconducting magnet and the vanadium titanium alloy is used for materials such as jet
engines and nuclear reactors.
5-8
5.3 Japanese Experience
As for the postwar reconstruction or the regional promotion, the following approach has been made
in Japan. And it is suggested that those could be references for the postwar reconstruction and the
regional promotion in Burundi as well.
[Assistance to postwar reconstruction]
Japan has positively done the postwar reconstruction assistance of each country up to now.
In 1998, Japan financed Bosnia-Herzegovina for the urgent electric power rehabilitation project4 to
recover the operation capacity of a thermal power station that decreased to tenth part of what was
before civil war and the mining ability of the vicinity collieries that decreased to sixth of what was
before civil war.
In 2005, Japan financed Sri Lanka for “Vauniya-Kilinochchi Transmission Line Project5” previously
by other sectors for restoration of the electric power facility destroyed by the civil war that has been
continued for about 20 years and the Northerner's living standard improvement; "Dividend of peace"
to the disaster victim.
Japan is assisting “Large-scale power plant construction in Samarwa” by the emergency grant aid6,
“Maintenance support of power plant” by emergency grant aid for the human security and “Capacity
building of electric utility system and design/plan of distribution line network” by Jordanian electric
power public corporation (Technological training program done in the third countries around Iraq)
etc. as the Iraq construction aid in the power sector currently.
[Regional promotions to make use of the regional characteristics]
The following approaches to make use of the regional characteristics effectively are reported for the
regional promotion in Japan. Each approach has been making use of the feature in the region
regardless of being advantageous feature or not.
Table 5.4 Japanese experiences for the regional promotion by the best use of regional environment
Case
Outline
Yasuzuka-cho, Niigata Prefecture
In this approach, “Snow” was considered as the advantageous resources in
~Use of snow and rural experience~
stead of the ringleader of depopulation.
They succeed in the whole year tourism which used to concentrate in the
winter season, by introducing the attractiveness of the country experience.
4
5
6
: 4.11 billion Japanese yen as amount of limit
: 1 billion 278 million Japanese yen as amount of limit
: 12.7 billion Japanese yen in total
5-9
Kami-cho, Miyagi Prefecture
“Cultural festival of food (called “Museum of food”, now)” to exhibit the
~Museum of food~
homemade food brought from each home in the town and send the abundant
gastronomic culture in the region, was held, and there was a big sensation
outside the region.
Himi City, Toyama Prefecture
Cause of exchange population by activity of “Protection activity of
~Himi country fishing village space
dragonfly and firefly”, “Rectification of scenery having small pond”,
museum plan~
“Preservation and handing down of local performing art etc.” and “Rice
terrace ownership business”.
Kaseda City, Kagoshima Prefecture
Town planning with bicycle, using flat geographical features to the
~Town planning using bicycle~
maximum and enumerating health care and conservation of the environment
etc. as the theme. Execution of event using bicycle and construction of
bicycle facility such as cycling terminal etc.
Oasa-cho, Hiroshima Prefecture
Approach that aims at recycling society using rape blossoms grown in
~Recycling society using rape-seed
resting rice field, such as rapeseed oil manufacturing and sales, using
oil~
rapeseed oil by cooking at home and school, refinement of biodiesel fuel
(BDF) by collected used cooking oil and using biodiesel fuel as the fuel of
farming machine and community bus.
Numata-cho, Hokkaido
Thinking the snow as resource or energy in the region, the low temperature
~Town planning living together
storage facilities for rice are constructed, and the storing rice that maintains
with snow~
the quality named “Rice in the snow” is sold. The production, processing
and storing of agricultural products is promoted using the heat energy of the
snow.
Seto-cho, Ehime Prefecture
Approach to wind power generation project using peculiar strong wind in
~Wind farm~
Seto Town. After the operation start, the number of tourist increases, the
windmills are located as the symbol of the town, and the development of the
tourist route is aimed at with peripheral tourist attractions.
Kunigami-son, Okinawa Prefecture
Approach to ecotourism to achieve continued use of abundant natural
~Promotion of ecotourism~
environment, that has a lot of valuable flora and fauna such as natural
monument "Rallus okinawae" and "Sapheopipo noguchii"
Resource survey, making the tour program, and interpreter's (natural
expositor) training etc. are executed mainly through the workshops by
private agent, commerce and industry association, administration and
researcher etc.
Source: White paper in 2003 issued by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
5-10
[Commodity innovation from village products]
The speciality of which people who live in the region can voluntarily boast is discovered, and it
makes the attractive commodities that not only for the local people but also foreigners want to buy.
This is the activity for the local revitalization that Mr. Morihiko HIRAMATSU who was the
governor of Oita Prefecture advocated in 1979. The activity attracted attention as an attempt for the
local populace to activate the region while making the best use of the trait in the region by own
power, and has spread to other administrative divisions.
Recently, Japan is supporting “Commodity innovation from village products” in the developing
country, as a part of "Development initiative" that assists knowledge, technology, and fund, etc., so
that the developing countries can obtain enough profits by free trade.
In Malawi, the commodity innovation from village products is assumed to be a development policy
of Malawi by the former President Bakili MULUZI who inspected Oita Prefecture in 2003, and the
secretariat is set up in the Department of Agriculture, and then strategic planning was settled on.
The processing and knowledge to apply the additional values as specialties to the existing products
for self sufficiency are obtained by the Japan’s assistance, and the commodity more than 20 items
such as manufactured palm oil and soap, cultivated mushroom, and finished goods of other farm
products have been produced till now7.
5.4 Regional-Development by Stable and Enough Power Supply
For each of the regional development potentials discussed in Chapter 5.2, the stable and sufficient
electric power supply is a prerequisite. Judging from the current conditions of Bujumbura city, it is
assumed that the stable and sufficient power supply will directly lead to the regional development,
i.e. raising the living standards of the people and activating small and medium-sized enterprise.
In parallel with the capacity improvement for the stable and sufficient power supply, promoting
additional measures should be most realistic for regional development, such as development of hotel
facilities, administration-led personnel education, and active external appealing in a way to create
employment opportunities from tourism. Figure 5-2 shows the increased number of tourists to visit
the national parks in Rwanda, a Burundi’s neighbor having similar state of affairs. According to
Figure 5-2, tourists in Rwanda rapidly increased after the end of the civil war reaching 16,088 in
2003. Though Burundi and Rwanda are neighbors who have experienced civil wars during the same
time, Rwanda seems to be one step ahead in the post-war restoration. Rwanda’s data such as these
should be a good reference for Burundi’s consideration on its tourism promotion.
7
: The source is the homepage of prime minister's official residence
(http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kids/magazine/0608/6_0_index.html)
5-11
The “Commodity innovation from village products” campaign from Japan, for example, with a good
use of experiences in Malawi and other countries, may provide a clue to making coffee, one of
Burundi’s local products, a value-added specialty. The stable and sufficient power supply will enable
the use of labor after dark and increase production through improved efficiency by mechanization.
When the basic infrastructure will have been built or become certain to be built in the future to
attract private and overseas investors, aquatic resources from locally characteristic Lake Tanganyika
should be utilized for canning industry, and mineral products should be developed for the mining
industry so that the broader and more effective regional development will becomes a real possibility.
The stable and sufficient supply of electric power, being basic infrastructure and an essential factor
for the development of Bujumbura, has a critical bearing not only on the promotion the living
standards of the people but also on the promotion of private and overseas investments in the long
term.
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Rwanda
Central Africa
North America
Western Asia
Non identify
North Africa
East Africa
Latin America
Others Asian Countries
West Africa
Europe
Central America
Oceanea
Soruce: RWANDA DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, Edition no 7/2004
Figure 5.2
Number of tourists visited national parks in Rwanda
5-12
Year
Chapter 6 Hydropower Potential for Electrification of Bujumbura Area
According to the report of 1983 on the survey of the country-wide hydropower potential, the
theoretical hydropower potential of Burundi is 1,400 MW. Of this capacity, the exploitable
hydropower potential is estimated to be 300 MW spread over 41 sites. Out of these 41 hydropower
sites, 33 sites are located on the tributaries that flow into Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika. In other
word, the hydropower potential is evidently concentrated on those rivers located in the north and the
south of the capital city of Bujumbura. Both the Kagunuzi River (The name changes to the Kitenge
River as it goes upstream) and the Kabulantwa River, in particular, are suitable for the cascade
development and assumed to be a very promising sites with their favored proximity to the existing
power grid and the National Highway.
For the purpose of the electrification of the general districts that include the capital city of
Bujumbura, it is assumed to be very important to develop the hydropower potential which is
indigenous, renewable and clean energy source available in the country. This chapter will address the
already existing plans for reference and will attempt to prepare a scenario of electrification of the
Bujumbura area and study a hydropower site which should be incorporated in such electrification
scenario.
6.1 Hydropower Potential in Burundi
6.1.1 Meteorology and Hydrology
Burundi is located at the west edge of East Africa, where over much of the area often presents
certain features of the rainfall problems. Two main wind systems affecting the climates of East
Africa are the northeast and southeast trade winds. The place where the air masses from north and
south meet (or converge) is called the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In this area the
overhead sun causes intense ground and air heating. The rising of warmed air creates turbulence and
convectional storms, hence the thunderstorm zone. For April and October the ITCZ moves upwards
in the west part of Africa and is almost on the equator in East Africa, i.e., Lake Victoria as shown in
Figure 6.1. In this period, south-western wind from Atlantic Ocean and south-eastern wind from
Indian Ocean dominate in East Africa. In July further northward ITCZ results in weak south-western
wind from Atlantic Ocean and average strength of south-eastern wind from Indian Ocean in East
Africa. For December and January the ITCZ moves southwards and almost on the equator in the
West Africa and on the south of equator in East Africa. Again major south-western wind from
Atlantic Ocean and average south-eastern wind from Indian Ocean prevail in the area in this period.
The key to the north or south movement of the storm zone is the position of the overhead sun.
6-1
Figure 6.1
Wind system in Africa
("Lands & Peoples of East Africa", Gladys Hickman, LONGMAN, 1999)
Burundi
Figure 6.2
Annual Rainfall
Distribution in East Africa
Figure 6.3
Rainfall Unreliability
in East Africa
6-2
Accordingly, the annual rainfall in East Africa distributes as shown in Figure 6.2. And the rainfall
unreliability in East Africa is shown in Figure 6.3.
Along with the movement of ITCZ, there are several rainfall patterns in East Africa. Those can be
grouped into two major types. The first is the equatorial type with rain throughout the year but two
peaks when the fall is heavier than usual. The second, or Tanzania type, is further away from the
equator and has one main wet season and one dry. The Tanzania type has one rainy season (from
December to March) with higher temperatures, and a long dry season (May to October) with lower
temperatures. Rainfall pattern in Burundi falls in the Tanzania type as shown in Figure 6.4. The data
of rainfall is tabulated in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
Rainfall Data at Bujumbara
in Burundi (1992-1998)
Bujumbura
180
160
R a in fa ll (in m m )
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Month
Figure 6.4
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Average
Annual Rainfall Variation
at Bujumbura in Burundi
(mm)
Month
Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Total
1982
10
2
47
102
8
30
0
0
15
12
0
35
261
1983
1
0
42
78
9
0
0
4
34
24
31
38
261
1984
106
1
6
0
N.A.
0
0
0
2
20
39
64
238
1985
56
121
142
85
16
0
0
0
20
14
10
36
500
1986
16
73
85
95
13
9
0
0
36
47
72
58
504
1987
30
144
88
62
42
0
1
0
59
22
68
21
537
1988
151
22
2
84
6
0
0
16
28
49
102
122
582
1989
118
97
150
149
165
12
0
13
18
34
28
153
937
1990
61
137
75
39
60
0
0
0
26
63
37
46
544
1991
30
79
93
120
59
0
0
4
4
81
53
5
528
1992
23
65
27
38
28
8
0
0
1
5
7
18
220
1993
0
0
32
56
11
0
0
0
1
8
51
33
192
1994
93
39
83
54
37
0
1
10
7
56
153
146
679
1995
6
52
71
127
24
25
0
0
7
55
162
15
544
1996
78
95
128
23
4
18
0
4
15
2
2
17
386
1997
1
7
98
32
21
3
0
0
N.A.
71
15
N.A.
248
1998
18
9
91
27
0
0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
2
2
3
152
Average
47
55
74
69
31
6
0
3
18
33
49
51
436
(World Meteorological Data from 1982 to 1998, Japan Meteorological Agency)
6.1.2 Topography
Burundi locates in eastern Africa, surrounded by Tanzania at west, Rwanda at north, Democratic
Republic of Congo at west and Tanzania at south as shown in Figure 6.5. East Africa is essentially a
land of plateaus at many different levels. Burundi falls in West Rift Valley Highlands of a simple
relief-landforms map of East Africa as shown in Figure 6.6. The history of the development of the
plateaus goes back hundreds of millions of years. They are largely formed of very ancient rocks
referred to as the Basement Complex, because of their location below all other rocks in East Africa.
They have been greatly complicated by folding, faulting and pressure, which results in changes
called metamorphism. The Basement rocks have been lifted up and worn down many times in a
6-3
Dec.
succession of erosion cycles. The result in places has been to leave a series of steps, the steep edge
of each step representing the point at which on period of erosion stopped. These levels often appear
to be almost flat plains. These are common feature of the plateaus of East Africa. Burundi mainly
occupies highland area reaching 2,500m, slightly declining eastward toward Lake Victoria and in the
west, bordering the western Rift Valley.
The oldest rocks of Africa, the Basement Complex, are exposed over vast areas of Plateau as shown
in Figure 6.7. These are the ancient crystalline rocks that warp or bend, rather than fold, and fracture
when the strain is too great. In Eastern Africa, the fracturing results from tension rather than
compression. Burundi has the world’s richest known vanadium deposit, together with nickel. The
two broad mineral rich zones run north-south in the center of the country.
Burundi
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
Topographic map around Burundi
Relief and landforms of East Africa
The capital city of Bujumbura is situated at the bottom of the Rift Valley and the mountain ranges
that stretch from south to north along the eastern flank of the city is a part of the Western Rift Valley.
The western slopes of these 2,000 meter class mountain ridges rapidly drop toward the plains which
spread linking Lake Kivu (1,462 m above sea level) and Lake Tanganyika (772 m) and, therefore,
embrace many rivers that have steep inclines. Thanks to this natural blessing, each river offers short
channeled hydraulic head potentials that enable economical hydropower development. But as the
total catchment area is relatively small and so is the annual water discharge, large scale hydropower
developments are difficult. Conversely, the eastern slopes of the mountain ranges, with gentle
6-4
inclination, comprise highlands. Therefore the rivers running on the eastern slopes have gentle
inclines and much larger catchment area compared to the rivers on the western slopes. If there are
falls and short channeled hydraulic heads can be made available there, as in the case of the Rusumo
Falls hydropower site, it means excellent hydropower sources can be made exploitable. The rivers on
the eastern slopes are the uppermost reaches where the Nile originates.
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.7
Topography of Burundi
Geology of East Africa
6.1.3 Previous Studies
Of the Appendix-4 which is a list of collected data and information, the following three reports are
the existing publications related to the hydropower development plan.
Data 7 Etude Du Development Des Ressources Hydro-Electriques Du Burundi, Volume 1,
Aout 1983
(Study on Development of the Hydro-electric Resources in Burundi, Volume 1, Main
Report, August 1983)
Data 8 Etude Du PreFaisabilite Et De Faisabilite Des Amenagnments Hydroelectriques De
6-5
Kabu16, Kabu23, Masango Et Rushiha, Rapport Provisoire De PreFaisabilite,
Volume 1 Rapport Principal, Septembre 1993
(Study of Pre-feasibility and Feasibility for Hydroelectric Power Potential Sites:
Kabu 16, Kabu 23, Masango and Rushiha, Draft Report on Pre-feasibility, Volume
1 Main Report, September 1983)
Data 17 Etude Du PreFaisabilite Et De Faisabilite Des Amenagnments Hydroelectriques
De Kabu16, Kabu23, Masango Et Rushiha
Revision Simplifiee Du Plan Directeur National D’Electrification, Juin 1995
(Study of Pre-feasibility and Feasibility for Hydroelectric Power Potential
Sites: Kabu 16, Kabu 23, Masango and Rushiha, Simple Revision of the
National Master Plan of Electrification, June 1995)
The Data 7 (hereafter called “MP1983 Report”) was prepared by LAHMEYER International, a
German consultant, and the Data 8 (hereafter called “Pre-FS1993” Report) and the Data 17
(hereafter called Pre-FS1995 Report) were prepared by SOGREAH, a French consultant. The
MP1983 Report is a report on the master plan (MP) of the hydropower potential covering the whole
country of Burundi and Pre-FS1993 Report is a pre-feasibility report (Pre-FS) on the four
hydropower planning sites along the two river systems selected from such master plan. The
Pre-FS1995 Report is an updated version of the Pre-FS1993 Report conducted under the same
contract and mainly provides the future power demand forecast and power source development plan
based on such forecast.
The outline of each report is presented below.
(1) MP1983 Report
Studies were conducted on the following three separate steps.
1st Step:
The study on the theoretical hydropower potential covering the whole river
systems in Burundi
2nd Step:
The study on exploitable hydropower potential
3rd Step:
The hydropower development plan based on the demand forecast
Based on the meteorological-hydrological data and the geographical data, studies on the
hydropower potential were conducted on each of the 85 watersheds out of 27 river systems
throughout the country, which were then grouped into six major river system zones and the
study results were summarized. According to Table 6.2, the theoretical hydropower potential
of Burundi is 1,371 MW. Of this capacity, the combined hydropower potential of the
6-6
tributaries that flow into the Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika is 883 MW representing
over 60% of the total capacity. The Ruvubu River and the Kagera River systems cover a
total catchment area of 13,328 km2, which is about one half of the country. Both of them are
part of the Nile system and their hydropower potential is 383 MW representing 28% of the
total.
Table 6.2 Theoretical Hydropower Potential in Burundi
No.
