Status on emissions, regulation and technical improvements and

Transcription

Seminar on wood combustion and air quality
in Aarhus/Denmark, March 15th, 2012
Status on emissions, regulation and technical
improvements and future developments for residential
wood burning appliances in Germany
Hans Hartmann
Technology and Support Centre of Renewable Raw Materials (TFZ),
Straubing/Germany
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 1
Technologie- und Förderzentrum
im Kompetenzzentrum für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe
Technology and Support Centre of Renewable Raw
Materials (TFZ)
Internet: www.tfz.bayern.de
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 2
Content
1
Pollutant emissions in Germany
(Status and regulations)
2
Primary measures
3
Operational influences (mainly given for stoves)
4
Fuel based influences
5
Seconday measures (filters, catalysts, ESP‘s)
6
Conclusions
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 3
PM emission sources in Germany (2005)
Emissions from heating in private households
35
30
kt
PM10 Emissions
25
20
Wood
Coal
Heating oil
Natural gas
Total
15
10
5
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Hartmann • Turowski
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 4
Types of stoves for log wood
Open fireplace
Chimney stove
Enclosed fireplace
Flue gas
Flue gas
Flue gas
Hot air
Cover panel
Hot air
Exhaust hood
for hot gas
Window
Combustion
space
Combustion
air
Window
Secondary
air
Primary air
Open
air supply
Combustion air
Ambient air (cold)
Flue gas
Tiled
surface
Masonry heater
Storing mass
Tiled stove with
convection heating
Flue gas
Cooking stove
Protection bar
Ignition gate
Cooking plate
Tiled surface
Cleanout
Hot gas tracts
Hot air
Oven bench
Combustion
chamber
(with grate)
Secondary air
Primary air
Hot gas tracts
Heating insert
Heating
front
Tiled surface
Baking tube
Combustion chamber (without grate)
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 5
Distribution of stove types in Germany
Total number
of stoves in Germany:
12,2 Million
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 6
Emission and efficiency requirements of stoves
German requirements for type tests (according to emission directive “1. BImSchV“ from 2010)
All emissions are given at 13 % O2-concentration).
Step 1:
erected after
22.03.2010
Step 2:
erected after
31.12.2014
erected after
22.3.2010
CO
[g/m³]
Dust
[g/m³]
CO
[g/m³]
Dust
[g/m³]
Room heaters (flat furnace)
2.0
0.075
1.25
0.04
minimum
efficiency
[%]
73
Room heaters (filling furnace)
2.5
0.075
1.25
0.04
70
Heat storage stoves
2.0
0.075
1.25
0.04
75
Closed fireplaces
2.0
0.075
1.25
0.04
75
Tiled stoves (flat furnace)
2.0
0.075
1.25
0.04
80
Tiled stoves (filling furnace)
2.5
0.075
1.25
0.04
80
Cooking stoves
3.0
0.075
1.50
0.04
70
Central heating&cooking stoves
3.5
0.075
1.50
0.04
75
Pellet stoves without water jacket
0.40
0.05
0.25
0.03
85
Pellet stoves with water jacket
0.40
0.03
0.25
0.02
90
Stove type
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 7
CO emission limits for stoves (Europe 2010)
14
g/m³12
(13 % O2)
CO emission limit
10
Austria
Germany
Sweden
8
Ireland
6
4
2
0
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 8
Minimum efficiency requirements for stoves (Europe 2010)
100
%
90
Austria
Germany
Sweden
80
mimimum effiency
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 9
German emission limits for small scale biomass boilers
Nominal heat
power
Regulation
Oxigen
concentr.
Vol.% O2
Emissions limits (new installations)
since 22.03.2010
from 01.01.2015**
CO
g/Nm³
Dust
mg/Nm³
CO
g/Nm³
Dust
mg/Nm³
Wood logs and wood chips
≥ 4 ≤ 500 kW
1.BImSchV
13
1.0
100
0.4
20
> 500 kW < 1 MW
1.BImSchV
13
0.5
100
0.4
20
≥ 4 ≤ 500 kW
1.BImSchV
13
0.8
60
0.4
20
> 500 kW < 1 MW
1.BImSchV
13
0.5
60
0.4
20
13
1.0
100
0.4
20
Wood pellets
Straw oder similar materials*
≥ 4 < 100 kW
1.BImSchV
* additional requirements for type testing:
Dioxins und Furanes 0.1 ng/m³; NOx 0.6 g/m³ (from 01.01.2015: 0.5 g/m³); CO 0.25 g/m³
** for log wood boilers: from 01.01.2017
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 10
Long term trend of CO emissions from wood boilers
Type tests of hand- und automatically charged wood boilers
(data source: BLT Wieselburg, Austria)
20000
18000
mg/Nm³
@13
% O2
16000
CO emission
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 11
Origin of boilers in Germany by country
Random sample of funding cases of market incentive program for
small scale biomass boilers (4 - 100 kW): n = 358
Czech Rep.
