S ILICON By Thomas S. Jones

SILICON
By Thomas S. Jones
Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Lisa D. Miller, statistical assistant.
Silicon (Si) is a light chemical element with metallic and
nonmetallic characteristics. In nature, silicon combines with
oxygen and other elements to form silicates. Silicon in the form
of silicates constitutes more than 25% of the Earth’s crust.
Silica is a silicate consisting entirely of silicon and oxygen.
Silica (SiO2) as quartz or quartzite is used to produce silicon
ferroalloys for the iron and steel industries, and silicon metal for
the aluminum and chemical industries. Ferrosilicon and silicon
metal are referred to by the approximate percentage of silicon
contained in the material and the maximum amount of trace
impurities present.
Almost all ferrosilicon products are consumed by the iron and
steel industries. In terms of their nominal silicon contents, the
two standard grades of ferrosilicon are 50% ferrosilicon and
75% ferrosilicon.
Silicon metal is used by the primary and secondary aluminum
industries and the chemical industry, which uses it principally
for silicones. Specifications for silicon metal used by the
primary aluminum and chemical industries generally are more
stringent than those for metal used by the secondary aluminum
industry. In addition, the chemical industry requires that the
metal be ground into a fine powder rather than the lump form
used by the aluminum industry. Silicon metal that is refined into
semiconductor-grade metal for use in making computer chips is
crucial to modern technology, but the quantity is less than 5% of
total silicon metal demand (Roskill’s Letter from Japan, 2000).
This report contains no information about this highest purity
silicon except as it appears in the foreign trade statistics.
For 2000, an overall domestic silicon production of 367,000
metric tons (t) of contained silicon was the least since 1993.
Decreases in production and shipments were the most notable in
the ferrosilicon category of 56% to 95% silicon content
(nominal 75% ferrosilicon), for which the declines were about
30%. On the basis of contained silicon, overall U.S. trade
volumes rose by about 26% for imports and decreased by about
33% for exports. The trade category corresponding to nominal
75% ferrosilicon accounted for the majority of imports and
increase in import volume. The export decline was associated
mostly with silicon metal. The combination of decreased
domestic production with increased net imports resulted in
record high apparent consumption levels for ferrosilicon,
silicon metal, and silicon materials overall; for silicon overall,
the increase was 7% to 689,000 t. U.S. net import reliances for
silicon materials equaled or exceeded any previous values,
rising overall to 47% from 34%. Year-average dealer import
prices for standard grades of ferrosilicon and silicon metal
decreased for the fourth successive year, by a range of 8% to
12% for ferrosilicon and 6% for metal.
Legislation and Government Programs
The fine of $150,000 given in 1998 to the then-SKW Metals
and Alloys Inc. (became CC Metals and Alloys, Inc., in 1999)
for ferrosilicon price fixing was upheld in July by the presiding
judge for the original criminal trial (Ryan’s Notes, 2000c). The
amount of the fine subsequently was appealed again by the
U.S. Department of Justice (Ryan’s Notes, 2000d). The fine
being contended had been set by the U.S. District Court for the
Western District of New York in Buffalo, NY.
Production
In terms of gross weight and in comparison with those of
1999, overall domestic gross production, net shipments, and
stocks of silicon products decreased by about 13%, 16%, and
2%, respectively. The most pronounced year-to-year
percentage declines were for the ferrosilicon category of 56%
to 95% silicon content (nominal 75% ferrosilicon), for which
Silicon in the 20th Century
Usage of silicon as a ferroalloy in the production of steel and
cast iron had been established prior to the turn of the century.
Silvery pig iron, a low content silicon ferroalloy generally
containing less than 20% silicon, already had been produced
using blast furnaces in the 1890s. Electric furnace technology
for producing silvery pig iron, ferroalloys with higher nominal
silicon contents between 50% and 75%, and silicon metal
began to be developed beginning about the start of the 20th
century. Production and use of silicon ferroalloys received
considerable impetus from World Wars I and II; use of
ferrosilicon can be estimated to have paralleled domestic raw
steel production, which increased approximately by a factor of
7.5 during the century.