River System
Catchment area
(km2)
Estimated Average
Hydropower
Dischrge
Potential
3
(MW)
(m /s)
1
Ruzizi
2,737
182.6
448.1
2
Lake Tanganika
3,797
63.4
434.7
Malagarazi
3,379
37.2
81.6
Lumpungu
1,234
17.0
19.3
94
1.2
1.2
362
3.6
2.9
Ruvubu-haute
4,165
43.2
107.1
Ruvubu-basse
6,555
92.0
196.5
Kanzigira-Kagera
1,219
44.4
6.8
Kanyaru-Kagera
1,839
39.3
72.9
25,381
494.0
1,371.1
3
4
5
6
Ruwiti
Mweruzi
Total
As the Second Step, the potential sites belonging to each river system were narrowed down
to 94 sites as shown in Table 6.5. The criteria used for the selection were, topography,
precipitation, catchment area, geology, social and environmental problems, conflict with
irrigation facilities, river inclination and valley shape, accessibility, and distance to the
existing power grid. Out of these, the sites which were either smaller than 500 kW in
capacity, of duplicated location with existing power stations, or associated with relocation of
local residents were eliminated. Then after further economic evaluation, the following
results were obtained.
6-7
Table 6.3
Exploitable Hydropower Projects in Burundi
Number
Type of Power
Power & Energy
of
Pinst
Pfirm
Etotal
Project
(MW)
(MW)
(GWh/y)
Run-off-river
14
34.4
34.4
301.4
301.4
Daily Regulation
10
49.6
45.2
374.3
214.0
Pondage Regulation
17
210.4
184.9
963.2
618.5
Total
41
294.4
264.5
1,638.9
1,1133.9
Generation
Efirm (GWh/y)
Pinst : Installed Capacity, Pfirm : Firm Capacity, Etotal: Annual Energy, Efirm: Firm Energy
According to the above table, the exploitable hydropower sites were identified as 41 and
their hydropower potential as 294 MW. The 33 sites out of the 41 sites are located on the
tributaries that flow into the Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika.
As the third step, the following sites were designated, as hydropower candidate sources
among the 41 hydropower sites on the basis of the 20 year demand forecast covering 1985
through 2005. The selected candidate sources represent not only the most favorable sites
among the 41 sites but also those sites along the river systems that enable the cascade
development. These river systems include the Kagunuzu River (The name changes to the
Kitenege River as it goes upstream) to the north of Bujumbura, the Kabulantwa River, and
though extensions of the power transmission lines are needed, the Sikuvyaye River, the Jiji
River and the Ruzibazi River in the southern districts.
Table 6.4
Demand Forecast in MP 1983 Report
Year
Peak Demand
Demand Energy
(MW)
(GWh)
Load Factor
1985
1995
2005
27.37
72.54
112.63
124.35
329.23
524.02
51.80
51.80
53.10
1990
Kite 011 (15.2 MW)
1993
Interconnection with north grid (5.4 MW)
Jili 003 (7.5MW)
1995
Kagu 010 (10.2MW)
1997
Ruzb 014 (3.6 MW)
1998
Ruzb 007 (8.3 MW)
6-8
2000
Mule 034 (5.3 MW)
2003
Kabu 016 (14.3 MW)
The above candidate sites represent the generation cost range from 3.4 cent/kWh (Jiji003) to
8.1 cent/kWh (Kite001) shown in the Table 6.6, i.e. the economically favorable sites among
the 41 hydropower sites. The discrepancies noted between some of the installed capacities
of the above candidate sites and those in Table 6.6 are assumed to have resulted from
considerations of optimum alternatives for the sake of the cascade development. The unit
generation cost shown in Table 6.6 was calculated by the following formula.
Averaged annual generation cost (US cent/kWh)
= Averaged annual cost/Annual production energy
In this equation,
Averaged annual cost = Project cost × Capital recovery rate + Annual operating,
maintenance cost
= Averaged annual capital recovery cost + annual
operating, maintenance cost + Fuel cost
Project cost: Investment cost required for development (construction)
Annual operating/maintenance cost: Operating/maintenance cost + Fuel cost
Operating/maintenance cost was assumed to be 2% of
Investment cost, Fuel cost was assumed to be nil due to
hydropower
Capital recovery rate = i (1+i)n / {(1+i)n -1} = 0.101
i: Discount rate = 10%, n: Life span, 50 year span was adopted for hydropower
6-9
Table 6.5
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
River
Lua
Nyakagunda
Nyamagana
Nyamagana
Muhira
Kabulantwa
Kabulantwa
Kabulantwa
Kitenge
Kitenge
Kagunuzi
Kagunuzi
Mpanda
Mpanda
Mpanda
Mpanda
Kayogoro
Nyakadahwe
Muzazi
Muzazi
Muhungozi
Muhungozi
Ndahangwa
Ndahangwa
Kanyosha/Kaniki
Kanyosha/Kaniki
Mugere
Karonge
Nyamuhende/Kirasa
Nyamuhende/Kirasa
Nyamuhende/Kirasa
Nyamuhende/Kirasa
Ruzibazi
Ruzibazi
Ruzibazi
Ruzibazi
Ruzibazi
Mulembwe
Mulembwe
Mulembwe
Mulembwe
Mulembwe
Jiji
Sikuvyaye
Sikuvyaye
Sikuyaye
Buzimba
Nyengwe
Nyengwe
Kikuka
Kikuka
Mushara
Rukoziri
Mutsindozi
Muyovozi
Muyovozi
Muyovozi
Muyovozi
Karera
Affluent Musasa
Affluent Musasa
Nyamabuye
Sagahogwe
Ruvubu
Ruvubu
Ruvubu
Ruvubu
Ruvubu
Ruvubu
Mubarazi
Mutshetshe
Ndurumu
Ndurumu
Ndurumu
Luvironza
Luvironza
Luvironza
Luvironza
Luvironza
Luvironza
Luvironza
Nyakijanda
Nyakijanda
Sanzu
Sanzu
Sanzu
Sanzu
Kayongozi
Kayongozi
Kayongozi
Kayongozi
Nyakisumo
Nyakisumo
Lusumanie
Inventory of Hydropower Potential Sites
Identified Sites
Site Name
LUA
035
NYGU
022
NYMA
030
NYMA
021
MUHI
016
KABU
023
KABU
016
KABU
009
KITE
020
KITE
011
KAGU
010
KAGU
006
MPAN
049
MPAN
042
MPAN
038
MPAN
032
KAGO
005
NYDA
005
MUZA
028
MUZA
020
MUHU
021
MUHU
013
NDAH
013
NDAH
011
KANY
016
KANY
010
MUGE
007
KARO
008
NYHE
013
NYHE
009
NYHE
006
NYHE
003
RUZB
028
RUZB
021
RUZB
014
RUZB
012
RUZB
007
MULE
055
MULE
055
MULE
051
MULE
037
MULE
034
JIJI
003
SIKU
014
SIKU
011
SIKU
008
BUZI
021
NYEN
006
NYEN
010
KIKU
002
KIKU
002
MUSH
021
RUKO
011
MUTS
032
MUYO
035
MUYO
033
MUYO
029
MUYO
025
KARE
014
AFMU
010
AFMU
001
NYBU
021
SAGA
007
RUVU
0285
RUVU
0238
RUVU
0216
RUVU
0203
RUVU
0197
RUVU
000
MUBA
039
MUTT
004
NDUR
016
NDUR
012
NDUR
009
LUVI
081
LUVI
076
LUVI
059
LUVI
047
LUVI
039
LUVI
012
LUVI
010
NYKI
032
NYKI
002
SANZ
042
SANZ
009
SANZ
007
SANZ
000
KAYO
028
KAYO
027
KAYO
002
KAYO
002
NYAS
016
NYAS
005
LUSU
006
Catchment
Area
km 2
478
57
133
163
179
363
454
478
99
173
382
417
27
87
189
210
20
57
31
170
24
56
91
95
27
46
186
33
62
97
104
156
43
62
108
114
151
93
93
99
295
327
261
143+242
169
179
51
248
206
60
60
70
424
275
264
269
286
457
38
20
49
131
37
423
1,100
3,282
3,373
3,404
10,720
271
126
640
702
721
346
458
729
1,535
1,576
1,923
2,015
203
948
52
312
324
925
517
519
303
822
86
194
37
Q
Q95
m 3/s
8.50
1.02
2.50
3.00
4.10
9.65
11.15
11.45
2.00
3.47
6.50
6.82
0.69
1.87
3.70
4.01
0.50
1.05
0.76
m 3/s
3.91
0.47
1.15
1.38
1.89
4.44
5.13
5.27
0.95
1.60
3.00
3.14
0.32
0.86
0.50
1.06
1.55
1.60
0.51
0.82
3.70
0.70
1.40
2.00
2.16
0.23
0.49
0.71
0.74
0.23
0.38
1.70
0.32
0.64
0.92
1.00
1.20
1.67
2.62
2.74
3.40
1.79
1.79
1.91
5.25
5.95
5.19
6.84
2.85
2.97
0.96
4.83
3.80
1.20
1.20
1.11
3.50
3.38
2.12
2.16
2.24
3.42
0.30
0.15
0.34
1.27
0.40
5.40
11.32
34.70
35.50
35.75
92.00
3.90
1.55
6.25
6.84
7.00
4.05
5.38
8.05
17.42
17.40
20.50
21.28
2.49
8.54
0.48
2.78
2.86
8.43
6.00
6.05
1.50
7.46
0.48
1.01
0.17
0.55
0.77
1.21
1.26
1.56
1.84
0.23
0.48
0.35
0.92
2.52
2.87
2.28
1.25
1.31
0.44
2.22
1.75
0.53
0.53
0.49
0.93
0.95
0.99
1.50
0.13
0.07
0.16
46.23
1.79
0.71
1.15
3.93
0.22
2.76
2.78
0.22
0.46
0.08
QT
m 3/s
5.87
1.02
3.75
3.75
2.84
9.65
11.15
11.15
4.92
5.21
9.75
9.15
1.04
1.85
4.12
2.76
0.35
1.58
0.35
2.35
0.35
0.74
1.07
2.40
0.77
1.00
2.55
1.05
2.80
3.40
3.56
4.65
1.80
2.27
2.93
3.01
3.46
1.79
1.79
1.38
3.78
4.31
3.43
10.26
1.88
1.96
0.67
3.33
2.62
0.80
0.80
0.74
3.50
5.07
3.18
3.20
3.32
4.07
0.20
0.11
0.24
1.27
0.40
8.10
12.18
34.70
35.50
35.75
184.00
2.69
1.07
6.25
6.84
7.00
4.05
5.38
8.05
17.42
17.40
20.50
21.28
1.73
8.54
0.33
2.78
2.86
8.43
4.14
4.17
2.25
7.46
0.33
0.69
0.12
Head
P
m
MW
215
245
85
50
105
120
250
21
210
325
168
80
960
90
50
70
410
248
310
150
300
230
290
120
350
410
150
260
160
345
200
350
110
235
190
160
390
158
45
90
60
250
400
1,022
260
235
300
75
80
610
210
415
20
30
60
70
197
43
55
70
50
200
35
40
10
45
35
30
55
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
12
12
200
25
150
20
25
25
75
75
30
30
35
30
35
10.1
2.0
2.6
1.5
2.4
9.3
22.3
1.9
8.3
13.5
13.1
6.2
8.0
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.2
3.1
1.3
2.8
0.8
1.4
2.5
2.3
2.2
3.3
3.1
2.2
3.6
9.4
5.7
13.0
1.6
4.3
4.5
3.8
10.8
2.3
0.6
1.0
1.8
8.6
11.0
83.9
3.9
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.7
3.9
1.3
2.4
0.6
1.2
1.5
1.8
5.2
1.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.0
0.1
2.6
1.0
12.5
9.9
8.6
81.0
0.4
0.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.6
0.9
1.3
2.7
2.8
2.0
2.0
2.8
1.7
0.4
0.4
0.6
1.7
2.5
2.5
0.5
1.8
0.1
0.2
477.4
MW
6-10
Table 6.6
No.
Project Nom
List of Exploitable Hydropower Potential Sites
Pinst.
Pgar.
(MW)
(MW)
1. Run-Off-River Type Development Projects
Etotale
Eprim.
GWh/an
GWh/an
$/kW gar.
1)
1)
Project
Cost
Million
Generation
Cost
cent/kWh
8
KABU 009
0.90
0.900
7.500
7.500
7,435
6.7
23
NDAH 013
1.30
1.300
11.100
11.100
5,799
7.5
8.2
30
NYHE
009
2.00
2.000
17.200
17.200
8,055
16.1
11.3
31
NYHE
006
1.20
1.200
10.800
10.800
6,234
7.5
8.4
37
RUZB
007
4.70
4.700
41.400
41.400
3,801
17.9
5.2
41
MULE
037
1.90
1.900
16.600
16.600
8,028
15.3
11.1
42
MULE
034
5.30
5.300
46.300
46.300
3,544
18.8
4.9
43
JIJI
003
7.50
7.500
65.800
65.800
2,430
18.2
3.4
45
SIKU
011
2.40
2.400
20.600
20.600
5,934
14.2
8.4
46
SIKU
008
2.50
2.500
21.900
21.900
2,539
6.3
3.5
47
BUZI
021
1.10
1.100
9.900
9.900
6,355
7.0
8.5
49
NYEN 010
1.00
1.000
9.000
9.000
9,748
9.7
13.1
48
NYEN 006
1.30
1.300
11.500
11.500
8,002
10.4
10.9
80
LUVI
1.30
1.300
11.800
11.800
6,202
8.1
8.3
47.380
3,745
40.4
5.7
012
10.8
2. Daily Regulating Pondage Type Development Projects
1
LUA
035
10.80
10.800
85.130
5
MUHI
016
3.00
2.500
23.860
13.280
6,796
20.4
10.3
32
NYEH 003
4.80
4.620
37.390
21.210
9,327
44.8
14.5
35
RUZB
014
3.60
3.580
26.910
15.690
4,571
16.5
7.4
36
RUZB
012
3.20
3.150
23.770
13.810
4,935
15.8
8.0
51
KIKU
002
3.00
2.940
22.590
13.120
3,911
11.7
6.3
52
MUSH 021
3.30
3.270
24.700
14.360
7,309
24.1
11.8
66
RUVU 216
6.20
4.680
44.810
25.860
4,632
28.7
7.8
68
RUVU 197
8.40
6.470
60.740
35.040
9,915
83.3
16.6
82
NYKI
3.30
3.200
24.430
14.220
5,629
18.6
9.2
032
3. Seasonal Regulating Reservoir Type Development Projects
3
NYMA 030
4.00
3.500
14.050
11.900
7,110
28.4
24.5
6
KABU 023
21.50
16.820
83.560
61.610
4,136
88.9
12.9
7
KABU 016
36.10
31.340
178.790
111.700
3,455
124.7
8.4
9
KITE
020
9.30
9.280
29.540
27.100
3,112
28.9
11.9
10
KITE
011
15.30
15.240
66.570
46.440
2,906
44.5
8.1
11
KAGU 010
10.70
10.200
52.700
29.770
3,316
35.5
8.1
12
KAGU 006
6.70
6.660
37.720
21.410
3,115
20.9
6.7
13
MPAN 049
14.60
13.850
46.650
40.880
3,186
46.5
12.1
18
NYDA
005
5.80
5.360
18.420
16.310
6,343
36.8
24.2
25
KANY
016
3.60
3.370
12.560
10.120
5,693
20.5
19.7
29
NYHE
013
4.40
3.960
15.420
12.800
8,647
38.0
29.9
33
RUZB
028
2.40
2.140
9.150
6.910
8,978
21.5
28.5
34
RUZB
021
4.70
4.270
25.680
12.700
6,546
30.8
14.5
56
MUYO 033
6.20
5.180
18.170
17.310
8,706
54.0
35.9
57
MUYO 029
6.00
5.720
29.410
17.960
3,746
22.5
9.2
69
RUVU 000
59.10
48.020
247.900
173.550
Total
294.4
264.52
1,562.0
1,133.8
Note 1) These costs are calculated by NEWJEC based on the left side table.
6,225
367.9
18.0
6-11
Source : Study on Development of the Hydroelectric Resources in Burundi, August 1983
Figure 6.9
Location Map of Exploitable Hydropower Potential Sites
6-12
(2) Pre-FS1993 Report
In this report, a review was carried out on the four hydropower sites that belong to the
following two river systems using criteria of topography, geology, meteorology-hydrology,
and environment. The data on the discharge were assumed from the precipitation data, as
shown below, and used as basis for calculating the installed hydropower capacity.
Table 6.7
Estimated Monthly Discharge of Kagunuzi and Kabulantwa Rivers
Monthly Flows
Power
m3/s
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Rwegura
1.11
1.33
1.57
1.52
1.49
1.56
1.60
2.44
2.33
1.29
0.99
0.92
Masango
1.34
1.60
1.90
1.83
1.79
1.88
1.93
2.94
2.80
1.55
1.1
1.10
Rushiha
2.58
3.10
3.67
3.54
3.46
3.64
3.74
5.68
5.42
3.00
2.30
2.13
Kabu 23
6.24
7.49
8.87
8.55
8.36
8.79
9.03
13.73
13.09
7.25
5.55
5.15
Kabu 16
7.74
9.29
10.99
10.60
10.37
10.90
11.19
17.02
16.23
8.99
6.88
6.39
station
From an environmental standpoint, problems were not identified except sand sedimentations
caused by soil erosion. The rivers have little signs of fish and are rarely utilized by the local
residents. In addition, the four hydropower sites require no relocation of local residents.
The outlines of the four hydropower sites are described below. The two sites of Masango
and Rushiha are located along the upstream of the Kagunuzi River, and the sites for Kabu 23
and Kabu 16 are planned along the Kabulantwa River.
Masango (a hydropower site located further upstream of Kite 020 referred to in MP1983
Report)
-
A hydropower plan to utilize the discharge water from the existing Rwegura Hydropower
Station (18 MW) by directly channeling it into a connecting water conduit. The plan
entails an additional intake of 300 L/s of water from a tributary of the Gitenge River.
