Report on Documentation of national garden traditions

Transcription

[20140623_CultTour_OUTPUT_WP3.3_Report-Documentation-of-garden-traditions]
Output: Report on Documentation of garden traditions
Result: Knowledge on influence of ethnic groups and different
landscapes on local garden traditions
WP 3.3
Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Preface
Concept and method for the documentation of national garden traditions
Terminology
Documentation of garden traditions at pilot site level
4.1. Method for the task (interviews and photographic documentation)
4.2. The guided interviews - The questionnaire
4.3. Experts and their backgrounds
4.4. Information on the fieldwork
The interview analysis
5.1.1. Method of analysis of expert interviews
5.1.2. Overview tables
5.1.3. Analysis of expert interviews (lists of extracted informations)
5.1.4. Greece
5.1.5. Romania
5.1.6. Bulgaria
5.1.7. Italy
Literature review (garden traditions at pilot site level)
Summary: Table on garden traditions for South East Europe – local level for pilot site regions
Conclusions: Knowledge on influence of ethnic groups and different landscapes on local garden
tarditions
Used literature
1
1. Preface
This report documents the working steps and key findings from the work done for WP 3.3 within the
CultTour project. The work was based on the tasks description in the project application form:
“In many countries of South East Europe (SEE) local garden traditions can still be found. These
traditions have formed gardens of individual character that may belong to national heritage as well
as works of international garden art. These traditions and the following forms, structures and plants
of gardens shall be documented and added to the national garden heritage. The target groups to be
involved are local foundations and groups, municipalities, local tourism boards, ministries and
heritage administration.”
Going out from this interesting viewpoint and the desired output of providing “knowledge on the
influence of ethnic groups and different landscapes on local garden traditions” the concept
explained in chapter 2 was elaborated as working approach.
2. Concept and method for the documentation of ethnic and local
garden traditions
Overall aim and foreseen output and result of the work package WP 3.3 was to gain knowledge on
the influence of ethnic groups and different landscapes on local garden traditions. Seeing this
demand as central intend, and taking advantage of the transnational character of the CultTour
project, the research concept and method centred on the aim to document historic and present
garden traditions in the greater four partner regions in Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and Italy – on the
local level. For achieving this undertaking, in April 2012 six steps have been defined as working path:
1. Defining the term garden traditions in the context of the task in WP 3.3
2. Decide on method(s) for knowledge generation
3. Organisation of field trips for knowledge generation to partner regions
4. Post-processing of collected data
5. Prepare report on what was found out about the influence of ethnic groups and different
landscapes on local garden traditions on the local level
The first step should clarify what is exactly to be understood and researched for under the term
“garden traditions”. With the clarified terminology the research work assignment could be nearer
defined in order to be able to decide for adequate methods for knowledge generation (step 2). For
engaging the chosen methods (literature and www-review, guided expert interviews, photographic
documentation), field trips to the pilot site regions were organised (step 3). In post-processing work
collected data were documented (interview transcription) and further clarified (literature review)
(step 4). And finally the present report was elaborated to document the newly gained knowledge on
garden traditions in the four partner regions.
3. Terminology (garden culture, garden traditions)
For the work within the CultTour project the term “garden traditions” was defined as “traditionally
and commonly used techniques that the inhabitants of a specific area or region, on the one hand for
designing their lands (resulting in specific forms of gardens, open spaces and also landscapes,
mostly out of an artistic or beautifying reason), and on the other hand for working with and
2
maintaining their lands (resulting in specific plant use and propagation techniques, techniques to
adapt to regional climate conditions in the working techniques, specific horticultural techniques
etc.).”
Thus, these traditions of garden culture encompass forms of “garden art” but also, and even more,
forms of “horticulture” and connected traditions. This means not only it is searched for gardens and
open space sites that developed out of an artistic intention to use land. The more it is searched for
knowledge on typical garden traditions that produced typical structures of gardens and sites and
landscapes under a productive use of land (horticulture). Through this it is hoped to collect and
document knowledge on not only typical, but moreover unique practices and uses, organization
structures of land, and plants (fruits, vegetables, trees, flowers) of sites, which are unique for a
region. Not only actual practices and plants are of interest, but very much also historical/bequeathed
practices, techniques and plants which have remained in a specific region. This research will produce
valuable knowledge on the background of the open space and garden cultural heritage of the
region. Special attention will be given to the garden traditions of ethnic groups living in the four
project partner regions (Veliko Tarnovo county, Apulia Region, Transylvania, Thrace region).
4. Documentation of garden traditions at pilot site level
4.1.
Method for the task (interviews and photographic
documentation)
For preparation of field trips and gaining first knowledge and an overview on already published
regional and local garden traditions, a literature review and a web-review were processed.
Afterwards, to bring the research work on the level of the pilot site regions, to reveal and document
garden traditions on the local level, the method of “expert interviews” was engaged. This method is
borrowed from the social science practice. Expert interviews were designed based on the research
method defined by GLÄSER and LAUDEL (2010) to gain and document first hand knowledge at site.
The method of Gläser and Laudel is located in the field of empirical social science research, going
out from the standpoint that expert interviews deliver information about specific social
constellations. Experts in this relation are defined as “a person acting as a source of specialised
knowledge in the field of specific questioned social constellations” by Gläser and Laudel (2010, 12;
translation by the author). “Expert interviews” according Gläser and Laudel “are e method to make
this expert knowledge available” (2010, 12; translation by the author). Engaging the method of
expert interviews for the documentation of garden tarditions changes the viewpoint from
documenting not information on social constellations, but on specific knowledge about garden
traditions.
Based on these premesis a guideline interview sheet was elaborated for holding a series of
interviews at pilot site level. Interviews at field research journeys were held face to face, in English
language by the author, if needed interpretation was organised, and if needed were additionally
supplemented by e‐mail clarifications. Most interview partners were contacted with the help of the
CultTour project partners in the partner regions. The interviews held face to face were recorded and
later, back home, transcribed for documentation and analysis of gained knowledge. Key findings
were then isolated and supported by further literature research on the specific theme. For
supplementing the information and data collected at the field trips to the project partner regions, a
photographic documentation was prepared. This photographic documentation was based on the
method proposed by ROSE (2007), and served to supplement the understanding of interview
contents.
3
4.2.
The guided interviews - The questionnaire
4.2.1. Hypothesis for elaboration of expert interviews
A rich diversity in traditions of garden culture exists in the various countries of South East
Europe1, as this region has a long and strong tradition in the presence of diverse cultural
and ethnic communities. One way of expression of this diversity finds its path in the
gardens, as all cultures sustain gardens for subsitence and recreation. This “garden culture”
encompasses artistic expressions (designed lands) as well as horticultural and land use
expressions (practically used lands). In this function garden culture must be understood as
one expression of “biocultural diversity”, which was defined by Luisa Maffi and Ellen
Woodley in 2010 as “Biocultural diversity comprises the diversity of life in all its
manifestations – biological, cultural, and linguistic – which are interrelated (and likely coevolved) within a complex socio-ecologcal adaptive system”2. It is assumed that the
practices are comparable to the garden traditions of “Western and Central Europe” in the
way that the reasons for their development have been similar and horticultural knowledge
exchange before WWII encompassed the whole European continent. But it is assumed that
South East Europe practices also may differ from the Western and Central European garden
traditions as they developed in the South East European context with unique development
of local histories. Additionally, and even more important, the local climate resulted in
adaptation of techniques and plant material. The garden culture of Western and Central
Europe was subject to various studies in the past. The garden culture of South East Europe
is of interest to the project CultTour, as the research is expected to discover interesting
themes in garden cultura and types of sites which moreover may be implemented for
cultural garden routes. Knowledge on the influence of ethnic groups on local garden
traditions may be found.
4.2.2. Aim of expert interview series with photographic documentation:
The interview documentation and photographic documentation aim at producing
references to garden culture from out the specific context the experts are involved. These
references will provide valuable first hand knowledge on regional and perhaps country wide
relevant garden traditions, also with relation to ethnic communities in specific landscapes.
This produced knowledge will provide the basis for further research on that theme and it is
hoped that also documentation of local and ethnic garden traditions will be achieved.
4.2.3. The guided interviews - content
The interview structure was designed to concentrate on four thematic blocks of questions.
They include:
1. Artistic or land use traditions which formed typical sites or landscape structures (garden
tarditions)
1
The term „South East Europe“ is the official denomination used by the Interreg IV B South East Europe
Transnational Cooperation Programme for the region covered by the programme. The region encompasses 16
countries in Southeast Europe. Two countries are just included with some regions.
2
Maffi & Woodley, 2010, p. 5
4
2. Typical plants
3. Perception of garden traditions as cultural heritage
4. Relevant sites in the city and the landscape (for example parks and plantations) (types
and examples)
4.2.4. The questionnaire
The interview guideline was structured in three parts.
Part A: Information about the particular interview partner
Part B: Introduction with warming up and explanations on research task and questions, explanations
on the interest of the CultTour project, recording permission. Explaining the overall research
interest: Acquiring knowledge about what kind of traditions in artistic or productive culture of land,
i.e. “garden culture”, can be found in the region? Which are unique?
Part C: Questions:
1. Artistic or land use traditions which formed typical sites or landscape structures
1.1 How would you describe the garden culture of your country/region?
1.2 Which traditions exist in the garden culture (horticulture, land use, private gardens,
traditional garden sites etc.) of your country?
1.3. Which traditions are unique for the region?
2. Typical plants
2.1. Are there any plants special in the region (for example special kind of wine, typically used
flowers)?
2.2. How about fruit‐trees, roses, tobacco … others?
2.3. Which plants are special and unique in the region? This means, do there exist plants in the
region that only grow here (special kind of fruit‐tree, vegetables, legumes etc.)?
2.4. Do you know “garden traditions” that do not exist anymore?
3. Specific questions
‐ To be developed according the expertise of the interview partner –
4. Perception of gardens (and garden traditions) as cultural heritage
4.1. Do you think historical Open Spaces and Gardens are seen as part of the countries cultural
heritage?
4.2. Could you tell us something about the qualities and values you think historical open spaces
and gardens provide?
4.3. Who is responsible for imparting knowledge about the importance of historical open spaces
and gardens (for example municipalities, associations, tourism boards)?
5. Relevant sites in the city and the landscape (for example parks and plantations) (types)
5.1. Which open spaces and gardens in the city/region do you know?
5.2. Which of them would you acknowledge as heritage sites?
4.3.
Lists of interviewed experts and their backgrounds
As acknowledged experts for interviews all persons who are likely to have theoretical or practical
knowledge in the specific countries and/or local tradition of horticulture or garden art were seen
relevant. Moreover, persons who own a garden that seemed interesting in respect to the research
questions, persons that are known for still using horticultural traditions in their daily work, and
5
experts with horticultural knowledge and in plant use, seemed promising. To this range of persons
the following kind of professions were counted: local garden professionals, personnel from local
administration departments (green and urban open space departments, heritage departments,
nature conservation departments, etc.), as well as heritage professionals, landscape professionals,
landscape architects, university departments for the history of landscape (architecture), university
departments for (historic) landscape studies (e.g. geography), university departments for the
(history of) agrarian production etc..
Romania
- Mr. Willhelm Tartler in Hamba/Hahnbach (apiarist and specialist in historic fruit tree species of
Transylvania)
- Mr. Schaas (he is the curator of the old Saxon Church in Richis, he told about the garden traditions
of the Saxons from Richis which had the specificity of a traditions in viticulture dating back to the
Cistercian Monks who built the first church)
- Mrs. Agnes Jansen (she is a horticulturist and possess of knowledge in the field of garden traditions
in the region, she bought an old traditional house of the Transylvanian Saxons and still uses the
garden to propagate vegetables and fruits in the old organisation structure)
- Jochen Cotaru (he and his team restored an old mill and set up a local bakery shop, he knows about
the regional traditions in cereal propagation)
- Mr. Paul Niedermaier in Sibiu/Hermannstadt (Forschungsinstitut für Geisteswissenschaften
Hermannstadt, important as he is an advisor of the local department of the Ministry of Culture –
heritage affairs, theme the development of Sibiu´s urban space pattern)
- Mr. Director Valeriu Olaru and Mr. Ciprian Stefan (Astra Museum Sibiu)
- Mrs. Dana Roxana Hrib (curator at the Brukenthal Museum in Sibiu, Curator for an exhibition on
the “fascinating baroque garden theme” in which the Brukenthal Park in Avrig was themed)
- Mrs. Vonica (Natural History Museum Sibiu)
Bulgaria
Round table interviews
- Mrs. Donka Koleva (Head of Unit “Cultural Heritage”),
- Mr. Tsarov (Castle & Fortress Department Veliko Tarnovo),
- Mr. Ivan Tsarov (Director of the regional Museum of History),
- Mr. Sirakov (Boris Denev Art Gallery),
- Mr. Nurkov (Architect, President of the Chamber of Architecture),
- Mrs. Maria Georgieva (Landscape Architect).
- Mr. Nikolai Malakov (Architect),
- Mrs. Zornitsa Kancheva (Head of Unit “Environment”, responsible for the maintenance of gardens
and parks of the city)
- Mrs. Valya Mitkova (Head of unit “territorial development”)
Face to face interviews
- Mr. Dobrev (president of the museum of gardening in Lyaskovets)
Italy
6
- Mr. Marcello Longo (Slow Food association, President of the Presidi Communità di Terra Madre
Slow Food Puglia)
- Mr. Francisco Sansiviero and Mr. Antonio Lombardi (MAIB Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of
Bari (MAIB))
- Mrs. Jenny Calabrese and Mr. Gaetano Ladisa (MAIB Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari
(MAIB))
- Mr. Carbonara and Mr. A. Creanza (regional land planning department Puglia region)
- Salvatore Buonomo (Soprintendente per i beni architettonici e paesaggistici per le province di Bari,
BAT e Foggia)
- Prof. Franco Macchia (Botanist, Former director of the Botanical Garden University of Bari)
- Giacinto Giglio (Architect, focus landscape)
- Dott. Gianni Picella (Natural Scientist - Olives)
- Prof. Cosimo D'angela (Historical Expert)
- Dott. Ludovico Pollastro (Pres. Garden Club di Taranto)
- Soprintendente per i beni architettonici e paesaggistici per le province di Taranto
- Dr. Pierfederico La Notte (CNA- Institute of Plant Virology, Section Bari)
Greece
- Mrs Niki Kelidou (Cyclopas Olive Oil)
- Mrs Giannakidou (Ethnological museum Thrace, Alexandroupolis)
- Round table interview with persons working at the Municipality of Alexandroupolis
(Euaggelos Lampakis, Mayor; Antonios Vamvakeros, Vice mayer Planning and Development
department; Stauros Staurakoglou, General Secretary; Mr. Karadedos, President of the architects
association; Mr. Pinatzis, President of the Historical Museum Alexandroupolis, Mr. Foutsitzis,
Tourism municipal enterprise; Mr. Papantoniou, Civil Engineer; Mr. Intzes, architect at the
Municipality; Makras, Förster (Phd); Mrs. Seitanidou, Department for Environment and green
spaces)
4.4.
Information on the fieldwork
Fieldwork comprised of meeting the several experts in different locations for holding interviews and
moreover of visiting several open space site types located near by the pilot sites for photographic
documentation to gain an understanding of local types, conditions and appearances of sites. Results
are documented in Annex 1 – “Evaluation of near‐by sites research in Greece, Romania, Bulgaria and
Italy”.
The expert interviews were organised mainly with the help of the project partners. They also
organised meeting points with experts and the round table interview locations. Interpretation was
provided for mainly by the interview partners themselves.
5. The interview transcription and analysis
Transcriptions of interviews held by TU Berlin were partly processed by Antje Schmidt-Wiegand,
partly by the company “Medienschreibdienst Bitterroff”, Berlin. The transcription by Antje SchmidtWiegand was based on noting down the recorded translations by interpreters in the case of English
translation. In case of recorded German language, the interviews were transcribed in German. For
7
each interview the main contents in relation to garden traditions were transcribed. The interviews
transcribed by the Bitterroff company concentrated on the English translations in voice recordings.
As transcription standard the simple transcription system was used (cf DRESING & PEHL, 2012, p. 2532). Transkription of interviews held together with the project partners from BOKU Vienna were
transcribed by Manfred Schwaba, Pixie Jacobs or Anja Seliger.
5.1.
Method of analysis of expert interviews (qualitative content
analysis)
The chosen method for data analysis is the “qualitative content analysis” according the
methodology developed by GLÄSER and LAUDEL (2010, p. 197 ff). The several working steps of the
method foresee:
Firstly, the development of a closed category system is defined to serve as guideline for analysis
(code research grid).
Secondly, the text is evaluated. Information matching the predefined codes are marked and
extracted, which is also known as “codifying” the text.
Thirdly, an analysis of the extracted data can be begun, to come to an interpretation of won
information.
For the analysis of expert interviews the following categories for text codification have been
defined going out from the interview structure:
No.
Name
Definition
Code 1
Site
concepts
Landscape
concepts
Regional
garden
tradition
Ethnic
garden
tradition
regionally important artistic or land use tradition, that formed typical
sites on site scale
regionally important artistic or land use tradition, that formed typical
sites on landscape scale
regionally important artistic or land use tradition, that clearly is unique
for
Code 2
Code 3 the
region
Code 4
regionally important artistic or land use tradition, that clearly is related
to the presence of an ethnic community
Code 5
Code 6
Plants
regionally important typical and/or unique plants
Perception information given concerning the perception of gardens and garden
traditions as cultural heritage
Code 7
Site
examples
5.2.
Relevant sites in the respective region, types of garden culture
Overview tables interviews and transcriptions in SEE
5.2.1. Greece overview table
8
Interviews Greece
Tran
scrip
tion?
Yes
Duration
Involved
persons
Transcripti
on by…
1:22:25
(Olympus
Nr. 4)
Ms
Giannakidou,
Ms Sokratus,
Ms SchmidtWiegand, Mr
Schwaba, Ms
Jacobs
Antje
SchmidtWiegand
G2. Mrs. Nikki Kelidou (owner of
Kyklopas Olive Oil Production)
- In the surrounding of the village of
Makri olive oil production has a
thousand years lasting tradition,
which preserved old olive trees
document. A special kind of olive
tree (Maronia) grows here which is
resistant to the cold winter climate
(-18 degrees) and unique for Greece.
yes
5:05, 54:13
(Olympus
Nr. 10, 11)
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Jacobs
Antje
SchmidtWiegand
Greek/Engl
ish
G3. Round Table Municipality
Alex.polis – persons: Mayor,
Second Mayor, Intzes Kostas, Mr.
Papantoniou
Yes
1:17:56
(Olympus
Nr. 5)
Questions
start at
52:00,
22:37
Olympus
Nr. 6
A. SchmidtWiegand, M.
Schwaba, P.
Jacobs,
Translation
by: Mrs.
Mariana
Kadoglou
M.
Schwaba
(BOKU)
Greek/Engl
ish
G4. Historical Museum Alex.polis –
Mr. Foutzitzis, Mr. Pinatzis
No
Olympus
Nr. 7, 8, 9.
No. 7:
53:22, No.
8: 4:13, No.
9: 13:17
Schwaba, P.
Jacobs,
Translation
by: Mrs.
Mariana
Kadoglou
A.
SchmidtWiegand
Greek/Engl
ish
G1. Mrs. Angeliki Giannakidou
(President of the Ethnological
Museum Thrace), translator: Mrs.
Valentina Sokratous (Museum
assistant)
Language
of voice
recording
Greek and
English
5.2.2. Overview table Romania
9
Interviews Romania
Tran
scrip
tion?
Yes
Duration
Involved
persons
Transcripti
on by…
47:33
(Olympus
Nr. 14)
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Seliger
Antje
SchmidtWiegand
R2. Mr. Schaas (curator of the
old Saxon Church in Richis,
told about the garden
traditions of the Saxons
from Richis (viticulture)
Yes
1:39:51
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Seliger,
Ms Feyer
Antje
SchmidtWiegand
R3. Mrs. Agnes Hansen
(horticulturist)
yes
55:42 &
11:22 &
0:74
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Seliger,
Ms Feyer
Bitterroff
Schreibdie
nst
R4. Jochen Cotaru (project
developer, heritage
preservation) Hosman
yes
1:10:54
M.
Schwaba
(BOKU)
German
R5. Mr. Paul Niedermaier
(advisor of the local
department of the Ministry
of Culture – heritage affairs)
yes
1:04:33
A. Seliger
(BOKU)
German/En
glish
R6. Mr. Director Valeriu Olaru
and Mr. Ciprian Stefan
(Astra Museum)
no
-
English/Ro
manian
R7. Mrs. Ing. Maria Cecilia
Dobrota
yes
16:51 &
23:33
(Video) &
3:19
(Video) &
18: 13
(Video)
1:01:10
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Seliger,
Ms Feyer
Ms Manaila,
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Jacobs,
Ms Feyer
Ms Manaila,
Ms SchmidtWiegand
C. Manaila
(translation),
Schwaba, A.
M.
Schwaba
(BOKU)
Romanian/
English
R1. Mr. Willhelm Tartler
(apiarist and specialist in
historic fruit tree species of
Transylvania)
Language
of voice
recording
German
German
(Transylva
nian-Saxon
dialect)
10
R8. Mr. Kazmér Kovács
Yes
28:20
R9. Mr Jan De Maere
yes
51:11
(Olympus
Nr. 16)
R10.
G. Budrala
yes
53:57
(Olympus
Nr. 15)
R11.
Cornelia Feyer
yes
1:19:14
(Olympus
Nr. 16)
No
27:45
(Olympus
Nr. 12)
R12.
Marion Hößelbarth
in Berlin
Seliger
Ms Feyer,
Ms SchmidtWiegand
Cornelia
Feyer,
Manfred
Schwaba, A.
Seliger
Christina
Manaila, M.
Schwaba, A.
Seliger, A.
SchmidtWiegand
C. Feyer, M.
Schwaba, A.
SchmidtWiegand, A.
Seliger
Bitterroff
Schreibdie
nst
M.
Schwaba
(BOKU)
English/Ro
manian
A. Seliger
Romanian/
English
M.
Schwaba
(BOKU)
German
A. SchmidtWiegand
-
German
English
5.2.3. Overview table Bulgaria
Interviews Bulgaria
Tran
scrip
tion?
Duration
Involved
persons
Transcripti
on by…
Language
of voice
recording
B1. Roundtable 1:
Mrs. Donka Koleva (Head of Unit
“Cultural Heritage”) and Mr. Sirakov
(Boris Denev Art Gallery), Mrs.
Maria Georgieva (Landscape
Architect), Mr. Tsarov (Castle &
Fortress Department Veliko
Tarnovo) -- start of transcription:
7:00, um 52:00 Gartentraditionen,
um 51: Legislation, 1:00:00
Denkmalliste, VT Register, auch
Informationen zur Organisation
Denkmalschutz, 1:54 nochmal
Yes
2:08:15,
Pixie Jacobs,
M. Schwaba,
A. SchmidtWiegand, C.
Steckenbaue
r, Claudia
Kroesbacher,
translator:
Gabriela
BOKU
Bulgarian/
German
11
Gartentraditionen (Lyaskovets
Museum)
B2. Roundtable 2: Mr. Nikolai
Malakov (Architect), Mrs. Zornitsa
Kancheva (Head of Unit
“Environment”, responsible for the
maintenance of gardens and parks
of the city), Mrs. Valya Mitkova
(Head of unit “territorial
development”)
B3. Mr. Dobrev (President of the
museum of gardening in
Lyaskovets)
yes
1:02:26
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Jacobs
BOKU
Bulgarian/
German
yes
54:27
Ms SchmidtWiegand,
Mr Schwaba,
Ms Jacobs
Bitterroff
Schreibdie
nst
Bulgarian/
English
5.2.4. Overview table Italy
Interviews Italy
Tran Duration
scrip
tion
?
Involved
persons
Transcrip
tion by…
Language
of voice
recording
It1. Mr. Marcello Longo (Slow Food
yes
1:17:35,
Mauro Bruno
Bitterroff
Italian/Engli
Torre
and Mrs.
Schreibdien
sh
Guaceto
Roberta
st
Tour 1: 7:22,
Trevisi, Ms
Tour 2: 2:30
Schmidt-
Association, Puglia)
Wiegand,
Torre Guaceto
Representativ
es
It 2. Mr. Francisco Sansiviero and Mr.
yes
1:32:28
Ms Schmidt-
Bitterroff
Italian/Engli
Antonio Lombardi (Mediterranean
Wiegand,
Schreibdien
sh
Agronomic Institute of Bari (MAIB))
translator
st
Ms Schmidt-
Bitterroff
Italian/Engli
Gaetano Ladisa (MAIB) Translator:
Wiegand,
Schreibdien
sh
Annetta Novielli
translator
st
Ms Schmidt-
Bitterroff
Italian/Engli
Wiegand, Mr
Schreibdien
sh
Translator: Annetta Novielli
It 3. Mrs. Jenny Calabrese and Mr.
It 4. Mr. Carbonara and Mr. A. Creanza
(Regional Land Planning Department,
yes
yes
43:06
53:28
12
Puglia Region)
Mauro Bruno,
st
Mrs. Roberta
Trevisi
It 5. Prof. Franco Macchia (Botanist
yes
47:49
and former director of Bot.G UniBari)
It 8. Prof. Cosimo D'angela (Historical
yes
17:15
Expert-Führung Villa Paripato)
Ms Schmidt-
Bitterroff
Italian/Engli
Wiegand,
Schreibdien
sh
translator
st
Mr Schwaba,
BOKU
Ms Jacobs,
Italian/Engli
sh
Isabella
DiLiddo, Ms
SchmidtWiegand,
It 9. Dott. Ludovico Pollastro (Pres.
yes
Garden Club di Taranto)
4
Ms Schmidt-
Bitterroff
Italian/Engli
Aufnahmen:
Wiegand,
Schreibdien
sh
1: 17:44, 2:
translator:
st
9:13, 3:
Alexandra
30:54, 4:
42:27
It 10. Dr. Pierfederico La Notte (CNA-
yes
37:18
Institute of Plant Virology, Bari)
Ms Schmidt-
Bitterroff
Italian/Engli
Wiegand
Schreibdien
sh
st
5.3.
Analysis of expert interviews – lists of extracted information
Analysed data were the transcripts of the interviews recorded at the four local surveys in the project
partner regions. In the analysis process the transcript texts were marked with the predefined
colours, as well as with code signatures to indicate the relevant text passages that provide key
information under the several categories. Information won from the extraction process are laid
down separated for each pilot site region in the following chapters. An overview table at the
beginning of each sections summarises in key words, the several information.
5.3.1. Evros greater region, Greece
Greece
Evros greater region
Code 1
farms with self-supply vegetable gardens and orchards were common for the farmsteads in
Thrace
Site concepts
Code 2
Landscape concepts
Code 3
aesthetic forests, worship practices bound to places in the landscape of Thrace (e.g. holy
rivers, wells), olive groves in the Makri area, fruit trees in olive groves (e.g. apricots)
apricot production in the 19th and 20th century in traditional olive groves, in 19th c. transp.
13
Reg. garden tradition by railway
Code 4
Ethnic garden
tradition
Code 5
Plants
Code 6
tobacco cultivation, sesame and sunflower production by the Pomak s of Thrace, olive
groves around Makri, wine cult. in mountainous areas
kalifede (marigold=Tagetes patula), carnation flowers, mulberry trees around Soufli, herbs
(basil, oregano, endemic one: nano oregano, “flaskuni” tee herb), dying plants, “Paoustria”
fruit tree unique in the region, “White olive of Alexandroupolis”
Historic gardens are not regarded as cultural heritage with only few exceptions, but craft
and horticultural techniques are
Perception
Code 7
railway station garden Alexandroupolis, Park of National Independency, olive groves
around Makri
Site examples
Code 1 – Site concepts
Yes, for example the river of Nestos some distance from Alexandroupolis, Nixa (?) village, fountains,
other water sources (natural springs) in the region (Giannakidou Code 1.1).