The first significant use developed for silicon as a bulk
SILICON—2000
element was for alloying with aluminum around 1920. After
aluminum castings, the second largest use for silicon was
production of silicones and related chemicals, which began
developing in the 1930s and was accelerated during World
War II. A third development, which began shortly after
World War II, was usage of relatively small amounts of
silicon in high-value, high purity forms in such key
electronic devices as computer chips.
In 2000, U.S. production of the various grades of
ferrosilicon plus elemental silicon (commonly referred to as
metal) was about 400,000 metric tons of silicon content
valued at approximately $400 million. Worldwide, in terms
of gross weight, production was about 4 million metric tons
for ferrosilicon and about 900,000 tons for silicon metal.
69.1
production and shipments fell by about 30%. For silicon metal,
production and shipments decreased by about 6% and 8%,
respectively; stocks decreased only marginally. These
comparisons are exclusive of silvery pig iron, statistics for
which were not published to avoid disclosing proprietary data.
In terms of silicon content and also exclusive of silvery pig iron,
overall production of silicon materials was the least since 1993.
Domestic production data for silicon are derived from
monthly and annual voluntary surveys and estimates for
nonrespondents by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The
figures in table 2 represent 100% of the production and
shipments from the operations listed in table 3 that are
canvassed by means of the Silicon Alloys survey.
American Alloys Inc. stopped production of ferrosilicon and
foundry alloys at its Graham, WV, plant after suddenly having
declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy on January 26. Low prices and
removal of antidumping duties on ferrosilicon from a number of
foreign countries appeared to have been among the factors
resulting in American Alloys’ shutdown (Ryan’s Notes, 2000a).
This was the second time within 5 months that production was
stopped at a domestic smelter where silicon ferroalloys or metal
was being produced. After the shutdown, American Alloys sold
material in inventory and manufacturing equipment (Platt’s
Metals Week, 2000; Ryan’s Notes, 2000f).
Globe Metallurgical, Inc., with headquarters in Cleveland,
OH, already a part owner of Norway’s Fesil ASA, made an offer
in August for all of the outstanding shares of Fesil, a producer of
ferrosilicon and silicon metal (Ryan’s Notes, 2000e). The offer
was withdrawn early in November after it failed to interest
holders of at least 90% of the outstanding shares (Metal
Bulletin, 2000).
At Simcala, Inc. unionized hourly workers went on strike as of
August 8. No immediate effect of the strike was apparent at the
company’s silicon metal plant at Mount Meigs, AL, a short
distance east of Montgomery, as the striking workers were only
a part of the total workforce (Ryan’s Notes, 2000i). The strike
continued for the rest of the year.
Principal elements in the cost of silicon and ferrosilicon
production are the delivered costs of the ore (quartz or quartzite)
and costs of energy, reductant coke or low ash coal, iron in the
form of steel scrap (if required), and labor. Production of silicon
metal and silicon-containing alloys is extremely power intensive
and can require up to 14,000 kilowatthours of electric energy per
metric ton of silicon contained in the final product (Dosaj, 1997,
p. 1105). This high-energy demand can be offset somewhat by
recovering heat energy from furnace offgases. Locations of
ferrosilicon and silicon metal smelters are usually determined by
balancing marketing costs against processing costs.
Silicon is not generally recovered from secondary sources.
The only secondary possibility is recovery from metallic scrap,
such as aluminum alloys, cast iron, and steel, from which
recovery of contained silicon is incidental to that of the primary
metal. Some silicon is recycled internally in smelters when fines
or offgrade material are remelted.
Consumption
Ferrosilicon was used primarily as a deoxidizing and alloying
agent in the production of iron and steel products. Silicon metal,
which can be classified into metallurgical and chemical grades,
was used by the aluminum industry in the production of cast and
wrought products. It also served as the basic raw material in the
69.2
manufacture of many chemical products and intermediates,
such as silicones and silanes. Small quantities of silicon were
processed into high-purity silicon for use in the semiconductor
industry.