-
Headrace tunnel with 2.6 m inside diameter and 3,800 m length
-
Steel penstock with 570 m length
-
Intake water level: 1,648 m, Tailrace water level: 1,442 m, Hydraulic head: 206 m, 2
Pelton turbines, Power discharge: 3.5 m3/s
-
Installed capacity: 5.8 MW, Annual production energy: 25.62 GWh
-
Construction cost: 217.359 million FF (equivalent to 38.4 million US$)
-
Unit construction cost: 37,476 FF/kW (equivalent to 6,621 US$/kW)
6-13
Rushiha
(a dam site at 9 km point downstream of the Masango River)
-
Intake weir with 3 m height
-
Headrace tunnel with 2.6 m inside diameter and 3,600 m length
-
Steel penstock with 570 m length
-
Intake water level: 1,357 m, Tailrace water level: 1,084 m, Hydraulic head 273 m, 2
Francis turbines, Power discharge: 6 m3/s, Installed capacity: 13 MW, Firm capacity:
12.74 MW, Annual production energy: 67.80 GWh
-
Construction cost: 342.129 million FF (equivalent to 60.4 million US$)
-
Unit construction cost: 26,318 FF/kW (equivalent to 4,650 US$/kW)
Kabu 23 (a hydropower site located at 23 km upstream of the Kabulantwa River from the
merging point of the Ruzizi River)
-
Seasonal regulating reservoir of 18.5 million m3 capacity with 55m high rock fill type
dam
-
Headrace tunnel with 2.6 m inside diameter and 1,200 m length, Steel penstock with 210
m length
-
Intake water level: 1,330 m, Tailrace water level: 1,196 m, Hydraulic head: 134 m
-
2 Francis turbines, Power discharge: 15 m3/s
-
Installed Capacity: 18.1MW
-
Firm capacity 15.75 MW
-
Annual production energy: 80.39GWh
-
Investment: 396.8 million FF. (equivalent to 70.1 million US$)
-
Unit construction cost 21,923 FF/kW (equivalent to 3,873 US$/kW)
-
Economic viability: B/C=1.68 and 0.62 FF/kWh (=11.0cent/kWh) under discount rate
10%
Kabu 16 (a hydropower site located at 16 km upstream of the Kabulantwa River from the
merging point of the Ruzizi River)
- Daily regulating pondage of 150,000m3 with 12 m high dam
-
Headrace tunnel with 2.6 m inside diameter and 3,050 m length, Steel penstock with 545
m length
-
Power discharge: 17m 3 /s
-
Intake water level 1,082m, Tailrace water level 890 m, Hydraulic head: 192m.
-
2 Francis turbines, Installed capacity: 25.3 MW, Firm capacity: 23.83 MW (applicable
after Kabu 23 completion)
-
Annual production energy: 130.92GWh
6-14
-
Investment 375.3 million FF. (equivalent to 66.3 million US$)
-
Economic viability: B/C=2.84 and 0.36 FF/kWh (=6.3cent/kWh) under discount rate
10%
The locations of the four hydropower sites are shown in the following river profiles.
1
10
1
16
1
22
1
39
1
30
1
30
Figure 6.10
Profile of Kagunuzi and
Kitenge River
Figure 6.11
Profile of Kaburantwa River
(3) Pre-FS1995 Report
This report, being a sequel to the preceding
Pre-FS1993, proposes a power source
development plan on the basis of the
demand forecast. The hydropower candidate
sites shown in Table 6.8 are the projects
recommended by the report for inclusion in
the plan. The candidate hydropower sites
were further reviewed after the Pre-FS of
1993, and therefore, specifics of each
hydropower site are different from those
that appear in the 1993 report. The
hydropower sites that were newly adopted
Figure 6.12 Power Development Plan
in case of Medium Scenario
6-15
are Ruzizi II expansion, Ruzizi III (82 MW), and Rusumo Falls (60 MW). The data shown
in Table 6.8 regarding these new sites represent Burundi’s quota.
The demand forecast was formulated by the summation of regional and sectorial demands
for each scenario of high, medium and low growth case. The power source development
plan formulated by this demand forecast is shown below. The plan below is based on the
medium growth scenario.
6-16
6-17
Gitenge
Mpanda
Mulembwe
RUSHIHA
MPANDA
MULE 34
Rusizi
Kagera
RUSIZI 3
RUSUMO FALLS
20.0
27.3
13.3
7.4
7.8
10.4
13.0
18.1
20.0
113.0
139.0
0.0
54.0
57.0
33.0
60.6
69.0
104.0
134.0
152.0
0.0
59.0
63.0
42.0
67.8
91.0
117.0
155.0
165.0
8.7
60.0
65.0
50.0
75.0
113.0
135.0
61.1
74.1
6.0
23.4
24.6
18.7
55.0
64.6
44.1
Note : The values of Rusizi 2, 3 and Rusumo Falls correspond to the quota of Burundi.
Rusizi
RUSIZI 2
3rd groupe
Jiji
Kaburantwa
KABU 23
JIJI 03
Kaburantwa
River
KABU 16
Project Name
19.8
5.3
NA
0.2
5.9
1.3
1.4
0.5
0.7
22.3
21.8
0.6
5.1
6.6
4.3
12.2
14.1
9.7
103.2
101.2
6.6
28.7
37.1
24.3
68.6
79.2
54.5
Annual Production
Investment in 1995 level
Installed
Total
Main
Average
Capacity Dry Year
T/L
IDC
Constructio
Wet Year
Facilities
Year
(MW)
(mil. US$) (mil. US$)
n Cost
(GWh)
(GWh)
(mil. US$)
(GWh)
(mil. US$)
Table 6.8 Features of Candidate Hydropower Projects
165 km / 110 kV
108 km / 110 kV
NA
3,045
2,908
451
3,189
3,910
15 km / 30 kV
70 km / 110 kV
5 km / 30 kV
1,923
4,338
3,597
2,240
8.37
7.24
5.31
6.42
6.31
11.04
9.49
5.08
Cost per Generation
kW
Cost
(US$/kW) (cents$/kW)
15 km / 110 kV
17 km / 110 kV
5 km / 110 kV
6 km / 110 kV
Transmission
Line
(km/kV)
Source : Study of Pre-feasibility and Feasibility for Hydroelectric Power Potential Sites: Kabu16, Kabu23, Masango
and Rushiha, June 1995
Figure 6.13
Location Map of Candidate Hydropower Projects
6-18
6.2 Reconnaissance Study of Candidate Site on Kagunuzi River
The master plan of 1983 stated that there were four exploitable hydropower sites of 42 MW in total
capacity on the Kagunuzi River. Furthermore, the Pre-FS of 1993 proposed the new sites of
Masango (5.8 MW) and Rushiha (10.3 MW), both upstream of the Kagunuzi River where the
Rwegura Hyropower Station (18 MW) commissioned in 1983 is situated. That means the Kagunuzi
River enables the cascade development, is close to the capital city of Bujumbura, and yet is
favorably located being close to the existing power grid and National Highway No. 5. Therefore, we
discussed with REGIDESO, our counterpart, and selected, as our reconnaissance site, Kagu 006
which is located at downmost stream of this river and was quoted in MP1983 as a exploitable site.
Further more, for the purpose of confirming the economic viability of this site, we made an
approximate cost estimate, with which we conducted an economic evaluation, and confirmed the
potentiality of development.
6.2.1 Site Reconnaissance
On August 26, 2006, the three members of the study team with a senior engineer from REGIDESO,
conducted a site reconnaissance at Kagu 006 hydropower site which is planned downstream of the
Kagunuzi River. The map on the right shows the reconnaissance route.
The site was quoted in the Master Plan of
1983 as one of the exploitable sites and the
generation cost of 6.7 cent/kWh (see Table
6.6) indicated in the preliminary cost estimate
belongs to the lower cost group among others.
The planned site is located six kilometers
upstream from where the Kagunuzi River
merges with the Ruzizi River, and is very
close to the National Highway No. 5. In
parallel with the National Highway No. 5, run
the 70 kV and 110 kV power-transmission
lines that originate from Ruzizi I and Ruzizi
II, respectively, and lead to Bujumbura (see
photo 6).
Figure 6.14
6-19
Root Map of Site Reconnaissance
on August 26, 2006
(1) Access
After driving from the capital city of Bujumbura up north along the National Highway No. 5 for
an hour (about 40 km), a car crosses a wooden bridge over the Kugunuzi River. The road is a
excellent asphalt paved road with two lanes (see photos 5, 6), which is one of the trunk
highways that connect Burundi with Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. After
crossing the wooden bridge, the road leads us to the entrance of the road to Ndava Village on
the right after few minutes ride. This road to the village is an unpaved and very dusty dirt road.
After passing a public market in the village, the four-wheel-drive car can reach a point on the
right bank mountain side of the Kugunuzi River which is about 850 m above sea level.
About
one hour walking from this point took us to the Kagu 006 weir site.
(2) Topography and Geology
980
a steep riverside having 5 to 6 m
high and direct access to the
880
Distance from River Center (m)
Left Bank
Figure 6.15
120
80
40
0
-40
-80
-120
860
-160
the right bank of the river forms
920
900
-200
slopes (see photo 09). However,
940
-240
River are large with gentle
Elevation (m)
both sides of the Kagunuzi
960
-280
The mountain formations on
Right Bank
Section at Weir Site of Kagu 006
river is rather difficult except some limited portions. The river water is turbid and brown in
color and river bottom can not be see. Rock outcrops are observed on both river sides. On the
middle portion of the right bank where the weir is to be located for the run-off-river-scheme,
boulder stones as well as outcropped rocks are observed. As far as visible, there are no trees on
the mountains and only bushes, weeds or cassava fields spread all over. Any large-scale land
collapses are not observed but bare lands
Kagu 11
1100
are noticeable probably due to the slash
Kagu 006
and burn farming.
(3) Flow conditions
The width of the water surface of the
river is more or less 10 m, and the
Elevation (m)
1000
900
1
30
river-bed inclination is steep. Many
800
rapids are observed. There are some
cascades
as
shown
in
Photo
11.
700
0
According to the topography map of
1/50,000, Kabu 006 is located in the
Figure 6.16
6-20
5
10
15
20
Distance from Rusizi River (km)
Profile of Kagunuzi River
25
lower half of the section where the river has 1/30 river-bed inclination. The water discharge of
the river, just below the weir site, is estimated by visual observation of the flow to be 1 to 2
m3/s. A local resident reported that the water level is the lowest at this time of August, but the
river never dries up. They also responded to our question on the water level in the flood season
saying that it rises another 5 m or so at around the weir site.
6.2.2 Reconnaissance Study on Kagu 006 Hydropower Project
On the basis of the site reconnaissance findings and the 1/50,000 topographic map, we conducted a
desk study. The lowest hydropower site under the cascade development may generally require a plan
that is consistent with other hydropower projects located on the upstream reach. For the purpose of
evaluating the viability of Kagu 006, however, we considered two preliminary and independent
development plans that adopt a run-off-river scheme and a regulating pondage scheme.
(1) Hydropower development plan
Kagu 006 is going to be located downmost stream of the Kagunuzi River for the purpose of its
cascade development. Kagu 011 is planned immediately upstream of this site, and the Rushiha
and Masango sites are also planned in sequence from Kagu 011 as upstream plans of the
cascade development. The MP1983 Report plans to develop Kagu 006 and Kagu 011 as the
reservoir scheme. For this study, we consider plans of a run-off-river scheme and a regulation
reservoir scheme. There are two reasons for this consideration.
i) Emphasis on early commissioning
In order to cope with the critical shortage of the electric power supply to the city of
Bujumbura, it is necessary to implement, as early as possible, a new power source that
provides a sustainable operation and inexpensive electricity. For this purpose, a
small-scale hydropower is recommendable which is environmentally friendly, relatively
short in its lead time to completion, free of fuel cost after commissioning, and easier to be
enrolled in the ODA financial assistance programs.
ii) Emphasis on power supply for base load demand
Implementing an inexpensive base load power source project should permit the water
reserves of the existing reservoir and regulation reservoir hydropower facilities to be
effectively utilized for the peak hours.
6-21
Figure 6.19 is a plan showing the waterway route of the run-off-river scheme development. The
river water is led by constructing a weir about 5 m in height. An open channel with 1.3 m depth,
2 m width and 1,500 m length should be laid on the moderate hillside. A steel penstock that
channels the water from the head tank to the power house is 250 m long with 1.6 m inside
diameter in average. Figure 6.20 is a plan showing the waterway route of the
regulation-pondage scheme development of Kagu 006. In this case, a headrace tunnel with 2 m
inside diameter should be installed.
(2) Discharge data
The monthly discharge at Kagu 006 site (417 km2 catchment area) was estimated, by catchment
area conversion, from the monthly discharge at Rushiha site (177 km2) which is presented in the
Pre-FS1993 Report as a plan for the
16
14
the estimated monthly discharge at Kagu
006 site. The figure shows April and
May are the flood season and August,
Discharge (m3/s)
same Kagunuzi River. Figure 6.17 shows
12
10
the month of our site reconnaissance, is
8
6
4
2
Figure 6.17
(3) Run-off-river scheme plan
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Jan
Feb
0
the driest season.
Estimated Monthly Discharge at
Kagu 006 Site
<Energy calculation>
To make the most of the intrinsic function of the run-off-river scheme as a base load power
source, it is needed to match the maximum power discharge with the most likely discharge level
that is available throughout the year. The level is generally defined as the intake water volume
made available from the river throughout 90% or 95% period of the year. However, due to the
absence of the daily discharge data (averaged daily discharge data over 10 to 20 year period)
which is required for the power discharge determination, our study on formulating the plan had
to depend on the monthly discharge data. For this reason, the maximum power discharge was
set at 5 m3/s using the minimum monthly discharge of 5.02 m3/s available in August. The
installed capacity and the Annual energy, for the sake of this study, are calculated by the
following formula.
Installed Capacity
Installed Capacity Pmax
= 9.8 x K x Q x H/1,000
= 9.8 x 0.81 x 5 x 65/1,000
= 2.58 MW
6-22
Where,
K:
Composite efficiency of turbine and generator (assumed to be 0.81)
Q:
Power discharge (m3/s)
H:
Effective hydraulic head (calculated from 1/50,000 map)
= Pmax × (annual hours)
Annual energy
= 2,580 x 24 x 365/1,000,000
=
22.6 GWh
<Cost estimate>
The construction cost was estimated based on "Guide Manual for Development Aid Programs
and Studies of Hydro Electric Power Projects, New Energy Foundation, Tokyo, Japan 1996"
(hereinafter called "NEF Manual") and the unit costs for the civil works and metal structures
were estimated by considering actual cost data of some other projects. The election cost for the
electrical-mechanical works and auxiliary equipments were prepared following "Guidebook for
Hydro-valley Plan, March 2005, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry".
Table 6.9 shows the estimated construction cost.
Table 6.9
Construction Cost of Kagu 006 Run-Off-River Scheme
Item
1.
Access Road
300,000 3 km
(2)
Camp & Facilities
119,896 (3 Civil Work) x 0.05
Environmental Mitigation Cost
3.
Civil Works
5.
Note
419,896
(1)
2.
4.
Cost (US$)
Preparation Work
23,979 (3 Civil Work) x 0.01
2,397,930
(1)
Intake Weir
246,585
(2)
Intake
138,541
(3)
Settling Basin
(4)
Headrace
468,703
(5)
Head Tank
166,663
(6)
Penstock and Spillway Channel
568,259
(7)
Powerhouse
448,273
(8)
Tailrace Channel
(9)
Tailrace
(10)
Miscellaneous
166,830
16,162
63,728
114,187 ((1) ~ (9)) x 0.05
Hydraulic Equipment
1,045,956
(1)
Gate and Screen
131,110
(2)
Penstock and Spillway conduit
740,520
(3)
other
174,326
Electro-Mechanical Equipment
4,447,778 Turbine and Generator, Transformer, etc.
8,335,540 Total (1 to 6)
Direct Cost
6.
Administration and Engineering Service
7.
Contingency
8.
Interest during Construction
1,250,331 Direct Cost x 0.15
833,554 Direct Cost x 0.1
Total Cost
1,667,108 (1 to 7) x 0.4 x i x T
12,086,532 Total (1 to 9)
6-23
<Evaluation on the economic viability>
The averaged annual generation cost introduced in 6.1.3.(1), i.e. the generation cost is estimated
to be 6.5 cent/kWh as shown below. This cost is lower than the average electricity tariff of 8
cent/kWh.
Generation cost
= (averaged annual cost)/(annual production energy)
= (averaged annual capital recovery cost + annual
operating/maintenance cost + fuel cost )/(annual production
energy)
= {12,086,582 x (0.101 + 0.02) + 0}/(22.6x106)
= 0.065 US$/kWh
In addition, using the diesel generator as an alternative thermal power source, a
cost-effectiveness (B/C) was evaluated comparing the benefit (B) with the cost (C).
a. Benefit
Assuming the unit construction cost of the diesel power plant at 1,000 US$/kW and the fuel
cost at 25 cent/kWh, the annual benefit is calculated as follows. The coefficient of β and α
are kW adjustment factor and annual cost factor respectively, and NEF Manual presents the
following coefficients.
Benefit
=
(Firm capacity of hydropower) × (Unit construction cost of the diesel power
plant) x β x α + (Annual production energy of hydropower) × (Unit diesel
fuel cost)
= 2,580 x 1,000 x 1.1 x 0.15+ 22.6x106 x 0.25
= 0.43 + 5.65
= 6.08
million US$/year
b. Cost
The averaged annual cost covering the Kagu 006 construction cost was calculated using a
10% discounting rate and a 50 year life span.
Cost
=
Averaged annual cost
=
{12.086 x (0.101 + 0.02) + 0}
=
1.46
million US$/year
6-24
c. B-C and B/C
From the above, the net benefit: B-C and the cost efficiency: B/C are calculated as B-C=
4.64 million US$/year and B/C = 4.2 respectively.