There is also another big park [in Alexandroupolis], about 100 hectares, Metamorfosis, which is not a
park yet. It was a military area (Alexp.- Code 1.1).
Code 2 – Landscape concepts
The landscape of Thrace is known for being beautiful as a garden. Due to the water richness of the
natural landscape it is green and lively (Giannakidou Code 2.1).
Mother Earth was and is worshiped in the landscaped based traditions due to close relationships of
the people to their lands up to today. The essence stays the same even if the performance of
traditions and customs has changed. (Giannakidou Code 2.2)
Code 3 – Regional garden tradition
Still in the 1960s all houses in the city used to possess of small gardens. There even existed a small
competition to elect the most beautiful garden of the city each year, it was celebrated with a flower
parade, too. With the changing economy of the country and raised means of people, a vast building
activity started and changed the whole city from two story houses of the 19th century to the high
rise five storey buildings of today. The small gardens disappeared, just few examples survive in the
city at old houses today (Giannakidou Code 3.1).
All the agricultural farms and houses had big yards and gardens where people took care of. Flowers
were planted there and a vegetable garden/plot for everyday vegetable used to be part of this yard
14
gardens for cultivation of cabbage, leek, onions and everything you needed for your everyday use.
Even if people used to go to the marked to purchase missing vegetables, they still cultivated their
own (Giannakidou Code 3.2)
Summer plants were also cultivated in these gardens to use some of their parts for dying cloths.
“Pixaria” was one of them. People used to self made their cloths and therefore also dying was a
common practice. “Lulaky” for blue color. Hazelnut (Giannakidou Code 3.3).
[Description of garden cultura of Evros] Culture of flowers or tomatoes and alike? We don’t have so
many gardens with flowers, but many with fruits (Keldiou Code 3.1)
Inside the olive groves also many fruit trees are growing. Especially in the old stands. Distances
between trees are about 8 metres (Kelidou Code 3.2).
Code 4 – Ethnic garden tradition
Religious customs of Thrace are based in the close relation to the landscape, for example the 6th of
May (the day of St. George). Beginning of spring was used to be celebrated with the sacrifice
animals and the knotting of strings in trees to bless the land – important thing in the customs was
and still is to save the fertility of the land (Giannakidou – Code 4.1)
Yes, but the land use traditions are not only different because of ethnic traditions but also because
of the distribution of the land – it makes a difference where you cultivate the land, in the mountains
or in the valley – therefore also different land use traditions evolved. According to the geographical
regions – if in the mountains – they cultivate tobacco, wine and sesame. Around Alexandroupoli
they cultivate olive trees, but in the mountains no olive trees grow. So they had the sesame oil and
also sunflowers (Giannakidou Code 4.2).
The tobacco processing needs lots of hands so the Muslim families had good conditions for this
production. The Pomaks even today keep a lot of their traditional techniques. They keep the
traditional way of life and still use many traditional tools today. E.g. they process stone for tiling
their roofs. And also keep some traditional Greek techniques today. Two things were the reason for
the general loss of traditions in Thrace – migration and change of occupation (work abroad). Not
many Pomaks migrated. Specific pottery for bakery is still handled. Other techniques are sesame
cultivation, sunflower cultivation, and cultivation of dye plants (Giannakidou Code 4.3)
Code 5 – Plants
An old picture shows two old oak trees at the sea coast – the name giving trees of the city. They
seem to have been cut down. It is not clear (Giannakidou Code 5.1). [They are two very old oak trees
(Quercus pubescens?) are still present and located at the small children’s playground at the so called
“Division park”].
15
Soufli for example and Didymoteicho in Evros region are older cities. They had fortresses and at
these fortresses old gardens existed. Relict plants evidence this fact – for example “pixaria” (a plant
community in a specific region of Thrace, a mountain region, note by Schmidt-Wiegand). The
gardens of our region furthermore used to have different kinds of Basilicum, Origanum, Balies and
another plant called “kalifede” with yellow flowers (the Greek name is Katifes, which in English is
marigold (Tagetes patula), note by Brüning). From this plant they use all parts of the plant for
wedding invitations (Giannakidou Code 5.2).
(…) fruit trees were commonly cultivated. People used to dry fruits that have been sliced and dried in
the summer to use them in winter. They boiled the dried fruits in water and thus made them “fresh”
again (Giannakidou Code 5.3).
Special is the still kept traditional practices of Pomak families: sesame, sunflower and tobacco
production in the mountainous ranges of Thrace (Giannakidou Code 5.4).
Tagetes patula is commonly used for wedding invitations (Giannakidou Code 5.5)
[The rose is present in Evros] Because they last in the weather conditions here. So it was a plant also
usable in Alexandroupolis, where a very strong wind usually can be found in times of the year. This
wind and the sun burn other kind of garden plants, but the rose lasts (Giannakidou Code 5.6).
There is a special kind or oregano – a small variety that only grows in Thrace. Nano Origanum. On
Samothraki Island a plant grows that is called “Flaskuni” (Giannakidou Code 5.7).
“There are local varieties of apricots, cherries, wild cherries, many figs, quince and pomegranates”
(Kelidou Code 5.1).
“Paoustria” is a special fruit from the region! It only grows here and on Samothraki island. The fruit is
similar to apricots (Kelidou Code 5.2).
There is white olive variety that is special for the region. 6 trees grow in the groves of the family. Not
many exist around the world. “White Olive from Alexandrouolis” the Prime minister of Greece came
to honour the olive trees and give the name (Kelidou Code 5.3).
(…) not so many other olive varieties thrive here. Maronia olive trees are the local varieties, about
90% of the stands around Makri. It is hardy in winter. Up to minus 18 degrees. Special about them is
that the water early disappears from the plants – therefore the winter can not harm the plants. The
old trees growing here (1600 years old) belong to this variety. Maronia olives produce a very
flavourful and aromatic oils (Kelidou Code 5.4).
Over there, they have a different tradition, they don’t have the tradition of growing vegetable under
the canopies of the olive trees but they do have the tradition of officinal plants (Calabrese &
Gaetano – Code 3.1 for Greece).
16
In the beginning we had the recomplexation of the agroecosystem, that was to be done with Carob
trees and inside the olive orchards. They preferred to use the pomegranate tree and fig trees,
because they have a different tradition. Moreover they decided to plant officinal plants, because
they have a tradition in terms of medicine coming from plants that are spontaneous herbs there. So
it is quite different (Calabrese & Ladisa – Code 3.2 for Greece).
Code 6 – Perception
Olives and olive trees are inextricable linked to our site and cultural heritage as the traditional olive
grove Makri (with recognized oil variety) for centuries is the main source of income for many
residents of the area. The existence of the traditional olive grove is lost in the early Byzantine period
(also the same trees with huge trunks prove this). The microclimate of Makri contributes to creating
conditions for the cultivation of olive trees (Kelidou Code 6.1).
If you walk by the park you see a lot of benches [on the main street in front of P.N.I.] and we Greeks
use these benches.- We - as Greeks - we are not used to visit parks. Only Greeks, that came
originally from countries from the east part of Europe, visit parks (Alexp. – Code 6.1).
In the mind of the people here, this [The East Thrace Park in Alexandroupolis] is not a park, this is a
playground space (Alexp. – Code 6.2).
There is a certain law for specific parks eg. for the park of King Otto (in Athens), a king from Bavaria,
and who let built a park, one that looks alike one in Austria. But in Greece we do not have a tradition
for building parks (Alexp. – Code 6.3).
Code 7 - site examples
The garden at the railway station [in Alexandroupolis] (Giannakidou Code 7.1).
Another park is Ignatia Park – it is located at the end of the old railway track and near the old
slaughter house (not existing anymore) was situated there. In 1980 the area was designated as a
park area (Giannakidou Code 7.2).
Park of National Independency - used to be the place of one of the oldest schools (teacher
academy) and the jail (Giannakidou Code 7.3).
In early 1900 a big garden where theatre performances used to be hold was located near the old
pasha dependence - a place where the high society met (Giannakidou Code 7.4).
17
At the beach existed once a coffee shop called “London” [the place near the old pasha
dependence?]. The rich society met here. Originally it was a huge building with a (rose) garden in
front (Giannakidou Code 7.5).
The childrens traffic park, the park at the natural history museum, the park at the Hotel Egnatia,…
The “Division Park” (it is about 60 years old). In general all “green areas” may be called “park” (Alexp.
– Code 7.1).
(…) the park of King Otto (in Athens), a king from Bavaria (Alexp. – Code 7.2).
5.3.2. Transylvania, Romania
Romania
Sibiu county greater region
Code 1
Transylvanian-Saxon space organisation in villages and fields (house garden, fields
with sheds and orchards around, wine-gardens), Hungarian and Romanian space
organisation in villages
Site concepts
Code 2
Transylvanian-Saxon cultural landscape organisation with typical elements,
Romanian pasture landscapes around Sibiu
Landscape concepts
Code 3
Pastors gardens, music and dance places
Regional garden tradition
Code 4
Pasture landscapes around Sibiu/Hermannstadt (ro), wine production in Tarnave
region (sax)
Ethnic garden tradition
Code 5
Transylvanian garlic, Transylvanian tomato, Paeonia, (…)
Plants
Code 6
Shepherds-tradition is acknowledged part of the Romanian folk tradition, declining
Saxon cultural landscapes are seen as
Perception
Code 7
Park at the Samuel von Brukenthal Summer Residence, Malancrav village with
typical open space organisation
Site examples
“Es gibt natürlich überall die Selbstversorgergärten. Sie sind vermutlich der überwiegende Teil der
Gärten. Hübsche Gärten…natürlich sind die auch hübsch, aber zum überiwegenden Teil geht es in
Rumänien um die Slebstversorgung. Nämlich Gemüsegärten. Vielleicht gibt es auch Blumengärten,
aber der überwiegende Teil ist einfach Gemüsegärten zur Selbstversorgung” (Tartler -Code 1.1).
18
“Aber verändert hat sich das wohl, als dann regelmäßig Märkte stattfanden in den Städten. Nicht
einfach nur Wochenmärkte, sondern nehmen wir einmal das Beispiel Herrmannstadt, wo der
Markttag am Samstag ist, seitdem es möglich ist dann mit dem frischen Obst und Gemüse auch hier
(Hambach, der Wohnort Herrn Tartlers, Anmerkung Autorin) hoch zu kommen. Dies betrifft die Zeit
seit den 1960er Jahren würde ich annehmen. Und seitdem sind auch die Stadtgärten langsam
verschwunden. Einfach, weil mann alles bekommen hat auf dem Markt. Und natürlich mit dem
Aufkommen der Supermärkte, neuerdings, hat das nochmal, hat sich das nochmal ein bisschen
verschärft. Jetzt kommt noch das Argument dazu “ist ja viel billiger”. Weil man diese Arbeit nicht
hat. Jetzt kommen, nach ca. zehn Jahren, die Leute auch darauf, dass die Sachen gar nicht
schmecken. Und haben ein riesen Problem damit. Bei Tomaten, da dreht es sich jetzt wieder um, ja
eben weil sie gemerkt haben, man kriegt diese schönen dicken Fleischtomaten, die süß und saftig
waren und sind, die gibt es halt nicht im Supermarkt” (Tartler – Code 1.2).
Jeder sächsische Bauer hat einen …(?) Garten gehabt (De Maere – Code 1.1).
Saxon garden tradition – cultivation of wine/terraced south sides of valleys
„Haupteinkommen von Reichersdorf, der Weinbau. Alle Berge waren mit Wein bepflanzt. Wir waren
so stolz auf unseren Wein, dass wir fast glaubten, der Reichersdorfer Wein könnte sich mit dem
Tokaijer messen. Oder, wenn nicht noch…so stolz unser Wein. Wir haben jenseits diesem Berg vier,
fünf (!), Täler die hinuntergehen, alle in einer Seite der Sonne zugewandt. Und alles war mit Wein
bebaut“ (Schaas - Code 2.1).
Saxon historic traditional landscape: three-field crop rotation system previous to 1910
„(…) also unser Boden war in Dreifelderwirtschaft aufgeteilt“ (vor 1910) (Schaas – Code 2.2).
Saxon cultural landscape: after 1910 reallocation of land
„Und dann die Kommersation (Kommassation=Flurbereinigung, Anmerkung Autorin). Dann hat
man alle kleinen Flächen abgegeben, gemessen und dann an einem Ort zusammen ihm sein ganzes,
äh, seine ganze Fläche gegeben“ (nach 1910) (Schaas – Code 2.3).
Saxon cultural landscape: after 1910 – sheds surrounded by orchards
„Auf dem Feld wurde überall, wenn jemand, so sagen wir, fünf oder sechs Hektar Boden zusammen
hatte, machte er sich dort einen kleinen Schopfen, dass er das Vieh unterstellen konnte, dort. Und
um diese hatte jeder ein kleinen Obstgarten. Das gab es nur in Reicherdsdorf“ (Schaas – Code 2.4).
“Sogar ganz alte Bäume mit ungefähr hundert Jahren. Doch irgandwann, so als die Kommunisten an
die Macht kamen, sind so in den fünfziger Jahren, ab dann ist das Sortiment, da wurden die privaten
Baumschulen verboten, na gut, vielleicht nicht explizit verboten, aber sie sollten es dann kollektiv
machen, naja und dann wurden die eben angestellt in der staatlichen Baumschule und dann wurde
denen eben diktiert, was sie eben weitermachen. Was für Sorten sie vermehren, was für Unterlagen.
Und das hat dann eben dazu gefürht, dass in den 1960er Jahren die stark wachsenden Unterlagen
19
fast verschwunden sind. D.h. ab den 1950er 60er Jahren, seitdem gibt es keine Stark wachsenden
Unterlagen mehr. Wenn man jetzt durch die Landschaft fährt kann man das gut erkennen. Man
sieht uralte große Bäume und dann kleinere Bäume die maximal 30 Jahre alt sind. Aber dazwischen
ist eine Lücke. Und dann so vor ca. 20 Jahren, nach der Revolution, sind dann private Baumschulen
aufgetaucht, die angefangen haben wieder starkwüchsige Unterlagen anzubauen. Aber sehr
wenige, weniger als 1% der Anbieter. Und dann hieß es bei den Leuten immer “ja das geht bei uns
nicht, Quitten gehen bei uns nicht, oder Birnen wachsen hier nicht”. Und warum geht das nicht? Ja
weil Birne auf Quitte, klar das geht, aber wenn man die nicht ständing hackt, wird das nichts”
(Tartler – Code 2.1).
“Apfel, Birnen, Pflaumen, Kirschen, im Weingebiet Pfirsich und Apfrikosen, Kockeltaler Apfrikosen,
die haben nur sehr kleine Früchte. Sortenecht. Weinbergspfirsich. Die leben aber nur kurz, fünf bis
sechs Jahre. Johannisbeeren, Maulbeeren waren auch gern gesehen” (Tartler – Code 2.2)
Saxon cultural landscape: loss of structures
„Und dann, in zwei Wintern, haben unsere Mitbewohner es geschafft alle Betonpflöcke für Spalier
und Draht, alles zusammen und zu einem alten Eisen. Mit, sie gingen und schlugen den ganzen
Winter mit den Hämmern, und holten das Armiereisen aus den Betonpflöcken heraus, damit sie ein
Geld machen. Ist alles weg. Nur noch Scharte, und nichts anderes“ (Schaas –Code 2.5).
„Man hat hinter seinem Haus einen Garten, und dann weiter weg noch ein Feld. Hinter dem Haus
sind (Legoma? Und Saravato?). Man hat Zwiebeln, Möhren, Salat, Spinat, Knoblauch, Bohnen. (…)
Die Kürbisse sind zwischen dem Mais auf den Feldern weiter weg. Mais ist auch nicht beim Haus,
sondern weiter weg“ (Hansen – Code 2.1).
„Und es existiert hier ein ganz seltsames Problem im Land, dass kein Getreide angebaut wird, weil
die Wildschweine das zerstören und auffressen, während im Mais, wenn der mal höher ist, da muss
nur am Anfang ein bisschen aufgepasst werden. Sobald der höher ist, gehen da die Wildschweine
nicht mehr rein“ (Hansen – Code 2.2).
“Und ich war in (Rischina?) bei diesen (Natura 2000 Leuten?) vor ein paar Wochen und habe da
gefragt: Was ist das mit diesen Schweinen? War das immer so? Nimmt das zu mit diesen
Schweinen? Und der Mann dort hat gesagt – Tresko heißt er -, dass im Kommunismus viel mehr
angebaut wurde. Es war viel mehr kultiviert. Die Kommunisten hatten auch eine Pufferzone. Es gab
Wald, und dann kam diese Pufferzone, wo für die Wildschweine angebaut wurde, damit sie nicht
weiter kamen. Es gibt nicht mehr Wildschweine als früher. Nur, diese Pufferzonen gibt es nicht
mehr. Und die Schweine kommen nun auch ganz nah an die Dörfer. Da gibt es noch zu Fressen für
die Schweine” (Hansen – Code 2.3).
“Ja, da hat man in (0:43:43) Tsisnadiora (Cisnădioara) die Kirsche. Dort ist Kirschentradition”
(Hansen - Code 2.4).
20
“Die Wusch [eine historische Schmalspurbahnstrecke, die zwischen Sibiu and Agneteln durch das
Harbachtal fürht] ist ein Identitätsstiftendes Ding für ALLE im Harbachtal. Alles andere ist ja mehr
oder weniger Ethnisch determiniert. Die Wusch – damit sind erinnerungen, erzählungen verbunden.
Das ist sichtbar. Wenn sie fährt, dann bewegt sich was, dann tut sich was. Als sie verschrottet
werden sollte, 2006, haben innerhalb von 2 wochen über 5000 leute unterzeichnet. Leute, die sich
sonst nicht seh rbewegen wollen, die nicht ihre Meinung sagen wollen. Und da sind 2 Leute
rumgegangen, die Unterschriften gesammtel haben und haben in 2 wochen über 5000
Unterschriften gesammelt. Also eine sehr hohe sensibilität nach 11 Jahren Stillstand! (Cotaru – Code
2.1).
“Man macht sich halt eben da das eigene Saatgut. Das geht bei Tomaten recht einfach, da muss
man auf nichts achten. Oder wenig. Und das wird einfach weiter benutzt. Und dann gibt es halt so
Leute im Dorf, in jedem Dorf so ein zwei Leute, die ziehen Jungpflanzen. Und die haben dann eben
ihre Sorten. Der eine im Dorf hat eben diese Sorte und er vermrht die, und der andere jene” (Tartler,
Code 3.1).
“Die Gegend um Bistritz, wo es ein bisschen kühler ist, war das insbesondere interessant [für die
Apfel- und Obstbaukultur], da dort kein guter Wein wuchs. Das ging zwanzig Jahre sehr gut, doch
mit den Kriegen hat das dann auch wieder nachgelassen. Deshalb ist die Obstbaukultur in der
Bistritzer Gegend viel mehr entwickelt. Hier gibt es zumindest keinen Pfarrgarten der keinen
Obstbaum hatte. Diese waren groß genug um hier Obst zu bauen, da er zum Teil seinen Unterhalt
auch selbst erwirtschaften musste. Die Pfarrer hatten natürlich auch die Aufgabe gehabt
Kulturtechniken, zusammen mit dem Lehrer, zu vermitteln” (Tartler – Code 3.2).
Mulberry trees in Transylvania for silk cultivation
“Den Seidenbau haben aber die Kommunisten erst hier im großen Stil gebracht. Davor war es
höchstens Nebenerwerb. Das wurde dann auch über kollektives Wirtschaften gefördert. Aber auch
vorher wurden Maulbeeren angepflanzt. Die sieht man heute noch als Solitärbäume, die sind alt,
nicht nur 40 Jahre. Insgesamt ist man bei dem geblieben, das gut ging” (Tartler – Code 3.3).
Vor dem 2. Weltkrieg ganz intensive Weinbergnutzung. Auch Brukenthal hatte viele Weinberge hier.
Auch heute findet sich noch in jedem Privatgarten eine Weinlaube. Selbst gekeltert. Auch historisch
belegt sind die Nussbäume. Jeder Pfarrgartne. Alleen. Auch der Nusskuchen ist eine spezialität hier
(Feyer – Code 3.1).
Traditionell ist der Lindenbaum, laudauf-und landab zu finden. Wurde streng geschnitten.
Sozusagen kopflinden. War weniger Landnutzung sondern aus gestalterischen Konzepten (Feyer –
Code 3.2).
Pfingsrose. Aber Name weiß ich nicht. In alten Privatgärten gibt es sie überall. Rosen wenige. Lilien
sind in vielen Gärten zu finden. Es gibt Pflanzlisten, von den Pflanzen hier und von jenen von
21
Brukentals Stadthaus. Aber daraus ableiten auf das was heute gepflanzt wird… eher nicht. Alles ging
eher auf Nutzpflanzen. Von den Sachsen eingeführt. Rabarber, Schnittlauch, (Feyer – Code 3.3).
Village organisation – streets planted with fruit trees
„Sie sehen ja auch, die Siebenbürgischen Dörfer hatten früher alle links und rechts der Straße
Obstbäume. Überwiegend Apfel, Birnen weniger, ja und ein paar Pflaumen. Pflaumen haben
hauptsächlich die Rumänen mitgebracht, denke ich mal“ (Tartler – Code 4.3).
„Von der Schule her gab es in fast jeder Gemeinde eine Baumschule, die „Schulbaumschule“ oder
„Gemeindebaumschule“ um die Techniken der Anzucht und Veredelung und Pflege zu vermitteln.
Sie wurden meistens von der Schule bewirtschaftet. Und diese Schule, da wurde dann veredelt, die
Unterlagen wurden angezogen, Unterlagen aus dem Wald geholt, und weiter entwickelt bis sie
veredelbar waren. Die so erzeugten Bäume fanden dann Einsatz im Pfarrhof, auf dem
Gemeindeland, entlang der Straßenränder zu Pflanzen oder auch die Pflicht eines jeden Mannes zur
Pflanzung eines Obst-Baumes bei der Eheschließung nachzukommen. Diese
Gemeindebaumschulen wurden unter den Kommunisten dann aufgelöst“ (Tartler – Code 4.4).
Saxon garden tradition – house gardens for self supply run by the women
„In Reichersdorf waren alle Frauen Gärtnerinnen. Es gab keinen Laden wo man eine Tomate oder
eine Gurke oder einen Kohlkopf kaufen konnte. Also waren unsere Frauen sehr spezialisiert im
Gartenbau“ (Schaas - Code 4.1a)
„Also es wurde hier eigentlich gar nichts gekauft, außer dem Pflug, Nägel und hier und da noch ein
kleines Würfelchen Zucker. Alles gab es im Laden nicht. Dass man Brot kaufte oder Kartoffeln
kaufte, oder Gurken, das wär ja eine Schande gewesen. Darum meine ich unsere Frauen waren alle
Gärtnerinnen. Wir ein bisschen weniger, so die Männer, doch das müssen wir ihnen verzeihen“
(Schaas, Code 4.1b).
Saxon garden tradition – wine cultivation
„Also der Aast-Wein war der berühmteste bei uns. War aber ein bisschen schwach erträglich. Und
dann hat man Gornesch. Ist eine ganz kräftige, saftige, mit dicken Beeren, Trauben. Sagte man, von
einem Gornesch-Stock, konnte man ein Eimer Trauben lesen. Und dann hat man diese beiden
gekreuzt. Gornesch und Aast gab den „Königsaast“ (Schaas – Code 5.3). Der wurde bei uns am
allerbesten erträglich und geschätzt. Könisgaast war eigentlich, wer nur konnte hatte ihn in seinem,
aber (13. Min) es wurden nie Sorten separat gemacht. Das hat sich nur ganz spät, hatte dann einer
ein Ruhländer-Wein-Garten, wo ich weiß, dass es wirklich nur Ruhländer waren, ein anderer hatte
Neuburger, so eine Tafel. Aber das war sehr selten, weil (13:25) wieder nur meine Meinung, weil, die
Sorten nicht jedes Jahr leicht raten. Und wenn einer so einen Sorten-Weingarten hatte und in dem
Jahr eben schwach geriet, dann wurde er in einem anderen Jahr. So haben wir alle diese edlen
22
Sorten immer zusammen gelesen und einen Siebenbürger, einen Reichersdorfer Wein daraus
gemacht“ (Schaas – Code 4.2).
„Ja, der Weinbau hier in Siebenbürgen war in Sächsicher Hand. Und als die weg sind, ist eigentlich
auch der Weinbau verschwunden. Die Ungarn oder Rumänen, die kriegen den einfach nicht hoch,
das machen die nicht. Die Sachsen hier haben das seit Jahrhunderten gemacht und ja, vielleicht
auch ein bisschen mit veralteten Methoden. Es war viel Arbeit und schwere Arbeit und so. Und als
die Saschen wegwaren…, sie werden sehen, die meisten Weinberge sind weg. Die Terrassen sieht
man noch, aber da ist jetzt was weg und der Akazie geht es dort auch gut. Gut für die Imkerei“
Slef supply through horticulture
„Also bitte, was der Gartenbau bei uns…(24.00) zum Beispiel Sauerkraut, sauer Gurken,
Tomatensaft, das alles, äh, Zwiebeln, äh, Knoblauch, Redner, schwarzer Rettich, für den Winter, wir
hatten alles, also, man ging nirgends und bat um etwas. Dafür waren meistens die Frauen zuständig.
Und sie waren auch stolz auf dieses Haben“ (Schaas – Code 4.3)
Zisterzienser – origin of Burgunder wine in Transsilvania
Inhaltswiedergabe: Die Kerzer Sage: In Kerz weiß man, dass die Zisterzienser Mönche die
Burgunderrebe von Frankreich mitbrachten, und sie irgendwo hier akklimatisierten, und so viel
Erfolg hatten, dass die so viel erzeugten, dass jeder Mönch in sein Tagesprogramm einen halben
Liter Wein trinken musste… (Schaas – Code 4.4)
„Die Burgunderrebe, wir heißen den Ruhländer, den Grauen Burgunder. Ich bin der Überzeugung,
dass die Zisterzienser diese in das Kockeltal gebracht haben. Sie haben schon dieses Tal entdeckt
und den Wein hergebracht“ (Meinung des Herrn Schaas). (Schaas – Code 4.5)
Fruit cultivation
„Ja, die Obsttradition hier in Siebenbürgen war sehr stark früher“ (Tartler – Code 4.2).
Code 5 – Plants
„Im Frühjahr geht es eigentlich mit Spinat los. Also Herbstspinat, das ist so die erste Sache die
Kommt. Dann Frühlingszwiebeln, Radieschen, Salat, wobei jetzt in Rumänien nur im Frühjahr
angebaut wird. Die Rumänen sind keine Salatesser. Es wird auch Salatsuppe gemacht. Und dann
kommen eben die klassischen Gemüsearten. Kohl wird viel angebaut, Porre relative wenig, Tomaten
Auberginen Paprika, Peperoni, Gurken natürlich ganz wichtig. Bohnen sind auch sehr wichtig. Alles
eigentlich, was man auch einlegen kann. Im August geht das los, und dann wird hier die Auberginen
(unverständlich). Das sind hier die wichtigen Sachen. Kartoffeln natürlich auch“ (Tartler – Code 5.3).