For 2000, total U.S. apparent consumption of siliconcontaining ferroalloys and silicon metal was estimated to have
increased by about 7% to 689,000 t of contained silicon. Also
in terms of contained silicon, apparent consumption increased
about 6% to 397,000 t for ferrosilicon and miscellaneous
silicon alloys and somewhat more than 8% to 292,000 t for
silicon metal. Increases in net imports that outweighed
decreases in production resulted in the above three figures for
apparent consumption that are thought to be the greatest ever.
Still on the basis of silicon content, the share of total demand
accounted for by ferrosilicon and miscellaneous silicon alloys
remained at 58%. Table 4 presents data on U.S. reported
consumption and stocks of silicon materials in 2000.
One supplier of ferroalloys has estimated that its shipments
to iron foundries that consisted mostly of magnesium
ferrosilicon, inoculants, and standard grades of ferrosilicon
have advanced at a combined annual growth rate (CAGR) of
18% between 1992 and 1999 (Ryan’s Notes, 2000k). Future
growth in shipments to foundries appears likely to be slowed
by plans by at least one domestic automobile manufacturer to
replace iron by aluminum in engines (Wrigley, 2000).
Particularly in iron foundries, metallurgical-grade silicon
carbide can substitute for ferrosilicon. Data on North
American production and U.S. imports of silicon carbide were
reported in the 2000 annual review of Manufactured Abrasives
in the Mineral Industry Surveys series of the USGS and in the
Manufactured Abrasives chapter of the 2000 Minerals
Yearbook.
Consumption of ferrosilicon and silicon metal was estimated
by CRU International Ltd. to have increased in 2000 for all
areas of the Western World. In terms of contained silicon, the
increase overall was from 1.73 million metric tons (Mt) to 1.83
Mt for ferrosilicon, and from a revised figure of 928,000 t to
1.03 Mt for silicon metal. The 2000 total for silicon metal
consumption was the second consecutive alltime high. Areas
having the largest year-to-year percentage increases were, for
ferrosilicon, Japan and Other Asian countries, and for silicon
metal, Japan and Western Europe. In decreasing order,
Western Europe, Japan, and the United States accounted for
70% of the 2000 consumption total for ferrosilicon. Also in
decreasing order, Western Europe, the United States, and Japan
accounted for 84% of that for silicon metal (CRU Bulk
Ferroalloys Monitor, 2001b).
For silicon wafers made from polycrystalline silicon, the
CAGR between 1999 and 2003 has been forecast as about 10%
(Hunter, 2000).
The CAGRs for silicone demand have been assessed as in
excess of 10% for Southeast Asia, 4% to 6% for Western
Europe and the United States, and 2% to 4% for Japan
(Westervelt, 2000). Globally, the CAGR for silicones and
silanes between 1995 and 1998 has been put at 6%.
Consumption of silicones in the United States has been
projected to have a CAGR of between 4% and 6% between
2000 and 2003 (Boswell, 2000). A healthy growth rate in
demand also is forecast for silanes that function as coupling
agents for fillers used in polymer composites. Sales of silane
coupling agents worldwide currently amount to $600 million
(Mack, 2000). Expansion of silicones operations overseas has
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2000
been viewed as presenting a challenge to U.S. producers of
silicon metal that serves as feedstock for silicones production.
As an example, Dow Corning Corp.’s expansion in Wales has
caused Dow Corning’s Carrollton, KY, silicones plant to
become a “swing” producer (Ryan’s Notes, 2000b, g).
Microsilica (silica fume) is a potential byproduct from
furnaces making silicon metal or ferrosilicon with a silicon
content of at least 75%. It is obtained by capturing furnace
offgases and finds use as a binder and filler in cements. The
amount of microsilica dust currently being generated from
silicon metal furnaces per year worldwide can be estimated to
exceed 300,000 t (Kendall, 2000).