Despite the monthly discharge data being used for the preliminary cost estimate, it is fair to say
that the Kagu 006 hydropower plan is a sound project from both financial and economic
aspects.
In planning a run-off-river scheme hydropower project (as in the case of a regulation pondage
scheme to be discussed later), the discharge volume during the low flow period is important,
because the low flow level determines the maximum power discharge, with which the firm
capacity is calculated, and finally the benefit is thereby determined. It is necessary, therefore,
for us to obtain daily discharge data and study, more accurately, the optimum capacity level. In
determining the optimum capacity, we need also to give considerations to the operational
aspects of the regulation pondage scheme hydropower projects which might be developed
upstream in the future.
(4) Regulation pondage scheme plan
A study was conducted to evaluate the development of the Kagu 006 project on the regulation
pondage scheme. As the basic process is similar to that of the run-off-river scheme, we
conducted a study to define the maximum power discharge level. Further studies are necessary
for the purpose of determining the optimum size of the regulation pondage and the water level
(i.e. the height of the dam).
<Scale considerations>
The optimum scale of the power plant was studied using the maximum power discharge as the
parameter.
6-25
Annual Energy
14.00
3.50
12.00
3.00
10.00
2.50
8.00
2.00
6.00
1.50
4.00
1.00
2.00
0.50
65
B-C (M US$)
Annual Energy (GWh)
55
50
B/C
60
45
40
35
0.00
0.00
5
30
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
7
9
11
13
15
17
Power Discharge (m3/s)
16
Max Power Discharge (m3/s)
B-C
B/C
(b)
(a)
Figure 6.18 Optimization of Kagu 006 Pondage Scheme
Figure 6.18(a) is a graph showing the variation in the annual production energy as the
maximum power discharge changes. Figure 6.18(b) shows the benefit-to-cost relation that was
prepared with the diesel power generator as an alternative power source and using previously
mentioned formula. The energy calculation is based on the peak duration of 6 hours. Figure (a)
shows the annual energy gradient changes at 8 m3/s of power discharge as the bordering point,
and Figure (b) shows the B – C gradient similarly turns smaller at 8 m3/s of power discharge as
the bordering point indicating the investment efficiency’s tendency to fall. The B/C graph
demonstrates the maximum B/C = 3.1 at 9 m3/s power discharge. As this study used the
monthly discharge data to represent the flow conditions of the river, it should be noted that the
energy calculation includes a certain margin of error. Therefore, the optimum maximum power
discharge was judged to be 8 m3/s.
<Energy calculation>
Shown below is the production energy calculation table prepared on the basis of the maximum
power discharge of 8 m3/s.
6-26
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
Qin
(m3/s)
8.15
8.58
8.81
13.38
12.77
7.07
5.42
5.02
6.08
7.30
8.65
8.34
8.30
q1
(m3/s)
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
q2
(m3/s)
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
6.76
4.56
4.02
5.44
7.07
8.00
8.00
Max.
Min.
P1
(MW)
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
P2
(MW)
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
5.70
3.85
3.40
4.59
5.97
6.75
6.75
6.75
3.40
E1
E2
(GWh)
(GWh)
1.26
3.77
1.13
3.40
1.26
3.77
1.22
3.65
1.26
3.77
1.22
3.08
1.26
2.15
1.26
1.89
1.22
2.48
1.26
3.33
1.22
3.65
1.26
3.77
14.78
38.69
53.47 GWh
Qin: inflow, q1 & q2: power discharge in peak time & off peak time,
P1 & P2: Output in peak time & off peak time, E1 & E2: energy
From this table it is known that the supply of a maximum capacity of 6.75 MW is possible
throughout the peak time of 6 hours and the supply of a minimum capacity of 3.40 MW is
possible even during the off-peak time.
<Economic evaluation>
On the basis of the maximum power discharge of 8 m3/s, the total construction cost is estimated
to be 39 million US$, the generation cost is 8.8 cent/kWh, B – C = 9.77 million US$/year, and
B/C = 3.1. Accordingly, this project can be regarded to be financially and economically sound.
For future studies, it is necessary to employ the daily discharge data collected over a long
period of time and define, more accurately, the firm peak capacity applicable during the peak
time and the firm capacity applicable during the off-peak time.
(5) Conclusions and considerations
The preliminary studies conducted on independently developing Kagu 006 site under the
run-off-river scheme and the regulation pondage scheme confirmed that both development
plans offer a high viability from both financial and economic viewpoints. The regulation
pondage scheme, with a large B–C value, offers a large investment effect. The
run-off-river-scheme, with a large B/C, offers a good investment efficiency.
The cascade development of hydropower sources, applied to the same river system, enables the
common use of access roads and transmission lines and enhances the investment efficiency by
effectively utilizing the river water. Thanks to its proximity to the capital city of Bujumbura, the
6-27
Kagunuzu River, in addition, offers a good potential as one of the candidate power sources for
the supply of electricity to the city. Kagu 006 is a hydropower site located in the lowest reach of
the river for the cascade development, is very close to both the National Highway No. 5 and the
existing transmission lines, and therefore should be considered as the first project under the
cascade development plan. It is necessary, in future, to define Kagu 006 as an integral part of
the cascade development plan, which should be formulated first so that the specific method of
development and the optimum size of Kagu 006 are studied within the framework of such plan.
<Hydrological issues>
The lack of hydrological data may become a big constraint to the hydropower development of
the Kagunuzi River. In planning a hydropower project using either run-off-river-scheme or
regulation pondage scheme, in particular, the discharge volume during the low flow period has
a great bearing on the success of the plan. For this reason, the collection of daily discharge data
is indispensable. The suspended load measurement is also necessary because of the following
reason.
The mountainous areas that comprise the Kagunuzi River basin are broadly developed and the
river water shows, despite the dry season, dark brown color which is also due to certain
geological factors (Pre-FS1995 Report). Soil erosion of upstream areas is assumed to be similar
to or worse than that seen in South Eastern Asian countries. Therefore, the cascade development
plan should enroll considerations of Sediment Control Management within the catchment area.
At present, South Eastern Asian countries are facing sedimentation problems for their reservoirs
caused by development activities within the catchment areas. To alleviate these problems, Japan
is assisting these countries to manage their river basin maintenance plans, and to formulate and
implement counter measures against sedimentation problems at their hydropower sites. Japan is
no exception in experiencing sedimentation problems at our reservoirs. For the past decade,
however, Japan has successfully established concept of the Sediment Control Management in
the basins including sand management technology and sediment flushing technology. By
applying such Sediment Control Management for the Kagunuzi River development, a
sustainable utilization of the hydropower resources in Burundi would become possible.
<Effects to local society>
The cascade development of the Kugunuzi River should permit the construction of an access
road that connects the National Highway No. 5 and the catchment areas. The road to be
necessary for the operation and maintenance of the power plants provides amenities to improve
the social life of the local residents as well as access, to the market, of various agriculture and
6-28
forest products that should encourage the local economic activities. The increased production
and commercialization of the agriculture and forest products is certainly one way of helping the
local economy. The cascade development, on the other hand, takes a long time. During that
time, construction works provide long lasting employment opportunities for the local people.
The multiple hydropower plants are eventually operated along the same river system requiring
maintenance personnel, in no small numbers, which also help maintain employment
opportunities for local residents.
When maintenance activities such as erosion control, hillside works and afforestation are
conducted within the river basin as part of the Sediment Control Management, long term labor
becomes necessary to support those activities, increasing employment opportunities for the
local residents. It is also expected that these maintenance activities should help agriculture
management and forest management skills permeate the whole river basin. Further, an
increased production of agriculture and forest products should follow contributing to the overall
development of the area.
6-29
6-30
Figure 6.19
Kagu006 Run-off-River Scheme
6-31
Figure 6.20
Kagu006 Pondage Scheme
6.3 Conceptual Study on Electrification of Bujumbura Area
With the progress of the peace-keeping process, the social and economic restoration is well
underway in Burundi with support extended from other countries. It is anticipated that a number of
refugees coming back from outside the country, and in quest for employment opportunities, will
concentrate to live in and around major cities making further urbanization of the capital city of
Bujumbura, in particular, unavoidable. The power demand in Bujumbura, therefore, is expected to
grow accordingly. On the other hand, the electric power source to support the national grid including
Bujumbura has not been developed since the completion of Ruzizi II in 1989, except an emergency
diesel power plant (5.5 MW) that was mobilized in 1996. After the civil war ended, restoration of
transmission and distribution lines, rehabilitation of dilapidated power plants and substations, and
extension of distribution lines have been pushed forward but the installed capacity of 50 MW has
remained unchanged for the last 20 years or so. The excessive dependence on hydropower poses a
power source structural problem limiting the power generation capability in the dry season below
50 % of the total installed capacity.
At present, Bujumbura city is suffering from a chronic power shortage, and exercising planned
blackouts by stopping electricity supply according to a rolling schedule of designated time and
district. Depending on the place in Bujumbura, the residents are compelled to have only one day a
week to receive electricity for 24 consecutive hours. In this way, the power shortage is deteriorating
citizens’ living standards including medical, educational and welfare conditions and posing
impediments to the industrial development, as well. To alleviate this serious power shortage, new
power supply sources are urgently needed.
In this respect, it is recognized that the indigenous and
abundant hydropower development is the fundamental solution to the present problems of the
chronic power shortage and the low electrification level.
This chapter deals with the proposed electrification scenarios for the city of Bujumbura on both short
and medium terms. The present electrification percentage of the city stands low in the 20s. However,
in view of the capital city of Bujumbura and its contiguous areas having the largest power
consumption in the national grid, the electrification plan of this area should certainly mean
upgrading the national level of electrification.
<Short Term Measures>
i)
Objective:
Principle:
Implementation of sustainable power generation for base load
Development of run-off-river or regulation pondage type hydropower
The two major existing hydropower stations, Rwegura (18 MW) and Mugere (8
6-32
MW), which are transmitting power to Bujumbura city, are the hydropower
stations with reservoirs and, it is presumed therefore, they were originally
intended for the purpose of serving peak load or middle load. Because the only
existing diesel power plant is not operating due to the surging fuel cost, the two
major hydropower plants are supplying power to meet the daytime demand as
well. It is presumed, therefore, water levels at reservoirs tend to become low
limiting their supply capacity at peak times. To fully utilize the functions of the
reservoirs, it is necessary to implement new power sources that cover the
daytime demand, namely base load, with inexpensive power supply.
Measures:
Development of Kagu 006 Hydropower Project
Kagu 006 studied in this chapter, both on the run-off-river scheme (2.5 MW)
and the regulation pondage scheme (6.7 MW), showed good economic viability
and is able to supply inexpensive power to cover the base load. Moreover, the
location of the project is favorable for early development and sustainable
operation. The Kagunuzi River is expected to be developed by cascade, and
when upstream power stations are developed, Kagu 006 power station will be
able to generate more energy because of regulated flow by the upstream
hydropower stations.
Japanese Aid:
Development by Japanese Grant Assistance
The development of the small scale run-off-river scheme (2.5 MW) would likely
be eligible for the grant base financial assistance: Grant Assistance to be given
by the Japanese government. In the case of using the Grant Assistance, the
Burundi government is expected to submit a request for assistance after
completion of the feasibility study, the work from the basic design through
commissioning should take two to three years, a comparatively short lead time
to completion.
ii)
Objective:
Principle:
Early implementation of new power generation
Prompt Installation of new power sources
The power shortage in the capital city of Bujumbura is critical as the planned
blackout is necessary. A new power generator is promptly installed not to
interfere with restoration after the civil war ended.
Measures:
a. Installation of new diesel power
b. Review of power tariff
There would be two kinds of power generation such as photovoltaic power
generation and diesel power generation to quickly alleviate the present critical
power shortage. Out of two, the diesel power generation will be preferable
6-33
because of flexibility in power generation. Only diesel can supply power for
peak load in the night and off-peak load in the daytime.
Moreover, in future
after present power shortage is resolved, the diesel can be used as a backup
power for emergency uses and for complementary power supply in peak time in
the dry season. However, the diesel needs high cost fuel. Therefore, efforts
should be exerted to enlarge the power consumers by extension of the
distribution lines in the city, and to review the electricity tariff schedule for
normalization as well.
Japanese Aid:
Installation by Japanese Grant Assistance
According to the Sector Policy of the MIN E&M submitted to the Government
in May 2006, Burundi is planning to introduce new power sources of 10 MW.
Therefore, the new diesel of some 5 MW will be required if the existing diesel
power can be resumed by the following measures of item iii).
Grant assistance
for diesel power installation is desirable to urgently resolve the present critical
power shortage and eliminate disturbance for further socioeconomic
development in Burundi.
iii)
Objective:
Principle:
Utilization of existing power source
Resumption of existing diesel power station
Assistance in fuel supply by donor resumes operation of the existing diesel
power station (5.5 MW) in Bujumbura city.
Measures:
a. Fuel supply
b. Review of power tariff
To cope with the imminent power crisis, measures should be taken to supply fuel
to, and operate, the existing diesel power plant (5.5 MW) which is located in
Bujumbura city and has been kept dormant due to fuel cost upsurge. The present
power tariff schedule should be reviewed considering of increase of income
from the new diesel power and hydropower stations to be put in service by the
grant aid.
Japanese Aid:
Non-Project Grant Aid
A gratuitous fuel supply, such as Japan’s Non-Project Grant Aid, would be
applicable and considered. A Non-project Grant Aid was granted to Rwanda
(Exchange of Notes in 2005) and possibility is high for the same being applied
to Burundi.
6-34
<Medium to long term measures>
iv)
Objective:
a. Sustainable power development
b. Expansion of electrification
Principle:
Optimum Power Development Plan
It is generally said that a hydropower development takes more than ten years
from planning to its commissioning. In this regard, an effective and steady
implementation of the development plan based on the optimum power
development plan is essential with a long term view to alleviating the power
crisis that is expected to become ever more serious.
Measures:
Hydropower master plan and feasibility study for Bujumbura city and its
vicinity
To meet the power demand from Bujumbura city in the long term, it is necessary
to develop the hydropower resources available in its vicinity. For this purpose, it
is needed to establish a hydropower master plan on the rivers located to the
south and north of the city and carry out feasibility studies, in parallel, on
multiple sites or river systems having identified potentials in the master plan.
The study may require one and a half to two years. It should be an optimum
power source development plan that meets the demand forecast and includes an
expansion program of the national grid for the power source development and
consideration for power imports from adjacent countries as well. Expansion plan
of distribution lines in Bujumbura city should also be planned for improvement
of power supply condition in the city.
Japanese Aid:
Formulation by Development studies of JICA
There must be many technical items in this kind of master plan, in which
Japanese knowledge and experiences can be applied, such as cascade
development of hydropower, sediment control management in the basin.
Development studies of JICA would be applicable for this master plan and
feasibility study.
v)
Objective:
Principle:
Sustainable power development
Diversity of power energy
Main power source in Burundi is hydropower, which shares more than 90% of
the total installed capacity at present. There have been no thermal power plant
constructed except diesel power because Burundi produces no fossil fuel.
Therefore, there is a power source structural problem limiting the power
6-35
generation capability in the dry season below 50 % of the total installed capacity.
Although hydropower development is important for country's sustainable
development, as future objectives, multiple energy sources for thermal power
should be adopted for attaining country’s energy security and the best energy
mix of power generation.
Measures:
Feasibility study on natural energy power generation such as peat,
biomass, solar and wind power
It is necessary to conduct feasibility studies on alternative natural energy
resources potentially usable for power generation because of no production of
fossil fuel resources in Burundi. The potential use of peat, indigenous to Burundi,
should be studied in a way causing minimal impact on the natural environment.
Japanese Aid:
Formulation by Development studies of JICA
Japan has much knowledge and experience in this kind of study such as rural
electrification by renewable energy. Development studies of JICA would be
applicable for this study.
6-36
Chapter 7 Conclusion
The Republic of Burundi, since the end of the civil war in 1997, has endeavored to restore and
rehabilitate its electric power facilities and expand its power distribution lines with support from
other countries. But the two decades from 1989 without any investments in power developments
have brought the country under a chronic shortage of power at the time the power demand has grown
with the progress of the social and economic restoration. To cope with the situation, Burundi
depends on import of power at present for over 40% of its power consumption, and is exercising, in
the major power consuming city of Bujumbura, planned blackouts stopping power supply on a
rolling schedule of designated time and district. The Burundi’s overall electrification rate is as low as
1.8%. The electrification percentage of the capital city of Burundi and it vicinity is assumed to be in
the 20s. The power supply is the basic infrastructure for regional development, and here the capital
city of a nation is not sufficed with the power supply.
7.1 Electrification Scenario for Bujumbura Area
In recognition of the indigenous hydropower development being the fundamental solution to the
problems of the chronic power shortage and the low electrification level, this report proposes an
electrification scenario of the Bujumbura area as short and medium-to-long term measures, as shown
in Figure 7.1.
The short term measure envisages approximately three years and proposes a run-off-river scheme
hydropower development (2.5 MW) which can be realized within the timeframe, comprises a base
load power source, and is environmentally acceptable. At the same time, the report supports the
introduction of a new diesel power plant (about 5 MW) including the supply of fuel, for emergency
and future peak load use, and specifically proposes the utilization of the diesel power plant (5.5
MW) which is kept dormant at present.
Considering the long lead time of about ten years required for a hydropower development, this report
proposes, as a medium to long term measure, to start formulating a master plan for hydropower
development and a feasibility study on potential hydropower sites as soon as practicable. The
national grid’s excessive dependence on hydropower poses a structural problem of the capacity drop
in the dry season being unavoidable. To diversify the energy sources for power generation in the
future, therefore, an early initiation of research for natural energy development potentials such as
peat, biomass, solar etc. is recommended.