2%
n.a.
1% Others
2%
Italy
11%
Austria
55%
Germany
29%
Hartmann • Reisinger
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 12
Type testing results for wood boilers (1996 to 2006)
CO
15 to <50 kW
Total dust
50 to <100 kW
Max
80
mg/Nm³
Min
(at 13% O 2 )
mg/Nm³
700
number
of tests
600
400
300
241
200
166
91
100
0
15 to <50 kW
50 to <100 kW
Max
60
500
Dust emission
Carbon monoxide emission
(at 13% O 2)
Min
40
27
25
22
21
24
18
20
95
79
32
62
39
65
15
37
10
number
of tests
0
58
39
65
15
37
10
Reference: TFZ (Handbook
on Small Scale Biomass Use 2007)
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 13
Emission factors for wood furnaces (below 50 kW)
(estimations 2008)
Central heating boilers
Room heaters
300
Total particle emission (mg/MJ)
250
old (1984)
250
new (2007)
200
170
150
150
100
90
100
50
34
45
21
11
0
Chimney
stoves
Heat storing Pellet stoves
stoves
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 14
Wood log
boilers
Wood chip Pellet boilers
boilers
Wood stoves and boilers practise oriented test at TFZ
Pellet boiler, 25 kW
KWB Easyfire USP 25
Wood chip boiler, 50 kW
HDG Compact 50
Log wood boiler, 30 kW
Fröling FHG Turbo 3000
Tiled stove inset,
10 kW, Brunner HKD 5.1
Chimey stove, 7 kW
Wodtke Moon
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 15
Type testing versus practice tests
100
TFZ -results (practice related tests)
„Type testing resuls
mg/Nm 3
Total dust emissions
(13 % O2)
72
58
60
40
38
34
26
20
20
24
26
15
9
0
Pellet boiler
Wood chip
boiler
Log wood
boiler
Tiled stove
insert
Chimney
stove
TFZ measurements: 10 to 12 replications at nominal power, dry fuels
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 16
Rules for efficient primary furnace improvements
 sufficient combustion volume (residence time) for
agglomeration processes
 sufficiently high temperatures (secondary combustion chamber)
 good mixing with combustion air (turbulence, teriary air)
 low lambda
total:
 = 1.3 to 1.7
in fire bed:  = 0.2 to 0.4
 pronounced air staging („fixed-bed“ gasifier stage)
 deposition areas of low gas velocity (for coarse particles)
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 17
Features of modern chimney stoves
 correctly dimensioned combustion chamber
with chamotte walls (allowing high
temperatures and high gas residence time)
 round shaped edges and corners in
combustion chamber (to reduce dead zones)
 deflecting parts for increased turbulences
and mixing of pyrolysis gases with oxygen
 separate primary- and secondary air inlets
 single crank mechanism for primary/
secondary air distribution
 preferably small windows (or none)
 preferably high and slim compared to wide
furnace body geometry
 preferably long vertical pipe to chimney
(for higher heat radiation into the room)
Photos: Wodtke
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 18
Combustion principles for wood logs
Hand charged natural draft furnace
CO2
CO
%
16
g/m³
16
312
12
312
12
28
8
28
8
14
4
4
14
Fuel charging
0
0
40
0
20
40
80 Fuel charging
120
160
Operation time
80
120
160
Operation time
2 concentration
COCO
2 concentration
20 Hand charged furnace with fan
charged furnace
with fan
Downdraft
combustion
% Hand
16
%
16
(with fan)
200 min 240
0
200 min 240
CO2
CO
CO2
CO
2,5
10
2,5
10
8g/m³
8g/m³
1,5
6
12
12
1,5
6
8
1,0
4
1,0
4
8
0,5
2
4
0,5
2
Fuel charging
4
Fuel charging
Downdraft
combustion
0
0
0 40
40
20
20
Hartmann
Slide 19
%
16
%
on
n
P 12 B ha 003
520
g/m³
16
CO concentration
CO concentration
20
%
16
concentration
COCO
concentration
without grate
Hand charged
natural draft furnace
Updraft
combustion
CO2
CO
16
80
80
120
160
120
160
Operation
time
200 min 240
0
200 min 240
Operation time
1,0
CO2
CO
Automatically charged
furnace
with
fan
CO 2
Automatically charged furnace with fan
CO
1,0
g/m³
0,8
g/m³
0,8
n
with grate
520
20
CO 2 concentration
CO 2 concentration
Updraft combustion
Downdraft combustion in natural draft stoves?