23
„Es gibt zum Beispiel [im Kontext einzigartige Pflanzen der Region] so Zwiebelsorten. Eine längliche
Zwiebel aus der Gegend um Turda. Sie heißt auch Wasserzwiebel, eine sehr süße Zwiebel, die nicht
sehr scharf ist. Die kann auch so beißen. Und es gibt Auberginensorten die hier sehr …aber das ist
auch eher auf Siebenbürgen, auf´s engere Siebenbürgen, Kronstadt, Herrmanstadt, Schäßburg,
Mediasch, dieser engere Kreis. Da gibt es einige Auberginensorten, die hier auch gedeihen. Oder
gedihen! Inzwischen gibt es eben auch Hybridsorten, die sind dreimal so groß, die haben das andere
Saatgut ein bisschen verdrängt. “Danubiana” zum Beispiel ist eine Sorte, die (das muss eine Uralte
Sorte sein), die lang ist und ein bisschen krumm, verjüngt sich am ende. Die ist nicht so dick, nur
ungefähr so (zeigt per Hand ein Maß an), ist eine Sorte, die geht überall. Mit den neueren
Hybridsorten, die werden einfach größer… Aber die alten werden schon noch Angebaut. Es gibt wor
allem noch alte, in abgelegenen Gegenden, die werden nicht extra in die nächste Stadt fahren, um
sich das neue Hybridsaatgut zu besorgen. Das machen die einfach nicht. Die benutzen eben ihre
alten Sorten. Und es gibt sicherlich auch noch mehr! Knoblauch zum Beispiel! Den Siebenbürgischen
Knoblauch. Den gibt es, der ist…Das ist ein Knoblauch, den pflanzt man im Frühjahr, und der ist sehr
sehr lange haltbar. Der wird nicht sehr groß. Die Knolle ist relative klein, ist für kommerzielle
Zwecke zu klein. Aber sie hat einen sehr intensiven Geschnack und ist sehr gut lagerfähig. Und das
funktiniert eben, wenn man den im Februar, März steckt. Es gibt natürlich auch Sorten aus dem Alt,
also aus der Walahchei, aus dem Süden, die kommen dann immer hier hoch, und aus dem Osten.
Moldowa ist ja auch so ein Spezialist für Knoblauchsorten. Die haben eben auch Sorten, die man im
Herbst steckt. Hat sich aber hier nicht durchgesetzt, weil die siind nicht so gut lagerfähig. Die Leute
hier sind gewöhnt, die Stecken im Frühjahr Zwiebeln und dann halt das auch bis in das nächste
Frühjahr. Und diesen Knoblauch, den steckt man im Herbst und dann muss er bis Weihnachten weg.
Und wieder neuen gesteckt haben. Ist ein bisschen anderes System. Hat vielleicht auch mit den
härteren Wintern hier zu tun. Der (Siebenbürgische Knoblauch) hat sich auch erhalten. Er hat sich
nicht verkreuzt mit zum Beispiel chinesischem Knoblauch, der rein gekommen ist. Natürlich auch
bei Kohl gibt es auch, die Rumänen sagen immer nur “De Vadde”, also Sommerkohl, aber das sind
natürlich auch bestimmte Sorten. Auf dem Markt wissen die Leute meist aber leider die Namen der
angebauten Sorten nicht“ (Tartler – Code 5.4).
“Apfel, Birnen, Pflaumen, Kirschen, im Weingebiet Pfirsich und Apfrikosen, Kockeltaler Apfrikosen,
die haben nur sehr kleine Früchte. Sortenecht. Weinbergspfirsich. Die leben aber nur kurz, fünf bis
sechs Jahre. Johannisbeeren, Maulbeeren waren auch gern gesehen” (Tartler – Code 5.5).
Und Gurken auch. Grüne Erbsen hat man auch. Und die Bohnen hier sind meistens gelb. Das finde
ich immer so komisch, denn bei uns sind die alle grün (Hansen – Code 5.4).
„Und Rettich: schwarzer und weißer. Kennst du schwarzen Rettich? Übles Zeug. Aber das bauen sie
hier alle an. Richtig scharf“ (Hansen - Code 5.6)
„Auberginen! Das ist sehr wichtig“ (Hansen - Code 5.8).
„Denn Hanf war sehr praktisch. Es wurde für Textilien angebaut, aber auch zum Anbinden von
Weinreben benutzt. Wer hat mir denn das erzählt? Willi nicht. Aber jeder Haushalt hatte ein
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Stückchen Hanf, denn daraus wurde Schnur und Tau gemacht. Das braucht man einfach“ (Hansen –
Code 5.9).
„Und ich habe vor Kurzem erfahren, dass in (Görza?) Flachs angebaut wurde. Aber ich weiß nicht, ob
das kommunistisch war. Da gab es eine Flachsverarbeitung. Aber Flachs wächst ja auch wild. Den
gibt es hier auch wild“ (Hansen – Code 5.10).
„Auch Spargel gibt es wild hier“ (Hansen 5.11).
„Getreide wird immer weniger. Und nur noch in traditionellen Dörfern, da gibt es dann Gerste und
Hafer. Hafer ist immer weniger, und Weizen“ (Hansen – Code 5.12).
“Was es hier auch noch ziemlich viel gibt, ist diese Pastinake” (Hansen – Code 5.17).
„Die Kartoffel wurde hier relativ spät eingeführt, weil ich weiß, dass Brukenthal auf dem Gebiet ein
Pionier war und die Kartoffel einführen wollte. Der hatte natürlich seine Kontakte nach Wien, auch
Kontakte nach Übersee, nach Amerika, und da war die Kartoffel schon bekannt in Wien. Und die
Bauern haben das hier nicht akzeptiert. Also seinerzeit wurde das nicht anerkannt, die Kartoffel. Das
war um 1800 rum. Und erst 30, 50 Jahre später haben sie angefangen, hier Kartoffeln anzubauen.
Also die sind relativ jung“ (Hansen – Code 5.18).
(…) cereales from this region like Alac (Triticum monococcum) (Budrala – Code 5.3).
Gabbage (Salat) (Budrala – Code 5.4).
Cucumber from Lugash (Budrala – Code 5.6).
Cabbage from Bungat also dissapeared (Budrala – Code 5.7).
There were some types of appel, Poinc. Patul. They dissapeared also (Budrala – Code 5.8).
Kräuter
„Estragon ist sehr wichtig. Jedes Haus hat Estragon in Suppen“ (Hansen – Code 5.5).
Tomaten
Jedes Haus hat Tomaten glaube ich (Tartler – Code 5.1).
Schon, es gibt verschiedene Sorten [Tomaten], die es hier gibt. Aber überwiegend werden süße
Fleischtomaten angebaut. Ich denke, 70 % der Tomatensorten, die angebaut werden, die, ich weiß
jetzt nicht wie die heißt, das sind so große fleischige superleckere, wirklich gute Tomaten (Tartler –
Code 5.2).
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“Es gibt bei den Tomaten eine ganz dicke, ich weiß nicht mehr, wie die heißt. Die Farbe ist auch eher
rosa, nicht so tomatenrot. (…) Die hat keinen Namen. Das ist einfach die Fleischtomate, die hier
angebaut wird. Die ist so faltig und dick” (Hansen – Code 5.1).
Wein
„Was es, ich habe ein bisschen durch-studiert…die Mädchentraube! „Pheteaphka albe“, heisst sie in
Rumänisch“ (Schaas – Code 5.1) = Fetească Albă (deutsch: Weiße Mädchentraube)
Mädchentraube, bei uns „Aast“ genannt. Ne, Aast. Dann hatten wir „Uschtatov dannel“, Rieselig
italian, Italienischer weisser Riesling. Äh, „Gornesch“, äh, sag ich Reiburger, Ruhländer, Burgunder,
das waren so (Schaas – Code 5.2).
Gornesch und Aast gab den „Königsaast“ (Schaas – Code 5.3). = Fetească Regală (Königsast)
Apfelsorten
Es war der Pölsapfel, Edelapfel, veredelte Apfel. Pölsappel hier er. Es gab den Knotschappel. Das
war ein kleiner, flacher. (19.30) Die Rumänen heißen sie „Popescht“. Also der Fallapfel. Ja, also in
deutsch. Da hatten wir den Jonathan. Der ist nur ganz spät gekommen. Der Jonathan kam ganz
spät. Aber es gab da noch den Quittenappel, Apfel. Alle solche al, ganz alten Benennungen. Später
wurde dann, äh, äh, der weiße, (20.00) und der hat keinen richtigen deutschen Namen. Wir hießen
ihn Weißopfel (Schaas - Code 5.4).
Wir hatten als ganz frühe Sorte den Maaßapfel. War nur ein ganz kleiner Apfel. Am Stiel hatte er
immer ein Näßchen. Ja, der war dann, schon so, was soll ich Ihnen sagen? Ende Juni, da war der
schon reif (Schaas - Code 5.5).
„Bis um die Jahrhundertwende waren eben Sorten „Batull“ der Grüne Batull zum Beispiel. Es gibt
fünf verschiedene Sorten des Batull: den Roten, den Grünen, den Gelben, den Gestreiften und noch
einen. Die Hauotsorte ist der Gelbe. Das ist der Klassiker, und dann gibt es noch den Grünen, der ist
noch besser eigentlich. Und diese beiden sind am weitesten verbreitet. Das ist der Hauptapfel für
Siebenbürgen. Und dann kommt der „Poinic“. Das ist ein Herbst-/Winterapfel, aber nicht so winter.
Ein große Apfel, ein Massenträger. Ein echter Nutzapfel. Batull ist eher ein Tafelapfel. Der Poinic
eher ein Nutzapfel zum einmachen, Essig machen, Tirefutter, Saft… der ist haltbar. Früher hat man
auch viele Äpfel gekocht hier. Dann gibt es noch den „Schovary“, „Paris Apfel“, „Blauapfel“, das sind
so spezielle siebenbürgische Bezeichnungen. „Gelbapfel“. Es gibt auch viele Sorten, die sind aus
dem Westgebirge hier reingekommen. Da haben die Sachsen dem eben einen Sächsischen Namen
gegeben. Z.B. „Erdbeer- oder Himbeerapfel“ der kam aus Mada im Westgebirge. Diese Bewegung
gab es übrigens auch umgekehrt. Zum Beispiel der Posapfel. Pos heißt auf Sächsisch veredeln, also
posen. Und vermutlich ist das eine der Uraltsorten die hier veredelt wurden. Und in der Marginimea
Sibiului gibt es diesen Apfel auch. Dort heißt er „Mere Posac“, also Posapfel. Apfel aus Mada ist ein
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anderes Beispiel. Historisch sind die Obstsorten vermutlich mit der Einführung des Weines hierher
gekommen“ (Tartler – Code 5.5).
„Die Veredelung von Obstbäumen hat man ja erst viel später begonnen als den Weinanbau. Und die
Sachsen haben dann so vielleicht Sorten nachbekommen. Und in dem Moment, wo sie die
Möglichkeiten hatten, haben sie auch lokale Findlinge genommen und veredelt und damit erhalten.
Und dann gabe es eine Invasion nach der Jahrundertwende sind dann Sorten hier aufgetaucht, die
im Westen sehr beliebt waren. Mit der Eisenbahn sind diese gekommen. Da kamen dann
„Baumanns Renette“, „Kanadarenette“, Boskop, Neupamene, Goldpamene, Cox-Orange, die
ganzen Klassiker. Heute die klassischen Streuobstsorten im Westen. Diese Sorten haben dann die
alten Sorten ein bisschen verdrängt. Und da man die alten Sorten im Westen nicht gut verkaufen
konnte, in Wien, haben die neuen Sorten einen Aufschwung erlebt. Es wurde exportiert“ (Tartler –
5.6).
Pflaumen
Wir hatten die Maatsch. Das ist eine dicke, runde Pflaume. Löst sich nicht von dem Kern. Ist aber
sehr sehr sehr süß. Und für Schnaps sehr geeignet. War vielleicht auch ein Grund? Dann haben wir
die Bistrizer Pflaume. Die löst sich. Die ist dann für Muß und solches, sehr. Bei uns wurde
Pflaumenmuß gebraten, mit ein wenig, oder fast gar keinen Zucker. Aber so lange gebraten, bis er
(21:35) oben eine Kruste bildete. Der Kater musste sich auf diese Kruste legen können, ohne zu
versinken. (ha, ha) (Schaas – Code 5.6)
Quitten
Quitten wurden bei uns. Diese ganz normale Quitte. Nicht diese dicke. Es waren ganz kleine, aber
sehr, sehr kräftig an Aroma (Schaas – Code 5.7).
Birnen
Birnen. Auch alle haben Sorten… eine von diesen: „Bockbirre“ (23:25). Das heißt, die Birne, die
gebacken wurde (Schaas – Code 5.8).
Plants unique for the region
Der Wein. Diese Königstraube… (Schaas - Code 5.9) (Kreuzung aus Aast x Gornesch).
“Ja: das ist der Rhododendron (Gotschi?), das Alpenröschen, aber das, was es hier gibt. Das wird
gesammelt und ist ein Heilkraut, ich glaube, für Herzkrankheiten. Weißt du das? Es blüht jetzt
gerade” (Hansen – Code 5.16).
There are some Rhododendron flowers. Wild. In 15ths of August, the Rhododedron…(?) (he dosn’t
go on speaking) (Budrala – Code 5.1).
Also the fir tree (pinus mugo). Sirup (Budrala – Code 5.2).
27
Nüsse
Nüsse (Schaas – Code 5.10).
“Ich glaube, jedes Haus hat einen Nussbaum” (Hansen – Code 5.7)
Beerenobst
Die Stachelbeere, war bei uns. Und die Johannisbeere. Wurde in den Gärten, pflanzte man so was
an. Die Stachelbeeren und, wer wer wer, Himbeere war auch, aber nicht so, so. Aber Johannisbeeren
und Stachelbeeren hatten wir überall. (Schaas – Code 5.11)
Zierpflanzen - Pfingstrosen
Bei mir im Haus, hab ich, ich weiß, diese Pfingstrosen. Also, meine Mutter hat sehr, als kleines Kind.
Und die Sträucher blühen auch jetzt noch immer (Schaas – Code 5.12).
Ja, ja, ich weiß, meine Großmutter äh, schätzte Hyazinthen so stark. Ja, ja, Hyazinthen, es wurden
nicht nur, wir hatten Ochsenaugen, haben wir diese Astern mit den dicken, wurden auch so, aber nur
so, sag ich, damit es neben den Eingang des Türchens, ein bisschen schön war. Nicht um da etwas
herauszuschlagen…(Schaas – Code 5.13).
„Traditionelle Blumen sind Georginen, Dahlien und Gladiolen. Und es ist mir aufgefallen, dass
einjährige Blumen in jedem Dorf anders sind. Das hat mir auch Maria erzählt: Es war kein Geld da,
um Saat zu kaufen. Die Saat wird gesammelt. In einem Dorf hat man dann viel Cosmea, und alle
Häuser haben die, alle Gärten sind voll. Und in einem anderen Dorf gibt es wieder andere, wie diese
orange Ringelblume“ (Hansen – Code 5.2).
„Die wurde sehr viel angebaut, weil die medizinisch verwendet wird. Da werden Heilcremes draus
gemacht. Man kann sie auch auf Wunden auflegen. Also die Ringelblume ist fast in jedem Garten
vorhanden“ (Hansen – Code 5.3)
“Von einer Tradition weiß ich nichts. Aber alle Menschen lieben sie; Rosen sind sehr wichtig. Alle
machen auch diese (Butasch?), solche Stecken mit Plastikflaschen, wie ich sie auch hatte. Nur einer
hat überlebt” (Hansen – Code 5.14).
“Ja. Ja, die lieben Rosen. Auch zum Beispiel bei Klöstern gibt es immer sehr viele Rosen. Und die
sehen auch immer sehr gut aus” (Hansen – Code 5.15).
“Grad in den Städten Schäßburg, Mediasch, da sind in den 50er Jahren viele Leute aus dem Dorf geholt
worden, damit sie in der Industrie arbeiten. Und die haben viel von ihrer Gartenkultur mit in die Städte
gebracht. So sieht man immer wieder Weinstöcke vor Hochhausbauten oder voll bepflanzte Balkone” (Tartler
– Code 6.1).
28
“Ein Beispiel für historische Gärten sind natürlich Avrig, und Bethlen Castle” (Tartler - Code 7.1).
“Mediasch, diesen Stadtpark, den finde ich interessant. Es ist nicht super interessant, aber ich
denke, es ist interessant, wenn man die Geschichte dabei hat mit dem Kommunismus, und wie das
gestaltet ist” (Hansen – Code 7.1).
“Ich finde Bontida sehr schön. Aber diese Gartengestaltung gibt es nicht mehr. Aber es ...
Wahrscheinlich wird das wieder restauriert” (Hansen – Code 7.2)
“Das Gestüt von Bruckenthal. Ansonsten gibt es überall nur Spuren von einstigen Parkanlagen.
In der Walachai, 10 km von östlich von Pitești gibt es eine Ortschaft, die heißt Golesti. Da hat es
einen Gutshof gegeben, der in der Kriegszeit auch restauriert wurde und der wird heute als Museum
genutzt. Und daneben gibt es ein Freilichtmuseum für Obst- und Weinbau, Und dieses traditionelle
Ensemble besteht aus einem Hof, der mit Mauern umgeben ist und an den Ecken noch soetwas wie
Türme und ein türkisches Bad hat und eine relativ reiche, aber nicht zu reiche Vegetation innerhalb
dieses Hofes. In dessen Mitte steht das eigentliche Gutshaus, der Gutshof und daneben gibt es einen
kleinen Park, der leider auch stark verkommen ist, doch man merkt noch, dass er ein wenig
Atmosphäre hat. Ich empfehle ihnen, diesen anzusehen, weil Reste an historischen Parkanlagen
nicht sehr zahlreich sind, gerade auch in der Walachai” (Niedermeier – Code 7.1).
“Das mit den Pfarrhöfen ist eine nicht uninteressante Sache. Ich könnte ihnen vielleich diesbezüglich
Deutsch-Weißkirch empfehlen. Da ist interessant, dass der Pfarrhof in zwei Teile geteilt ist: ein
offizieller und ein intimer Bereich (für die Pfarrerfamilie), getrennt durch eine Mauer. Die Vegetation
hat sich da nicht sehr gut erhalten. Aber diese Trennung in offiziellen Teil und intimen Teil fand ich
sehr interessant” (Niedermeier – Code 7.2).
“Es gibt ja freilich noch so Reste von Parkanlagen, aber wirklich nur Reste.
Da fällt mir ein bei Klausenburg-Bontieda, nämlich zwischen Neumarkt/ Târgu Mureș und Reghin
liegt „Gornescht“. Da ist ein Spital/Präfektorium für Kinder gewesen, was da noch ist, weiß ich nicht.
Ganz geringe Spuren gibt es auch in Malmkrog, dort gab es einen Apafi-Hof für Weinbau, weil es
eine Weingegend war. Mihai-Eminescu-Trust hat das Gebäude restauriert…Spuren von der
Parkanlage gibt es auch dort” (Niedermeier – Code 7.3).
“Doch Freck ist doch der Park, der am besten erhalten ist. Doch fragen sie mal im Zusammenhang
damit jemandem nach dem Schloßpark in Sambata de Jos, der besser erhalten ist als andere, weil
dort das Gestüt war. Aber ich zweifel wie viele Informationen sie dazu jemals bekommen”
(Niedermeier – Code 7.4).
[Park, Garten und Grünanlagen aus kommunistischer Zeit?] “Na da haben sie ja noch genug
Anlagen. An allen Stadtplätzen. Angefangen mit Medias. In Hermannstadt ist er Gott sei Dank nicht
29
mehr. Schäßburg. Historisch ist bis zu einem gewissen Grad auch Klausenburg. An und für sich sind
ja in kommunistischer Zeit die Stadtplätze allgemein in kleinen Parkanlagen umgewandelt worden.
Das hat fast nichts gekostet und es war anders als vorher” (Niedermeier – Code 7.5).
“Von Interesse ist vielleicht noch das Freilichtmuseum. Da wäre zu sagen, dass im Kontext des
Ausbaus des Freilichtmuseums, seit dem Jahr ca. 1960, ein Gelände benutzt worden ist, dass derzeit
schon als Erholungsgebiet der Stadt diente. Es gab dort nicht nur Wald sondern auch Wiesen, die
eine schöne Raumwirkung hatten und da waren die traditionellen Hermanstädter nicht begeistert,
dass jetzt dort ein Museum angelegt wird. Ich finde es rückblickend aber gut.
Ich kam 1963 zum Museum und da war die Anlage des Museums noch in „Babyschuhen“. Es gab da
einen ersten Vorschlag vom Stadtarchitekten „Serkerelus“, der ein sehr guter Architekt mit großer
Erfahrung war (auch eine Zeit lang Stadtarchitekt von Madrid gewesen). Er hatte eine Fläche für das
Museum im Blick” (Niedermeier – Code 7.6).
But again, there are quite a few historic gardens or rather garden ruins, because they were not
maintained at all at the Communist period. They are mostly but not only in Transylvania (Kovacs –
Code 7.1)
Pelesz oder Avrig (DeMaere – Code 7.1).
Ich hab ein sehr schönes besucht in Jash [Iasi]. Haben die Kommunisten weitergesetzt. Ein
botansicher Garten. Ganz gut gemacht. 500 sorten rosen, viele Bäume, alles schön hergerichtet (De
Maere – Code 7.2).
Exept avrig there is nothing! (Budrala – Code 7.1).
Festungsanlagen Sibiu (Feyer – Code 7.1).
Interessante Gestaltung nach dem Krieg in der historischen Altstadt waren Sammelplätze. Sie
wurde in der Zeit nach dem Krieg von Versammlungsorten in Grünorte umgestaltet, damit keine
Versammlungen stattfinden. Schön gestaltet, mit Bäumen, Blumenbeeten, Hecken… In Mediash
noch vorhanden (Feyer – Code 7.2).
Erlenpark (Anf. 19Jh) (Feyer – Code 7.3).
Neuere Parks: Theresian (im hochverdichteten blockbaugebiet, von Feyer vor5 jahren umgestaltet).
Schillerplatz (Feyer – Code 7.4).
Es gibt noch ein Schloß von Brukenthal in St. Miklaus, über der Aue, aber total verwarlosten Park.
Seit 50 Jahren nicht mehr gepflegt, weder Park noch Gebäude. Könnte aber eine Attrkation sein
30
5.3.3. Greater Veliko Tarnovo region, Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Veliko Tarnovo greater region
Code 1
courtyard culture, vegetable plots, use of dressed natural stones
Site concepts
Code 2
forest parks, large scale rose cultivation in the Valley of Roses
Landscape concepts
Code 3
rose cultivation, melons around Pleven, cortyards of Karlovo, seed
production
Code 4
Gurbet market-gardening in Europe
Ethnic garden tradition
Code 5
Rose (Rosa x damascena, Rosa alba), vegetables
Plants
Code 6
Parks and gardens not normally regarded as cultural heritage, vegetable
gardening is seen as being of cultural importance
Perception
Code 7
Site examples
Assens monument Veliko Tarnovo, museum garden at the Lyaskovets
museum of gardening, Sveta Gora forest park Veliko Tarnovo, Monument
of Mother Bulgaria Veliko Tarnovo, historic city park Veliko Tarnovo
“You are now in the house which tells the story of gardeners in our city who in the past have visited
other countries. They organized different kinds of gardens out there, produced some vegetables and
sold them in other countries outside of Bulgaria” (…) “Their gardening activities started at the end of
the 19th and the beginning of the 20th Century.” (Lyaskovets- Code 4.1).
Something specific: I don’t know the word (Dulap); this thing is called “Dulap” (Lyaskovets – Code
4.2). (Note: Dulap is a wooden, handcrafted water wheel, powered by animals, bringing the water
from a near by river to the vegetable fields. Technique shall be inherited from the gardeners in
Istanbul).
31
Fragestellerin [0:32:03] Did they come back every winter, and in Spring? Dolmetscherin [0:32:13]
This is exactly what they did. Every winter they returned to Bulgaria and during the spring they
started again. They left their money here and went to earn fresh money outside of Bulgaria.
Fragestellerin [0:32:32] Did they build it over again, each time they went out again? [0:32:49] They
didn’t go back to the same places in the other European countries, which meant that they had to
build them each time over again, when they arrived at a new place… (Lyaskovets – Code 4.3).
Code 5 – Plants
They [thy Lyaskovets gardeners] never produced wine, only vegetables (Lyaskovets - Code 5.1).
It was tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers (Lyaskovets – Code 5.2).
This is a big harvest of carrots, peppers, cabbage (Lyaskovets – Code 5.3).
Das Denkmal Mutter Bulgarien mit Garten ist eigentlich so deklariert. Ein Denkmal des Park und
Gartenschutz (Round Table BG 1 - Code 7.1).
Es gibt eine Residenz Sinograd in der Nähe von Sofia, eine Residenz von Ferdinand. Park Granua,
auch Botanisch wichtig (Round Table BG 1 – Code 7.2).
Und Baltschick: Botansicher Garten und Schloss, in der Nähe Von Meer, mit Eintritt. Sehr schön und
geschützt (Round Table BG 1 – Code 7.3).
Meeresgarten von Burgas und Varna (Round Table BG 1 – Code 7.4).
Der älteste Park in VelTarn. Wurde eigentlich nicht restauriert. Es gab Wienerrad und solche. Im
Moment ist in diesem Gebiet das Theatergebäude aber keinen Park. Das Theater wurde 1965
gebaut (Round Table BG 1 – Code 7.5).
5.3.4. Apulia region, Italy
Italy
Apulia Region
Code 1
19th century introduction of “exotic” tree and shrub species as ornamental species
for parks, gardens and city squares, villa comunale gardens, greened city square
tradition in the 18th and 19th century, masseria walled yards
Site concepts
32
Code 2
Olive groves, stone based architecture and landscape organisation, Slow Food
Organisation activities brought back tomato, wheat and barely
Landscape concepts
Code 3
grape vine stocks, olive groves for biological oil production
Code 4 Ethnic garden
trad.
---
Code 5
Plants
“fiaschetto” tomato of Torre Guaceto, wheat “Grano Cappelli”, Sarracinisco melon,
T. G. olives Oliarola Salentino and Cellina di Nardo, almond, fig tree, early fig
“fiorone”, prickly pear, carob, oak, strawberry tree, pomegranate, “Barisana” grapes,
acerola, jujube, service tree
Code 6
“People of the region take pride in the beauty of their surrounding landscapes”
Perception
Code 7
Villa Bonuomo in Bari, Villa Peripato Taranto
Site examples
Since Apulia is a dry and arid region and water always has been saved and well-managed, saved by
farmers in rural areas, it is therefore difficult to find in rural areas gardens just used for aesthetic
reasons, just as artistic areas as you say. [0:53:08] For this reason, just for the water shortage in
Apulia the use of green areas was done just for Citrus trees or Carob trees – around water collection
points, e. g. tanks or wells they used to grow this type of trees. The use of garden or just plants
simply for aesthetic reasons was not conceived of. Given the shortage of water, they tried to use it
more beneficially. They used water and plants to obtain something: Fruits and herbs et cetera.