7-1
7.2 Regional Development Effects of Electrification
For each of the regional development potentials, the stable and sufficient power supply is a
prerequisite. Judging from the current conditions of Bujumbura city, it is assumed that the stable and
sufficient power supply will directly lead to the regional development, i.e. raising the living
standards of the people and activating small and medium-sized enterprises. In parallel with the
capacity improvement for the stable and sufficient power supply, promoting additional measures
should be most realistic for regional development, such as development of hotel facilities and
government-led personnel capacity building and active appealing toward overseas, in a way to create
employment opportunities from tourism. Regarding tourism, neighboring Rwanda presents a good
precedent. The “Commodity innovation from village products” campaign, for example, with a good
use of experiences in Japan, Malawi and other countries, may provide a clue to making coffee, one
of Burundi’s local products, a value-added specialty. The stable and sufficient power supply will
enable the use of labor after dark and increase production through improved efficiency by
mechanization. When the basic infrastructure will have been built or become certain to be built in the
future to attract private and overseas investors, aquatic resources from locally characteristic Lake
Tanganyika should be utilized for the canning industry, and mineral products should be developed
for the mining industry so that the broader and more effective regional development will become a
real possibility.
The stable and sufficient supply of electric power as the basic infrastructure to promote the people’s
living standards and to attract private and overseas investors in the future is an essential element
needed for Bujumbura city area development.
7.3 Other Effects of Electrification
As the electrification scenario shown in Figure 7.1 progresses, with the state of peace being
established as indicated in the same figure, and the regional developments are executed as planned,
then various effects that lead to the reduction of poverty are expected to become evident. In the case
of hydropower development, small scale Kagu 006, for example, the access road construction will
stimulate activate commodity movement in the neighborhood on top of contributing greatly to job
creation for its own. As indicated in Chapter 6.2.2 (5), Japan is prepared to provide a technical
transfer arrangement relating to forest maintenance that alleviates soil erosion in upstream areas and
agriculture and forest management that will help improve productivity. Offering both of our
technology and experiences for use in the integrated river basin management of Burundi should
7-2
contribute to creating indirect employment opportunities and income sources over the Kagunuzi
River basin area, encouraging hopefully, similar and parallel development activities over other river
basin areas as well.
7-3
Electrification Scenario for Bujumbura Area
Issues
1. Chronic power shortage
2. Low electrification ratio
Short-term Objectives： within 3 years
Urgent improvement of chronic power shortage
i) Development of Kagu 006 hydropower： Implementation of sustainable
power generation for base load
ii) Installation of new diesel power：Early implementation of new power
generation
iii) Fuel supply： Utilization of existing power source
Medium & Long-term Objectives： more than 3
Expansion of electrification area
Sustainable power development
iv) Hydropower master plan and feasibility study
v) Feasibility study on natural energy power generation
効
果
Effects
Promotion of restoration of socio-economy
Stabilization of peace
Regional development
Development of industries
Poverty
Reduction
Increase of employment opportunity
Figure 7.1
Electrification Scenario for Bujumbura Area
7-4
Appendix 1 Schedule for Field Investigation
Appendix 1
[1/1]
Schedule for Field Investigation
No.
Date
Schedule
Sat EK317 KIX(23:15) ->
Stay
1
19-Aug-2006
2
20-Aug-2006 Sun
-> DXB(05:00)
EK719 DXB(10:05) -> NBO(14:15)
Nairobi
3
21-Aug-2006 Mon
AM: Embassy of Burundi for application of VISA issuance
14:00: Embassy of Japan for meeting(Mr.Oishi, Ms.Otsuka)
Nairobi
4
22-Aug-2006 Tue
AM: Embassy of Burundi for the receipt of passport and VISA
PM: Team meeting
Nairobi
5
23-Aug-2006 Wed
6
24-Aug-2006 Thu
All day: Meeting with Mr. Ndayanbase (REGIDESO) to gather information and discuss
10:00: Meeting with Mr. Ferdinand (DG, DGHER) etc. to gahter information
Bujumbura
7
25-Aug-2006
Fri
AM: Meeting with Mr. Ndayanbase (REGIDESO) and courtesy call to Mr. Sunzu (Director of Electricity, REGIDESO)
PM: Survey at Bujumbura existing diesel power plant, Snel substation , RN1 substation and Ozone substation
Bujumbura
8
26-Aug-2006
Sat Site survey of hydoro power potential site in Kagunugi river (Kagu006)
9
27-Aug-2006 Sun Survey at Mugere existing hydropower plant and Mutumba existing micro hydropower plant
Bujumbura
10
9:00: Courtesy call to Mr. Sylvere (DG, Water and Energy), Mr. Tangishaka (DG, REGIDESO), Mr. Ferdinand (DG, DGHER)
28-Aug-2006 Mon AM: Meeting withMr. Barampanza (Director of Energy, DOE) and Mr. Ndayanbase (REGIDESO) to gather information and discuss
15:00: Visit of ONATOUR (Peat factory)
Bujumbura
11
29-Aug-2006 Tue Electrification situation survey at Gasukebuye new town, Kamengeworkers' district, Carama new town, Buyenzi workers' district in Bujumbura city
Bujumbura
12
30-Aug-2006 Wed Making of quick investigation report
Bujumbura
13
31-Aug-2006 Thu
KQ474 NBO(11:15) -> BJM(11:55)
16:00: Meeting with Mr. Barampanza (Director of Energy, DOE) and Mr. Ndayanbase (REGIDESO) to confirm schedule
AM: Reportiong to Mr. Barampanza (Director of Energy, DOE)
KQ474 BJM(13:45) -> NBO(16:25)
14
1-Sep-2006
Fri EK 720 NBO(17:15) -> DXB(23:15)
15
2-Sep-2006
Sat EK 316 DXB(02:50) -> KIX(17:20)
Fly Overnight
Bujumbura
Bujumbura
Nairobi
Fly Overnight
-
Appendix 2 Interviewed Persons List
Intervewed Persons List
No.
Name
Belonging
Appendix 2
[1/1]
Interview date
1
Mr. OISHI Tomohiro
Head of Economic Cooperation Section, First Secretary, Embassy of Japan in Kenya
21-Aug-2006
2
Ms. OTSUKA Yumi
Head of Grate Lake Division, Embassy of Japan in Kenya
21-Aug-2006
3
Mr. Barampanze Pierre
Director of Energy in the Ministry of Energy and Mining
23-Aug-2006
28-Aug-2006
29-Aug-2006
4
Mr. Ndayanbase Leonidas
Power Utility Specialist, REGIDESO in the Ministry of Energy and Mining
23-Aug-2006
24-Aug-2006
25-Aug-2006
26-Aug-2006
27-Aug-2006
28-Aug-2006
29-Aug-2006
5
Mr. Ferdinand Niyitegeka
Director General, DGHER in the Ministry of Energy and Mining
24-Aug-2006
28-Aug-2006
6
Mr. Sunzu Audoce
Director of Electricity, REGIDESO in the Ministry Energy and Mining
25-Aug-2006
28-Aug-2006
7
Mr. Simbananiye Cyprier
DGHER in the Ministry of Energy and Mining
24-Aug-2006
8
Mr. Sylvere Nzoyihera
Director General, Water and Energy in the Ministry of Energy and Mining
28-Aug-2006
9
Mr. Tangishaka Wilson
Director General, REGIDESO in the Ministry of Energy and Mining
28-Aug-2006
Appendix 3 Photos
Photos
Appendix 3
[1/3]
Photo 01 Bujumbura Diesel Power Station
(25-Aug)
Photo 02 SNEL Substation
(25-Aug)
Photo 03 RN1 S/S & Load Dispatching Center (25Aug)
Photo 04 OZONE Substation
(25-Aug)
Photo 05 Main Road between Bujumbura and Cibitoke
(26-Aug)
Photo 06 70 kV Transmission Line from Ruzizi I
(DRC) to SNEL S/S (26-Aug)
Photo 07 Bridge across Kagunuzi River (26-Aug)
Photo 08 Access Road to Mu Kayange Village near by
Kagunuzi River (26-Aug)
Photo 09 Kagunuzi River KAGU 006 Site
(26-Aug)
Appendix 3
[2/3]
Photos
(26-Aug)
(26-Aug)
Photo 12 Mugere Hydro Power Station
27-Aug)
Photo 13 Mugere Hydro Power Station
(27-Aug)
Photo 14 Mutunba Hydro Power Station
(27-Aug)
(27-Aug)
(27-Aug)
Photo 17 ONATOUR Peat Warehouse
(28-Aug)
Photo 18 Pieces of Peat
28-Aug)
Photos
Appendix 3
[3/3]
Photo 19 Kamenge Area of Bujumbura City
(29-Aug)
Photo 20 Kamenge Area of Bujumbura City
(29-Aug)
Photo 21 Carama Area of Bujumbura City
(29-Aug)
Photo 22 Distant View of Bujumbura City
(30-Aug)
Photo 23 Bus Terminal of Bujumbura City
(30-Aug)
Photo 24 Air View of Mountainous Area
(31-Aug)
Appendix 4 Collected Data List
Appendix 4
[1/2]
Collected Data List
No.
Name of data
Publisher
Date of
issue
Acquired from
Date of
acquisition
Acquired
by
Note
1
Annuaire Statistique Du Burundi 2003
Ministere De La Planification Du
Developpement Et La Reconstruction
Sep-2005
ISTEEBU
8/23/2006
Book
General statistics of regional (1992-2003 or1990-1998)
2
Base De Donnees Pour Les Indicateurs Du DHD 2004
Dec-2005
ISTEEBU
8/23/2006
Book
Statistics to put aspect on improvement of living standard
(1990-2004)
3
Bulletin Mensuel Des Prix Avril 2006
May-2006
ISTEEBU
8/23/2006
Book
Prices statistics in April, 2006
4
Note Trimesterielle 2004 Evolution annuelle
Sep-2005
ISTEEBU
8/23/2006
Book
Prices statistics transition in 2003-2004
5
DGHER List of Hydropower Plant
DGHER(Hand-written list)
−
DGHER
8/24/2006
Hard copy
6
Unido TOR (Project title: A Demonstration Project and
Capacity Building Promoting Participative and Affordable
Approach to Rural Energy Development)
UNIDO
−
DGHER
8/24/2006
Hard copy Draft TOR of UNIDO pilot project ?
7
Etude Du Development Des Ressources Hydro-Electriques Du Ministere Des Travaux Publics De
Burundi, Volume 1(Main report)
L'Energie Et Des Mines
Aug-1983
REGIDESO
8/24/2006
Hard copy
8
Etude Du PreFaisabilite Et De Faisabilite Des Amenagnments
Ministere Des Travaux Publics De
Hydroelectriques De Kabu16, Kabu23, Masango Et Rushiha
L'Energie Et Des Mines Direction
Rapport Provisoire De PreFaisabilite
Generale De L'Energie
Volume 1 Rapport Principal
Sep-1993
REGIDESO
8/24/2006
Pre F/S report of Rushiha and Masango site located at
Hard copy downstream of existing Rwegra hydropower plant, Kabu23
and Kabu 16 site located at Kabulantwa rever
9
Ministere Des Travaux Publics De
L'Energie Et Des Mines Direction
Rapport Provisoire De PreFaisabilite
Generale De L'Energie
Volume 4 Impact Des Projects Sur L'Environnement
Sep-1993
REGIDESO
8/24/2006
Hard copy EIA report for the above-mentioned No.8 Pre F/S
10
Burundi Reseau Electrique National
REGIDESO
1998
REGIDESO
8/24/2006
11
Audit Des Installations De Production, Transport Et
Distribution D’Eau Et D’Electricite De La Regideso
REGIDESO
Jul-2001
REGIDESO
8/25/2006
Hard copy Current state of power generating unit
12
Politique Sectorielle Du Ministere De L’Energie Et Des Mines,
Telle Qu’Adoptee Par La Reunion Ordinaire Du Conseil Des
Ministres, Tenue En Date Du 7 Juni 2006
MINISTERE DE
MINISTERE DE L’ENERGIE ET DES
May-2006 L’ENERGIE ET
MINES
DES MINES
8/25/2006
Soft copy Priority plan of energy sector (2006-2009)
Color
drawing
Hydropower plant list and location by DGHER (Existing site and
Planing site)
Hydoro Electric Power Development plan of Burundi (Master
Plan)
The latest power transmission distribution diagram in Burundi
(in 1998)
Appendix 4
[2/2]
Collected Data List
Date of
issue
Acquired from
Date of
acquisition
Acquired
by
13
Programme De Rehabilitation Du Burundi (PREBU)
Etudes De Revision Des Postes Haute Tension, Modernisation
Et Extension Des Systemes De Protections Electriques Et De REGIDESO
Telecomunication / Teleconduite, Rehabilitation Des
Protections Contre L'Incendie
Oct-2004
REGIDESO
8/25/2006
Soft copy Rehabilitation plan of substation
14
Etude D'Implantation De Nouveaux Postes De Repatition
D'Electricite A Bujumbura
REGIDESO
Jul-2001
REGIDESO
8/28/2006
Hard copy
15
Public Investimaton Program (PIP) 2007-2009
19. Ministere de l'Energie Et Des Mines
Gevernment of Burundi (Ministere Des
Travaux Publics De L'Energie Et Des
Mines)
2006
8/28/2006
List of budget and donor etc. of investment project concerning
Hard copy energy and mining sector in 2007-2009 (Energy sector
projects are No.1~No.51)
16
Organigramme Du Ministere De L'Energie Et Des Mines
MINES
2006
8/29/2006
Hard copy Organization chart of the Ministry of Energy and Mining
17
REGIDESO
Revision Simplifiee Du Plan Directeur National
D'Electrification
Jul-1995
REGIDESO
8/29/2006
Summary version of electric power development plan (master
Hard copy plan) in Burundi in 1993 (made by the same contract of
above-mentioned No.8 and No.9)
18
Production Et Importation De L'Energie (kWh)
REGIDESO
Aug-2006
REGIDESO
8/29/2006
Hard copy Electricity supply by REGIDESO grid in 1996-2006, July
19
Novelle Grille Tarifaire 2004
REGIDESO
2004
REGIDESO
8/29/2006
Hard copy Electric rate and water rate table of 2003 and 2004
20
Schema Unifilaire Du Reseau Mt De La Ville De Bujumbura
REGIDESO
2004
REGIDESO
8/29/2006
Hard copy Diagram of electric power supply in Bujumbura city
21
Plan De Delestage Du 28 Aout Au 03 Septembre 2006
REGIDESO
Aug-2006
REGIDESO
8/29/2006
Hard copy
22
Rapport Annuel D'Activites : Exercice 2005
REGIDESO
Mar-2006
REGIDESO
8/29/2006
Hard copy Annual report of REGIDESO in 2005
Statistiques Et Bilan Energertiques
Statistiques De L'eau Potable
Periode: Annee 2003
Statistiques Et Bilan Energertiques
Statistiques De L'eau Potable
Periode: Annee 2004
MINISTERE DE
Dec-2004 L’ENERGIE ET
MINES
DES MINES
MINISTERE DE
Dec-2005 L’ENERGIE ET
MINES
DES MINES
8/31/2006
Hard copy
Statistics concerning water and energy in fiscal year 2003 ,
edited by the Ministry of Energy and Mining
8/31/2006
Hard copy
Statistics concerning water and energy in fiscal year 2004 ,
edited by the Ministry of Energy and Mining
8/31/2006
Soft copy Draft final of PRSP?
No.