Xeoos „Twinfire“
by Specht GmbH, Germany
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 20
„Walltherm“ Wood gasifier stove
by Wallnöfer H.F., Italy
CFD based combustion design - Example for pellet boiler
Particle and flue gas temperatures
Source: Obernberger, BIOS Bioenergiesysteme, Austria
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 21
Useful components for inceased stove performance
Bleed air flap at chimney bottom (in the basement)
→ to avoid excessive draught in critical stages of combustion
Temperature display for stoves
→ to avoid too high temperatures (by reduced charging)
Micro-electronic control units
→ retrofit units or integrated air control flaps
(for stoves with central air insert sockets)
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 22
Ignition: „Top-down ignition method“ (recommended)
4 firewood pieces of
3x3x20 cm
and ignition agent
(waxed wood wool rolls)
wood sticks crosswise and
ignition agent below
“ignition module“
on top of wood logs
Source: Swiss brochure “Richtig Anfeuern“
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 23
Experimental setup for chimney stove trials at TFZ
Buderus blueline No.12,
8 kW
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 24
Log size influence - Stove 2: Fuels used
5x5x25 cm
6x6x25 cm
7x7x25 cm
8x8x25 cm
9x9x21 cm
• beech wood without bark
• fuel load: always about 2.5 kg
• uniform moisture content: 15.5 %
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 25
Log size influence - Stove 2 : CO and total dust emissions
6,000
5
5,026
CO
OGC
lambda
4-
3,954
4,000
3,680
3,244
3,177
3
3,000
2
lambda
400
undiluted
diluted
2,000
925
1,000
955
658
901
1
483
0
0
n=3
5x5x25
n=3
6x6x25
n=3
7x7x25
n=3
8x8x25
n=3
9x9x21
mg/Nm³
300
(13 % O2)
Particle emission
Gaseous emission
mg/Nm³
5,000
(13
% O2)
225
211
194
200
178
123
60
100
73
65
n=3
8x8x25
n=3
9x9x21
65
34
0
n=3
5x5x25
n=3
6x6x25
n=3
7x7x25
Chimney stove
Buderus blueline 8 kW
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 26
Loaded fuel mass influence - Stove 2: Fuels used
0.45 kg
0.92 kg
1.26 kg
1.75 kg
2.30 kg
• beech wood without bark
• log size with 5x5x25 cm with increasing number of logs
• moisture content of about 14 %
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 27
Loaded fuel mass influence: CO and total dust emissions
6,000
5
CO
OGC
lambda
4,390
4-
4,002
3
2,626
3,000
2,758
2,532
2
2,000
738
869
1,000
371
503
1
425
0
0
n=3
5x5
0.45 kg
n=3
5x5
0.92 kg
n=3
5x5
1.26 kg
n=3
5x5
1.75 kg
n=3
5x5
2.30 kg
400
mg/Nm³
(13 % O2)
Particle emission
4,000
lambda
Gaseous emission
mg/Nm³
(135,000
% O 2)
undiluted
diluted
312
300
200
211
190
150
135
86
106
97
100
66
60
0
n=3
5x5
0.45 kg
n=3
5x5
0.92 kg
n=3
5x5
1.26 kg
n=3
5x5
1.75 kg
Chimney stove
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 28
n=3
5x5
2.30 kg
Fuel moisture influence - Stove 1: Dust emission
1144
800
mg/Nm3
Total dust emission
(13 % O2)
Fuel used: beech logs (25 cm)
Undiluted flue gas
Diluted flue gas
600
500
400
300
200
126
100
0
58 68
12 %
41
69
20 %
30 %
Moisture content in fuel
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 29
Chimney stove
Wodtke “Moon“
(7 kW, updraft)
Increase of PM emission by flue gas dilution
•
•
•
•
•
•
Data from 6 different furnace plant types (stoves/boilers)
In total 317 data sets
Filter material treated at 120°C
Full stream dilution
Dilution ratio at 4.2
1,800
plant 1 (n=118)
Sampling at 43.5°C
mg/Nm³
1,600
plant 2 (n=36)