[0:54:30] Exceptions to this approach are the cloisters of monasteries and sanctuaries. In those cases
there was a well and around the well there were plants, e. g. medicinal herbs, which were also used
for curing or for gastronomic reasons. Some exotic plants like [cameorobes? 54:52] and ornamental
plants like roses. The exception to the general approach is this example of monasteries. [0:55:46]
Towards the mid-19th Century the noble and important families of Apulia, of our region, started to
conceive the idea of the garden. They constructed these villas. [0:56:16] In the outskirts of towns
they constructed these villas and also created gardens, in which they selected Mediterranean plants
which were suitable for our climate. They just had a few exotic elements such as palm trees, for
example. It is an example of an intelligent use of suitable plants. [0:56:59] Of course there was a
natural selection, because the plants which were not suitable for our climate couldn’t have survived
and would have eventually died (Lombardi – Code 1.1).
33
Wheat, barley, and tomato, and then again tomato, wheat and barley, and so on (Longo – Code 2.1).
[Note: Crop rotation system at Torre Guaceto now foresees the change between Wheat, bareley and
then tomatoes]
The two main features characterizing our region are on one hand so-called “stone-based
architecture”, an architecture which is based on the typical Apulian stone called “Chianca”, and the
second element is vegetation. As to this stone-based architecture you find here some examples
which are the typical elements, which are the symbol of Apulia. The so-called “floors” in this local
white stone, known as “Chianca”. I don’t know whether you know this region or that word.
Then there are the dry stone walls, walls which were built without any mortar (Sansiviero – Code
2.1).
And then, another typical word is “tratturi”: these were fixed routes which were limited by stones to
transfer flocks. Animals which were transferred from one region to the other were called
“transumence”, and they followed these special routes limited by these stones. They were called
“tratturi” (Sansiviero – Code 2.2).
The typical building system is iazzi – a typical dry-stone enclosure for animals. They were found in
front of farm houses. Farm yards for wheat, where wheat and other cereals were deposited in these
wide areas, which were always made of this stone (Sansiviero – Code 2.3).
Tanks where they collected rain water are another typical element. Snow depots, these were just
tanks where they collected and deposited the snow. They used these tanks just for cooling, so they
served as refrigerators in the summer (Sansiviero- Code 2.4).
farm houses, the typical farm house of Apulia, called “Masseria” in Italian and Apulian, and Trulli – I
think you also visited them (Sansiviero- Code 2.5).
They started a project of the Ministry of Agriculture recovering such varieties which are very ancient.
And all along the Apulian coast there are such places where ancient olive grows. And under the
canopies they used to grow vegetables, all different kinds. Actually they grow all kinds of vegetables
which can be useful for self-consumption. However, there are some particular varieties which are
very much linked to the territory (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 2.1).
It comes from the social organization in the ancient times, there were the latifondi, large estates,
meaning a system of large farms with people coming from outside who were landlords of large
areas. Then, there were other farms around of people who were in charge of conducting and
organizing the activities of some part of these very wide areas. There were people working for them
who after a while could have a small piece of land. Over the years this lead to a high fragmentation
of the territory. Therefore we have a lot of small owners and you need to work with these people
who are many and each one of them has his own mentality. You have to unite all these people and
try to learn from them and to teach them how to valorize what they have. It is not easy anyway, it
can become quite tricky (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 2.2).
34
E.g. if we talk about olive trees, traditionally these were very big trees standing very far away from
one another with a big space between them. We call it “trama” a wide distance from one tree to the
other. More industrialized areas try to prefer smaller trees very narrowly planted
(Carbonara&Creanza – Code 2.1).
Also wine production is different, if you make grapes for eating we are one of the biggest producers
in Europe of grapes for eating. It is the biggest in Italy for sure, but probably the largest region for
eating grapes and we have a type of production, a way of planting differing from the traditional one
for the production of wine grapes, which are smaller very low-growing trees, whereas grapes for
eating need to grow higher up and taller – this roof-production is called “tendon”, tents – they are
covering almost the entire surface of the field. The traditional production used to have smaller fields
and a pattern of smaller subdivisions. More industrialized agriculture tends to have bigger fields. It is
almost the same in every country (Carbonara&Creanza – Code 2.2).
This variety (of grape vine) for example is grown on hills, and the kind of soil is also important,
because you know that in order to have the best color, which is very important for that variety, and
also the [?crispness 14:58] you have to use certain kinds of soil only. They have to be very rocky and
white colored with a high quantity of lime (LaNotte – Code 2.1).
The Apulia region has numbered the oldest „monuments“, as he calls them, the oldest trees, and we
have five Million trees in Apulia (Longo- code 3.1).
Apulian territory produces 42 % of oil in Italy. With 60 million plants (Longo – Code 3.2).
Just the Ruscus was the original species used (Lombardi – Code 3.1).
This is a curiosity, a typical element, which is accepted all over Apulia, is this pot which was
constructed and located on the highest point of the villa, of the garden, and with the Agave plant, it
was there to protect against bad fate or destiny. The cone of the shadow it created with its shape
was the area protected against bad will. Because you need a plant which persists without water
(Lombardi – Code 3.2).
Two important traditions would be indicated as olive, the olive pruning – you have seen how olive is
pruned? It is cut just to cope with the shortage of water. The pruning was done, was conceived just
to meet the challenge of we now call “water scarcity”. It still exists and is an Apulian tradition.
Another tradition which is on the decline is the so-called Apulian tree – which is a form of training of
grape vines (Lombardi – Code 3.3).
35
The two bottom photos, they indicate this form of grape-vine training; they are called “Albarello”,
which is Apulian for “small tree”. It is like a small tree, very nice, and it is really disappearing now
(Lombardi – Code 3.4)
Another tradition which was interesting and has been lost is the use of the fig branch for [word?
1:15:50], for the production of milk and cheese. This is why many fig plantations are found. They
used the branch of the fig tree (…) [1:16:18] The milk flocculation. (…) [1:16:22] To make cheese.
They also grow cotton along the dune areas; they grow cotton, they have the cotton with tomato
and are recovering this kind of tradition (Clabrese – Code 3.1).
The way of how to obtain from the cotton the string which links together these tomatoes. In this
case it is a cultural activity, a way to recover cultural heritage and in the meantime a way to valorize
two different crops: Cotton and the tomato (Clabrese – Code 3.2).
We recover some old stone walls rebuild new ones and even in this case, we try to link this practice
that had a utility for the fauna and for the flora to the local tradition.
Due to the fact that the area was crossed by ancient roads, in ancient times, people who lived in
Carrovigno the town which is closest to this area, the owners of the old olive trees in the area used
these kinds of roads to visit the area they filled. We therefore try to rebuild rubble walls along this
track and we use this track as a hiking path for tourists in the area. It is probably a small thing but
actually people use these kinds of tracks to visit the area and we also have the possibility to show
something about the history of the area. Another thing is that we plant some shrubs along the walls.
(Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 3.3).
Yes but especially for the most important local varieties the cultivation technique is adapted to each
of the varieties. This belongs to the heritage, the local knowledge and the traditions (LaNotte –
Code 3.1 & 6.1).
We can therefore say that also for wine grapes, the cultivation techniques are adapted to variety but
also to the specific place where they are grown. This belongs to the local knowledge, the tradition of
growing (LaNotte – Code 3.2).
Yes, because there are different trellis systems, even the grape is different according to the trellis
system, the pruning system, and so on (La Notte – Code 3.3).
[Technique for producing grape vine in Apulia] “Albarelli”, yes. We call it “Albarello” but it is the
French Goblet (LaNotte – Code 3.4).
And anyway there is not such a big variability of citrus here. We have just four or five local varieties,
not more. Because the production of citrus, the traditional production is especially in the Gargano
36
area. There is a new area of cultivation but it is very commercial, so they are using international
varieties there, no large citrus biodiversity there (LaNotte – Code 3.5)
Due to transumence, the transfer of flocks from one region to another, between Apulia and Abruzzi
and Molise, which is northern Apulia, it is common to find some new elements. So there has been
maybe an exchange of elements, of plants, of species around some farm houses for example, he
says that he often finds something which is not native to that particular area. It means that there has
been an exchange (Lombardi – Code 4.1).
Maybe in the past many plants were introduced by Arabs, because Apulia and Southern Italy has
been invaded and conquered by so many populations. And so there certainly have been exchanges
with these ethnic groups (Lombardi - Code 4.2).
We are sure that a lot of different varieties have circulated around the Mediterranean. Also for the
Baresana we found e. g. a variety in Greece that has a different name. There it is called
“Kollokythas”. We found on the web and on paper a macro-satellite profile that is identical. (…) We
therefore went to Greece to look for this variety but probably there are several Kollokythas also in
Greece. We found it but it is different. (…) But probably, this variety also came from the East,
because some local names are Turquesque, coming from Turkey. We found also in Albania one
name that is “Stembolescia” “that came from Istanbul”. We are therefore almost sure (LaNotte –
Code 4.1)
Code 5 – Plants
The fiaschetto tomato of Torre Guaceto (Longo – Code 5.1).
(…) so they started with the tomato and then, they end up also newly producing an old quality of
wheat, which is the wheat “Grano Cappelli” (Longo - Code 5.2).
He is explaining that this tomato was grown here in Torre Guaceto in an area called “Fiorentino”, the
characteristics of this tomato are also huge for the water, because the tomato takes the water from
the ground, and it is water with a particular degree of salinity (Longo – Code 5.3).
In 1952 this new law the land was divided up and distributed to many farmers.
Fragestellerin [0:52:52] Everyone got a piece of land. Dolmetscher [0:52:56] This was done by
martial law in 1952. [0:53:03] They gave one, two hectare to each farmer. [0:53:12] At that time the
production of this Fiaschetto tomato started (Longo – Code 5.4).
There is also a water melon. – What is the name of this water melon? – Sarracinisco (Longo – Code
5.5).
37
It would also be important to know that here, in Torre Guaceto, we do have the Ogliarola Salentina
variety of olives (Longo – Code 5.6). Are there other varieties?
Dolmetscher [1:09:31] Cellina di Nardo (Longo – Code 5.7).
The second component of this land area he has identified, is vegetation. The typical plants and
species which are born here and also symbolize our landscape, some of them are also a little bit on
the decline: Olive, almond, fig tree, and there is a particular type, the early fig, called “fiorone” –
another Italian word, prickly pear, carob, oak, strawberry tree, pomegranate, [Barisema?18:55]
grapes, a special type of grape which is grown in the area of Bari, that is why it is called “Barisema”,
acerola, jujube, and service tree. These are really the typical Mediterranean and Apulian ones
(Sansiviero – Code 5.1).
Question: Do you know why the olive was introduced into Apulia? Answer: The unique fuel, which
was available in the past. Lamp oil. (…) [1:07:40] We have this huge this huge production, because
this region supplied all of Italy and Europe (with lamp oil) [1:07:51] The use of oil as food was
secondary, was marginal and negligible in relation to its use as fuel (Lombardi – 5.1).
Baresana grapes and then Negro amaro, e.g., wine grapes. Primitivo also, so there are typically
Apulian cultivars (Lombardi - Code 5.2).
In the past roses were widely used and it was a very resistant plant. [1:13:25] Rosa canina is a typical
rose plant which is very widespread in Southern Italy and in Apulia as well. In the Bosco Difesa
Grande he indicated the example it is one present there. [1:13:48] A particular cultivar has a special
color and it exists only there (Lombardi – Code 5.3).
The citrus trees are very sensitive to cold temperatures. They were also introduced in the 16th
Century, and they are found also in populations of five, six or even ten trees around a water supply
point, because they needed water. The [word? 1:18:09] (Eriobotrya or loquat?) is another tree, which
has been used in the same way. Neffler: Eriobotrya japonica (Lombardi – Code 5.4).
(…) we have another ancient variety of tomato which is the Pomodoro Regina (Calabrese & Gaetano
– Code 5.1).
But going towards Bari there is another area where the traditional crop is the artichoke (Calabrese &
Gaetano – Code 5.2).
They have different old varieties of artichokes and of what we call “Baratieri”, which is a kind of …
(…) A cucumber (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 5.3).
Maybe in some other areas, there are some melons in the Southern part of Apulia, where you could
work with another project. (…) [0:24:10] Nardo is on the Ionian coast of Salento (Calabrese &
38
We have some local rose plant which is Rosa Canina [in Apulia], we have different ecotypes. (…) We
know that some farmers use it like you put the fruits of Rosa Canina the rose hips in water.
(Rosa canina) But in this case they used to do this, because of the vitamin C, I think. They used it
against the flue. But in only some very few places in the North, in the inner part of Apulia, not along
the coast (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 5.6).
The area around Bari is specialized for the production of table grapes. This means grapes… (Maccia –
Code 5.1).
Almonds are particularly cultivated in the Bari area (Maccia – Code 5.2).
They have one particular tree species which they [garden club Taranto] are using as logo, the symbol
of their association. The Garden Club uses this symbol as a logo. Fragestellerin [0:01:10] What is it?
Dolmetscherin 1 [0:01:13] It is the “myrto”. (…) Myrtus tarentinus. (…) Cultivar of Myrtus communis
(Pollastro – Code 5.1).
Laurus nobilis. (…) Ceratonia siliqua. Pistacia lentiscus. Viburnum tinus. Pinus halepensis, Quercus
ilex (…), Evergreen Quercus ilex, very important! Carob. (…) Palma di San Pietro all’Orto Botanico di
Padova. (…) Goethe described a palm tree which stood in the Botanic Garden of Padua. (…)
Chamaerops humilis. (…) These kinds of palm trees are the only ones which are native of the area.
(…) This is Ceratonea siliqua or Carob. (…) Pinus halepensis (Pollastro – Code 5.2).
In public gardens it is possible to see some flower beds with roses. But we don’t have an expensive
cultivation of roses, so it is not a very typical plant (Pollastro – Code 5.3).
Commonly used ornamental flowers:
False pepper. (…) The Lantana. [0:28:21] It is from the East, from Thailand. [0:28:28] Its shape recalls
the butterfly. (…) Buddleija, okay. (…) [0:29:04] Tulips. (...) [0:29:16] Freesias. [0:29:35] Tagetes.
[0:30:03] Salvia splendens. [0:30:06] Carnation. (…) [0:30:16] Salvia splendens. [0:30:26] Hyacinth.
(…) Generally they are put into the flower bed (Pollastro – Code 5.4).
(…) especially of the summer pear we can find more than 70 local varieties (LaNotte – Code 5.1).
And of the fig we now are having over 100 Apulian varieties (LaNotte – Code 5.2).
Almonds for example: Apulia was a very important region for Almond production in the past and we
grew Olives and Almonds in the same orchards. Therefore we have registered more than 200
varieties, but up to now, we haven’t been able to find half of them. We therefore are looking for a lot
of other germplasm (LaNotte – Code 5.3).
39
According to the place where they are grown, for example, there is a variety called “Baresana”, and
it is very interesting, because it is only cultivated in the province of Bari. However, in the past it used
to have a lot of different names – synonyms. In each town it has a different name (LaNotte – Code
5.4).
(Opuntia) Is it likely that they have been introduced for the fruit?
Mann [0:23:47] Yes, not only for the fruit but sometimes also as windbreakers. (LaNotte – Code
5.5).
Landscape matters a lot, especially for farmers. It is the beauty of land they take pride in, and you
must know that this land has suffered much, because these monuments, these ancient trees, were
sometimes also stolen (Longo – Code 6.1). (Note: It is also adapted to the salinity of the climate)
If you go on our website you can find a specific section about an art gallery where we collect all
pictures and paintings about the landscape. One of the things we discovered during the project is:
There are people coming from the North of Europe, from England or further countries, they come to
Puglia especially to paint olive trees. Probably this is not exactly related to the protection of
biodiversity or to the landscape but this kind of activity in a certain way has increased the number of
visitors. People coming from the Institute go to the European Commission to show with a
photographic slide show the Apulian landscape and especially the ancient olive orchards, they also
present some bottles of oil coming from the area on which the coordinates of the place are put.
Middle European people were surprised about the size and are very interested in this kind of
marketing, due to the fact in a certain way that when buying a bottle of oil, they are picking up
something of the landscape as well. Probably this could be a way to emphasize the importance of
the landscape. But I don’t know if people who live there directly pursue this kind of value to the
artistic impression. Frau 2
[0:40:46] From an aesthetic point of view, I don’t think they have the
right perception, because they have lived there since always and so they don’t know what is
different from them. But when they go abroad thy miss their land, and so they are very fond of the
tree. Another story is that they know their trees one by one, they know the shape, they know the
behavior, and sometimes they give names to them. This is quite important, because if they can
avoid excavating one plant they do, and this is the point that we use to convince them to apply some
more traditional and sustainable practice. Because if they can survive without uprooting the plants
they do it. In fact, usually, before we came around, they preferred to plant other olive trees in order
to intensify the plant density, instead of excavating. But now the olive culture is a sector that is
bearing a deep price. Either they are able to reach an international market or they are going to be a
very different period. That is why we are working from one side to allow a very high level of market
access and on the other side on the income diversification characterizing a recovery of the
traditional landscape. It is at least a two-way approach (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 6.1).
40
Yes but especially for the most important local varieties [of grape vine] the cultivation technique is
adapted to each of the varieties. This belongs to the heritage, the local knowledge and the traditions
(LaNotte – Code 3.1 & 6.1).
It is in a hilly area. This one, Difesa Grande, is run by the municipality of Gallina, so it is not a
protected area of the region. [0:21:53] The site is now one of the largest and most important forest
areas in Apulia. In the past it used to be a rocket base, so it has indeed a great historical value,
because it is the evidence of the US-military policy during the Cold War in the Sixties. In Apulia there
are 14 of these sites in the Apulian and Basilicata region, they accommodated the rockets’ nuclear
heads against Russia. They eliminated and removed them, and now, this site falls within a site of
importance for the Community established by the European directive in 1992. Also this year, there
have been fire problems, where 100 hectares were really burnt. It is a very interesting area with a
total surface of 2000 hectares.[0:23:45] According to the first historical references dating back to the
18th Century, this wood was used as a source for timber, which is related to the tradition of charcoal
making. Then it was used for sheep farming and to collect [0:24:07 cords?] for animals. This had an
important value in the economic and social relations of the time.[0:24:23] This is just a description of
oak plantations: There are three main types of oak – downy or pubescent oak, Quercus Pubescens,
Turkey oak, Quercus Cerris, and Hungarian or Italian oak, Quercus Frainetto. These are the three
dominant species (Sansiviero – Code 7.1).
This is the second example he would like to speak about: It is a historic garden included in Villa
Bonuomo, which is in downtown Bari at Via Amendola. The first historic references date back to the
beginning of the last century. In the beginning it was a small building, then, in 1882 it already
included the two stories which have been existing until now. It was therefore a private green area, a
private historic garden, which will become public, because it is being sold to the City of Bari, to the
Municipality. It will therefore become a public garden (Sansiviero – Code 7.2).
Palazzo Bonelli in Barletta (Lombardi – Code 7.1).
Cimino del Barone Pantaleo [in Taratnto] (Pollastro 7.1).
Piazza Garibaldi [in Taratnto](Pollastro – Code 7.2).
The “collina ecologica” dates back to 1960 (Pollastro – Code 7.3).
Just if I may signal that there is a very nice citrus garden in Monopoli (LaNotte – Code 7.1).
6. Literature and web review (garden traditions at pilot site level)
41
6.1.
Greece
Keyword
Source
Mints herbs
Karousou, Regina; Balta, Maria; Hanlidou, Effie; Kokkini, Stella (2007): “Mints”, smells and
(region
traditional uses in Thessaloniki (Greece) and other Mediterranean countries. In: Journal of
Thessaloniki)
Ethnopharmacology, Volume 109, Issue 2, 19 January 2007, Pages 248-257
-smells and
traditional
uses
Three types
Papanastasis, V. P.; Mantzanas, K.; Dini-Papanastasi, O.; Ispikoudis, I. (2009): Traditional
of
Agroforestry Systems and Their Evolution in Greece. In: Agroforestry in Europe. Advances in
agroforestry
Agroforestry, Volume 6, 2009, pp 89-109.
systems Agroforestry
Three types of systems: „silvoarable“ involving trees and crops grown on arable land, „silvopastoral“
system cover
involving trees and pasture/animals grown on forest and arable land and „agrosilvopastoral“
about 23% of
involving trees, crops and grazing animals grown on arable land. Trees may be forest species or
arable land of
cultivated trees grown for fruits, naturally regenerating or planted, evergreen or deciduous; crops
Greece (3
may be annual or perennial species; and animals may be sheep, goats, cattle, pigs or chicken.
Million
hectares) and
thus are
considered to
be a cultural
heritage in
Greece by the
authros.
Olives;
http://www.olivetreeroute.gr/en/olivier_en.php; Crete:
"chondrolies",
http://www.rethymnon.gr/index.php?olivetreeen (29.1.13): cultivated are mainly "chondrolies",
"koroneikes"
some "koroneikes" and a few "tsounates". These varieties produce olive oil as well as edible olives of
and
excellent quality. The famous olive grove near Adele in the Municipality of Arkadi, which stretches in
"tsounates"
a vast flat and semi-mountainous area, is considered one of the largest olive groves in the
olives on
Mediterranean.
Crete/Adele
Olive oil
Sacred
groves in
http://www.olivetreeroute.gr/en/olivier_en.php
Bowe, Patrick (2009): The sacred groves of ancient Greece. In: Studies in the History of Gardens &
Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly, Volume 29, Issue 4, pages 235-245
ancient
Greece
Tsapurno and
tsapurno-a kind of raspberry and krano- cornelian cherry: Home- made jams are produeced from
krano berries
these kind of local forest berries. Source:
Gaia - Agritourism (farm tourism) Cooperative of Women of the Trigono Municipality
http://www.visitevros.gr/index.php?lang=en&sec=471&ctg=183&cid=1309 (29.3.2012) &
Axiokerasa- Women’s Cooperative of Samothrace
42
http://www.visitevros.gr/index.php?lang=en&sec=471&ctg=183&cid=1314
Ritseli
traditional jam preserve of ripe fig:
http://www.visitevros.gr/index.php?lang=en&sec=471&ctg=183&cid=1309 (29.3.2012)
Liquers
Liqueur from tsapurno, krano, pomegranate, peppermint, morello cherry, etc:
http://www.visitevros.gr/index.php?lang=en&sec=471&ctg=183&cid=1309 (29.3.2012)
herbs
like oregano, linden and chamomile: Esimi - Agritourist Cooperative of Esimi
Pumpkin
Leukimi - Women Agritourism Cooperative of the village Leukimi
Tomatoes
Leukimi - Women Agritourism Cooperative of the village Leukimi
“Tin gardens”
“Feta tin Gardens” old Feta cheese tins are planted with flowers and beautifully arranged in villages.
(http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/greekinfo.html); see the journal: The Mediterranean
Garden - The Journal of the Mediterranean Garden Society, Caroline Harbouri, Editor
(http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/journal.html)
Drama -
http://www.drama.gr/indexen.php?do=kapnos&PHPSESSID=ac0a2c1bc1328fa5b5e851d76a85a87a
Tobacco
(29.1.13) -- During the "Golden Age" of tobacco for the area between 1925-1928 and 1934-1939 at
least 13,000 families in Drama were involved in the cultivation of more than one million square
metres of tobacco, producing for many years to come what were the largest quantities of tobacco in
Greece and bringing in valuable foreign currency to the country. Apart from the farmers, thousands
of local and foreign tobacco workers, men, women and children contributed to economic
development working under exceptionally difficult conditions in the tobacco factories.
Aesthetic
aesthetic forests: Aesthetic Forests (Law No. 996/71) -
forests
http://www.ekby.gr/ekby/en/PA_main_en.html (23.6.2014)
Asparagus in
http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/cultureportalweb/print.php?article_id=1064&lang=en&print_mode=article
North Greece
(article “Prefecture of Evros: Economy” by Stefania Christianou, 2009)
and Tychero
6.2.
Romania
Keyword
Source
Small-scale species-
Babai, Dániel; Molnár, Zsolt (2014): Small-scale traditional management of species-rich
rich grasslands in the
grasslands in the Carpathians. In: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 182, 1
Carpathians
January 2014, Pages 123-130
Saxon Village
http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/presidia/details/1734/saxon-village-preserves - The
Preserves in Saxon
most interesting preserves are those made with rhubarb, wild fruit (dog-rose, mirabelle
Villages of
plums, strawberries and blueberries) or apples and cinnamon (prepared with the piele
Transylvania
apple variety, a slightly acidic, gray-green apple that matures between the end of
September and the beginning of October). The use of cinnamon is very ancient and tied to
Mitteleuropean traditions, as this region was once a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
43
Typical space
http://www.mihaieminescutrust.org/content/nd_standard.asp?n=117 (30.5.2012) - The
organisation patterns
houses also follow a clear pattern: they sit end-on to the street, painted in a rich variety of
of Saxon villages
ochres, greens and blues, with distinctive hipped roofs. A stream typically runs down the
street and pear (or apple) trees are planted on either side. The houses themselves are built
to a format, with their cobbled courtyards, winter and summer kitchens, vegetable
patches and colossal timber frame barns enclosing the rear end of the courtyard. Behind
the barns lie a further vegetable plot and an orchard, usually with a row of walnuts at the
far end to act as a fire break and provide insect free shelter from the sun
Strip farming
http://www.mihaieminescutrust.org/content/nd_standard.asp?n=117 (30.5.2012) - Arable
landscape pattern in
and pasture land extends from the backs of the villages up to woodland, which in most
the vicinity of
cases crowns the high ground. As in much of mediaeval Europe, the egalitarian Saxon
traditional Saxon
communities divided their arable lands into strips. A family might own a number of
villages
separate strips, some distance apart from each other, on which different crops could be
grown, depending on the lie of the land and the soil quality. Unlike the rest of Europe, this
method of strip farming is very much alive in the Saxon villages. Village livestock is grazed
communally on the meadows, controlled by cowherds and shepherds rather than fences.
(Abandoned) terraced
http://www.mihaieminescutrust.org/content/nd_standard.asp?n=117 (30.5.2012) - Where
landscape in
the land is steep, row upon row of terraces have been fashioned out of the valley sides to
Transylvania
maximise agricultural potential. These terraces were once intensively cultivated and
would have been the mainstay of cereal, vegetable and wine production. Now that village
populations have drastically diminished, many of the terraces are no longer cultivated and
support an abundance of wild flowers and grasses. With the reduction of open cultivated
land, the terraces and ungrazed meadows succumb to the forces of ecological succession:
pioneer grasses and wild flowers first colonise the uncultivated land, followed by scrub and
finally woodland, which is the natural climax vegetation in Transylvania.
Wine - Popular
e.g. www.jidvei.ro; Cotea, Valeriu V.; Andreescu, Florin (2008): Rumänien. Land des
domestic grape
Weines. Ad Libri, Bucuresti ; http://www.romaniatourism.com/romanian-food-wine.htm:
varieties used for wine
Frâncuşă – A very versatile soft, dry wine, crisp and lively, with just the slightest touch of
production include
sweetness.
Frâncuşă, Fetească
Albă, Tămâioasă,
Fetească Albă – Semi-dry white wine, well balanced, with a distinct aroma reminiscient of
Fetească Neagră,
the first flowering of the vineyard.
Băbească
Tămâioasă Romanească - A naturally sweet or semi-sweet white wine with subtle honey
and basil aromas, an exquisite amber color and a persistent rich taste. Its sweet taste may
also suggest a blend of rose petals and wild berries.
Grasă de Cotnari – A naturally sweet white wine with a delicate fragrance and a smooth
interplay of fruitiness and acidity.
Galbenă de Odobeşti – A light white wine with a delicate bouquet that preserves the
fragrance of the mellow grape.
Fetească Neagră – Semi-sweet, medium bodied, light red wine, with original aromas.
Băbească Neagră – Traditional full bodied red wine with a delicate bouquet and a slight
taste of clove.