23
24
25
Name of data
L’élaboration du Cadre Stratégique de la Croissance et de
Lutte contre la Pauvreté (CSLP) du Burundi
Publisher
Jul-2006
MINISTERE DE
L’ENERGIE ET
DES MINES
MINISTERE DE
L’ENERGIE ET
DES MINES
Note
Electrification rate forecast and electrification plan etc. in
2001 of Bujumbura city
Rolling blackout schedule table in August 28th - September
3rd of 2006
ブルンジ共和国
ブジュンブラ市電化計画予備調査
和文要約
この事業は、競輪の補助金を受けて実施したものです。
1. 背景と目的
ブルンジ共和国（以下、ブルンジ）は、アフリカ中央部に位置する、国土面積 2.78 万 km2、
人口 730 万人（2004 年）の内陸国である。また、年間降水量が約 1,500mm とアフリカにお
いては比較的水資源の豊富な国であり、中でも首都のブジュンブラは、Tanganyika 湖に面し、
多くの河川が流れるブルンジ内においても比較的水資源の豊富な地域である。
しかしながら、1993 年に勃発した内戦の影響のため、1996 年の和平交渉再開合意、2003 年
の国土の大部分における武装抗争停止以降も、インフラの状況は改善されていない。特に
電力については、内戦による破壊および設備の老朽化によりブルンジ全体の電化率は 2％程
度しかなく、戦後復興の遅れ、経済回復･発展に対する阻害要因となっている。
一方、2006 年 9 月に策定されたブルンジの貧困削減戦略文書（PRSP: Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper）では、生産活動を支援する設備不足を問題点として挙げ、貧困削減と国家発
展のためには、水供給、交通、通信とともに電力の供給能力強化による生産の向上と多角
化が必要とされている。
また、日本は ODA による緊急人道支援や内戦後の国づくりを支援する方針であり、1999
年 9 月にはブルンジとの二国間経済協力の再開が決定され、2006 年度には道路および保健
医療分野に関する無償資金協力が実施される予定である。
首都ブジュンブラでは、人口の増加、集中、産業の発展に電力供給能力が追いついておら
ず、慢性化している電力不足により、①戦後復興の遅れ、②医療機関への電力不足による
国民の健康状態の悪化、③産業発展の阻害等が生じている。ブルンジの戦後復興・発展と
平和の定着には、早急に首都ブジュンブラの電力状況を改善する必要がある。また、首都
の振興は、地方部の発展、振興の基盤となると考える。
以上のような背景を踏まえて、本調査は、ブルンジの戦後復興、貧困削減、経済発展の足
がかりとなる首都ブジュンブラの電化計画を策定することを目的とし、ブジュンブラの電
化計画に関する予備的な調査を実施するものである。
なお、調査対象地域は、本調査の電化整備対象であるブルンジの首都ブジュンブラ市1、お
よび水力電源サイトであるその周辺地域とした。
1
: ブジュンブラは、首都であるブジュンブラ市を示す場合とブジュンブラ市およびその周辺地域を含むブ
ジュンブラ州を示す場合がある。
要約-1
2. ブルンジの社会経済状況
2.1 はじめに
1993 年に勃発した内戦の後、暫定的な政治の期間を経て、2005 年 8 月には、選挙により勝
利し政党となった CNDD-FDD の指導者であるンクルンジザ氏が大統領に選出された。
2006 年 9 月 7 日には、反政府勢力である解放国民軍（FNL）が恒久的な停戦に合意し、隣
国のルワンダに遅れを取っているものの、着実に和平プロセスを歩んでいる。
2.2 人口
ブルンジ国内の人口は、いずれの地域におい
ても年々増加しており、1999 年以降は内戦以
前の率に戻りつつある。また、図 2.1 に示すア
フリカ開発銀行（AfDB）発行の人口データに
よると、都市部の人口増加率はブルンジ全体
の人口増加率よりも大きく、都市部への人口
集中が進んでいることがわかる。
図 2.1 ブルンジおよびその都市域人口の変遷
2.3 経済
図 2.2 によると、近年の一人当たり GDP は
90 ドル前後で、内戦勃発前の半分以下とな
っているが、内戦勃発以降年々減少していた
GDP は 2004 年には回復の兆しが見られる。
また、図 2.3 に示すとおり、1993 年以降の第
一次産業比率の増加と電気･水道等の公共サ
図 2.2 GDP および一人当たり GDP
ービスを含む第三次産業比率の増加は、都市
部への人口集中とも関連していると考えら
れる。なお近年は、内戦以降の農産物生産高
減少により、食糧援助に頼らざるを得なくな
っている。
図 2.3 部門別 GDP 比率の変遷
2.4 貿易
2003 年のデータによると、輸出金額の 60％以上がコーヒーである。また、内戦以降、輸出
金額が激減している品目がある一方で、砂糖、ビール等の輸出金額が近年増加している。
なお、セメントなどの資本財、石油や工業製品、食糧等、多くの物を輸入に頼っている。
要約-2
2.5 海外支援
ブルンジに対する 2003 年の ODA は 224,000,000 US$である。これは 2003 年におけるブルン
ジの GNI の約 39％を占めており、その割合は年々増加している。ブルンジへの二国間援助
額としては、2002 年の実績額で、アメリカ、ベルギー、ノルウェー、オランダ、フランス
の順に多い。
3. ブルンジの電力セクター
3.1 はじめに
ブルンジは、エネルギー源をバイオマス資源（木材、泥炭、
石炭）に大きく依存しており、全体の 87%を占める。これに
続くのが石油（11%）で、電気はいまだにエネルギー源の 2%
を占めるに過ぎない（図 3.1 参照）。
3.2 組織および関連法令
ブルンジの電力セクターを所管する省庁は、エネルギー・鉱
業省（以下、MIN E&M）である。また、REGIDESO は、ブ
ルンジの電力と水を供給する国営企業であり、都市部におけ
る電力施設の実質的な運営管理は REGIDESO が行っている。
木材、泥炭、石炭
石油
電気
図 3.1 ブルンジのエネルギー
なお、MIN E&M の水・エネルギー部が REGIDESO を所管する。一方、地方部における水
力開発（村落電化）は、MIN E&M の地方水力エネルギー部（以下、DGHER）が独自に行
っている。DGHER の水力発電所は、送電系統から独立している（いずれも村落電化のため
の独立電源である）。MIN E&M が管轄するその他の国営企業としては、ブルンジ南部およ
び北部にて採取される泥炭を扱う ONATOUR が挙げられる。
SINELAC は、大湖諸国経済共同体（以下、CEPGL）を構成する 3 ヵ国、ブルンジ、ルワン
ダ、コンゴ民主共和国（以下、DRC）による共同設立会社であり、1989 年に建設された Ruzizi
II 水力発電所を運営している。一方、CEPGL 発足以前の 1958 年に建設された Ruzizi I 水力
発電所の運営は、SNEL が行っている。また、ブルンジは世界最長の河川であるナイル川の
最上流に位置しており、ナイル川流域各国によるナイル川流域イニシアティブ（NBI）にも
参加している。
電力セクターの関係法令は現在カナダの支援の下で準備中である。その他の関連法令とし
ては、土地収用法（1986 年）、森林法（1985 年）があり、これらは現在改訂中である。ま
た、環境法（2000 年）には、環境影響評価（EIA）の手順について触れられている。
要約-3
3.3 政策およびプログラム
2006 年 9 月、世界銀行（WB）と国際通貨基金（IMF）により暫定版 PRSP（I-PRSP）が 2004
年 1 月に承認されて以降、約 2 年半の年月を経てブルンジの PRSP（F-PRSP）が策定された。
PRSP では、貧困削減に向けて以下に示す 4 つの戦略的な中心軸を掲げている。
(i) ガバナンスおよび治安の改善
(ii) 持続可能かつ公平な経済成長の促進
(iii) 人的資本の育成
(iv) HIV/AIDS との闘争
また、PRSP では、インフラの深刻な不足が、農業活動、畜産業、漁業、中小工業/企業にお
けるダイナミズムの欠如をもたらしている主要な因子として挙げられている。このため、
「(ii) 持続可能かつ公平な経済成長の促進」に向けて、運輸・エネルギーおよび電気通信に
関するインフラのリハビリならびに近代化が主要な課題となっている。
一方、MIN E&M のセクターポリシーは、PRSP の最終化に向けて 2006 年 5 月に政府に提出
され、同年 6 月に承認されている。このうち、エネルギーに関するポリシーは以下の通り
である。
(1) 目標
エネルギーセクターの到達すべき目標は以下に示す 2 つに区分される。
- トータル目標
- （各トータル目標に向けた）具体的な目標
トータル目標
(a)
国民の大部分に近代的なエネルギーへのアクセスを保障する
(b)
質的および量的に充分なエネルギーを産業活動および職人に提供する
(c)
環境保護に配慮しつつ国内需要に必要なエネルギーを満たす
(d)
コミュニティおよび家庭内利用のためのエネルギーとして、ローカル資源を合理的
に活用する
(e)
農業および園芸農業において、泥炭を含む肥料の利用を促進する
（各トータル目標に向けた）具体的な目標
(a)
国民の大部分に近代的なエネルギーへのアクセスを保障する
- 送電網を延長し、国内の電化率を増加する
(b)
質的および量的に充分なエネルギーを産業活動および職人に提供する
- 水力発電所を建設し、国内の電力生産を増加する
- セクター内の制度的実効性および財務成績を改善する
要約-4
(c)
環境保護に配慮しつつ国内需要に必要なエネルギーを満たす
- エネルギーの実効性を改善する
- エネルギーの合理的な管理を促進する
(d)
コミュニティおよび家庭内利用のためのエネルギーとして、ローカル資源を合理的
に活用する
- 森林伐採を抑制するために、共用サービスや家庭内レベルでのエネルギー需要に泥
炭を活用する
(e)
農業および園芸農業において、泥炭を含む肥料の利用を促進する
- 土壌の改良に向けた質的および量的に充分なローカルの肥料を作成する
(2) 戦略
上記目標の達成に向けた戦略は以下の通りである。
(a)
送電網を延長し、国内の電化率を増加する
- REGIDESO および DGHER のサービスに関する経営実効性を改善する
- ネットワークおよび顧客の拡張を実施する
(b1) 国内の電力生産を増加する
- 新規水力発電所を建設する
- 増設可能な既設の水力発電所については、設備容量を倍加する
- 10 MW の発電所を獲得する
- 出力向上に向けて、既設インフラのリハビリを行う
(b2) セクター内の制度的実効性および財務成績を改善する
- 収益性および実効性を高めるため、電力会社（REGIDESO）のリストラを行う
- 直面する課題に効果的に対処するため、組織的および制度的能力を強化する
(c)
電力供給に関するセキュリティを改善する
- 送・配電に関する電力供給ネットワークの信頼性を強化する
- 周辺国との相互接続ネットワークの（電力取引に関する）地域政策を継続する
(d)
森林伐採を抑制するために、共用サービスや家庭内レベルでのエネルギー需要に泥
炭を活用する
- 国家の天然自然エネルギーである泥炭の活用
- 家庭やコミュニティでの利用に向けた、泥炭用暖炉（兼かまど）の普及促進
- 泥炭を利用する技術（特に建築材料（れんが）の生産）に必要な形成を保証する。
(e)
土壌の改良に向けた質的および量的に充分なローカルの肥料を作成する
- パイロットサイトのリハビリを行う
- 生産高を強化（増強）する
要約-5
3.4 発電設備
電力輸入分を含めたブルンジの設備容量は 57.7 MW である（表 3.1 参照）。また、図 3.2 に
示すように、国内の水力発電所の設備容量は 32.2 MW である。その 96.2%（31 MW）を
REGIDESO が所有し、残る 1.2 MW のうち 0.5 MW 分のマイクロ水力を DGHER が、同 0.7 MW
分を民間企業が所有する。合計 27 水力発電所のうち、国内送電線網（National Grid）に接
続された水力発電所は Rwegura（18 MW）、Mugere（8 MW）、Ruvyironza（1.3 MW）の 3 つ
に過ぎない。この合計である 27.3 MW と、Ruzizi I、Ruzizi II 両水力発電所からの電力輸入
分（最大 20 MW）を併せた最大 47.3 MW が国内送電線網経由でブジュンブラに送られる2。
また、図 3.3 はブルンジの電力生産高を示す。2004 年には輸入分を含めて 163 GWh が生産
され、その 95.9%が国内送電線網経由でブジュンブラに送られたと考えられる。
表 3.1 ブルンジの発電設備構成
Installed Capacity
(MW)
Type of Power Plant
Hydro
(Domestic)
Interconnected
HEPPs
(REGIDESO)
Rwegura
18
Mugere
8
Ruvyironza
1.275
Sub Total
Isolated HEPPs REGIDESO
27.275
Thermal
Others
3.692
DGHER
0.503
Private
0.716
Sub Total
4.911
Total HEPPs
Hydro
(Import)
Remarks
32.186
Ruzizi I HEPP (28.2MW)
8
8 MW for Burundi
Ruzizi II HEPP (36MW)
12
12 MW for Burundi
Total Import
20
Bujumbura Diesel Power Plant
5.5
Total Themal
5.5
Not Specified
-
Grand Total
* For Emergency Use
57.686
なお、ブルンジでは水力発電が主力であり、火力発電は非常に少ない。太陽光や風力とい
ったその他の発電設備はさらに稀である（パイロットが行われている程度）。
1996 年にブジュンブラに設置された 5.5 MW（1.5 MW×2, 1.25 MW×2）のディーゼル発電所
が現行でブルンジ最大の火力発電所であるが、燃料である石油価格の高騰により稼働する
ことが出来ず、緊急用電源の扱いとなっている。
2
: ブジュンブラを経由してギテガ等にも送電されるため、全てをブジュンブラで消費する訳ではない。
要約-6
DGHER
1.6%
Other Isolated
HEPPs 3.692MW Private
2.2%
(REGIDESO) 11.5%
Thermal
Hydro 0%
(Isolated)
6.655GWh
Ruvyironza
1.275MW
(REGIDESO) 4%
52.6%
(REGIDESO)
55.9%
Total
162.938
GW h
43.3%
Hydro
(Interconnected)
85.719GWh
図 3.2 ブルンジの水力発電所
Fo
Fo
(REGIDESO)
Rwegura
18MW
r
15 Nat
6 . io n
28
a
95 3G l G
.9 W r id
%
h
Mugere
8MW 24.9%
Hydro
(Import)
70.564GWh
Total
32.186
MW
rN
2 7 at i
.2 on
a
7
8 4 5M l G
.7 W r id
%
Under Rehabilitation
4.1%
図 3.3 輸入分を含むブルンジの電力生産高
（2004 年）
一方、ブルンジの水力発電所の大半は 1980 年代に建設されており、一部 1950 年代のもの
すらある。このため、施設の老朽化による問題となっている。現在 7 つのミニ・マイクロ
水力発電所が運転を停止しており、5 つの水力発電所がリハビリ中である。
3.5 送配電設備
主要需要地であるブジュンブラに送電するために建設された送電線を中心に 110 kV、70 kV、
35 kV、30 kV および 10 kV からなる国内送電線網が形成されている。ブルンジの国内送電
線網を図 3.4 に示す。図より、110 kV と 70 kV の送電線がブジュンブラから DRC に向かっ
て延びており国際連系線となっている。70 kV の送電線は Ruzizi I 水力発電所と、110 kV の
送電線は Ruzizi II 水力発電所と繋がっている。また、ブジュンブラには SNEL、RN1 および
OZONE という 3 つの変電所があり、発電所からの受電、ギテガ等他の都市との送受電およ
びブジュンブラ市とその周辺地域への配電を行っている。
送配電設備に関する課題については、既設変電所のスイッチギアーが古くなっており交換
する必要があるが、ヨーロッパの援助が見込まれている。また、送電線は内戦による損傷
後、鉄塔および電線は交換したので問題ないが、通信設備のリハビリが必要である。現在
は無線で対応している。なお、Ruzizi I 水力発電所から SNEL 変電所までの送電線について
は、電線は 70 kV 対応だが、鉄塔は上記交換の際に 110 kV 対応のものを建てており、将来
的には電線と変電所をアップグレードして 110 kV での受電を行いたいようである。
要約-7
Source: REGIDESO
図 3.4 ブルンジ国内送電線網
3.6 電力需要
ブルンジにおける供給／消費電力および全ロスの変遷を過去のスタディ・レポートならび
に MIN E&M の統計資料等を組み合わせて作成した。結果を図 3.5 に示す。
図より、内戦期間中の 1995 年から 1997 年にかけて消費電力が急減していること、1997 年
の全ロスが突出していることが判る。しかしながら、内戦時のロスが大きいことを考慮し
ても、80%以上の全ロスは現実としては考え難い。また、内戦前は約 20%程度、内戦後は
30∼40%の全ロスが認められる。一方、現地調査時に REGIDESO に対して行ったヒアリン
グでは、送配電ロスについてはデータがなく、それぞれは把握できていないが、内戦後の
全ロスは約 25%、内戦前の全ロスは約 13%とのことであった。
要約-8
300
250
200
Legend
Suppl i ed Ener gy, Whol e Bur undi
Sogreah 1995
Hi
Suppl i ed Ener gy, Netw ork Inter connected
gh
dle
Mi d
Lo w
Consumed Ener gy, Whol e Bur undi
Consumed Ener gy, Netw ork Inter connected
H i gh
Consumed Ener gy, Bujumbur a
150
M i d d le
100
Sogreah 2001
50
100
0
Network Interconnected
Whole Burundi
80
60
40
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
20
Total Loss (%)
350
0
図 3.5 ブルンジにおける供給／消費電力および全ロスの変遷3
需要想定については、Sogreah、Lahmeyer など様々なコンサルタントが実施しており、解析
時期と条件の違いにより結果が大きく異なっている。特に、内戦の影響で 1995 年から 1997
年の消費量が大きく落ち込んでいるため、解析基準年を内戦前に設定した場合と内戦後に
設定した場合では、全く異なる結果が生じている。本報告書ではスタディ・レポートを入
手しており、解析結果のみでなく解析条件、解析過程が把握できる Sogreah の 2 例、1995
年の解析結果（資料 No.17）と 2001 年の解析結果（資料 No.11）を参考として挙げた。図中
のプロットはいずれもブルンジ全体の消費電力を表している。
この 2001 年の Sogreah の解析結果（以下、Sogreah 2001）より、ミドル・ケースの結果を表
3.2 に、ハイ・ケースの結果を表 3.3 にそれぞれ示す。ミドル・ケースでは需要の伸びを年
3.3%、ハイ・ケースでは需要の伸びを年 4.4%と見込んでいる。なお、図 3.5 に示す 2004 年
までの消費実績を見てみると、2002 年から需要が頭打ちとなっているが、これは本来の需