plant 3 (n=51)
plant 4 (n=30)
plant 5 (n=40)
plant 6 (n=42)
(13 % O2)
Increase of PM-emission
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
0
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 30
1,000
2,000
3,000 4,000
OGC
5,000 mg/Nm³
6,000 7,000
(13 % O2)
Fuel moisture influence - Stove 2: CO and total dust emissions
Chimney stove
standard test fuel used : 7x7 cm beech wood
700
8000
CO
mg/Nm³
OGC
(13 % O2)
(13 % O2)
6000
Particle emission
Gaseous emission
undiluted flue gas
diluted flue gas
mg/Nm³
600
4000
500
400
300
200
2000
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
%
40
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 31
45
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
%
45
Combustion of briquettes - Procedure
spruce
without bark
round
with hole
round
without hole
spruce
with bark
cubiform
beech
without bark
eightedge
with hole
beech
with bark
bark
cubiform
bark
sixedge
• ignition performed with spruce wood without bark for briquette trials
• fuel load was always about 1.6 kg per batch
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 32
brown
coal
Combustion of briquettes – Gaseous emissions
12,000
8
CO
OGC
lambda
Wood logs
Wood/bark briquettes
8,360
8,206
6--
8,000
6,687
5,234
6,000
4
3,620
4,000
3,238
2,000
327
1,787
2,257
1,551
1,475
868
238
352
104
2,214
1,641
205
2
1,815
598
1,121
161
0
0
n=3
spruce
without
bark
n=3
spruce
with
bark
n=3
beech
without
bark
n=3
beech
with
bark
n=3
round
with
hole
n=3
round
without
hole
n=6
cubiform
n=3
eightedge
with hole
n=3
bark
cubiform
n=3
bark
sixedge
n=2
brown
coal
Chimney stove
Hartmann • Schön
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 33
lambda
Gaseous emission
mg/Nm³
10,000
(13 % O2)
PM emission from automatically charged boilers
as a function of aerosol forming elements in fuel
1.000
Guntamatic-Feuerung
Guntamatic-boiler
y = 0,19x0,73
R² = 0,86
Heizomat-Feuerung
Heizomat-boiler
100
y = 0,24 x0,73
R2 = 0,51
Miscanthus
PM Emission
mg/Nm³
(13 % O2)
Agroflammboiler
y = 0,12x0,71
R² = 0,88
10
100
1.000
10.000
mg/kg (dry) 100.000
Total of K-, Na-, S- and Cl-content in fuel
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 34
Overview on particle separator types for residential applications
Principle
Advantage
Disadvantage
Electrostatic
precipitator (ESP)
low pressure drop,
low cost
problems with organic
particles
Filtering devices
very good separation effect
(e.g. baghouse filters)
high pressure drop,
high technical efforts
Cyclone separators
low cost
low effect on fine particles
Scrubbers
flue gas condensation is
possible
high technical efforts
medium separation effect
Flue gas
condensation
additional heat gain
low separation effect
Catalyst
effect on gases,
lower OC load on particles
only indirect separation effect
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 35
Catalyst for stoves: ChimCat (Dr. Pley Environmental GmbH)
Catalyst
module
 catalyst type: activated ceramic granulate modules
 integrated or retrofit units
 mainly for reduction of CO- and carbohydrates
only minor effects on particle reduction is expected
Catalyst insert (retrofit unit)
Functioning principle
Images: Dr. Pley Environmental
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 36
Sintered-Ceramic filter for stoves: Foam ceramic by Hark GmbH
 filter type: foam ceramic as full flow
barrier filter in combustion chamber
outlet
 manual cleaning by operator (washing,
blowing, etc.)