Cadarca - this red, native variety , displaying a ruby-red color with a stinging taste of fresh
44
clove, was the wine of the imperial court of Vienna during the reign of Emperor Franz
Josef, in the 18th century.
Pavilions and dance
Typical elements of the gardens in Transilvania are dancing or music pavilions and dance
circles – typical garden
places: Mileea, Andrea (2011): historical Gardens in Transylvania.Phd-study, Babeş - Bolyai
and park elements
University of Cluj-Napoca, p. 7
6.3.
Bulgaria
Keyword
Source
Forest parks
e.g. the Ayazmoto Park near Stara Zagora in Bulgaria: Research website:
http://www.arrakis.es/~wallada/ayazmoto/ayazmoto.htm
Valley of Roses -
Bruman, Henry J. (1937): The Bulgarian Valley of Roses. In: The Journal of Geography, Vol.
Rose oil Bulgaria
36, No. 2, Feb. 1937;
Rusanov, Natasha Kovacheva, Mila Rusanova, Ivan Atanassov (2013): Flower phenotype
variation, essential oil variation and genetic diversity among Rosa alba L. accessions used
for rose oil production in Bulgaria, Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 161, 24 September
2013, Pages 76-80, Krasimir
Lyaskovets
http://bulgariatravel.org/en/object/279/Muzej_na_gradinarstvoto; Walker, Harlan (1996):
gardeners
Food on the Move: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Oxford
University Press
Garden
Sougarev, D.T. (1993): Balgarskijat dvor prez Vazrazdaneto (The Bulgarian Yard During
yards/courtyard
the National Revival). Izdat. na Balgarskata Akad. na Naukite, Sofija. (Summary in English,
culture in cities
2 pages)
Regional wine
http://bulgariatravel.org/data/doc/ENG_51-Bulgarsko_vino.pdf
traditions
(Gamza red wine- northwest Bulgaria, Melnik- regions of Melnik, Petrich and Sandanski,
Dimyat white wine (Varna and other regions as Evksinograd), Mavrud- Asenovgrad,
Pazardzhik, Plovdiv and the Rhodope Mountains foothills, Red Muscat- widespread in the
sub-Balkan region, Rubin-composed by fertilisation of two varieties Nebiolo and Sora,
Pamid- Pazardzhik, Plovdiv and Pamidovo)
http://bulgariatravel.org/en/object/303/Evksinovgrad - For the winery production are used
grapes from Chardonnay, Riesling, Traminer, Muscat Ottone and Vratsa Muscat
Smilyan Beans in
http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/presidia/details/1327/smilyan-beans#.Uzx561eeZvo
Municipality of
- There are two types of Smilyan bean. The first, smaller, type is brown with black streaks
Smilyan and the
and is used in soups or Trahna, a traditional stew of beans and corn from this area. The
upper Arda valley
second type is a larger white or purple bean with streaks, and is excellent in salads or fried
Province of
with a batter of flour, eggs and water.
Smolyan, SouthCentral Bulgaria
45
6.4.
Italy
Keywor
d
Source
Almonds
Godini, A. ; Palasciano, A. ; Mariani, R. ; Petrelli, G. F. ; Pacifico, A. ; (2002): The Amygdalus webbii
and
Spach in Apulia (Southern Italy). ISHS- International Society for Horticultural Science, in: ACTA
Pistachio
HORTICULTURAE, 591; p. 279-284
s
Olive oil
Leone, A.; Tamborrino, A.; Clodoveo, M. L.; Amirante, P. (2008): Evaluating extra-virgin from
age-old olives in Apulia. (Valorizzare l'extravergine da olivi secolari in Puglia.). In: Informatore
Agrario, 2008, Vol. 64, No. 28, pp. 47-50 , http://www.informatoreagrario.it;
Marzia Migliorini (2013): Olive Oils from Italy. In: Erminio Monteleone,Susan Langstaff (2013):
Ancient
old olive
groves
Olive Oil Sensory Science. Wiley: Blackwell
Calabrese, G., Tartaglini, N., & Ladisa, G. (2012): STUDY ON BIODIVERSITY IN CENTURY-OLD
OLIVE GROVES. CIHEAM - Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Bari, online:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Generosa_Calabrese/publication/254256636_Study_on_bio
diversity_in_century-old_olive_groves/file/5046351fbc5480a81e.pdf;
Puglia
Ramez Saeid Mohamad, Marie Reine Bteich, Gianluigi Cardone, Andrea Marchini (2013):
Economic analysis in organic olive farms the case of the ancient olive trees in the rural parkland in
Apulia. Mediterranean journal of economics, agriculture and environment = Revue
méditerranéenne d'economie, agriculture et environment, Vol. 12, No. 4 (December), 2013, p. 5561;
http://www.bridgepugliausa.it/articolo.asp?id_sez=1&id_cat=33&id_art=3591&lingua=en
Pinto, Domenico; Garofano, Severino; Borri, Nicola (1993): The land of the olive tree. A food and
wine guide to Apulia. Mario Adda Editore, Bari
Slow
http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com;
food
Acquaviva Red Onion (Acquaviva delle Fonti Municipality, Bari Province), Carpino Broad Beans
predisi
(Carpino Municipality, Foggia Province), Galàtone Apricot (Galàtone, Nardò, Seclì and Sannicola
Apulia
Municipalities, Lecce Province), Gargano Citrus Fruits (Foggia Province), Murgia Carsica Black
region/It
Chickpea (Acquaviva delle Fonti, Cassano delle Murge, Sant’Eramo in Colle Municipalities and
aly
surronders), Polignano Carrots (Polignano a Mare, Bari Province), Toritto Almond (Toritto
Municipality and surrounds, Bari Province), Torre Canne Regina Tomato (Fasano and Ostuni
Municipalities, Brindisi Province), Torre Guaceto Fiaschetto Tomato (orre Guaceto, Carovigno,
Municipality, Brindisi Province)
Use of
Di Tizio, Alessandro ; Luczaj, Lukasz Jacub ; Quave, Cassandra L. ; Red?i?, Sulejman ; Pieroni,
herbs
Andrea (2012): Traditional food and herbal uses of wild plants in the ancient South-Slavic
and wild
diaspora of Mundimitar/Montemitro (Southern Italy). Journal of Ethnobiology and
plants
Ethnomedicine, June 6, 2012, Vol.8, p.21
Salento’s
46
pajari
building
type
Figs
Francesco Minonne, Paolo Belloni, Vincenzo De Leonardis (2012): Fichi di Puglia. Storia,
paesaggi, cucina, biodiversità e conservazione del fico in Puglia. Coop. Ulisside Editore,
Castiglione d’Otranto
vallonea
oak
Ville
Work by Isabella Di Liddo within the CultTour project; Appelshäuser, Kerstin (1994): Die
comunali
öffentlichen Grünanlagen im Städtebau Napoleons in Italien als politische Aussage.
and
Frankfurt, Goethe-Univ., Kunstgesch. Inst., Diss.
urban
squares
in Apulia
Albicocca di Galatone (Prunus armeniaca L., District of Galatone, Nárdo, Seclí, Sannicola);
Arancia dolce del Golf di Taranto (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv Navelina, District of
Castellaneta, Ginosa, Massafra, Palagianello, Palagiano, Statte and Taranto); Aspargi
sottólio (Asparagus officinalis L., Province of Brindisi); Barattiere (Cucumis melo L., District
of Polignano a Mare, Monopoli, Alberobello and Fasano); Batata dellágro leccese (Ipomoea
batatas L. Lam., Province of Lecce); Capperi del Gargano (Capparis spinosa L., Gargano,
especially District of Mattinata); Capperi in Salamoia (Capparis spinosa L. and C. ovata Desf.,
Province of Lecce); Capperi sottáceto (Capparis spinosa L. and C. ovata Desf., Province of
Brindisi); Carciofo Brindisino (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek, District of
Brindisi, Mesagne, San Pietro Vernotico, Latiano, Oria, Torchiarolo, Sandonaci); Carciofo di
San Ferdinando di Puglia (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek, mainly the cv
Violetto di Provenza, Province of Foggia); Carosello di Manduria (Cucumis melo L., District of
Manduria, Maruggio, Avetrana, sava and Torricella, Oria and Torre S. Susanna); Carota di
Zapponeta (Daucus carota L., District of Zapponeta); Cicerchia (lathyrus sativus L., Murgia
barese); Cicoria allácqua (Chichorium intybus, Provice of Lecce); Chicoria riccia (Cichorium
intybus, Province of Lecce); Ciliegie di Puglia (Prunus avium L., Region of Puglia); Cima di
rapa (Brassica rapa L., Province of Bari, BAT, Brindisi and Foggia); Cipolla di Aquaviva delle
Fonti (Allium cepa L., District of Acquaviva delle Fonti); Cipolla di Zapponeta (Allium cepa L.,
District of Zapponeta); Fagiolo dei monti dauni meridionali (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Monti
dauni meridionali); Fava di Zollino (Vicia faba var. major Harz., Province of Lecce); Fave
fresche cotto in Pignatta (Vicia faba L. var. major Harz., Province of Bari); Fiorone di Torre
Canne (Ficus carica L. cultivar `Petrelli´ (var. caprificus); Fungo cardoncello (king trumpet
mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, Province of Bari and the area of Alta Murgia Barese);
Lampascioni sottólio (Muscari comosum L. Mill, Region of Puglia); Lenticchia di Altamura
(Lens culinaris Medik., District of Altamura, Santeramo, Corato, Cassano Murge,, Gravina in
Puglia, Poggiorsini and Spinazzola); Mandorla di Toritto (Amygdalus communic L. native
cultivar `Filippo Cea´, District of Toritto); Mela limoncella dei monti dauni meridionali
(lemongrass apple, Monti dauni meridionali); Meloncella (Cucumis melo L., District of nardo,
Copertino, San Donato di Lecce); Múgnuli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk, Province of
47
Lecce and parts of Brindisi); Oliva da Mensa (Olea europea L. `Termite di Bitetto´, Province of
Bari); Peranzana da Mensa di Torremaggiore (Olea europea L., Alto tavoliere dauno); Pisello
nano di Zollino (Pisum sativum L. ´Zollino dwarf peas´, Province of Lecce); Pomodorino di
Manduria (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Districts of Manduria, Sava and Avertrana, also
Oria, Erchie, Torre S. Susanna); Limone femminello del Gargano (comprises of the cultivars:
Limone a scorza gentile (Citrus limonium tenue Riss.), Oblong melon (C. limonium oblongum
Riss.), District of Vico del Gargano, Rodi Garganico, Ischitella)  Region of Puglia (ed.)
rd
(2010): Altlas of typical Agri-food products of Puglia. 3 edition, Liantonio Editrice, Paolo del
Colle
rd
Crop
Region of Puglia (ed.) (2010): Altlas of typical Agri-food products of Puglia. 3 edition,
rotation
Liantonio Editrice, Paolo del Colle, p. 114
system:
durum
wheat –
sugar
bets –
tomatoe
s – lupins
48
7. Summary: Table on findings on garden traditions at pilot site
level
Veliko Tarnovo
region Bulgaria
Code 1 – (Site
concepts) regionally
important artistic or
land use tradition,
that formed typical
sites on site scale
Code 2 –
(Landscape
land use tradition,
that formed typical
sites on landscape
scale
Key words
urban courtyard culture:
vegetable plots, use of
dressed natural stones for
walls and floors in gardens,
yard wells, solitair house
tree
forest parks, large scale
rose cultivation in the
Valley of Roses
Sougarev, D.T. (1993): Balgarskijat dvor prez
Vazrazdaneto (The Bulgarian Yard During the National
Revival). Izdat. na Balgarskata Akad. na Naukite, Sofija
Bruman, Henry J. (1937): The Bulgarian Valley of Roses.
In: The Journal of Geography, Vol. 36, No. 2, Feb. 1937;
e.g. the Ayazmoto Park near Stara Zagora in Bulgaria:
Research website:
http://www.arrakis.es/~wallada/ayazmoto/ayazmoto.ht
m
rose cultivation, melons
Sougarev, D.T. (1993): Balgarskijat dvor prez
around Pleven, cortyards of Vazrazdaneto (The Bulgarian Yard During the National
Karlovo, seed production
Revival). Izdat. na Balgarskata Akad. na Naukite, Sofija;
Code 3 – (Regional
garden tradition)
regionally important
artistic or land use
tradition, that
clearly is unique for
the region
Code 4 – (Ethnic
garden tradition)
tradition, that
clearly is related to
the presence of an
ethnic community
Interview citations/book, article or web
source
Bruman, Henry J. (1937): The Bulgarian Valley of Roses.
In: The Journal of Geography, Vol. 36, No. 2, Feb. 1937;
travelling gardening
tradition of the gardeners
of Lyaskovets (LyaskovetsCode 4.1); Gurbet marketgardening in Europe; Rose
oil pruduction by Bulgarian
farmers in the valley of
roses
Rusanov, Natasha Kovacheva, Mila Rusanova, Ivan
Atanassov (2013): Flower phenotype variation, essential
oil variation and genetic diversity among Rosa alba L.
accessions used for rose oil production in Bulgaria,
Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 161, 24 September 2013,
Pages 76-80, Krasimir
“You are now in the house which tells the story of
gardeners in our city who in the past have visited other
countries. They organized different kinds of gardens out
there, produced some vegetables and sold them in other
countries outside of Bulgaria” (…) “Their gardening
activities started at the end of the 19th and the
beginning of the 20th Century.” (Lyaskovets- Code 4.1).
Something specific: I don’t know the word (Dulap); this
thing is called “Dulap” (Lyaskovets – Code 4.2). (Note:
Dulap is a wooden, handcrafted water wheel, powered
by animals, bringing the water from a near by river to
the vegetable fields. Technique shall be inherited from
the gardeners in Istanbul).
Fragestellerin [0:32:03] Did they come back every
winter, and in Spring? Dolmetscherin [0:32:13] This is
exactly what they did. Every winter they returned to
Bulgaria and during the spring they started again. They
left their money here and went to earn fresh money
outside of Bulgaria.
Fragestellerin [0:32:32] Did they build it over again, each
49
time they went out again? [0:32:49] They didn’t go back
to the same places in the other European countries,
which meant that they had to build them each time over
again, when they arrived at a new place… (Lyaskovets –
Code 4.3).
http://bulgariatravel.org/en/object/279/Muzej_na_gradi
narstvoto;
[the Lyaskovets gardeners]
produced only vegetables:
tomatoes, cucumbers,
peppers carrots, cabbage
(Lyaskovets - Code 5.1 5.3); Rose (Rosa x
Code 5 – (Plants)
damascena, Rosa alba);
regionally important Smilyan Beans: regional
typical and/or
wine traditions
unique plants
Walker, Harlan (1996): Food on the Move: Proceedings
of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Oxford
University Press
They [thy Lyaskovets gardeners] never produced wine,
only vegetables (Lyaskovets - Code 5.1).
It was tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers (Lyaskovets –
Code 5.2).
This is a big harvest of carrots, peppers, cabbage
(Lyaskovets – Code 5.3);
Smilyan Beans:
http://www.slowfoodfoundation.com/presidia/details/13
27/smilyan-beans#.Uzx561eeZvo;
http://bulgariatravel.org/data/doc/ENG_51Bulgarsko_vino.pdf,
http://bulgariatravel.org/en/object/303/Evksinovgrad
vegetable gardening is seen conclusion from the interviews
as being of cultural
Code 6 –
importance; the cultural
Cultural Heritage Act of the Republic of Bulgaria: 2013
(Perception)
heritage act foresees the
Law on Protection and Development of Culture
information given
category of sites of
(amended 2013) - English:
concerning the
landscape architectural
http://www.unesco.org/culture/natlaws/media/pdf/bulg
perception of
value - this shows the
aria/bulgaria_protectionculture_amend2013_entof.pdf
gardens and garden
acceptance of historical
and
traditions as cultural
gardens as cultural heritage http://www.eui.eu/Projects/InternationalArtHeritageLa
heritage
w/Documents/NationalLegislation/Bulgaria/lawonprote
ctionanddvtofculture.doc
Residence Euxinograd near Das Denkmal Mutter Bulgarien mit Garten ist eigentlich
Sofia (Round Table BG 1 so deklariert. Ein Denkmal des Park und Gartenschutz
Code 7.2); Monument of
(Round Table BG 1 - Code 7.1).
Mother Bulgaria Veliko
Tarnovo (Round Table BG 1 Es gibt eine Residenz Sinograd in der Nähe von Sofia,
- Code 7.1), Baltschik
eine Residenz von Ferdinand. Park Granua, auch
Code 7 - (Site
botanical garden (Round
Botanisch wichtig (Round Table BG 1 – Code 7.2).
examples) Relevant Table BG 1 - Code 7.3), Sea
sites in the
garden Varna (Round Table Und Baltschick: Botansicher Garten und Schloss, in der
respective region,
BG 1 - Code 7.4), Sea
Nähe Von Meer, mit Eintritt. Sehr schön und geschützt
types of garden
garden Burgas (Round
(Round Table BG 1 – Code 7.3).
culture
Table BG 1 - Code 7.4);
Assens monument Veliko
Meeresgarten von Burgas und Varna (Round Table BG 1
Tarnovo, museum garden
– Code 7.4).
at the Lyaskovets museum
of gardening, Sveta Gora
Der älteste Park in VelTarn. Wurde eigentlich nicht
forest park Veliko Tarnovo, restauriert. Es gab Wienerrad und solche. Im Moment ist
Monument of Mother
in diesem Gebiet das Theatergebäude aber keinen Park.
50
Evros region
Greece
Code 1 – (Site
land use tradition,
that formed typical
sites on site scale;
use of olive oil or
feta cheese tins as
planting pots is a
common garden
element in Greece
Bulgaria Veliko Tarnovo,
historic city park Veliko
Tarnovo
Das Theater wurde 1965 gebaut (Round Table BG 1 –
Code 7.5).
Key words
source
Holy places (wells, rivers,
groves); military sites;
farms with self-supply
vegetable gardens and
orchards were common for
the farmsteads in Thrace;
“tin gardens”
Yes, for example the river of Nestos some distance from
Alexandroupolis, Nixa (?) village, fountains, other water
sources (natural springs) in the region (Giannakidou
Code 1.1).
landscape bound
worshiping practices that
preserve landscapes and
Code 2 –
sites due to the attributed
(Landscape
spiritual values; aesthetic
forests, worship practices
bound to places in the
land use tradition,
landscape of Thrace (e.g.
that formed typical
holy rivers, wells), olive
sites on landscape
groves in the Makri area,
scale
fruit trees in olive groves
(e.g. apricots)
There is also another big park [in Alexandroupolis],
about 100 hectares, Metamorfosis, which is not a park
yet. It was a military area (Alexp.- Code 1.1).
“Feta tin Gardens” old Feta cheese tins are planted with
flowers and beautifully arranged in villages.
(http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/greekinfo
.html) see the journal: The Mediterranean Garden - The
Journal of the Mediterranean Garden Society, Caroline
Harbouri, Editor
(http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/journal.ht
ml);
holy places: Bowe, Patrick (2009): The sacred groves of
ancient Greece. In: Studies in the History of Gardens &
Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly,
Volume 29, Issue 4, pages 235-245
The landscape of Thrace is known for being beautiful as
a garden. Due to the water richness of the natural
landscape it is green and lively (Giannakidou Code 2.1).
Mother Earth was and is worshiped in the landscaped
based traditions due to close relationships of the people
to their lands up to today. The essence stays the same
even if the performance of traditions and customs has
changed. (Giannakidou Code 2.2).
aesthetic forests: Aesthetic Forests (Law No. 996/71) http://www.ekby.gr/ekby/en/PA_main_en.html
(23.6.2014)
51
Private house gardens in
the original city layout (now
almost lost); farmers
gardens for vegetables and
flowers; fruit-tree gardens;
olive-fruit-tree groves
around Alexandroupolis;
apricot production in the
19th and 20th century in
traditional olive groves, in
19th c. transp. by railway;
Ritseli, liquers, use of wild
herbs, pumpkin, tomatoes,
garden tradition)
tradition, that
the region
Still in the 1960s all houses in the city (of
Alexandroupolis) used to possess of small gardens.
There even existed a small competition to elect the
most beautiful garden of the city each year, it was
celebrated with a flower parade, too. With the changing
economy of the country and raised means of people, a
vast building activity started and changed the whole city
from two story houses of the 19th century to the high
rise five storey buildings of today. The small gardens
disappeared, just few examples survive in the city at old
houses today (Giannakidou Code 3.1).
All the agricultural farms and houses had big yards and
gardens where people took care of. Flowers were
planted there and a vegetable garden/plot for everyday
vegetable used to be part of this yard gardens for
cultivation of cabbage, leek, onions and everything you
needed for your everyday use. Even if people used to go
to the marked to purchase missing vegetables, they still
cultivated their own (Giannakidou Code 3.2)
Summer plants were also cultivated in these gardens to
use some of their parts for dying cloths. “Pixaria” was
one of them. People used to self made their cloths and
therefore also dying was a common practice. “Lulaky”
for blue color. Hazelnut (Giannakidou Code 3.3).
[Description of garden culture of Evros] Culture of
flowers or tomatoes and alike? We don’t have so many
gardens with flowers, but many with fruits (Keldiou
Code 3.1)
Inside the olive groves also many fruit trees are growing.
Especially in the old stands. Distances between trees are
about 8 metres (Kelidou Code 3.2).
Gaia - Agritourism (farm tourism) Cooperative of
Women of the Trigono Municipality
http://www.visitevros.gr/index.php?lang=en&sec=471&c
tg=183&cid=1309 (29.3.2012)
Esimi - Agritourist Cooperative of Esimi
tg=183&cid=1310
Leukimi - Women Agritourism Cooperative of the village
Leukimi
tg=183&cid=1313;
52
landscape bound
worshiping practices of the
Greeks that preserve
landscapes and sites due to
the attributed spiritual
values; sunflower and
sesame cultivation in the
mountainous parts of Evros
mainly, but not only,
practiced by Muslim
(Pomak) farmers; Tobacco
production and processing
Code 4 – (Ethnic
by mainly Muslim (Pomak)
garden tradition)
farmers; tobacco
regionally important cultivation, sesame and
sunflower production by
tradition, that
the Pomak s of Thrace,
olive groves around Makri,
the presence of an
wine cult. in mountainous
ethnic community
areas
Religious customs of Thrace are based in the close
relation to the landscape, for example the 6th of May
(the day of St. George). Beginning of spring was used to
be celebrated with the sacrifice animals and the
knotting of strings in trees to bless the land – important
thing in the customs was and still is to save the fertility
of the land (Giannakidou – Code 4.1)
Yes, but the land use traditions are not only different
because of ethnic traditions but also because of the
distribution of the land – it makes a difference where
you cultivate the land, in the mountains or in the valley –
therefore also different land use traditions evolved.
According to the geographical regions – if in the
mountains – they cultivate tobacco, wine and sesame.
Around Alexandroupoli they cultivate olive trees, but in
the mountains no olive trees grow. So they had the
sesame oil and also sunflowers (Giannakidou Code 4.2).
The tobacco processing needs lots of hands so the
Muslim families had good conditions for this production.
The Pomaks even today keep a lot of their traditional
techniques. They keep the traditional way of life and still
use many traditional tools today. E.g. they process
stone for tiling their roofs. And also keep some
traditional Greek techniques today. Two things were the
reason for the general loss of traditions in Thrace –
migration and change of occupation (work abroad). Not
many Pomaks migrated. Specific pottery for bakery is
still handled. Other techniques are sesame cultivation,
sunflower cultivation, and cultivation of dye plants
(Giannakidou Code 4.3)
53
Quercus pubescens Alexandroupolis´s name
giving trees: old name =
"Dedeagatsch"; Tagtetes
patula for wedding
tradition; local variety of
origanum; "Flaskuni" and
"Paoustria", Maronia olives,
“White Olive from
Alexandrouolis”; local
varieties of apricots,
cherries, wild cherries,
many figs, quince and
pomegranates; kalifede
(marigold=Tagetes patula),
carnation flowers, mulberry
trees around Soufli, herbs
(basil, oregano, endemic
one: nano oregano,
“flaskuni” tee herb), dying
plants, “Paoustria” fruit tree
unique in the region, “White
olive of Alexandroupolis”;
"chondrolies", "koroneikes"
and "tsounates" olives on
Crete/Adele; tobacco;
tsapurno and krano berries;
Code 5 – (Plants)
Leukimi pumpkin; Leukimi
tomatoes; asparagus in
typical and/or
North Evros
unique plants
An old picture shows two old oak trees at the sea coast –
the name giving trees of the city. They seem to have
been cut down. It is not clear (Giannakidou Code 5.1).
[They are two very old oak trees (Quercus pubescens?)
are still present and located at the small children’s
playground at the so called “Division park”].
Soufli for example and Didymoteicho in Evros region are
older cities. They had fortresses and at these fortresses
old gardens existed. Relict plants evidence this fact – for
example “pixaria” (a plant community in a specific
region of Thrace, a mountain region, note by SchmidtWiegand). The gardens of our region furthermore used
to have different kinds of Basilicum, Origanum, Balies
and another plant called “kalifede” with yellow flowers
(the Greek name is Katifes, which in English is marigold
(Tagetes patula), note by Brüning). From this plant they
use all parts of the plant for wedding invitations
(Giannakidou Code 5.2).
(…) fruit trees were commonly cultivated. People used
to dry fruits that have been sliced and dried in the
summer to use them in winter. They boiled the dried
fruits in water and thus made them “fresh” again
Special is the still kept traditional practices of Pomak
families: sesame, sunflower and tobacco production in
the mountainous ranges of Thrace (Giannakidou Code
5.4).
Tagetes patula is commonly used for wedding
invitations (Giannakidou Code 5.5)
[The rose is present in Evros] Because they last in the
weather conditions here. So it was a plant also usable in
Alexandroupolis, where a very strong wind usually can
be found in times of the year. This wind and the sun burn
other kind of garden plants, but the rose lasts
There is a special kind or oregano – a small variety that
only grows in Thrace. Nano Origanum. On Samothraki
Island a plant grows that is called “Flaskuni”
“There are local varieties of apricots, cherries, wild
cherries, many figs, quince and pomegranates” (Kelidou
Code 5.1).
“Paoustria” is a special fruit from the region! It only
grows here and on Samothraki island. The fruit is similar
to apricots (Kelidou Code 5.2).
There is white olive variety that is special for the region.
6 trees grow in the groves of the family. Not many exist
around the world. “White Olive from Alexandrouolis”
54
the Prime minister of Greece came to honour the olive
trees and give the name (Kelidou Code 5.3).
(…) not so many other olive varieties thrive here.
Maronia olive trees are the local varieties, about 90% of
the stands around Makri. It is hardy in winter. Up to
minus 18 degrees. Special about them is that the water
early disappears from the plants – therefore the winter
can not harm the plants. The old trees growing here
(1600 years old) belong to this variety. Maronia olives
produce a very flavourful and aromatic oils (Kelidou
Code 5.4).
Over there, they have a different tradition, they don’t
have the tradition of growing vegetable under the
canopies of the olive trees but they do have the tradition
of officinal plants (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 3.1 for
Greece).
In the beginning we had the recomplexation of the
agroecosystem, that was to be done with Carob trees
and inside the olive orchards. They preferred to use the
pomegranate tree and fig trees, because they have a
different tradition. Moreover they decided to plant
officinal plants, because they have a tradition in terms of
medicine coming from plants that are spontaneous
herbs there. So it is quite different (Calabrese & Ladisa –
Code 3.2 for Greece).