要を表している訳ではないと考えられる。なぜならば、ブルンジでは供給力不足を補うた
めに、需要を制限する計画停電を実施しているからである。
この順調に伸びる電力の潜在需要に対して根本的に供給不足であることがブルンジの電力
セクターの大きな課題であり、ブジュンブラを中心としたブルンジ全体の産業振興を阻害
する原因ともなっている。
3
: ここに、図中の折れ線グラフや棒グラフが欠けている年は、実績データが存在していないことを意味す
る。特に、供給電力と消費電力の差分から求めた全ロス（棒グラフ）については、同じ年に両方のデー
タが得られた場合のみ表示している。
要約-9
REGIDESO で行ったヒアリングによると、45 MW の潜在需要に対して、
最大供給量が 26 MW
（独立した水力発電所も含む）であるため、19 MW が慢性的に不足している状態にあると
のことであった。このため、計画停電を実施している。実施に際しては、新聞・ラジオを
通じて、供給を止める地域と時間帯を予告している。また、日負荷（Daily load）について
は、計画停電をしているので把握するのは難しいが、ピークは 18∼21 時の夜間に発生して
いるとのことであった。
表 3.2 2000 年から 2010 年の地域別需要想定および必要生産高（MWh）
（ミドル・ケース）
2000
Consumed Energy
Total Demand
(Whole Burundi)
Percentage of
Bujumbura (%)
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
102,994
126,546
134,166
143,200
153,213
164,091
74.7%
75.5%
73.7%
71.8%
69.9%
68.1%
Bujumbura
76,897
95,524
98,874
102,763
107,079
111,699
Network
Interconnected
98,161
120,610
134,166
143,200
153,213
164,091
Total Loss (%)
39%
33%
30%
26%
22%
20%
Network
Interconnected
136,783
160,412
174,416
180,431
186,920
196,910
26.2 MW
31.6 MW
34.3 MW
35.5 MW
36.8 MW
38.8 MW
Peak Power (MW)
表 3.3 2000 年から 2010 年の地域別需要想定および必要生産高（MWh）
（ハイ・ケース）
2000
Consumed Energy
Total Demand
(Whole Burundi)
Percentage of
Bujumbura (%)
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
102,994
129,546
138,959
151,251
165,900
182,168
74.7%
76.1%
73.7%
71.0%
68.3%
65.8%
Bujumbura
76,897
98,524
102,462
107,455
113,316
119,804
Network
Interconnected
98,161
123,610
138,959
151,251
165,900
182,168
Total Loss (%)
39%
33%
30%
26%
22%
20%
Network
Interconnected
136,783
164,402
180,647
190,576
202,398
218,602
26.2 MW
32.4 MW
35.6 MW
37.5 MW
39.8 MW
43.0 MW
Peak Power (MW)
要約-10
ブルンジの電源構成は水力主体であるため、乾期（一般的に 6 月∼9 月）になると供給可能
な発電容量は半分以下になる。2006 年 8 月現在、供給可能な発電容量は 23MW であった。
これは表 3.1 に示す総設備容量の 40%である。供給力低下の原因は、発電所の貯水池水位が
低下することと、河川の流入量が減ることにより出力が低下するためである。特に、ここ
数年は渇水が続いており、慢性的に貯水池水位が下がっている状況である。
3.7 電力輸出入
高まる電力需要に応えるため、ブルンジは DRC と国際連系された国内送電線網を通じて電
力輸入を行っている。ここに、Ruzizi I および Ruzizi II は Kivu 湖を流れ出て Tanganyika 湖
に注ぐ Ruzizi 川に建設された水力発電所で、Ruzizi I は SNEL、Ruzizi II は SINELAC が管理
運営を行っている。
現在、Ruzizi I 水力発電所の設備容量 28.2 MW のうち最大 8 MW が、また Ruzizi II からは同
36 MW のうち最大 12 MW がブルンジに送られることになっている。
ブルンジの電力輸入量は年々増えている。電力生産に占める輸入の割合は、Ruzizi I 水力発
電所からの電力輸入を開始した 1987 年には 12.4%に過ぎなかったが、2004 年には電力生産
高の 44.3%を輸入に依存している状況である（図 3.3 参照）。なお、参考までに 2005 年時点
の Ruzizi II 水力発電所からの電力輸入価格は、約 2.0 ¢/kWh である。
一方、ブジュンブラ西方に位置する DRC の市街地に向けて、SNEL 変電所から 15 kV の送
電による電力輸出も行われている。このため、輸入量と輸出量の差分がブルンジの購入量
となる。
3.8 電気料金
REGIDESO によると、現在の電気料金は、平均すると約 80 FBU/kWh（約 8.0 ¢/kWh）であ
り、料金が急激に上がらないよう、政府によってコントロールされているとのことである。
3.9 人材育成
REGIDESO ではトレーニングの一環として、各種の国際会議への出席や、ドナーが招聘す
るトレーニングプログラムに参加している。しかしながら、ヒアリングによると、REGIDESO
はトレーニングプログラムをいくつか持っているものの、実施のための資金が不足してい
るとのことであり、内容の詳細について知ることは出来なかった。
3.10 環境影響評価制度
過去に実施された環境影響評価（EIA）は各ドナーの規定に基づいており、環境法（改定中）
に記載された EIA の手順もこれらの規定に準拠したものとなっていると推察される。なお、
EIA の結果は、設立された国家環境委員会（National Environmental Commission）に提出し、
評価され、承認される必要がある。
要約-11
4. ブジュンブラ地域の概要
4.1 概況
ブジュンブラは、Tanganyika 湖の北東に位置するブルンジの首都である。ブルンジ最大の都
市かつ同国の政治・経済の中心であり、2003 年時点の人口は 365,000 人である。現在では
ブルンジ第二の都市であるギテガは旧首都であり、ブジュンブラはもともとは小さな村で
あった。1889 年にドイツ領東アフリカの軍事拠点となって以降急速に発展を遂げ、1962 年
にブルンジが独立したのと同時に、市名がウサンブラからブジュンブラに変更された。
“3. ブルンジの電力セクター”で述べたように、国内送電線網経由でブルンジの電力生産
の 95.9%（2004 年の場合、輸入分を含む）が主要需要地であるブジュンブラに送られてい
る。このブジュンブラ市およびその周辺地域（以下、ブジュンブラ地域）は、ブルンジ内
で最も電化が進んだ地域であると言えるが、他国の首都圏と比較した場合、電化率は依然
として低い水準にある。
1993 年時点でブルンジ全体での電化率は 1.5%である一方、ブジュンブラ地域の電化率は
27%であった。しかしながら、2000 年にはブジュンブラ地域の電化率は 21.5%にまで落ち込
んでいる。その主な原因として、ブジュンブラ地域で増加する人口に対して配電が行き届
いていない、また電力供給そのものも不足しているために、契約者（世帯）が人口に見合
った割合で増えていないことが挙げられる。
REGIDESO では、電気料金回収のためにも契約者（世帯）を増やしたいと考えており、そ
のために無電化地域に配電網を拡張すること、さらにその前提条件としてブジュンブラ地
域で使用可能な国内送電線網への電力供給量を増やすことを切望している。しかしながら、
実際には需要に対して供給量が不足しているために、需要を制限する計画停電を実施して
いるのが現状である。
4.2 ブジュンブラ地域の電力需要
図 3.5 はブルンジにおける供給／消費電力および全ロスの変遷を示しているが、同図にはブ
ジュンブラ地域の消費電力も併記されている。過去のスタディ・レポートによると、ブジ
ュンブラ地域における消費電力の最新の値は、1999 年の 80 GWh である。この電力量は、
同年のブルンジ全体での消費電力（104 GWh）の 76.8%を占める。
図 4.1 は 1988 年から 1999 年のブジュンブラ地域の消費電力をセクター別（家庭用、
工業用、
商業用、公共用）に分類して図化したものである。
要約-12
150
Legend
100
50
Industrial
Public
Residential
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Com mercial
図 4.1 ブジュンブラ地域におけるセクター別消費電力の変遷
図より、内戦後の２年間（1997 年∼1999 年）の数値だけをみても 1999 年以降のブジュン
ブラ地域のトレンドをセクター毎に予測するのは難しい。しかしながら、2004 年までのブ
ルンジ全体の消費電力が増加傾向にあること、1999 年時点でのブジュンブラ地域の電力量
がブルンジ全体の 76.8%を占める主要な消費地であることからも、1999 年以降にブジュン
ブラ地域の各セクターの消費電力が全体として増加傾向にあることは明らかである。
4.3 ブジュンブラ地域における電力需要の将来展望
今後ブルンジの経済成長が進み、地方部の開発が進むと同時に、国内送電線網がさらに広
域に展開すれば、電力の消費地もブジュンブラ地域だけでなく、ブルンジ内で広く分散す
ることが予想される。しかしながら、1999 年以降の電化率に関する実績資料がなく、現在
のブジュンブラ地域の電化状況が不明であるため、
“3.6 電力需要”に示した、Sogreah 2001
の需要想定結果ならびにブジュンブラ地域の電化計画に関する Lahmeyer のレポート（以下、
Lahmeyer 2001）の需要想定結果をもとに将来展望について述べる。
Lahmeyer 2001 では、2015 年を目標年とし、同年におけるブジュンブラ地域の電化率が、(i)
1999 年の水準を維持（20.8%）、(ii) 25%達成、(iii) 50%達成、(iv) 95%達成の 4 ケースを想定
し、この達成に必要な新規契約者（世帯）数を求めている。その結果、各ケースの達成の
ためには、(i) 800 世帯/年、(ii) 1,300 世帯/年、(iii) 3,700 世帯/年、(iv) 8,000 世帯/年の新規契
約者（世帯）が必要だとしている。
要約-13
ここに、最新のブジュンブラ市の統計人口は 2003 年の 365,382 人である。したがって、
Lahmeyer 2001 の需要想定で用いている世帯内人数から 2003 年の値である 3.97 人/世帯を用
いて世帯数を求めると、92,036 世帯となる。一方、MIN E&M の 2003 年統計資料（資料 No.23）
によると、2003 年におけるブジュンブラ地域の契約者数は 20,754 であることから、2003 年
時点のブジュンブラ地域の電化率は 22.5%と求めることが出来る。また、2000 年と 2003 年
の契約者数の差分は 20,754 – 17617 = 3,137 であることから、1 年当たりの契約者（世帯）の
増分は 1,046 となる。
一方、Sogreah 2001 の需要想定結果では、ブルンジ全体の消費電力に対するブジュンブラ地
域の消費電力の占める割合を求めている。これによると、ミドル・ケースの場合、2000 年
で 74.7%、2002 年で 75.5%、2004 年で 73.7%（表 3.2 参照）となっている。これらの割合を
2000 年から 2004 年までのブルンジ全体の消費電力の実績値に適用してブジュンブラ地域の
消費電力を求めた結果を図 4.2 に示す。また、同図には表 3.2 および表 3.3 に示す 2010 年ま
での Sogreah 2001 の需要想定結果も併記した。
150
Legend
Suppl i ed Ener gy, Whol e Bur undi
Suppl i ed Ener gy, Netw ork Inter connected
Hig
h
Consumed Ener gy, Whol e Bur undi
Mi d
Consumed Ener gy, Netw ork Inter connected
100
dle
Consumed Ener gy, Bujumbur a
Sogreah 2001
re
Fo
50
ca
st
Industrial
Public
Residential
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Com mercial
図 4.2 ブジュンブラ地域における電力需要の将来展望
図より、2004 年における (a) Sogreah 2001 のミドル・ケースに示すブジュンブラ地域の消費
電力の占める割合をブルンジ全体の消費電力の実績値に適用した場合、(b) Sogreah 2001（ミ
ドル・ケース）、(c) 同（ハイ・ケース）の値は、それぞれ (a) 93 GWh、(b) 98.8 GWh、(c) 102.5
GWh となる。
要約-14
以上より、ブジュンブラ地域の現状は、電化率が 22.5%程度、消費電力は 90~95 GWh であ
り、ブルンジ全体に占める割合は 71~75%であると推定される。
なお、潜在的には消費電力として 98~103 GWh 程度のキャパシティを 2004 年時点で有する
ものと考えられる。さらに、ブルンジが今後順調に貧困から脱却し、経済発展を遂げるた
めには、2010 年には 110~120 GWh の電力がブジュンブラ地域で必要となることを示唆して
おり、これを見据えた国内送電線網への安定した電源の確保、ブジュンブラ地域内でのさ
らなる配電網の拡張が急務である。
5. 電化による地域振興効果
5.1 背景
ブルンジの人口は年々増加しており、特にブジュンブラ等の都市部への人口集中が想定さ
れている。それに伴い、新たな雇用創出または収入機会、開発中の振興住宅地および活気
あふれる労働者街の需要に見合ったインフラの整備が必要となっている。特に、安定した
十分な電力を望んでいる市民がいる一方で計画停電を常に実施せざるを得ない現状は、産
業および市民生活レベルの底上げの妨げとなっている。
5.2 可能性
安定した十分な電力を得ることによる地域振興の可能性について下記に考察する。
【生活レベルの底上げ】
計画停電下での電気の用途は、バッテリーの充電および電灯だけであるとのことである。
もし、安定した電力が連続して得られるのであれば、冷蔵庫やテレビ、調理用熱源として
電気を使用したいとのことであった。しかし現状は、「電力不足（計画停電）→ 電化製品
購買意欲低下（生活水準向上意欲なし）→ 電力料金値上げ不可 → ディーゼル発電の導入
不可 → 電力不足」の悪循環となっており、生活レベルの底上げが望めない状況である。
【中小企業の振興】
中小企業では安定した十分な電力が得られないため、「電力不足（計画停電）→ 生産性向
上なし（非効率な作業）→ 電力料金値上げ不可 → ディーゼル発電の導入不可 → 電力不
足」の悪循環となっている。現地でのインタビューでは、計画停電される不安定な電力が
ネックになっており、停電がない安定な電力が供給されるのであれば、電気工具の使用に
より作業がはかどるので、多少の電気料金の値上げも受容できるとのことである。
【水道設備の整備】
ブジュンブラ市では、Tanganyika 湖からの水をポンプアップすることにより水道が整備され
ている。ブジュンブラ市の水道使用者数は近年、約 5 パーセントの年率で増加している。
要約-15
ポンプアップに必要な電力の安定供給は、難民の帰還等を含む人口増加に面しているブジ
ュンブラ市において、水道の整備に先立つ重要な事項であり、振興住宅地区の整備におい
て電力は欠かせない。
【観光業の振興】
世界的に有名な Tanganyika 湖での遊覧、マリンスポーツ、エコツーリズムなどを背景とし
た観光振興は、外貨獲得の手段としてだけではなく、新たなホテル、レストラン等のため
の従業員など、雇用創出の効果が大きい。現在はブジュンブラ市の電力不足のため、ホテ
ルには小型ディーゼル等の自家発施設が不可欠となっている。
【産業の振興−缶詰工場】
タンザニアでは Tanganyika 湖で採れる魚を缶詰にして輸出しているとのことであり、同じ
Tanganyika 湖岸のブルンジでも同様の産業の可能性があるが、やはり十分な電力が必要であ
る。また、缶詰め技術により、食糧の備蓄、内陸部への供給が可能になり食糧の自給にも
寄与する。
【鉱業の振興】
主な鉱物資源として、ニッケル、バナジウム、金等の埋蔵が確認されている。特に世界有
数の埋蔵量を誇るバナジウムとニッケルは、将来、外貨獲得の有力な手段として国家の基
幹産業となる可能性がある。しかし、十分な電力の不足などが、海外からの投資の妨げに
なっている。
【農村部における振興】
本調査はブジュンブラ市を対象としたものであるが、将来的に、周辺の無電化村において
も電化することにより、燃料木材採取労働力（女性および子供）のセーブかつ電灯による
日没後時間利用により、収入の増大および学力向上が期待できる。
5.3 日本の経験
戦後復興または地域振興に関して、日本では下記のような取組み実績および経験を有して
いる。これらは、ブルンジにおける戦後復興および地域振興の参考になる。
【戦後復興における支援】
過去、ボスニア･ヘルツェゴビナに対する内戦により能力が低下した火力発電所および隣接
する炭鉱のリハビリへの融資、スリ･ランカに対する電力関連施設の復旧および北部住民の
生活水準向上のためのワウニア･キリノッチ送電線修復事業への融資等を行っている。
現在は、イラク復興支援として、電力分野では、緊急無償資金協力によるサマーワでの大
型発電所建設、草の根･人間の安全保障無償資金協力による発電所の整備支援、第三国研修
（イラク周辺国等の第三国にて行う技術研修）によるヨルダン電力公社での電力事業制度、
配電網設計計画の研修等の支援を行っている。
【地域環境を生かした地域振興】
日本では地域環境を生かした地域振興として、地域の食、菜の花による循環型社会への取
要約-16
組み、エコツーリズムなど、いずれも、有利･不利を問わず地域の特徴を生かした取組みに
より地域を活性化させた例がある。
【一村一品運動】
地域に住む人々が自ら誇ることのできる特産品を見つけ出し、国内だけでなく国外の人々
にも買ってもらえる魅力ある商品にする運動である。1979 年に大分県ではじまり、他の都
道府県にも普及した。近年、日本では、「開発イニシアティブ」の一環として、開発途上国
における「一村一品運動」を支援しており、マラウイ等で成果を挙げている。
5.4 安定した十分な電力による地域振興
現在のブジュンブラ市の状況から判断すると、安定した十分な電力の供給そのものが、地
域振興すなわち、地域住民の生活レベルの底上げおよび自営業の活性化につながると考え
られる。
加えて、安定した十分な電力供給能力の向上に合わせたホテル等の設備整備、行政主導に
よる人材教育および対外的なアピールを実施し、観光業による雇用創出と地域振興を行う
ことが最も現実的であると思われる。
図 5.1 に示す同じような国情を持つ隣国ルワンダの国立公園における例によると、内戦終結
以降、観光客数が急速に増加しており、2003 年には 16,088 人に到達している。
また、一村一品運動も、例えば地
18,000
元産物であるコーヒーへの付加
16,000
14,000
価値付けのきっかけとなるが、安
12,000
定した十分な電力供給により、日
10,000
8,000
没後の労働力利用や機械による
6,000
4,000
増産等の効率化が可能である。
2,000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Rwanda