 thermal regeneration in furnace
Hark stove with filter before chimney outlet
Foam ceramic inset (barrier filter)
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 37
Photos
by Hark GmbH
Flue gas treatment: Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)
Chimney-top ESP
ESP for flue gas tube integration
(living rooms)
ESP for central heating boilers
ESP-chimney systems
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 38
Exampel of chimney top ESP: Ruff-Kat GmbH, Holzkirchen






Type: Ruff-Kat
Chimney mounted
Voltage 14-22 kV
aktive cleaning (vibration)
Length: ca. 1 m above chimney top
Status: field tests and market introduction
Photos: Ruff-Kat
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 39
Boiler attached ESP (1): Spanner SFF (by Fa. Spanner Re²)







Types: Spanner SFF 20 / SFF50 / SFF100
Mounted beside a boiler
Voltage: 15 kV
Mechanical removal of deposits (vibration)
With purge air cleaning of electrodes
Pressure drop: 40 pa
Status: Field tests
4 depositing pipes with electrode casing
purge air cylinder
raw gas
electrode
clean gas
pipe -cleaning
(vibration)
absorber
pipes
purge air cylinder
particle
container
Photos: TFZ
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 40
Werkbild : Spanner
Efficiency of ESP by Spanner Re²: Test results from TFZ
raw gas
93
91
92
94
86
120
total particle emission
85
85
88
85
81
78
(13 % O2)
100
90
85
82
mg/Nm3
precipitation efficiency
80
%
109
93
90
60
62
60
40
39
33
30
25
36
32
26
46
36
24
16
2
4
5
7
3
9
5
5
5
6
28
30
19
18
4
4
3
0
20
precipitation efficiency
150
clean gas
2
0
birch
beech
spruce
spruce
(large logs)
spruce
(unsplit)
Measurements using Fröling log wood boiler (FHG 3000 Turbo)
with ESP by Spanner Re² (Neufahrn, Germany)
Hartmann • Rossmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 41
Boiler attached ESP (2): Carola – Separator (by KIT, Karlsruhe)







Type: CAROLA (Develpment: Karlsruhe Institut of Technology)
Mounted beside a boiler
Mechanical removal of deposits (rot. brush, 1 min/h)
Pressure drop: 10 pa
Voltage 16-18 kV
Tested with up to 30 kW
Status: field tests
Images: KIT
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 42
Boiler attached ESP (3): AL-Top (by Schräder, Kamen)
 Type: AL-Top,
ESP with infill of wetted metal
shavings as absobing surface
 Mounted beside a boiler
 Status: field tests
clean
gas
spray nozzle
injection
metal shavings infill
(absorbing surface)
high voltage
electrode
raw gas
drain
outlet
Images: Schräder
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 43
Creation of a test standard for PM precipitators
 elaborated by VDI and DIN (German Standards Institute)
 Test standard DIN 33999
 Title:
Emission reduction – Small and medium furnaces – Methods for the
determination of the capacity of secondary retrofit dust precipitation units
 expected year of issue: 2013
(German title: Emissionsminderung — Kleine und mittlere Feuerungsanlagen
(1. BImSchV) — Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung der Abscheidewirkung von
nachrüstbaren und nachgeschalteten Einrichtungen zur Staubminderung)
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 44
Condensing biomass boilers: function and energy flow
Fluegas
Spray water
(flushing)
Circulation
water
Fuel energy
input
85
103
100
(by lower
calorific value)
Circulation
water
15
Condensate,
dust
Boiler losses:
Flue gas 13
Boiler surface 2
Hartmann • Roßmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 45
Useful
heating
energy
18
9
Heat recovery:
Condensation 9
Flue gas cooling 9
Effect of flue gas condensation with wood combustion
Overal boiler efficiency
50
120
+ 18 %
104
45
100
Dust emission
Efficiency
80
60
40
-30 %
35
30
30
25
20
15
10
20
5
0
0
without
SHE
P 12 B ha 003
43
40
86
Secondary heat exchanger
(SHE)
PM reduction
Slide 46
with
SHE
without
SHE
with
SHE
Boiler evaluation by load cycle tests
Measured efficiency
(15 kW pellet boiler)
Load variation scenarios
100
%
30
20
Transitional period (work day, cloudy)
15
10
5
240
480
720
960
Time (minutes)
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 47
1200
1440
74.9
70
60
50
Type testing
40
Winter day
(Sunday, sunny)
30
20
0
0
84.1
80
Type testing
Winter day (Sunday, sunny)
Boiler efficiency
Heating power
kW
25
95.6
Transitional period
(work day, cloudy)
10
0
Reference days
Developed standard load cycle test for the determination of
annual efficiency and emission factors
Source: Guideline by Bioenergy 2020+ and TFZ
Roßmann,
Hartmann Heckmann, Schwarz
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 48
Development of fuel prices in Germany (inkl. VAT)
100
Heating oil, light
ct/l 90
HEL
87 Cent/l
3000 l
Consumer fuel price
(ct per litre heating oil equivalent) X
80
Wood logs (hard, dry),
70
60
50
33 cm, split, max. 10 km delivery
88 €/sm³
Wood pellets
5 t loose, 50 km delivery
244 €/t
40
95 €/t
30
20
10
Wood chips (MC 35%)
max. 20 km delivery
0
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 49
Summary and conclusions
• biomass combustion has significantly improved during the last years
(this applies mainly for boilers)
• sufficient knowledge for further primary measures is available
(optimum lambda, air controll, CFD)
• operator‘s influence is still large for stoves (instructions efforts required!)
• solutions for non-wood fuel applications are few in Germany
(high legal barriers)
• fuel standardisation provides chances for further improvements
• secondary measures are on the edge of becoming broadly availabe for small
scale applicances.
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 50
Thanks for listening!
www.tfz.bayern.de
Hartmann
P 12 B ha 003
Slide 51

Status on emissions, regulation and technical improvements and

Transcription

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