"chondrolies", "koroneikes" and "tsounates" olives on
Crete/Adele:
http://www.rethymnon.gr/index.php?olivetreeen
(29.1.13);
Tobacco around Drama:
http://www.drama.gr/indexen.php?do=kapnos&PHPSE
SSID=ac0a2c1bc1328fa5b5e851d76a85a87a (29.1.13);
Gaia - Agritourism (farm tourism) Cooperative of
Women of the Trigono Municipality
tg=183&cid=1309 (29.3.2012), Esimi - Agritourist
Cooperative of Esimi
tg=183&cid=1310, Leukimi - Women Agritourism
Cooperative of the village Leukimi
tg=183&cid=1313;
In north Evros and in Tychero the asparagus plant is
systematicallycultivated:
http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/cultureportalweb/print.php?ar
ticle_id=1064&lang=en&print_mode=article (article
“Prefecture of Evros: Economy” by Stefania Christianou,
2009)
55
Code 6 –
(Perception)
information given
concerning the
perception of
gardens and garden
heritage
The olive tree has value for
local identiy in the locality
of Makri (Evros); (city) parks
are not connected to the
Greek tradition of using
urban open spaces - but
playground areas are well
used; Historic gardens are
not regarded as cultural
heritage with only few
exceptions, but craft and
horticultural techniques are
Olives and olive trees are inextricable linked to our site
and cultural heritage as the traditional olive grove Makri
(with recognized oil variety) for centuries is the main
source of income for many residents of the area. The
existence of the traditional olive grove is lost in the early
Byzantine period (also the same trees with huge trunks
prove this). The microclimate of Makri contributes to
creating conditions for the cultivation of olive trees
(Kelidou Code 6.1).
If you walk by the park you see a lot of benches [on the
main street in front of P.N.I.] and we Greeks use these
benches.- We - as Greeks - we are not used to visit
parks. Only Greeks, that came originally from countries
from the east part of Europe, visit parks (Alexp. – Code
6.1).
In the mind of the people here, this [The East Thrace
Park in Alexandroupolis] is not a park, this is a
playground space (Alexp. – Code 6.2).
Code 7 - (Site
examples) Relevant
sites in the
respective region,
types of garden
culture
Railway station garden
Alexandroupolis; Ignatia
park Alexandroupolis; Park
of National Independency
Alexandoupolis; historic
site: Cafè house "London"
with rose garden near the
beach in Alexandoupolis;
childrens traffic park;
Egnatia park
Alexandroupolis; "Division
Park" Alexandoupolis;
former Royal garden in
Athens; olive groves around
Makri
There is a certain law for specific parks eg. for the park
of King Otto (in Athens), a king from Bavaria, and who
let built a park, one that looks alike one in Austria. But in
Greece we do not have a tradition for building parks
(Alexp. – Code 6.3).
The garden at the railway station [in Alexandroupolis]
Another park is Ignatia Park – it is located at the end of
the old railway track and near the old slaughter house
(not existing anymore) was situated there. In 1980 the
area was designated as a park area (Giannakidou Code
7.2).
Park of National Independency - used to be the place of
one of the oldest schools (teacher academy) and the jail
In early 1900 a big garden where theatre performances
used to be hold was located near the old pasha
dependence - a place where the high society met
At the beach existed once a coffee shop called “London”
[the place near the old pasha dependence?]. The rich
society met here. Originally it was a huge building with a
(rose) garden in front (Giannakidou Code 7.5).
The childrens traffic park, the park at the natural history
museum, the park at the Hotel Egnatia,… The “Division
Park” (it is about 60 years old). In general all “green
areas” may be called “park” (Alexp. – Code 7.1).
(…) the park of King Otto (in Athens), a king from
Bavaria (Alexp. – Code 7.2)
56
Apulia region
Italy
Key words
Just few ornamental
gardens, mostly areas near
the house and near water
sources were used for
planting citrus or carob
trees and sometimes herbs
(Lombardi – Code 1.1);
commonly were the
plantations of e.g. herbs
and roses around the wells
in monasteries and
sanctuaries (Lombardi –
Code 1.1); from the 19th
century wealthy families
built villas and gardens with
selection of Mediterranean
Code 1 – (Site
plants (Lombardi – Code
concepts) regionally 1.1); 19th century
important artistic or introduction of “exotic” tree
land use tradition,
and shrub species as
that formed typical ornamental species for
sites on site scale
parks, gardens and city
squares, villa comunale
gardens, greened city
square tradition in the 18th
and 19th century, masseria
walled yards
source
Since Apulia is a dry and arid region and water always
has been saved and well-managed, saved by farmers in
rural areas, it is therefore difficult to find in rural areas
gardens just used for aesthetic reasons, just as artistic
areas as you say. [0:53:08] For this reason, just for the
water shortage in Apulia the use of green areas was
done just for Citrus trees or Carob trees – around water
collection points, e. g. tanks or wells they used to grow
this type of trees. The use of garden or just plants simply
for aesthetic reasons was not conceived of. Given the
shortage of water, they tried to use it more beneficially.
They used water and plants to obtain something: Fruits
and herbs et cetera. [0:54:30] Exceptions to this
approach are the cloisters of monasteries and
sanctuaries. In those cases there was a well and around
the well there were plants, e. g. medicinal herbs, which
were also used for curing or for gastronomic reasons.
Some exotic plants like [cameorobes? 54:52] and
ornamental plants like roses. The exception to the
general approach is this example of monasteries.
[0:55:46] Towards the mid-19th Century the noble and
important families of Apulia, of our region, started to
conceive the idea of the garden. They constructed these
villas. [0:56:16] In the outskirts of towns they
constructed these villas and also created gardens, in
which they selected Mediterranean plants which were
suitable for our climate. They just had a few exotic
elements such as palm trees, for example. It is an
example of an intelligent use of suitable plants. [0:56:59]
Of course there was a natural selection, because the
plants which were not suitable for our climate couldn’t
have survived and would have eventually died
Appelshäuser, Kerstin (1994): Die öffentlichen
Grünanlagen im Städtebau Napoleons in Italien als
politische Aussage. Frankfurt, Goethe-Univ.,
Kunstgesch. Inst., Diss.
57
In some areas the three
years crop roatation system
is being reintroduced (slow
food organisation). They
grow wheat, barely and
tomatoes (Longo – Code
2.1); stone based
architectural elements of
the landscape (walls,
houses, sheds, iazzi
(enclosures for animals),
tratturi (flock transfer
routes), masseria farm
houses, trulli …) built of
white “Chianca” stone
(Sansiviero – Code 2.1-2.5);
ancient olive groves with
vegetable beds under their
canopies (Calabrese &
Gaetano – Code 2.1);
fragmented agricultural
lands with many small field
sizes (Calabrese & Gaetano
– Code 2.2); old system:
“trama” olive grove system
Code 2 –
- trees have a wide distance
(Landscape
to one another
(Carbonara&Creanza –
Code 2.1); Apulia is one of
land use tradition,
the biggest producers of
that formed typical
grapes for eating in Europe
sites on landscape
(Carbonara & Creanza –
scale
Code 2.2); grape
plantations are dependent
on the respective soil type
(LaNotte – Code 2.1); Olive
groves, stone based
architecture and landscape
organisation, Slow Food
Organisation activities
brought back tomato,
wheat and barely; pajari
buildings; vallonea oak;
Crop rotation system:
durum wheat – sugar bets –
tomatoes – lupins
Wheat, barley, and tomato, and then again tomato,
wheat and barley, and so on (Longo – Code 2.1).
The two main features characterizing our region are on
one hand so-called “stone-based architecture”, an
architecture which is based on the typical Apulian stone
called “Chianca”, and the second element is vegetation.
As to this stone-based architecture you find here some
examples which are the typical elements, which are the
symbol of Apulia. The so-called “floors” in this local
white stone, known as “Chianca”. I don’t know whether
you know this region or that word.
Then there are the dry stone walls, walls which were
built without any mortar (Sansiviero – Code 2.1).
And then, another typical word is “tratturi”: these were
fixed routes which were limited by stones to transfer
flocks. Animals which were transferred from one region
to the other were called “transumence”, and they
followed these special routes limited by these stones.
They were called “tratturi” (Sansiviero – Code 2.2).
The typical building system is iazzi – a typical dry-stone
enclosure for animals. They were found in front of farm
houses. Farm yards for wheat, where wheat and other
cereals were deposited in these wide areas, which were
always made of this stone (Sansiviero – Code 2.3).
Tanks where they collected rain water are another
typical element. Snow depots, these were just tanks
where they collected and deposited the snow. They
used these tanks just for cooling, so they served as
refrigerators in the summer (Sansiviero- Code 2.4).
farm houses, the typical farm house of Apulia, called
“Masseria” in Italian and Apulian, and Trulli – I think you
also visited them (Sansiviero- Code 2.5).
They started a project of the Ministry of Agriculture
recovering such varieties which are very ancient. And all
along the Apulian coast there are such places where
ancient olive grows. And under the canopies they used
to grow vegetables, all different kinds. Actually they
grow all kinds of vegetables which can be useful for selfconsumption. However, there are some particular
varieties which are very much linked to the territory
It comes from the social organization in the ancient
times, there were the latifondi, large estates, meaning a
system of large farms with people coming from outside
who were landlords of large areas. Then, there were
other farms around of people who were in charge of
conducting and organizing the activities of some part of
these very wide areas. There were people working for
them who after a while could have a small piece of land.
Over the years this lead to a high fragmentation of the
58
territory. Therefore we have a lot of small owners and
you need to work with these people who are many and
each one of them has his own mentality. You have to
unite all these people and try to learn from them and to
teach them how to valorize what they have. It is not
easy anyway, it can become quite tricky (Calabrese &
E.g. if we talk about olive trees, traditionally these were
very big trees standing very far away from one another
with a big space between them. We call it “trama” a
wide distance from one tree to the other. More
industrialized areas try to prefer smaller trees very
narrowly planted (Carbonara&Creanza – Code 2.1).
Also wine production is different, if you make grapes for
eating we are one of the biggest producers in Europe of
grapes for eating. It is the biggest in Italy for sure, but
probably the largest region for eating grapes and we
have a type of production, a way of planting differing
from the traditional one for the production of wine
grapes, which are smaller very low-growing trees,
whereas grapes for eating need to grow higher up and
taller – this roof-production is called “tendon”, tents –
they are covering almost the entire surface of the field.
The traditional production used to have smaller fields
and a pattern of smaller subdivisions. More
industrialized agriculture tends to have bigger fields. It is
almost the same in every country Carbonara&Creanza –
Code 2.2).
This variety (of grape vine) for example is grown on hills,
and the kind of soil is also important, because you know
that in order to have the best color, which is very
important for that variety, and also the [?crispness
14:58] you have to use certain kinds of soil only. They
have to be very rocky and white colored with a high
quantity of lime (LaNotte – Code 2.1).
pajari buildings:
http://www.bridgepugliausa.it/articolo.asp?id_sez=1&id
_cat=33&id_art=3810&lingua=en;
vallonea oak:
http://www.bridgepugliausa.it/articolo.asp?id_sez=1&id
_cat=33&id_art=3796&lingua=en;
crop rotation: Region of Puglia (ed.) (2010): Altlas of
typical Agri-food products of Puglia. 3rd edition,
Liantonio Editrice, Paolo del Colle, p. 114;
Pinto, Domenico; Garofano, Severino; Borri, Nicola
(1993): The land of the olive tree. A food and wine guide
to Apulia. Mario Adda Editore, Bari
59
Five million "ancient" and
now protected olive trees
stand on Apulian ground
(Longo- code 3.1);
altogehter about 60 million
olive trees in Apulia mainly
used for oil production
(Longo – Code 3.2); Ruscus
was the original species
used in historical gardens to
form hedges (Lombardi –
Code 3.1); placing stone
vases with agave plants on
high points of a garden (e.g.
on a wall) is a tradition in
Apulia (Lombardi – Code
3.2); specific olive pruning
techniques of Apulia and
cultivating the grape stocks
in the form of small trees
"the Apulian tree" or
“Albarello” which
resembles to the French
goblet (Lombardi – Code
3.3 & 3.4 - LaNotte – Code
Code 3 – (Regional 3.4); fig tree branches used
garden tradition)
for milk flocculation
regionally important (Lombardi – Code 3.5);
cotton along the dune areas
tradition, that
(Clabrese – Code 3.1); local
clearly is unique for knowledge of the tradition
the region
of growing vine grapes
(LaNotte – Code 3.2); four
or five local varieties of
citrus, cultivation not very
intensive, often for private
use
(LaNotte – Code 3.5); grape
vine stocks, olive groves for
biological oil production
The Apulia region has numbered the oldest
„monuments“, as he calls them, the oldest trees, and we
have five Million trees in Apulia (Longo- code 3.1).
Apulian territory produces 42 % of oil in Italy. With 60
million plants (Longo – Code 3.2).
Just the Ruscus was the original species used (Lombardi
– Code 3.1).
This is a curiosity, a typical element, which is accepted
all over Apulia, is this pot which was constructed and
located on the highest point of the villa, of the garden,
and with the Agave plant, it was there to protect against
bad fate or destiny. The cone of the shadow it created
with its shape was the area protected against bad will.
Because you need a plant which persists without water
Two important traditions would be indicated as olive,
the olive pruning – you have seen how olive is pruned? It
is cut just to cope with the shortage of water. The
pruning was done, was conceived just to meet the
challenge of we now call “water scarcity”. It still exists
and is an Apulian tradition.
Another tradition which is on the decline is the so-called
Apulian tree – which is a form of training of grape vines
The two bottom photos, they indicate this form of
grape-vine training; they are called “Albarello”, which is
Apulian for “small tree”. It is like a small tree, very nice,
and it is really disappearing now (Lombardi – Code 3.4)
Another tradition which was interesting and has been
lost is the use of the fig branch for [word? 1:15:50], for
the production of milk and cheese. This is why many fig
plantations are found. They used the branch of the fig
tree (…) [1:16:18] The milk flocculation. (…) [1:16:22] To
make cheese. (Lombardi – Code 3.5).
They also grow cotton along the dune areas; they grow
cotton, they have the cotton with tomato and are
recovering this kind of tradition (Clabrese – Code 3.1).
The way of how to obtain from the cotton the string
which links together these tomatoes. In this case it is a
cultural activity, a way to recover cultural heritage and in
the meantime a way to valorize two different crops:
Cotton and the tomato (Clabrese – Code 3.2).
We recover some old stone walls rebuild new ones and
even in this case, we try to link this practice that had a
utility for the fauna and for the flora to the local
tradition.
Due to the fact that the area was crossed by ancient
roads, in ancient times, people who lived in Carrovigno
60
the town which is closest to this area, the owners of the
old olive trees in the area used these kinds of roads to
visit the area they filled. We therefore try to rebuild
rubble walls along this track and we use this track as a
hiking path for tourists in the area. It is probably a small
thing but actually people use these kinds of tracks to
visit the area and we also have the possibility to show
something about the history of the area. Another thing
is that we plant some shrubs along the walls. (Calabrese
& Gaetano – Code 3.3).
Yes but especially for the most important local varieties
the cultivation technique is adapted to each of the
varieties. This belongs to the heritage, the local
knowledge and the traditions (LaNotte – Code 3.1 &
6.1).
We can therefore say that also for wine grapes, the
cultivation techniques are adapted to variety but also to
the specific place where they are grown.
This belongs to the local knowledge, the tradition of
growing (LaNotte – Code 3.2).
Yes, because there are different trellis systems, even the
grape is different according to the trellis system, the
pruning system, and so on (La Notte – Code 3.3).
[Technique for producing grape vine in Apulia]
“Albarelli”, yes. We call it “Albarello” but it is the French
Goblet (LaNotte – Code 3.4).
And anyway there is not such a big variability of citrus
here. We have just four or five local varieties, not more.
Because the production of citrus, the traditional
production is especially in the Gargano area. There is a
new area of cultivation but it is very commercial, so they
are using international varieties there, no large citrus
biodiversity there (LaNotte – Code 3.5)
transfer of flocks from one Due to transumence, the transfer of flocks from one
region to another between region to another, between Apulia and Abruzzi and
Apulia and Abruzzi and
Molise, which is northern Apulia, it is common to find
Molise is likely to also have some new elements. So there has been maybe an
exchanged local knowledge exchange of elements, of plants, of species around some
(Lombardi – Code 4.1); it is farm houses for example, he says that he often finds
Code 4 – (Ethnic
likely that in the past many something which is not native to that particular area. It
garden tradition)
plants were introduced by
means that there has been an exchange (Lombardi –
the Arabs in times of
Code 4.1).
occupation (Lombardi tradition, that
Code 4.2); it is very likely
Maybe in the past many plants were introduced by
that some grapes
Arabs, because Apulia and Southern Italy has been
the presence of an
traditional to Apulia (like
invaded and conquered by so many populations. And so
ethnic community
the Baresana) have been
there certainly have been exchanges with these ethnic
aquired from the East/Turks groups (Lombardi - Code 4.2).
and Arabs in the past
(germplasm similarities)
We are sure that a lot of different varieties have
(LaNotte – Code 4.1)
circulated around the Mediterranean. Also for the
Baresana we found e. g. a variety in Greece that has a
61
different name. There it is called “Kollokythas”. We
found on the web and on paper a macro-satellite profile
that is identical. (…) We therefore went to Greece to
look for this variety but probably there are several
Kollokythas also in Greece. We found it but it is
different. (…) But probably, this variety also came from
the East, because some local names are Turquesque,
coming from Turkey. We found also in Albania one
name that is “Stembolescia” “that came from Istanbul”.
We are therefore almost sure (LaNotte – Code 4.1)
“Fiorentino” and
"Fiaschetto" tomatoes of
Torre Guaceto (Longo –
Code 5.1 & 5.3); wheat
“Grano Cappelli” (Longo Code 5.2); Sarracinisco
water melon (Longo – Code
5.5); Ogliarola Salentina
variety of olives (Longo –
Code 5.6); Cellina di Nardo
olive (Longo – Code 5.7);
olive, almond, fig tree, an
early fig called “fiorone”,
prickly pear, carob, oak,
strawberry tree,
pomegranate, Barisana
grapes grown in the area of
Bari, acerola, jujube, and
service tree. These are
really the typical
Code 5 – (Plants)
Mediterranean and Apulian
regionally important ones (Sansiviero – Code 5.1,
typical and/or
Maccia – Code 5.1); Negro
unique plants
amaro and Primitivo wine
grapes (Lombardi - Code
5.2); Rosa canina of Bosco
Difesa Grande has a special
color and it exists only there
Eriobotrya japonica
ancient variety of tomato is
the Pomodoro Regina
(Calabrese & Gaetano –
Code 5.1); artichoke in the
region of Bari “Baratieri”
(Calabrese & Gaetano –
Code 5.2); specific Apulian:
Myrtus tarentinus - a
cultivar of Myrtus
communis (Pollastro –
Code 5.1); Laurus nobilis,
Ceratonia siliqua, Pistacia
lentiscus, Viburnum tinus,
The fiaschetto tomato of Torre Guaceto (Longo – Code
5.1).
(…) so they started with the tomato and then, they end
up also newly producing an old quality of wheat, which is
the wheat “Grano Cappelli” (Longo - Code 5.2).
He is explaining that this tomato was grown here in
Torre Guaceto in an area called “Fiorentino”, the
characteristics of this tomato are also huge for the
water, because the tomato takes the water from the
ground, and it is water with a particular degree of
salinity (Longo – Code 5.3).
In 1952 this new law the land was divided up and
distributed to many farmers.
Fragestellerin [0:52:52] Everyone got a piece of land.
Dolmetscher [0:52:56] This was done by martial law in
1952. [0:53:03] They gave one, two hectare to each
farmer. [0:53:12] At that time the production of this
Fiaschetto tomato started (Longo – Code 5.4).
There is also a water melon. – What is the name of this
water melon? – Sarracinisco (Longo – Code 5.5).
It would also be important to know that here, in Torre
Guaceto, we do have the Ogliarola Salentina variety of
olives (Longo – Code 5.6). Are there other varieties?
Dolmetscher [1:09:31] Cellina di Nardo (Longo – Code
5.7).
The second component of this land area he has
identified, is vegetation. The typical plants and species
which are born here and also symbolize our landscape,
some of them are also a little bit on the decline: Olive,
almond, fig tree, and there is a particular type, the early
fig, called “fiorone” – another Italian word, prickly pear,
carob, oak, strawberry tree, pomegranate,
[Barisema?18:55] grapes, a special type of grape which is
grown in the area of Bari, that is why it is called
“Barisema”, acerola, jujube, and service tree. These are
really the typical Mediterranean and Apulian ones
62
Pinus halepensis, Quercus
ilex, Carob, Chamaerops
humilis, Ceratonea siliqua,
Pinus halepensis (Pollastro
– Code 5.2); especially of
the summer pear we can
find more than 70 local
varieties (LaNotte – Code
5.1); of the fig we now are
having over 100 Apulian
varieties (LaNotte – Code
5.2); Opuntia - it is likely
that they have been
introduced for the fruit and
as windbreakers. (LaNotte –
Code 5.5)“fiaschetto”
tomato of Torre Guaceto,
wheat “Grano Cappelli”,
Sarracinisco melon, T. G.
olives Oliarola Salentino
and Cellina di Nardo,
almond, fig tree, early fig
“fiorone”, prickly pear,
carob, oak, strawberry tree,
pomegranate, “Barisana”
grapes, acerola, jujube,
service tree; almonds &
pistachios; Albicocca di
Galatone; Arancia dolce del
Golf di Taranto; Aspargi
sottólio; Barattiere; Batata
dellágro leccese; Capperi
del Gargano; Capperi in
Salamoia; Capperi
sottáceto; Carciofo
Brindisino; Carciofo di San
Ferdinando di Puglia;
Carosello di Manduria;
Carota di Zapponeta;
Cicerchia; Cicoria allácqua;
Chicoria riccia; Ciliegie di
Puglia; Cima di rapa; Cipolla
di Aquaviva delle Fonti;
Cipolla di Zapponeta;
Fagiolo dei monti dauni
meridionali; Fava di Zollino;
Fave fresche cotto in
Pignatta; Fiorone di Torre
Canne; Fungo cardoncello;
Lampascioni sottólio;
Lenticchia di Altamura;
Mandorla di Toritto; Mela
limoncella dei monti dauni
meridionali; Múgnuli; Oliva
da Mensa `Termite di
Bitetto´; Peranzana da
Mensa di Torremaggiore;
Question: Do you know why the olive was introduced
into Apulia? Answer: The unique fuel, which was
available in the past. Lamp oil. (…) [1:07:40] We have
this huge this huge production, because this region
supplied all of Italy and Europe (with lamp oil) [1:07:51]
The use of oil as food was secondary, was marginal and
negligible in relation to its use as fuel (Lombardi – 5.1).
Baresana grapes and then Negro amaro, e.g., wine
grapes. Primitivo also, so there are typically Apulian
cultivars (Lombardi - Code 5.2).
In the past roses were widely used and it was a very
resistant plant. [1:13:25] Rosa canina is a typical rose
plant which is very widespread in Southern Italy and in
Apulia as well. In the Bosco Difesa Grande he indicated
the example it is one present there. [1:13:48] A particular
cultivar has a special color and it exists only there
The citrus trees are very sensitive to cold temperatures.
They were also introduced in the 16th Century, and they
are found also in populations of five, six or even ten
trees around a water supply point, because they needed
water. The [word? 1:18:09] (Eriobotrya or loquat?) is
another tree, which has been used in the same way.
Neffler: Eriobotrya japonica (Lombardi – Code 5.4).
(…) we have another ancient variety of tomato which is
the Pomodoro Regina (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 5.1).
But going towards Bari there is another area where the
traditional crop is the artichoke (Calabrese & Gaetano –
Code 5.2).
They have different old varieties of artichokes and of
what we call “Baratieri”, which is a kind of …
(…) A cucumber (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 5.3).
Maybe in some other areas, there are some melons in
the Southern part of Apulia, where you could work with
another project. (…) [0:24:10] Nardo is on the Ionian
coast of Salento (Calabrese & Gaetano – Code 5.4).
We have some local rose plant which is Rosa Canina [in
Apulia], we have different ecotypes. (…) We know that
some farmers use it like you put the fruits of Rosa
Canina the rose hips in water. (Calabrese & Gaetano –
Code 5.5).
(Rosa canina) But in this case they used to do this,
because of the vitamin C, I think. They used it against
the flue. But in only some very few places in the North,
in the inner part of Apulia, not along the coast
The area around Bari is specialized for the production of
63
Pisello nano di Zollino;
Pomodorino di Manduria;
Limone femminello del
Gargano
table grapes. This means grapes… (Maccia – Code 5.1).
Almonds are particularly cultivated in the Bari area
(Maccia – Code 5.2).
They have one particular tree species which they
[garden club Taranto] are using as logo, the symbol of
their association. The Garden Club uses this symbol as a
logo. Fragestellerin [0:01:10] What is it?
Dolmetscherin 1 [0:01:13] It is the “myrto”. (…) Myrtus
tarentinus. (…) Cultivar of Myrtus communis (Pollastro –
Code 5.1).
Laurus nobilis. (…) Ceratonia siliqua. Pistacia lentiscus.
Viburnum tinus. Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex (…),
Evergreen Quercus ilex, very important! Carob. (…)
Palma di San Pietro all’Orto Botanico di Padova. (…)
Goethe described a palm tree which stood in the Botanic
Garden of Padua. (…) Chamaerops humilis. (…) These
kinds of palm trees are the only ones which are native of
the area.
(…) This is Ceratonea siliqua or Carob. (…) Pinus
halepensis (Pollastro – Code 5.2).
In public gardens it is possible to see some flower beds
with roses. But we don’t have an expensive cultivation of
roses, so it is not a very typical plant (Pollastro – Code
5.3).
Commonly used ornamental flowers:
False pepper. (…) The Lantana. [0:28:21] It is from the
East, from Thailand. [0:28:28] Its shape recalls the
butterfly. (…) Buddleija, okay. (…) [0:29:04] Tulips. (...)
[0:29:16] Freesias. [0:29:35] Tagetes. [0:30:03] Salvia
splendens. [0:30:06] Carnation. (…) [0:30:16] Salvia
splendens. [0:30:26] Hyacinth.
(…) Generally they are put into the flower bed (Pollastro
– Code 5.4).
(…) especially of the summer pear we can find more
than 70 local varieties (LaNotte – Code 5.1).
And of the fig we now are having over 100 Apulian
varieties (LaNotte – Code 5.2).
Almonds for example: Apulia was a very important
region for Almond production in the past and we grew
Olives and Almonds in the same orchards. Therefore we
have registered more than 200 varieties, but up to now,
we haven’t been able to find half of them. We therefore
are looking for a lot of other germplasm (LaNotte –
Code 5.3).
According to the place where they are grown, for
example, there is a variety called “Baresana”, and it is
very interesting, because it is only cultivated in the
province of Bari. However, in the past it used to have a
64
lot of different names – synonyms. In each town it has a
different name (LaNotte – Code 5.4).
Is it likely that they have been introduced for the fruit?
Mann [0:23:47] Yes, not only for the fruit but sometimes
also as windbreakers. (LaNotte – Code 5.5).
Almonds and Pistachios: Godini, A. ; Palasciano, A. ;
Mariani, R. ; Petrelli, G. F. ; Pacifico, A. ; (2002): The
Amygdalus webbii Spach in Apulia (Southern Italy).