Central Africa
North America
Western Asia
Non identify
North Africa
East Africa
Latin America
Others Asian Countries
Year
West Africa
Europe
Central America
Oceanea
Soruce: RWANDA DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, Edition no 7/2004
図 5.1 ルワンダ国の国立公園における観光客数
さらに将来的に、民間や海外から
の投資を呼び込むための基本的
なインフラ整備が実現もしくは
整備されることが確実となれば、
地域の特徴でもある Tanganyika
湖の水産資源を生かした缶詰工
場や鉱物資源を生かした鉱業など、広域的かつ効果の大きな地域振興が可能となると考え
られる。
安定した十分な電力の供給は、基本インフラとして、各市民レベルの振興から将来的な民
間や海外からの投資呼込みまで、ブジュンブラ市の地域振興には必要不可欠な要素である。
要約-17
6. ブジュンブラ地域電化のための包蔵水力
全土の包蔵水力を調査した 1983 年のレポート（以下、MP1983）によれば、ブルンジの理論
包蔵水力は、1,400 MW である。このうち開発可能な包蔵水力は、41 地点、300 MW と推定
されている。この 41 水力地点のうち 33 水力地点が、Ruzizi 川と Tanganyika 湖に注ぐ川に
位置している。すなわち、首都ブジュンブラ市の南北にある川に包蔵水力が集中している。
特に、北部の Kagunuzi 川（上流で Kitenge 川と名を変える）と Kabulantwa 川は、カスケー
ドによる水力開発が可能であり、また、ブジュンブラ市に近い上に、既設送電線、国道に
近く、有望な開発地点であると考えられる。
首都のあるブジュンブラ地域の電化のためには、これらの自国資源であり、再生可能エネ
ルギーでクリーンな水力を開発することが重要となると推察される。本章は、既存計画を
参考に、今後開発すべき水力地点を調査検討し、ブジュンブラ地域電化のための電化計画
のメニューを提案するものである。
6.1 ブルンジの包蔵水力
ブルンジの国土の大部分は、標高 2,000m 以上の高原地帯である。したがって、アフリカで
は珍しく比較的安定した降雨量の多い国である。首都であるブジュンブラ市は、西大地溝
帯の底の部分にある。この大地溝帯にある 2,000m 級の山稜の西斜面は、Kivu 湖（標高
1,462m）と Tanganyika 湖（標高 772m）を結ぶ平野部に急激に落ちるため、急勾配の河川が
多数ある。このため各河川では、短い水路で落差が取れる経済的な水力開発が可能となる。
しかし、流域面積が比較的小さく年間流量が小さいため、大規模水力の計画は難しい。こ
のため、ブルンジの理論包蔵水力 1,371 MW のうち、Ruzizi 川と Tanganyika 湖に注ぐ支流の
包蔵水力は 883 MW で全体の 60%以上を占める。なお、総流域面積 13,328 km2 と、ブルン
ジの国土面積の半分を占める、Ruvubu 川と Kagera 川はともにナイル河水系の川であり、2
河川の包蔵水力は 383 MW で全体の 28%である。さらに、技術的・経済的に開発可能な水
力地点は、41 箇所でその包蔵水力は 294 MW であり、この 41 水力地点のうち 33 水力地点
が、Ruzizi 川の支川もしくは Tanganyika 湖に直接注ぐ川に位置する。
6.2 Kagunuzi 川の現地踏査と予備的水力計画検討
カウンターパートの REGIDESO と協議し、先に述べた西斜面の川の一つである Kagunuzi
川を踏査した。この川の最上流部には 1983 年に運転を開始した Rwegura 水力発電所（18
MW）があり、過去の MP（1983）、Pre-FS（1993）で、この川の上流部に Kagu 010（10.7 MW）、
Masango（5.8 MW）と Rushiha（10.3 MW）等の地点を提案している。すなわち、Kagunuzi
川は、カスケードの開発が可能で、首都ブジュンブラに近く、更に、既設送電線・国道 5
号線にも近いという好条件を揃えている。このように開発のポテンシャルが高いというこ
要約-18
とと開発までの期間が短そうであるという理由により、調査地点としてこの河川の最下流
に計画され、MP1983 レポートで開発可能地点
として挙げられている Kagu 006 を選んだ。
2006 年 8 月 26 日に実施した Kagu 006 水力地点
の現地踏査ルートを図 6.1 に示す。この現地踏
査により Kagunuzi 川の急な河床勾配と乾期で
も涸れない流量を確認した。1/50,000 地形図に
よると、Kabu 006 は河床勾配 1/30 の区間の後
半部分に位置している。
開発の可能性について、この踏査結果と
1/50,000 地形図をベースに、概略工事費を積算
し、ディーゼルを代替火力として経済性を検討
した。流れ込み式と調整池式による単独開発案
について予備的な検討を実施した結果、いずれ
の開発案も財務・経済的に開発の可能性が大き
いことを確認した。結果を下表に示す。また、
図 6.1 現地踏査ルート図
流れ込み式による開発案を図 6.2 に示す。
（2006 年 8 月 26 日実施）
今後、Kagu 006 を段階開発の一水力として位置づけ、Kagunuzi 川の段階開発計画を策定し、
この中で Kagu 006 の開発方法と適正規模を検討していくことが必要である。また、その際、
日流量、浮遊砂量を収集し、規模検討の精度を上げることと流域の土砂管理を考慮するこ
とが重要である。
開発方式
流れ込み式
調整池式
2.5
6.7
22.6
53.5
最大使用水量（m /s）
5.0
8.0
工事費（百万米ドル）
12.1
39.0
6.5
8.8
年コスト：C（百万米ドル/年）
1.46
4.71
年便益：B（百万米ドル/年）
6.08
14.5
B-C（百万米ドル/年）
4.6
9.8
B/C
4.2
3.1
設備出力（MW）
年間発生電力量（GWh)
3
発電原価（セント/kWh）
要約-19
備考
NEF 水力開発ﾏﾆｭｱﾙ参照
割引率 10%、耐用年数 50 年
代替火力：ディーゼル発電所
要約-20
図 6.2 Kagu 006 流れ込み式開発案
6.3 ブジュンブラ地域電化シナリオの提案
ブルンジは、各国の支援もあり、和平プロセスが進展し、社会経済の復興が進みつつある。
今後、国外に避難していた難民の帰還が進むことも予想されており、就労機会を求める人々
が都市部に集中し、ますますブジュンブラ市の都市化が進むと考えられる。このため、ブ
ジュンブラ市の電力需要は益々増加することが予想される。一方、ブジュンブラ市をカバ
ーする国内送電線網の電源開発は、この 20 年近く実施されておらず、設備出力は約 50 MW
と変わらない。また、電源の 90%以上が水力であるため、乾期の可能発電量が半分以下に
減少するという電源構成上の問題点を持っている。
現在、ブジュンブラ市内では、慢性的に電力不足が生じており、地域と時間を指定し、順
次電力供給を止めるという計画停電を実施している。このため、市民の医療・教育・福祉
などの生活レベルの低下を招いており、また、産業の発展を阻害している。このような深
刻な電力不足を改善するため、新たな電源の投入が早急に必要である。自国資源であり豊
富なポテンシャルを持つ水力の開発が現在の電力状況を解決する根本的な解決策である。
本節は、ブジュンブラ市の電化シナリオを短期、中長期の計画として提案し、日本政府の
支援を仰ぐものである。現在の電化率は 20%台と低いが、首都であるブジュンブラ市およ
びその周辺地域は、国内送電線網内の最大の電力消費地であり、したがって、この地域の
電化計画はブルンジ全土の電化計画に繋がるものと考える。
“7. 結論”の図 7.1 に電化シナリオを示し、以下に内容を説明する。
短期対策
i) 目標：持続可能なベース電源の投入
方針：流れ込み式もしくは調整池式水力発電の開発
ブジュンブラ市へ送電している 2 大既存水力である Rwegura（18 MW）と
Mugere（8 MW）は貯水池式の発電所であり、本来はピークもしくはミドル
ピーク需要への電力供給を目的として建設されたと考えられる。しかし、国
内送電線網に唯一接続された火力発電所であるブジュンブラのディーゼル発
電所が、燃料の高騰で稼動していないため、2 大水力発電所は、昼間の需要
に対しても電力を供給している。したがって、貯水池の水が不足しがちでピ
ーク時間帯の供給力が落ちているものと推察される。これらの貯水池の機能
を活かすには、昼間のベース需要を満たす、安い電源の投入が必要である。
対策： Kagu 006 水力地点の開発
本章で検討した Kagu 006 は、流れ込み式（2.5 MW)、調整池式（6.7 MW）い
ずれも良い経済性を示し、かつ、いずれの案もベース需要への電力供給が可
要約-21
能である。この地点は、ブジュンブラ市に近く、既設送電線と国道 5 号線に
近接しており、経済的な開発が見込める。さらに、この地点のある Kagunuzi
川上流には複数の水力開発地点があり、段階開発が可能である。この一つで
あり、Kagu006 地点の直上流で計画されている、Kagu011 が調整池式もしく
は貯水池式で開発されれば、流況が改善され Kagu006 の発電量が増えるなど
段階開発によるメリットを将来得ることができる。
日本の支援：無償資金協力による開発
小規模な流れ込み式（2.5 MW）での開発であれば、わが国の無償資金協力に
よる開発の可能性があると考えられる。無償資金協力による開発の場合、FS
が完了し、ブルンジ政府から要請書が上がれば、Basic Design から運転を開
始するまでの期間は約 2∼3 年と比較的短期間で実現可能である。
ii)
目標：新規電源の早期投入
方針：即応型電源の導入
首都であるブジュンブラ市の電力状況は、計画停電を実施しなければならな
いほど危篤的な状態となっている。したがって、短期の据付により運転可能
な電源の導入が必要である。
対策：新規ディーゼル発電機の導入
即応可能な電源として、太陽光発電とディーゼル発電が考えられる。しかし、
初期投資費用、敷地、発電の柔軟性より、ディーゼル発電機の導入が望まし
いと考える。ディーゼル発電であれば、ピーク時、オフピーク時のどの時間
帯でも発電可能（発電の柔軟性）である。また、現在の供給力不足が解消さ
れた後も、乾期のピーク時の補給に使うことができ、また、緊急時のバック
アップ電源として有用である。しかし、燃料費の問題があるので、同時に市
内配電線の延伸を計り需要家を増やすと伴に、電気料金の適正化を計る必要
がある。
日本の支援：無償資金協力による据付
2006 年 5 月に政府に提出された MIN E&M の Sector Policy によると、ブルン
ジ政府は 10 MW の新規電源の投入を計画している。よって、燃料の高騰の
ため稼動を止めている既設ディーゼル発電所（5.5 MW）が下記 iii)の手段に
より運転を再開すれば、早期に投入する新規ディーゼル発電機は 5 MW 程度
の規模となる。イラクにおける戦後の緊急支援のような無償の援助による設
置が望まれる。
iii)
目標：既存電源の活用
方針：既設ディーゼル発電所の運転
要約-22
燃料高騰のため稼動していないブジュンブラ市内にある既設ディーゼル発電
所(5.5 MW)に、燃料を供給して発電し、当面の電力危機をしのぐ。
対策： a. 燃料の支給
b. 電気料金の適正化
無償援助による燃料を使った電気の販売により増える収益、また、ベース供
給用の水力発電所の投入によるディーゼル燃料の節約などを考慮し、長期に
亘る電気料金の適正化を計る。
日本の支援：ノンプロジェクト無償資金協力
燃料は、緊急援助として我国のノンプロジェクト無償資金協力4（Non-project
Grant Aid）の適用が可能と考えられる。このノンプロジェクト無償資金協力
は、既にルワンダで実施されており（2005 年 E/N 交換）、同様の社会経済状
況にあるブルンジに適用される可能性が高い。
中長期対策
iv)
目標： a. 持続可能な電源開発
b. 電化地域の拡大
方針：水力開発を目指す最適電力開発計画の策定
ブジュンブラ地域の需要を長期的に賄うために、持続可能な電源の開発をす
る必要がある。したがって、豊富なポテンシャルを持つ自国資源である水力
の開発が必須である。一般に、水力発電所は計画から運転を開始するまでに
10 年前後の期間を要する。したがって、さらに厳しさが増すと予想される現
在の電力危機を長期的に緩和するため、水力開発マスタープランを実施し、
これをベースに国内送電線網の送電拡張計画を策定し、最適電力開発計画を
確立する。
対策：ブジュンブラ地域の水力マスタープランと FS の実施
ブルンジの水力ポテンシャルは、ブジュンブラ市の南北にある河川に集中し
ている。したがって、これらの河川を中心に水力マスタープランを実施し、
その中で有力な複数の水力地点もしくは水系の FS を同時に実施する。この
スタディの期間は、1.5∼2 年間。電源開発のための送電拡張計画を含み、か
つ、他国からの電力輸入も視野に入れ、需要予測に基づく最適電力開発計画
を策定する。また、ブジュンブラ市内の電化率を改善するための配電線延伸
計画を含むものとする。
4
: Procedures of this aid program is presented in "Japanese Procurement Programme, A Guide for Beneficiary
Governments. End-users, Japanese Embassies, UNDP Country Offices and Suppliers of Goods & Equipment,
June 2005, United Nations Office for Project Services".
要約-23
日本の支援：開発調査の実施
マスタープランの対象流域は、同一水系の段階開発が可能であり、流域の土
砂管理が必要である等、日本の技術が活かせるマスタープランの策定が可能
である。国際協力機構の開発調査による技術協力が望まれる。
v)
目標：持続可能な電源開発
方針：電力エネルギーの多様化
現在の国内送電線網に接続された電源の 90%以上は水力である。石油・石炭・
天然ガス等の化石燃料を産出しないため、これまで輸入に頼ったディーゼル
以外の火力発電所を建設していない。よって、乾期の可能発電量が半減する
という、電源構成に起因する問題を抱えている。ブルンジの自国資源である
豊富な水力を開発していくことが重要であるが、エネルギーセキュリティー
を確保し、電源のベストミックスを構築するため、多様な資源による火力の
導入が将来必要である。
対策：自然エネルギーによる発電の可能性調査の実施
自国の資源であるピート（泥炭）、バイオマス、太陽光、風力等の自然エネル
ギーの賦存量を調査し、発電の可能性を調査する。特に、ブルンジ特有の資
源であるピートの利用が有望であるが、自然環境への影響を考慮した利用方
法を調査する必要がある。
日本の支援：開発調査の実施
再生可能エネルギーによる地方電化等で日本の国際協力で実績のある分野で
ある。国際協力機構の開発調査による技術協力が望まれる。
要約-24
7. 結論
ブルンジは 1997 年に内戦が終結し、その後各国の支援を得て、電力設備の復旧・リハビリ、
配電線の延伸に努めている。しかし、1989 年以降 20 年近く電源開発への投資を行わなかっ
たため、社会経済の復興とともに電力需要が伸び、慢性的な電力不足となっている。現在、
これをしのぐため供給量の 40%以上を輸入に頼るとともに、主な消費地であるブジュンブ
ラ市内では、地域・時間を指定し順次電力供給を止める計画停電を実施している。また、
ブルンジ全体の電化率は 1.8%（PRSP より）と低い水準にある。首都のあるブジュンブラ地
域でも電化率は 20%台と推測されている。一国の首都においても地域振興のための基本イ
ンフラである電力の供給が充足されていない状況である。
7.1 ブジュンブラ地域の電化シナリオ
慢性的な電力不足と低い電化率という現在の問題に対し、自国資源である水力の開発が根
本的な解決策であると認識し、本報告書では、短期および中長期対策として、図 7.1 に示す
ブジュンブラ地域の電化シナリオを提案する。
短期対策は 3 年程度を目途としており、この間に実現可能な、ベース電源となり、環境に
やさしい流れ込み式の小水力発電所（2.5 MW）の開発を提案している。また、緊急用、将
来のピーク発電のための新規ディーゼル発電所（5 MW 程度）の導入および燃料供給を支援
することにより現在稼動を止めている既存ディーゼル発電所（5.5 MW）の活用を提案する。
水力開発には 10 年前後の長期間が必要であることを見据えて、中長期対策としては、水力
のマスタープランと有望水力地点の事業可能性調査（Feasibility Study）を早急に開始するこ
とを提案したい。また、国内送電線網の電源がほぼ水力に偏っているため、乾期の出力低
下が免れないという構造的な問題を持っている。したがって、将来の電力エネルギーの多
様化を図るためピート、バイオマス、太陽光等の自然エネルギーによる開発の可能性を早
い時期に調査すべきである。
7.2 電化による地域振興効果
地域振興の可能性はいずれも、安定した十分な電力の供給が前提である。現在のブジュン
ブラ市の状況から判断すると、安定した十分な電力の供給そのものが、地域振興すなわち、
地域住民の生活レベルの底上げおよび中小企業の活性化につながると考えられる。加えて、
安定した十分な電力供給能力の改善に合わせたホテル等の設備整備、行政主導による人材
教育および海外へのアピール活動により、観光業による雇用創出を図るなど地域振興を行
うことが最も現実的であると考える。観光については、隣国のルワンダの先例がある。ま
た、マラウイを始めとする各国での経験を生かした日本発の一村一品運動も、例えば地元
産物であるコーヒーへの付加価値付けのきっかけとなるが、安定した十分な電力供給によ
り、日没後の労働力利用や機械による増産等の効率化が可能である。さらに将来、民間や
要約-25
海外からの投資を呼び込むための基本的なインフラ整備が実現もしくは整備されることが
確実となれば、地域の特徴でもある Tanganyika 湖の水産資源を生かした缶詰工場や自国の
鉱物資源を生かした鉱業など、広域かつ効果の大きい地域振興が可能となると考えられる。
安定した十分な電力の供給は、基本インフラとして、市民レベルの振興から将来の民間や
海外からの投資呼込みまで、ブジュンブラ地域の地域振興に必要不可欠な要素である。
7.3 電化によるその他の効果
図 7.1 に示す電化シナリオが進み、同図に示すように平和が定着し、地域の振興が図れれば、
貧困削減につながる様々な効果が得られるものと推察される。また、水力発電所を開発す
る場合、例えば、小水力である Kagu 006 でも、アクセス用道路の建設に伴い、周辺地域の
物流が活性化する下地が整うだけでなく、直接的な雇用創出にも大きく貢献する。また、
上流域の森林保全による流出土砂の軽減や生産向上に向けた営農・営林技術の技術移転を
行うなど、ブルンジの統合流域管理に向けてわが国が有する技術と経験を共に伝えること
で、Kagunuzi 川流域における間接的な雇用創出や所得向上、さらには Kagunuzi 川流域以外
の河川流域での並行展開が期待される。
要約-26
ブジュンブラ地域電化シナリオ
課
題
1. 慢性的な電力不足
2. 低い電化率
短期目標： 3 年程度
慢性的な電力不足を緊急に改善する
i)
Kagu006 水力発電所の開発：持続可能なベース電源の投入
ii)
ディーゼル発電所の導入：新規電源の早期投入
iii)
燃料の供給支援：既存電源の活用
中長期目標： 3 年以上程度
電化地域の拡大
持続可能な電源開発
iv)
水力マスタープランと F/S
v)
自然エネルギーによる発電の可能性調査
効
効
果
果
社会経済復興の進展・促進
平和の定着・持続
地域振興
貧困削減
産業振興
雇用機会の増大
図 7.1 ブジュンブラ地域の電化シナリオ
要約-27

Preliminary Study on Electrification Program for Bujumbura Area in

Transcription

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