ISHS- International Society for Horticultural Science, in:
ACTA HORTICULTURAE, 591; p. 279-284;
Region of Puglia (ed.) (2010): Altlas of typical Agri-food
products of Puglia. 3rd edition, Liantonio Editrice, Paolo
del Colle
The landscape with ist
traditional landscape
pattern is being recognized
as cultural heritage by the
active farmers (Calabrese &
Gaetano – Code 6.1);
cultivation techniques for
grape wine cultivation are
adapted to each of the
varieties and are seen as
belonging to the heritage
(LaNotte – Code 3.1 & 6.1);
"People of the region take
pride in the beauty of their
surrounding landscapes”
Code 6 –
(Perception)
information given
concerning the
perception of
gardens and garden
heritage
Landscape matters a lot, especially for farmers. It is the
beauty of land they take pride in, and you must know
that this land has suffered much, because these
monuments, these ancient trees, were sometimes also
stolen (Longo – Code 6.1). (Note: It is also adapted to
the salinity of the climate)
If you go on our website you can find a specific section
about an art gallery where we collect all pictures and
paintings about the landscape. One of the things we
discovered during the project is: There are people
coming from the North of Europe, from England or
further countries, they come to Puglia especially to paint
olive trees. Probably this is not exactly related to the
protection of biodiversity or to the landscape but this
kind of activity in a certain way has increased the
number of visitors. People coming from the Institute go
to the European Commission to show with a
photographic slide show the Apulian landscape and
especially the ancient olive orchards, they also present
some bottles of oil coming from the area on which the
coordinates of the place are put. Middle European
people were surprised about the size and are very
interested in this kind of marketing, due to the fact in a
certain way that when buying a bottle of oil, they are
picking up something of the landscape as well. Probably
this could be a way to emphasize the importance of the
landscape. But I don’t know if people who live there
directly pursue this kind of value to the artistic
impression. Frau 2 [0:40:46] From an aesthetic point of
view, I don’t think they have the right perception,
because they have lived there since always and so they
don’t know what is different from them. But when they
go abroad thy miss their land, and so they are very fond
of the tree. Another story is that they know their trees
one by one, they know the shape, they know the
behavior, and sometimes they give names to them. This
is quite important, because if they can avoid excavating
65
one plant they do, and this is the point that we use to
convince them to apply some more traditional and
sustainable practice. Because if they can survive without
uprooting the plants they do it. In fact, usually, before
we came around, they preferred to plant other olive
trees in order to intensify the plant density, instead of
excavating. But now the olive culture is a sector that is
bearing a deep price. Either they are able to reach an
international market or they are going to be a very
different period. That is why we are working from one
side to allow a very high level of market access and on
the other side on the income diversification
characterizing a recovery of the traditional landscape. It
is at least a two-way approach (Calabrese & Gaetano –
Code 6.1).
Code 7 - (Site
examples) Relevant
sites in the
respective region,
types of garden
culture
Difesa Grande Forest with
local subsitence history and
military heritage
(Sansiviero – Code 7.1); Villa
Bonuomo in downtown Bari
at Via Amendola
(Sansiviero – Code 7.2);
Palazzo Bonelli in Barletta
Cimino del Barone Pantaleo
[in Taratnto] (Pollastro 7.1);
Piazza Garibaldi [in
Taratnto](Pollastro – Code
7.2); citrus garden in
Monopoli (LaNotte – Code
7.1); Villa Bonuomo in Bari,
Villa Peripato Taranto
Yes but especially for the most important local varieties
[of grape vine] the cultivation technique is adapted to
each of the varieties. This belongs to the heritage, the
local knowledge and the traditions (LaNotte – Code 3.1
& 6.1).
It is in a hilly area. This one, Difesa Grande, is run by the
municipality of Gallina, so it is not a protected area of
the region. [0:21:53] The site is now one of the largest
and most important forest areas in Apulia. In the past it
used to be a rocket base, so it has indeed a great
historical value, because it is the evidence of the USmilitary policy during the Cold War in the Sixties. In
Apulia there are 14 of these sites in the Apulian and
Basilicata region, they accommodated the rockets’
nuclear heads against Russia. They eliminated and
removed them, and now, this site falls within a site of
importance for the Community established by the
European directive in 1992. Also this year, there have
been fire problems, where 100 hectares were really
burnt. It is a very interesting area with a total surface of
2000 hectares.[0:23:45] According to the first historical
references dating back to the 18th Century, this wood
was used as a source for timber, which is related to the
tradition of charcoal making. Then it was used for sheep
farming and to collect [0:24:07 cords?] for animals. This
had an important value in the economic and social
relations of the time.[0:24:23] This is just a description
of oak plantations: There are three main types of oak –
downy or pubescent oak, Quercus Pubescens, Turkey
oak, Quercus Cerris, and Hungarian or Italian oak,
Quercus Frainetto. These are the three dominant
species (Sansiviero – Code 7.1).
This is the second example he would like to speak about:
It is a historic garden included in Villa Bonuomo, which is
in downtown Bari at Via Amendola. The first historic
references date back to the beginning of the last
century. In the beginning it was a small building, then, in
1882 it already included the two stories which have been
existing until now. It was therefore a private green area,
a private historic garden, which will become public,
66
because it is being sold to the City of Bari, to the
Municipality. It will therefore become a public garden
Palazzo Bonelli in Barletta (Lombardi – Code 7.1).
Cimino del Barone Pantaleo [in Taratnto] (Pollastro 7.1).
Piazza Garibaldi [in Taratnto](Pollastro – Code 7.2).
Just if I may signal that there is a very nice citrus garden
in Monopoli (LaNotte – Code 7.1).
Sibiu region
(Transylvania)
Romania
Key words
Every house in the villages
has had an has a garden
(used mainly for self
subsitence production)
(Tartler -Code 1.1 & De
Maere – Code 1.1); from the
1960s the gardens in cities
disappeared (Tartler – Code
1.2); Transylvanian-Saxon
space organisation in
villages and fields (house
garden, fields with sheds
and orchards around, winegardens), Hungarian and
Code 1 – (Site
Romanian space
concepts) regionally organisation in villages;
land use tradition,
that formed typical
sites on site scale
source
“Es gibt natürlich überall die Selbstversorgergärten. Sie
sind vermutlich der überwiegende Teil der Gärten.
Hübsche Gärten…natürlich sind die auch hübsch, aber
zum überiwegenden Teil geht es in Rumänien um die
Slebstversorgung. Nämlich Gemüsegärten. Vielleicht
gibt es auch Blumengärten, aber der überwiegende Teil
ist einfach Gemüsegärten zur Selbstversorgung” (Tartler
-Code 1.1).
“Aber verändert hat sich das wohl, als dann regelmäßig
Märkte stattfanden in den Städten. Nicht einfach nur
Wochenmärkte, sondern nehmen wir einmal das
Beispiel Herrmannstadt, wo der Markttag am Samstag
ist, seitdem es möglich ist dann mit dem frischen Obst
und Gemüse auch hier (Hambach, der Wohnort Herrn
Tartlers, Anmerkung Autorin) hoch zu kommen. Dies
betrifft die Zeit seit den 1960er Jahren würde ich
annehmen. Und seitdem sind auch die Stadtgärten
langsam verschwunden. Einfach, weil mann alles
bekommen hat auf dem Markt. Und natürlich mit dem
Aufkommen der Supermärkte, neuerdings, hat das
nochmal, hat sich das nochmal ein bisschen verschärft.
Jetzt kommt noch das Argument dazu “ist ja viel
billiger”. Weil man diese Arbeit nicht hat. Jetzt kommen,
nach ca. zehn Jahren, die Leute auch darauf, dass die
Sachen gar nicht schmecken. Und haben ein riesen
Problem damit. Bei Tomaten, da dreht es sich jetzt
wieder um, ja eben weil sie gemerkt haben, man kriegt
diese schönen dicken Fleischtomaten, die süß und saftig
waren und sind, die gibt es halt nicht im Supermarkt”
Jeder sächsische Bauer hat einen …(?) Garten gehabt
(De Maere – Code 1.1).
67
wine terraced valleys
(Schaas 2.1), (today
degraded, Schaas 2.5),
fields enriched by sheds
surrounded by orachrds
(Schaas, 2.4 & Tartler –
Code 2.1) (reallocated
landscape pattern after
1910, Schaas 2.3); village
houses with gardens behind
(Hansen – Code 2.1); few
cereal fields due to boar
difficulty (Hansen – Code
2.2); historic concept:
buffer zones between
woodlands and arable land
to protect fields from boars
(Hansen – Code 2.3); cherry
trees in the region of
Cisnădioara (Hansen - Code
2.4); narrow-gauge railway
in the Harbachtal (Cotaru –
Code 2.1); TransylvanianSaxon cultural landscape
organisation with typical
Code 2 –
elements and strip farming
(Landscape
pattern, Romanian pasture
landscapes around Sibiu;
Saxon Village Preserves
land use tradition,
that formed typical
sites on landscape
scale
Saxon garden tradition – cultivation of wine/terraced
south sides of valleys
„Haupteinkommen von Reichersdorf, der Weinbau. Alle
Berge waren mit Wein bepflanzt. Wir waren so stolz auf
unseren Wein, dass wir fast glaubten, der Reichersdorfer
Wein könnte sich mit dem Tokaijer messen. Oder, wenn
nicht noch…so stolz unser Wein. Wir haben jenseits
diesem Berg vier, fünf (!), Täler die hinuntergehen, alle
in einer Seite der Sonne zugewandt. Und alles war mit
Wein bebaut“ (Schaas - Code 2.1).
Saxon cultural landscape: after 1910 – sheds surrounded
by orachards
„Auf dem Feld wurde überall, wenn jemand, so sagen
wir, fünf oder sechs Hektar Boden zusammen hatte,
machte er sich dort einen kleinen Schopfen, dass er das
Vieh unterstellen konnte, dort. Und um diese hatte jeder
ein kleinen Obstgarten. Das gab es nur in Reicherdsdorf“
(Schaas – Code 2.4).
Saxon cultural landscape: loss of structures
„Und dann, in zwei Wintern, haben unsere Mitbewohner
es geschafft alle Betonpflöcke für Spalier und Draht,
alles zusammen und zu einem alten Eisen. Mit, sie
gingen und schlugen den ganzen Winter mit den
Hämmern, und holten das Armiereisen aus den
Betonpflöcken heraus, damit sie ein Geld machen. Ist
alles weg. Nur noch Scharte, und nichts anderes“
(Schaas –Code 2.5).
“Sogar ganz alte Bäume mit ungefähr hundert Jahren.
Doch irgandwann, so als die Kommunisten an die Macht
kamen, sind so in den fünfziger Jahren, ab dann ist das
Sortiment, da wurden die privaten Baumschulen
verboten, na gut, vielleicht nicht explizit verboten, aber
sie sollten es dann kollektiv machen, naja und dann
wurden die eben angestellt in der staatlichen
Baumschule und dann wurde denen eben diktiert, was
sie eben weitermachen. Was für Sorten sie vermehren,
was für Unterlagen. Und das hat dann eben dazu
gefürht, dass in den 1960er Jahren die stark wachsenden
Unterlagen fast verschwunden sind. D.h. ab den 1950er
60er Jahren, seitdem gibt es keine Stark wachsenden
Unterlagen mehr. Wenn man jetzt durch die Landschaft
fährt kann man das gut erkennen. Man sieht uralte
große Bäume und dann kleinere Bäume die maximal 30
Jahre alt sind. Aber dazwischen ist eine Lücke. Und dann
so vor ca. 20 Jahren, nach der Revolution, sind dann
private Baumschulen aufgetaucht, die angefangen
haben wieder starkwüchsige Unterlagen anzubauen.
Aber sehr wenige, weniger als 1% der Anbieter. Und
dann hieß es bei den Leuten immer “ja das geht bei uns
nicht, Quitten gehen bei uns nicht, oder Birnen wachsen
hier nicht”. Und warum geht das nicht? Ja weil Birne auf
Quitte, klar das geht, aber wenn man die nicht ständing
hackt, wird das nichts” (Tartler – Code 2.1).
68
„Man hat hinter seinem Haus einen Garten, und dann
weiter weg noch ein Feld. Hinter dem Haus sind
(Legoma? Und Saravato?). Man hat Zwiebeln, Möhren,
Salat, Spinat, Knoblauch, Bohnen. (…) Die Kürbisse sind
zwischen dem Mais auf den Feldern weiter weg. Mais ist
auch nicht beim Haus, sondern weiter weg“ (Hansen –
Code 2.1).
„Und es existiert hier ein ganz seltsames Problem im
Land, dass kein Getreide angebaut wird, weil die
Wildschweine das zerstören und auffressen, während im
Mais, wenn der mal höher ist, da muss nur am Anfang
ein bisschen aufgepasst werden. Sobald der höher ist,
gehen da die Wildschweine nicht mehr rein“ (Hansen –
Code 2.2).
"Die Kommunisten hatten auch eine Pufferzone. Es gab
Wald, und dann kam diese Pufferzone, wo für die
Wildschweine angebaut wurde, damit sie nicht weiter
kamen. Es gibt nicht mehr Wildschweine als früher. Nur,
diese Pufferzonen gibt es nicht mehr. Und die Schweine
kommen nun auch ganz nah an die Dörfer. Da gibt es
noch zu Fressen für die Schweine” (Hansen – Code 2.3).
“Ja, da hat man in (0:43:43) Tsisnadiora die Kirsche. Dort
ist Kirschentradition” (Hansen - Code 2.4).
“Die Wusch [eine historische Schmalspurbahnstrecke,
die zwischen Sibiu and Agneteln durch das Harbachtal
fürht] ist ein Identitätsstiftendes Ding für ALLE im
Harbachtal. Alles andere ist ja mehr oder weniger
Ethnisch determiniert. Die Wusch – damit sind
erinnerungen, erzählungen verbunden. Das ist sichtbar.
Wenn sie fährt, dann bewegt sich was, dann tut sich
was. Als sie verschrottet werden sollte, 2006, haben
innerhalb von 2 wochen über 5000 leute unterzeichnet.
Leute, die sich sonst nicht seh rbewegen wollen, die
nicht ihre Meinung sagen wollen. Und da sind 2 Leute
rumgegangen, die Unterschriften gesammtel haben und
haben in 2 wochen über 5000 Unterschriften
gesammelt. Also eine sehr hohe sensibilität nach 11
Jahren Stillstand! (Cotaru – Code 2.1).
http://www.mihaieminescutrust.org/content/nd_standa
rd.asp?n=117 (30.5.2012)
69
Vegetable seed production
by villagers (Tartler, Code
3.1); around Bistritz: Apple
and fruit tree tradition every pastors garden has
preserved fruit trees
(Tartler – Code 3.2);
Mulberry trees in
Transylvania as a relict of
attempts to silk production
after the World War II
(Tartler – Code 3.3); wine
cultivation by the Saxons wine terraces along the
valley slopes (Feyer – Code
3.1); trimmed linden trees
(Feyer – Code 3.2); Paeonia
very many gardens (Feyer –
Code 3.3); Pastors gardens,
music and dance places
garden tradition)
tradition, that
the region
“Man macht sich halt eben da das eigene Saatgut. Das
geht bei Tomaten recht einfach, da muss man auf nichts
achten. Oder wenig. Und das wird einfach weiter
benutzt. Und dann gibt es halt so Leute im Dorf, in
jedem Dorf so ein zwei Leute, die ziehen Jungpflanzen.
Und die haben dann eben ihre Sorten. Der eine im Dorf
hat eben diese Sorte und er vermrht die, und der andere
jene” (Tartler, Code 3.1).
“Die Gegend um Bistritz, wo es ein bisschen kühler ist,
war das insbesondere interessant [für die Apfel- und
Obstbaukultur], da dort kein guter Wein wuchs. Das
ging zwanzig Jahre sehr gut, doch mit den Kriegen hat
das dann auch wieder nachgelassen. Deshalb ist die
Obstbaukultur in der Bistritzer Gegend viel mehr
entwickelt. Hier gibt es zumindest keinen Pfarrgarten
der keinen Obstbaum hatte. Diese waren groß genug
um hier Obst zu bauen, da er zum Teil seinen Unterhalt
auch selbst erwirtschaften musste. Die Pfarrer hatten
natürlich auch die Aufgabe gehabt Kulturtechniken,
zusammen mit dem Lehrer, zu vermitteln” (Tartler –
Code 3.2).
Mulberry trees in Transylvania for silk production
“Den Seidenbau haben aber die Kommunisten erst hier
im großen Stil gebracht. Davor war es höchstens
Nebenerwerb. Das wurde dann auch über kollektives
Wirtschaften gefördert. Aber auch vorher wurden
Maulbeeren angepflanzt. Die sieht man heute noch als
Solitärbäume, die sind alt, nicht nur 40 Jahre. Insgesamt
ist man bei dem geblieben, das gut ging” (Tartler – Code
3.3).
Vor dem 2. Weltkrieg ganz intensive Weinbergnutzung.
Auch Brukenthal hatte viele Weinberge hier. Auch heute
findet sich noch in jedem Privatgarten eine Weinlaube.
Selbst gekeltert. Auch historisch belegt sind die
Nussbäume. Jeder Pfarrgartne. Alleen. Auch der
Nusskuchen ist eine spezialität hier (Feyer – Code 3.1).
Traditionell ist der Lindenbaum, laudauf-und landab zu
finden. Wurde streng geschnitten. Sozusagen
kopflinden. War weniger Landnutzung sondern aus
gestalterischen Konzepten (Feyer – Code 3.2).
Pfingsrose. Aber Name weiß ich nicht. In alten
Privatgärten gibt es sie überall. Rosen wenige. Lilien
sind in vielen Gärten zu finden. Es gibt Pflanzlisten, von
den Pflanzen hier und von jenen von Brukentals
Stadthaus. Aber daraus ableiten auf das was heute
gepflanzt wird… eher nicht. Alles ging eher auf
Nutzpflanzen. Von den Sachsen eingeführt. Rabarber,
Schnittlauch, (Feyer – Code 3.3).
Mileea, Andrea (2011): Historical Gardens in
Transylvania.Phd-study, Babeş - Bolyai University of
Cluj-Napoca, p. 7
70
Code 4 – (Ethnic
garden tradition)
tradition, that
the presence of an
ethnic community
Village organisation –
streets planted with fruit
trees (Tartler – Code 4.3);
historic tradition by the
Saxons: community or
village tree nurseries
marriage tree planting
tradition by the Saxons
(Tartler – Code 4.4); Saxon
slef-supply house gardens
(Schaas - Code 4.1a & b and
Code 4.3); Saxon garden
tradition – wine cultivation
(Schaas – Code 4.2);
Zisterzienser – origin of
Burgunder wine in
Transsilvania (Schaas –
Code 4.4 & Code 4.5); fruit
tree cultivation by the
Saxons (Tartler – Code 4.2);
Pasture landscapes around
Sibiu/Hermannstadt (ro),
wine production in Tarnave
and Jidvej regions
„Sie sehen ja auch, die Siebenbürgischen Dörfer hatten
früher alle links und rechts der Straße Obstbäume.
Überwiegend Apfel, Birnen weniger, ja und ein paar
Pflaumen. Pflaumen haben hauptsächlich die Rumänen
mitgebracht, denke ich mal“ (Tartler – Code 4.3).
„Ja, die Obsttradition hier in Siebenbürgen war sehr
stark früher“ (Tartler – Code 4.2)
„Von der Schule her gab es in fast jeder Gemeinde eine
Baumschule, die „Schulbaumschule“ oder
„Gemeindebaumschule“ um die Techniken der Anzucht
und Veredelung und Pflege zu vermitteln. Sie wurden
meistens von der Schule bewirtschaftet. Und diese
Schule, da wurde dann veredelt, die Unterlagen wurden
angezogen, Unterlagen aus dem Wald geholt, und
weiter entwickelt bis sie veredelbar waren. Die so
erzeugten Bäume fanden dann Einsatz im Pfarrhof, auf
dem Gemeindeland, entlang der Straßenränder zu
Pflanzen oder auch die Pflicht eines jeden Mannes zur
Pflanzung eines Obst-Baumes bei der Eheschließung
nachzukommen. Diese Gemeindebaumschulen wurden
unter den Kommunisten dann aufgelöst“ (Tartler – Code
4.4).
„In Reichersdorf waren alle Frauen Gärtnerinnen. Es gab
keinen Laden wo man eine Tomate oder eine Gurke
oder einen Kohlkopf kaufen konnte. Also waren unsere
Frauen sehr spezialisiert im Gartenbau“ (Schaas - Code
4.1a)
„Also es wurde hier eigentlich gar nichts gekauft, außer
dem Pflug, Nägel und hier und da noch ein kleines
Würfelchen Zucker. Alles gab es im Laden nicht. Dass
man Brot kaufte oder Kartoffeln kaufte, oder Gurken,
das wär ja eine Schande gewesen. Darum meine ich
unsere Frauen waren alle Gärtnerinnen. Wir ein bisschen
weniger, so die Männer, doch das müssen wir ihnen
verzeihen“ (Schaas, Code 4.1b).
„Also der Aast-Wein war der berühmteste bei uns. War
aber ein bisschen schwach erträglich. Und dann hat man
Gornesch. Ist eine ganz kräftige, saftige, mit dicken
Beeren, Trauben. Sagte man, von einem GorneschStock, konnte man ein Eimer Trauben lesen. Und dann
hat man diese beiden gekreuzt. Gornesch und Aast gab
den „Königsaast“ (Schaas – Code 5.3). Der wurde bei uns
am allerbesten erträglich und geschätzt. Könisgaast war
eigentlich, wer nur konnte hatte ihn in seinem, aber es
wurden nie Sorten separat gemacht. Das hat sich nur
ganz spät, hatte dann einer ein Ruhländer-Wein-Garten,
wo ich weiß, dass es wirklich nur Ruhländer waren, ein
anderer hatte Neuburger, so eine Tafel. Aber das war
sehr selten, weil (13:25) wieder nur meine Meinung, weil,
die Sorten nicht jedes Jahr leicht raten. Und wenn einer
so einen Sorten-Weingarten hatte und in dem Jahr eben
schwach geriet, dann wurde er in einem anderen Jahr.
71
So haben wir alle diese edlen Sorten immer zusammen
gelesen und einen Siebenbürger, einen Reichersdorfer
Wein daraus gemacht“ (Schaas – Code 4.2).
„Also bitte, was der Gartenbau bei uns…(24.00) zum
Beispiel Sauerkraut, sauer Gurken, Tomatensaft, das
alles, äh, Zwiebeln, äh, Knoblauch, Redner, schwarzer
Rettich, für den Winter, wir hatten alles, also, man ging
nirgends und bat um etwas. Dafür waren meistens die
Frauen zuständig. Und sie waren auch stolz auf dieses
Haben“ (Schaas – Code 4.3)
Zisterzienser – origin of Burgunder wine in Transsilvania
Inhaltswiedergabe: Die Kerzer Sage: In Kerz weiß man,
dass die Zisterzienser Mönche die Burgunderrebe von
Frankreich mitbrachten, und sie irgendwo hier
akklimatisierten, und so viel Erfolg hatten, dass die so
viel erzeugten, dass jeder Mönch in sein
Tagesprogramm einen halben Liter Wein trinken
musste… (Schaas – Code 4.4)
„Die Burgunderrebe, wir heißen den Ruhländer, den
Grauen Burgunder. Ich bin der Überzeugung, dass die
Zisterzienser diese in das Kockeltal gebracht haben. Sie
haben schon dieses Tal entdeckt und den Wein
hergebracht“ (Meinung des Herrn Schaas). (Schaas –
Code 4.5);
rd.asp?n=117 (30.5.2012)
72
Autumn spinach, scallions,
garden radish, cabbage,
leek, tomatoes, eggeplants,
sweet pepper, chillies,
cucumber, beans, potatoes
(Tartler – Code 5.3); "water
onion from Turda",
eggplant species (e.g.
“Danubiana” ) from the
region of Kronstadt,
Herrmanstadt, Schäßburg,
Mediasch, Transylvanian
garlic (Tartler – Code 5.4);
apples, pears, plums,
cherries, peaches and
apricots, Kockeltaler
apricots with very small
fruits, vineyard peaches,
mulberries, currant (Tartler
– Code 5.5); green peas,
yellow beans (Hansen –
Code 5.4); white and black
radish (Hansen - Code 5.6);
eggplants (Hansen - Code
5.8); hemp (Hansen – Code
5.9); flax around Görz
(Hansen – Code 5.10);
Code 5 – (Plants)
aspargus (Hansen - Code
5.11); just in traditional
typical and/or
villages: oat, bareley, wheat
unique plants
parsnips (Hansen – Code
5.17); young in culture:
potatoes (Hansen – Code
5.18); Einkorn wheat
(Triticum monococcum)
(Budrala – Code 5.3);
Cucumber from
Lugoj/Lugosch (Budrala –
Code 5.6); Cabbage from
Bungat (disappeared)
(Budrala – Code 5.7); poinc
and patul apples (Budrala –
Code 5.8); tarragon
Transylvanian sweet
tomatos (Tartler – Code 5.2
& Hansen – Code 5.1); vine:
Fetească Albă (Schaas –
Code 5.1); vine: Ruländer,
Rieselig (Schaas – Code
5.2); Fetească Regală
(Königsast) (Schaas – Code
5.3); Pölsapfel, Edelapfel,
Pölsappel, Knotschappel,
Jonathan, Quittenappel,
Weißopfel (Schaas - Code
„Im Frühjahr geht es eigentlich mit Spinat los. Also
Herbstspinat, das ist so die erste Sache die Kommt.
Dann Frühlingszwiebeln, Radieschen, Salat, wobei jetzt
in Rumänien nur im Frühjahr angebaut wird. Die
Rumänen sind keine Salatesser. Es wird auch Salatsuppe
gemacht. Und dann kommen eben die klassischen
Gemüsearten. Kohl wird viel angebaut, Porre relative
wenig, Tomaten Auberginen Paprika, Peperoni, Gurken
natürlich ganz wichtig. Bohnen sind auch sehr wichtig.
Alles eigentlich, was man auch einlegen kann. Im August
geht das los, und dann wird hier die Auberginen
(unverständlich). Das sind hier die wichtigen Sachen.
Kartoffeln natürlich auch“ (Tartler – Code 5.3).
„Es gibt zum Beispiel [im Kontext einzigartige Pflanzen
der Region] so Zwiebelsorten. Eine längliche Zwiebel
aus der Gegend um Turda. Sie heißt auch
Wasserzwiebel, eine sehr süße Zwiebel, die nicht sehr
scharf ist. Die kann auch so beißen. Und es gibt
Auberginensorten die hier sehr …aber das ist auch eher
auf Siebenbürgen, auf´s engere Siebenbürgen,
Kronstadt, Herrmanstadt, Schäßburg, Mediasch, dieser
engere Kreis. Da gibt es einige Auberginensorten, die
hier auch gedeihen. Oder gedihen! Inzwischen gibt es
eben auch Hybridsorten, die sind dreimal so groß, die
haben das andere Saatgut ein bisschen verdrängt.
“Danubiana” zum Beispiel ist eine Sorte, die (das muss
eine Uralte Sorte sein), die lang ist und ein bisschen
krumm, verjüngt sich am ende. Die ist nicht so dick, nur
ungefähr so (zeigt per Hand ein Maß an), ist eine Sorte,
die geht überall. Mit den neueren Hybridsorten, die
werden einfach größer… Aber die alten werden schon
noch Angebaut. Es gibt wor allem noch alte, in
abgelegenen Gegenden, die werden nicht extra in die
nächste Stadt fahren, um sich das neue Hybridsaatgut
zu besorgen. Das machen die einfach nicht. Die
benutzen eben ihre alten Sorten. Und es gibt sicherlich
auch noch mehr! Knoblauch zum Beispiel! Den
Siebenbürgischen Knoblauch. Den gibt es, der ist…Das
ist ein Knoblauch, den pflanzt man im Frühjahr, und der
ist sehr sehr lange haltbar. Der wird nicht sehr groß. Die
Knolle ist relative klein, ist für kommerzielle Zwecke zu
klein. Aber sie hat einen sehr intensive GEschnack und
ist sehr gut lagerfähig. Und das funktiniert eben, wenn
man den im Februar, März steckt. Es gibt natürlich auch
Sorten aus dem Alt, also aus der Walahchei, aus dem
Süden, die kommen dann immer hier hoch, und aus dem
Osten. Moldowa ist ja auch so ein Spezialist für
Knoblauchsorten. Die haben eben auch Sorten, die man
im Herbst steckt. Hat sich aber hier nicht durchgesetzt,
weil die siind nicht so gut lagerfähig. Die Leute hier siind
gewöhnt, die Stecken im Frühjahr ZWiebeln und dann
halt das auch bis in das nächste Frühjahr. Und diesen
Knoblauch, den steckt man im Herbst und dann muss er
bis Weihnachten weg. Und wieder neuen gesteckt
haben. Ist ein bisschen anderes System. Hat vielleicht
auch mit den härteren Wintern hier zu tun. Der
73
5.4); Maaßapfel (Schaas Code 5.5); five varieties of
the apple "Batull": red,
green, yellow, striped and
another, "Poinic",
„Schovary“, „Paris Apfel“,
„Blauapfel“, „Gelbapfel“,
„Erdbeer- oder
Himbeerapfel“ der kam aus
Mada im Westgebirge
(Tartler – Code 5.5); with
the railway came:
„Baumanns Renette“,
"Kanadarenette“, Boskop,
Neupamene, Goldpamene,
Cox-Orange (Tartler – 5.6);
plums: Maatsch and
Bistrizer plum (Schaas –
Code 5.6); quinces (very
small variety) (Schaas Code 5.7); pear „Bockbirre“
(Schaas – Code 5.8); herbal
use: "Gotschi"- a
Rhododendron species
(Hansen – Code 5.16 &
Budrala – Code 5.1); nut
trees (Schaas – Code 5.10 &
Hansen – Code 5.7);
gooseberries (Schaas –
Code 5.11); paeonias
(Schaas – Code 5.12);
hyacinths (Schaas – Code
5.13); Dahlias and Gladiolus
calendula (herbal use)
(Hansen – Code 5.3); many
roses (Hansen – Code 5.15);
Transylvanian garlic,
Transylvanian tomato,
Paeonia; more wine:
Frâncuşă, Fetească Albă,
Tămâioasă, Fetească
Neagră, Băbească
(Siebenbürgische Knoblauch) hat sich auch erhalten. Er
hat sich nicht verkreuzt mit zum Beispiel chinesischem
Knoblauch, der rein gekommen ist. Natürlich auch bei
Kohl gibt es auch, die Rumänen sagen immer nur “De
Vadde”, also Sommerkohl, aber das sind natürlich auch
bestimmte Sorten. Auf dem Markt wissen die Leute
meist aber leider die Namen der angebauten Sorten
nicht“ (Tartler – Code 5.4).
“Apfel, Birnen, Pflaumen, Kirschen, im Weingebiet
Pfirsich und Apfrikosen, Kockeltaler Apfrikosen, die
haben nur sehr kleine Früchte. Sortenecht.
Weinbergspfirsich. Die leben aber nur kurz, fünf bis
sechs Jahre. Johannisbeeren, Maulbeeren waren auch
gern gesehen” (Tartler – Code 5.5).
Und Gurken auch. Grüne Erbsen hat man auch. Und die
Bohnen hier sind meistens gelb. Das finde ich immer so
komisch, denn bei uns sind die alle grün (Hansen – Code
5.4).
„Und Rettich: schwarzer und weißer. Kennst du
schwarzen Rettich? Übles Zeug. Aber das bauen sie hier
alle an. Richtig scharf“ (Hansen - Code 5.6)
„Auberginen! Das ist sehr wichtig“ (Hansen - Code 5.8).
„Denn Hanf war sehr praktisch. Es wurde für Textilien
angebaut, aber auch zum Anbinden von Weinreben
benutzt. Wer hat mir denn das erzählt? Willi nicht. Aber
jeder Haushalt hatte ein Stückchen Hanf, denn daraus
wurde Schnur und Tau gemacht. Das braucht man
einfach“ (Hansen – Code 5.9).
„Und ich habe vor Kurzem erfahren, dass in (Görza?)
Flachs angebaut wurde. Aber ich weiß nicht, ob das
kommunistisch war. Da gab es eine Flachsverarbeitung.
Aber Flachs wächst ja auch wild. Den gibt es hier auch
wild“ (Hansen – Code 5.10).
„Auch Spargel gibt es wild hier“ (Hansen 5.11).
„Getreide wird immer weniger. Und nur noch in
traditionellen Dörfern, da gibt es dann Gerste und Hafer.
Hafer ist immer weniger, und Weizen“ (Hansen – Code
5.12).
“Was es hier auch noch ziemlich viel gibt, ist diese
Pastinake” (Hansen – Code 5.17).
„Die Kartoffel wurde hier relativ spät eingeführt, weil ich
weiß, dass Brukenthal auf dem Gebiet ein Pionier war
und die Kartoffel einführen wollte. Der hatte natürlich
seine Kontakte nach Wien, auch Kontakte nach
Übersee, nach Amerika, und da war die Kartoffel schon
bekannt in Wien. Und die Bauern haben das hier nicht
akzeptiert. Also seinerzeit wurde das nicht anerkannt,
74
die Kartoffel. Das war um 1800 rum. Und erst 30, 50
Jahre später haben sie angefangen, hier Kartoffeln
anzubauen. Also die sind relativ jung“ (Hansen – Code
5.18).
(…) cereales from this region like Alac (Triticum
monococcum) (Budrala – Code 5.3).
Gabbage (Salat) (Budrala – Code 5.4).
Cucumber from Lugash (Budrala – Code 5.6).
Cabbage from Bungat also dissapeared (Budrala – Code
5.7).
There were some types of appel, Poinc. Patul. They
dissapeared also (Budrala – Code 5.8).
Kräuter
„Estragon ist sehr wichtig. Jedes Haus hat Estragon in
Suppen“ (Hansen – Code 5.5).
Tomaten
Jedes Haus hat Tomaten glaube ich (Tartler – Code 5.1).
Schon, es gibt verschiedene Sorten [Tomaten], die es
hier gibt. Aber überwiegend werden süße
Fleischtomaten angebaut. Ich denke, 70 % der
Tomatensorten, die angebaut werden, die, ich weiß
jetzt nicht wie die heißt, das sind so große fleischige
superleckere, wirklich gute Tomaten (Tartler – Code
5.2).
“Es gibt bei den Tomaten eine ganz dicke, ich weiß nicht
mehr, wie die heißt. Die Farbe ist auch eher rosa, nicht
so tomatenrot. (…) Die hat keinen Namen. Das ist
einfach die Fleischtomate, die hier angebaut wird. Die
ist so faltig und dick” (Hansen – Code 5.1).
Wein
„Was es, ich habe ein bisschen durch-studiert…die
Mädchentraube! „Pheteaphka albe“, heisst sie in
Rumänisch“ (Schaas – Code 5.1) = Fetească Albă
(deutsch: Weiße Mädchentraube)
Mädchentraube, bei uns „Aast“ genannt. Ne, Aast. Dann
hatten wir „Uschtatov dannel“, Rieselig italian,
Italienischer weisser Riesling. Äh, „Gornesch“, äh, sag
ich Reiburger, Ruhländer, Burgunder, das waren so
(Schaas – Code 5.2).
Gornesch und Aast gab den „Königsaast“ (Schaas –
Code 5.3). = Fetească Regală (Königsast)
Apfelsorten
75
Es war der Pölsapfel, Edelapfel, veredelte Apfel.
Pölsappel hier er. Es gab den Knotschappel. Das war ein
kleiner, flacher. (19.30) Die Rumänen heißen sie
„Popescht“. Also der Fallapfel. Ja, also in deutsch. Da
hatten wir den Jonathan. Der ist nur ganz spät
gekommen. Der Jonathan kam ganz spät. Aber es gab
da noch den Quittenappel, Apfel. Alle solche al, ganz
alten Benennungen. Später wurde dann, äh, äh, der
weiße, (20.00) und der hat keinen richtigen deutschen
Namen. Wir hießen ihn Weißopfel (Schaas - Code 5.4).
Wir hatten als ganz frühe Sorte den Maaßapfel. War nur
ein ganz kleiner Apfel. Am Stiel hatte er immer ein
Näßchen. Ja, der war dann, schon so, was soll ich Ihnen
sagen? Ende Juni, da war der schon reif (Schaas - Code
5.5).
„Bis um die Jahrhundertwende waren eben Sorten
„Batull“ der Grüne Batull zum Beispiel. Es gibt fünf
verschiedene Sorten des Batull: den Roten, den Grünen,
den Gelben, den Gestreiften und noch einen. Die
Hauotsorte ist der Gelbe. Das ist der Klassiker, und dann
gibt es noch den Grünen, der ist noch besser eigentlich.
Und diese beiden sind am weitesten verbreitet. Das ist
der Hauptapfel für Siebenbürgen. Und dann kommt der
„Poinic“. Das ist ein Herbst-/Winterapfel, aber nicht so
winter. Ein große Apfel, ein Massenträger. Ein echter
Nutzapfel. Batull ist eher ein Tafelapfel. Der Poinic eher
ein Nutzapfel zum einmachen, Essig machen, Tirefutter,
Saft… der ist haltbar. Früher hat man auch viele Äpfel
gekocht hier. Dann gibt es noch den „Schovary“, „Paris
Apfel“, „Blauapfel“, das sind so spezielle
siebenbürgische Bezeichnungen. „Gelbapfel“. Es gibt
auch viele Sorten, die sind aus dem Westgebirge hier
reingekommen. Da haben die Sachsen dem eben einen
Sächsischen Namen gegeben. Z.B. „Erdbeer- oder
Himbeerapfel“ der kam aus Mada im Westgebirge.
Diese Bewegung gab es übrigens auch umgekehrt. Zum
Beispiel der Posapfel. Pos heißt auf Sächsisch veredeln,
also posen. Und vermutlich ist das eine der Uraltsorten
die hier veredelt wurden. Und in der Marginimea Sibiului
gibt es diesen Apfel auch. Dort heißt er „Mere Posac“,
also Posapfel. Apfel aus Mada ist ein anderes Beispiel.
Historisch sind die Obstsorten vermutlich mit der
Einführung des Weines hierher gekommen“ (Tartler –
Code 5.5).
„Die Veredelung von Obstbäumen hat man ja erst viel
später begonnen als den Weinanbau. Und die Sachsen
haben dann so vielleicht Sorten nachbekommen. Und in
dem Moment, wo sie die Möglichkeiten hatten, haben
sie auch lokale Findlinge genommen und veredelt und
damit erhalten. Und dann gabe es eine Invasion nach der
Jahrundertwende sind dann Sorten hier aufgetaucht, die
im Westen sehr beliebt waren. Mit der Eisenbahn sind
diese gekommen. Da kamen dann „Baumanns Renette“,
76
„Kanadarenette“, Boskop, Neupamene, Goldpamene,
Cox-Orange, die ganzen Klassiker. Heute die klassischen
Streuobstsorten im Westen. Diese Sorten haben dann
die alten Sorten ein bisschen verdrängt. Und da man die
alten Sorten im Westen nicht gut verkaufen konnte, in
Wien, haben die neuen Sorten einen Aufschwung erlebt.
Es wurde exportiert“ (Tartler – 5.6).
Pflaumen
Wir hatten die Maatsch. Das ist eine dicke, runde
Pflaume. Löst sich nicht von dem Kern. Ist aber sehr sehr
sehr süß. Und für Schnaps sehr geeignet. War vielleicht
auch ein Grund? Dann haben wir die Bistrizer Pflaume.
Die löst sich. Die ist dann für Muß und solches, sehr. Bei
uns wurde Pflaumenmuß gebraten, mit ein wenig, oder
fast gar keinen Zucker. Aber so lange gebraten, bis er
(21:35) oben eine Kruste bildete. Der Kater musste sich
auf diese Kruste legen können, ohne zu versinken. (ha,
ha) (Schaas – Code 5.6)
Quitten
Quitten wurden bei uns. Diese ganz normale Quitte.
Nicht diese dicke. Es waren ganz kleine, aber sehr, sehr
kräftig an Aroma (Schaas – Code 5.7).
Birnen
Birnen. Auch alle haben Sorten… eine von diesen:
„Bockbirre“ (23:25). Das heißt, die Birne, die gebacken
wurde (Schaas – Code 5.8).
Plants unique for the region
Der Wein. Diese Königstraube… (Schaas - Code 5.9)
(Kreuzung aus Aast x Gornesch).
“Ja: das ist der Rhododendron (Gotschi?), das
Alpenröschen, aber das, was es hier gibt. Das wird
gesammelt und ist ein Heilkraut, ich glaube, für
Herzkrankheiten. Weißt du das? Es blüht jetzt gerade”
(Hansen – Code 5.16).
There are some Rhododendron flowers. Wild. In 15ths of
August, the Rhododedron…(?) (he dosn’t go on
speaking) (Budrala – Code 5.1).
Also the fir tree (pinus mugo). Sirup (Budrala – Code
5.2).
Nüsse
Nüsse (Schaas – Code 5.10).
“Ich glaube, jedes Haus hat einen Nussbaum” (Hansen –
Code 5.7)
Beerenobst
Die Stachelbeere, war bei uns. Und die Johannisbeere.
Wurde in den Gärten, pflanzte man so was an. Die
77
Stachelbeeren und, wer wer wer, Himbeere war auch,
aber nicht so, so. Aber Johannisbeeren und
Stachelbeeren hatten wir überall. (Schaas – Code 5.11)
Zierpflanzen - Pfingstrosen
Bei mir im Haus, hab ich, ich weiß, diese Pfingstrosen.
Also, meine Mutter hat sehr, als kleines Kind. Und die
Sträucher blühen auch jetzt noch immer (Schaas – Code
5.12).
Ja, ja, ich weiß, meine Großmutter äh, schätzte
Hyazinthen so stark. Ja, ja, Hyazinthen, es wurden nicht
nur, wir hatten Ochsenaugen, haben wir diese Astern
mit den dicken, wurden auch so, aber nur so, sag ich,
damit es neben den Eingang des Türchens, ein bisschen
schön war. Nicht um da etwas
herauszuschlagen…(Schaas – Code 5.13).
„Traditionelle Blumen sind Georginen, Dahlien und
Gladiolen. Und es ist mir aufgefallen, dass einjährige
Blumen in jedem Dorf anders sind. Das hat mir auch
Maria erzählt: Es war kein Geld da, um Saat zu kaufen.
Die Saat wird gesammelt. In einem Dorf hat man dann
viel Cosmea, und alle Häuser haben die, alle Gärten sind
voll. Und in einem anderen Dorf gibt es wieder andere,
wie diese orange Ringelblume“ (Hansen – Code 5.2).
„Die wurde sehr viel angebaut, weil die medizinisch
verwendet wird. Da werden Heilcremes draus gemacht.
Man kann sie auch auf Wunden auflegen. Also die
Ringelblume ist fast in jedem Garten vorhanden“
(Hansen – Code 5.3)
“Von einer Tradition weiß ich nichts. Aber alle Menschen
lieben sie; Rosen sind sehr wichtig. Alle machen auch
diese (Butasch?), solche Stecken mit Plastikflaschen,
wie ich sie auch hatte. Nur einer hat überlebt” (Hansen –
Code 5.14).
“Ja. Ja, die lieben Rosen. Auch zum Beispiel bei Klöstern
gibt es immer sehr viele Rosen. Und die sehen auch
immer sehr gut aus” (Hansen – Code 5.15).
wine: e.g. www.jidvei.ro;
http://www.romaniatourism.com/romanian-foodwine.htm; Cotea, Valeriu V.; Andreescu, Florin (2008):
Rumänien. Land des Weines. Ad Libri, Bucuresti
78
Garden practices are part of
the selfunderstanding of
Code 6 –
people in Transylvania
(Perception)
information given
Shepherds-tradition is
concerning the
acknowledged part of the
perception of
Romanian folk tradition,
gardens and garden declining Saxon cultural
traditions as cultural landscapes are currently
heritage
not seen as heritage by all
responsible poeple in
Romania, but by some
Avrig Palace and Garden
(Tartler - Code 7.1,
DeMaere – Code 7.1,
Budrala – Code 7.1), Bethlen
Castle and Garden (Tartler Code 7.1); garden at the
main square of Mediash
(Hansen – Code 7.1,
Niedermeier – Code 7.5,
Feyer – Code 7.2); Bontida
(Hansen – Code 7.2,
Niedermeier – Code 7.3);
Sambata de Jos (former
stud of Brukenthal)
(Niedermeier – Code 7.4);
Golesti (museum garden)
pastors garden at DeutschWeißkirch (Niedermeier –
Code 7.2); Gornesti
Code 7 - (Site
examples) Relevant
Apafi-Hof in Malmkrog
sites in the
respective region,
Astra museum Sibiu
types of garden
culture
Peles Castle and garden
(DeMaere – Code 7.1);
botanical garden Iasi (De
Maere – Code 7.2);
Fortifications Sibiu (Feyer –
Code 7.1), Park Sub Arini
(Erlenpark) Sibiu (Feyer –
Code 7.3); Park at the
Samuel von Brukenthal
Summer Residence,
Malancrav village with
typical open space
organisation
“Grad in den Städten Schäßburg, Mediasch, da sind in
den 50er Jahren viele Leute aus dem Dorf geholt
worden, damit sie in der Industrie arbeiten. Und die
haben viel von ihrer Gartenkultur mit in die Städte
gebracht. So sieht man immer wieder Weinstöcke vor
Hochhausbauten oder voll bepflanzte Balkone” (Tartler
– Code 6.1);
rd.asp?n=117 (30.5.2012)
“Ein Beispiel für historische Gärten sind natürlich Avrig,
und Bethlen Castle” (Tartler - Code 7.1).
“Mediasch, diesen Stadtpark, den finde ich interessant.
Es ist nicht super interessant, aber ich denke, es ist
interessant, wenn man die Geschichte dabei hat mit
dem Kommunismus, und wie das gestaltet ist” (Hansen
– Code 7.1).
“Ich finde Bontida sehr schön. Aber diese
Gartengestaltung gibt es nicht mehr. Aber es ...
Wahrscheinlich wird das wieder restauriert” (Hansen –
Code 7.2)
“Das Gestüt von Bruckenthal. Ansonsten gibt es überall
nur Spuren von einstigen Parkanlagen.
In der Walachai, 10 km von östlich von Pitești gibt es
eine Ortschaft, die heißt Goleste. Da hat es einen
Gutshof gegeben, der in der Kriegszeit auch restauriert
wurde und der wird heute als Museum genutzt. Und
daneben gibt es ein Freilichtmuseum für Obst- und
Weinbau, Und dieses traditionelle Ensemble besteht aus
einem Hof, der mit Mauern umgeben ist und an den
Ecken noch soetwas wie Türme und ein türkisches Bad
hat und eine relativ reiche, aber nicht zu reiche
Vegetation innerhalb dieses Hofes. In dessen Mitte steht
das eigentliche Gutshaus, der Gutshof und daneben gibt
es einen kleinen Park, der leider auch stark verkommen
ist, doch man merkt noch, dass er ein wenig
Atmosphäre hat. Ich empfehle ihnen, diesen anzusehen,
weil Reste an historischen Parkanlagen nicht sehr
zahlreich sind, gerade auch in der Walachai”
“Das mit den Pfarrhöfen ist eine nicht uninteressante
Sache. Ich könnte ihnen vielleich diesbezüglich DeutschWeißkirch empfehlen. Da ist interessant, dass der
Pfarrhof in zwei Teile geteilt ist: ein offizieller und ein
intimer Bereich (für die Pfarrerfamilie), getrennt durch
eine Mauer. Die Vegetation hat sich da nicht sehr gut
erhalten. Aber diese Trennung in offiziellen Teil und
intimen Teil fand ich sehr interessant” (Niedermeier –
Code 7.2).
“Es gibt ja freilich noch so Reste von Parkanlagen, aber
79
wirklich nur Reste.
Da fällt mir ein bei Klausenburg-Bontieda, nämlich
zwischen Neumarkt/ Târgu Mureș und Reghin liegt
„Gornescht“. Da ist ein Spital/Präfektorium für Kinder
gewesen, was da noch ist, weiß ich nicht.
Ganz geringe Spuren gibt es auch in Malmkrog, dort gab
es einen Apafi-Hof für Weinbau, weil es eine
Weingegend war. Mihai-Eminescu-Trust hat das
Gebäude restauriert…Spuren von der Parkanlage gibt es
auch dort” (Niedermeier – Code 7.3).
“Doch Freck ist doch der Park, der am besten erhalten
ist. Doch fragen sie mal im Zusammenhang damit
jemandem nach dem Schloßpark in Sambata de Jos, der
besser erhalten ist als andere, weil dort das Gestüt war.
Aber ich zweifel wie viele Informationen sie dazu jemals
bekommen” (Niedermeier – Code 7.4).
[Park, Garten und Grünanlagen aus kommunistischer
Zeit?] “Na da haben sie ja noch genug Anlagen. An allen
Stadtplätzen. Angefangen mit Medias. In Hermannstadt
ist er Gott sei Dank nicht mehr. Schäßburg. Historisch
ist bis zu einem gewissen Grad auch Klausenburg. An
und für sich sind ja in kommunistischer Zeit die
Stadtplätze allgemein in kleinen Parkanlagen
umgewandelt worden. Das hat fast nichts gekostet und
es war anders als vorher” (Niedermeier – Code 7.5).
“Von Interesse ist vielleicht noch das Freilichtmuseum.
Da wäre zu sagen, dass im Kontext des Ausbaus des
Freilichtmuseums, seit dem Jahr ca. 1960, ein Gelände
benutzt worden ist, dass derzeit schon als
Erholungsgebiet der Stadt diente. Es gab dort nicht nur
Wald sondern auch Wiesen, die eine schöne
Raumwirkung hatten und da waren die traditionellen
Hermanstädter nicht begeistert, dass jetzt dort ein
Museum angelegt wird. Ich finde es rückblickend aber
gut.
Ich kam 1963 zum Museum und da war die Anlage des
Museums noch in „Babyschuhen“. Es gab da einen
ersten Vorschlag vom Stadtarchitekten „Serkerelus“,
der ein sehr guter Architekt mit großer Erfahrung war
(auch eine Zeit lang Stadtarchitekt von Madrid
gewesen). Er hatte eine Fläche für das Museum im Blick”
But again, there are quite a few historic gardens or
rather garden ruins, because they were not maintained
at all at the Communist period. They are mostly but not
only in Transylvania (Kovacs – Code 7.1)
Pelesz oder Avrig (DeMaere – Code 7.1).
Ich hab ein sehr schönes besucht in Jash [Iasi]. Haben die
Kommunisten weitergesetzt. Ein botansicher Garten.
Ganz gut gemacht. 500 sorten rosen, viele Bäume, alles
schön hergerichtet (De Maere – Code 7.2).
80
Exept avrig there is nothing! (Budrala – Code 7.1).
Festungsanlagen Sibiu (Feyer – Code 7.1).
Interessante Gestaltung nach dem Krieg in der
historischen Altstadt waren Sammelplätze. Sie wurde in
der Zeit nach dem Krieg von Versammlungsorten in
Grünorte umgestaltet, damit keine Versammlungen
stattfinden. Schön gestaltet, mit Bäumen,
Blumenbeeten, Hecken… In Mediash noch vorhanden
Erlenpark (Anf. 19Jh) (Feyer – Code 7.3).
Neuere Parks: Theresian (im hochverdichteten
blockbaugebiet, von Feyer vor5 jahren umgestaltet).
Schillerplatz (Feyer – Code 7.4).
Es gibt noch ein Schloß von Brukenthal in St. Miklaus,
über der Aue, aber total verwarlosten Park. Seit 50
Jahren nicht mehr gepflegt, weder Park noch Gebäude.
Könnte aber eine Attrkation sein (Feyer – Code 7.5).
81
8. Conclusions – Result: knowledge on influence of ethnic groups and different
landscapes on local garden tarditions
With the presented report on the task Wp 3.3 Documentation of garden traditions was it possible to
generate valuabe knowledge on regional and local important garden traditions, site examples and
plants. Moreover, knowledge on the influence of ethnic groups and different landscapes on local
garden traditions could be generated by the question on the ethnic garden traditions.
In Greece´s Evros region, it was revealed that the still very lively practiced worship rites are often
landscape bound and practiced at specific sites in the landscape. These places are due to their value
for the local communities often treated with respect.
Moreover, the tobacco, sunflower and sesame production is an important landscape bound tradition
in the region of Evros, mainly practiced by Pomak communities.
For Bulgaria´s central region/Veliko Tarnovo greater region, a very interesting historic development
could be documented, which is the story of the Gardeners of Lyaskovets. These gardeners travelled
seasonally in the 18th and 19th centuries all over Europe and settled at different places for a vegetable
growing season. They had an influence on the landscape, as they built up vegetable production
plots, at places where they succeeded to rent land. These were sites characterised by its location
near a water stream from where with the help of a wooden hand-crafted water wheel and animal
power water was pumped to the vegetable plots set up in floodable beds around threir farm house.
The gardeners were dependent on specifc landscape structures (fertile soil, water near by, close to a
city for selling the harvest to the people) and they had influence on the landscape, as it is believed
that their activity contributed to the spread of the cultivation of several vegetables in Europe (e.g.
these gardeners shall have brought the paprika to Hungary).
Another important landscape based tradition near Veliko Tarnovo is the rose cultivation around the
city of Kazanlak/ in the so called valley of roses in Bulgaria practiced by mainly Bulgarian farmers.
This tradition in its large extent it has reached dates back to the 18th and 19th century, when the Rose
(Rosa Damascena and Rosa Alba) were introduced from Turkey for oil production. Since the 20th
century the valley is one of the world´s most important producers of rose oil attar (in 2012 about
70% of the world market).
For Romania´s region of Transylvania the distinctive influence of the Saxon villagers traditions
(village organisation, strip land cultivation system, self subsitenec gardening, wine cultivation, fruit
tree orchards) as well as the Romanian shephering tradition have been revealed as closely landscape
bound and dependent traditions that are connected to ethnic communities in Transylvania. The
Saxon traditions since 1990 are declining and almost lost, due to the exodus of this ethnic
community to Germany, visible for example in abandoned villageparts, agricultural lands and former
wine terraces as for example in the valley around Richis/Reichersdorf.
82
9. Used literature:
Dresing, Thorsten; Pehl, Thorsten (2012): Praxisbuch Interview & Transkription. Regelsysteme und
th
Anleitungen für qualitative ForscherInnen. 4 edition, Marburg, online accessible at URL:
www.audiotranskription.de/praxisbuch (date last accessed 1.2.2013)
Gläser, Jochen; Laudel, Grit (2010): Experteninterviews und qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. 4. Auflage, VS Verlag
für Sozialwissenschaften, Springer Fachmedien GmbH, Wiesbaden
Rose, Gillian (2007): Visual Methodologies. Sage Publications Ltd., London
Maffi, Luisa; Woodley, Ellen (2010): Biocultural Diversity Conservation. A global sourcebook. Earthscan,
Oxfordshire
83

Report on Documentation of national garden traditions

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