Prices
Demand for silicon ferroalloys and metal is determined in the
short term less by their prices than by the level of activity in the
steel, ferrous foundry, aluminum, and chemical industries. As a
result, prices tend to vary widely with changes in demand and
supply. The basis for U.S. prices of silicon materials was cents
per pound of contained silicon.
Year-average import prices, as given by Platt’s Metals Week
or as calculated from Platt’s weekly listings, were, in cents per
pound, 35.4 for 75% ferrosilicon and 54.8 for silicon metal;
these prices were about 12% and 6% lower, respectively, than
those of 1999. In 2000, yearend prices were lower than those at
the beginning of the year by about 3% for 75% ferrosilicon and
5% for silicon metal. For 50% ferrosilicon, beginning in
January and continuing through the first week of September,
Platt’s listed only a price range of 43 to 47 cents per pound,
which was the same as at the end of 1999. After the first week
of September, Platt’s discontinued this price listing. For the 8
months of 2000 this listing was in effect, the average of 45 cents
per pound for 50% ferrosilicon was about 8% less than that for
all of 1999. The ranges for North American transaction price
for 50% ferrosilicon as given by Ryan’s Notes were nearly the
same as the range given by Platt’s. At the point at which Platt’s
discontinued its listing, Ryan’s Notes gave, in cents per pound,
43 to 48, and at yearend, 42 to 48.
The decline in year-average prices for silicon materials
continued for the fourth successive year. The year-average price
for silicon metal again was the least of any year since 1990. For
75% ferrosilicon and silicon metal, the pattern of price changes
was similar for each—a rising trend until the first of April, a
plateau, and then an irregular downward trend for the rest of the
year. The price range for 75% ferrosilicon, in cents per pound,
began the year at 34 to 36.5, slightly below the range of 34 to 37
at the end of 1999, reached and maintained a plateau for 3 weeks
at a high point of 37 to 39, and ended the year at 33 to 35.25.
For silicon metal, the price range, in cents per pound, began the
year at 52 to 53, the same as at the end of 1999, held for 8 weeks
at a high point of 58 to 59, and ended the year at 49 to 51.
Causative factors cited by CRU International Ltd. for prices of
75% ferrosilicon that CRU regarded as the lowest ever in real
terms included foreign exchange rates, abolition of U.S.
antidumping duties, and world oversupply. Prices in the United
States that were higher than those elsewhere led naturally to an
influx of imports (CRU Bulk Ferroalloys Monitor, 2000).
Besides the strong U.S. dollar, a drop in demand from the
aluminum industry contributed to the price slide for silicon
metal (Ryan’s Notes, 2000h).
SILICON—2000
Foreign Trade
Compared with those for 1999, total volumes of ferrosilicon
and silicon metal decreased for exports (-33%) and increased
for imports (+26%), on a content basis. The biggest year-toyear changes were for exports of silicon metal and imports of
ferrosilicon. On a content basis, overall imports seemingly
were the highest ever for ferrosilicon and silicon metal.
U.S. exports of ferrosilicon decreased by about 7% overall in
gross weight but increased by about 5% in value. Australia,
Canada, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, and the
United Kingdom were the recipients of about 90% of total 2000
exports of ferrosilicon (table 5). Exports of silicon metal
decreased by 50% in gross weight but increased by about 19%
in value. Shipments of high-purity silicon of high unit value
that contained more than 99.99% silicon rose 45% to account
for about 94% of total value. Shipments in the category of
“silicon, other,” were only about one-third as great as in 1999.
Combined shipments to Canada, Germany, Japan, and Mexico
accounted for about 78% of total shipments. Those to Mexico
were only about one-fifth those in 1999.
U.S. imports of silicon ferroalloys increased overall by 31%
in gross weight and 21% in value compared with those for
1999. Import volumes increased for all significant categories
except for ferrosilicon containing 55% to 80% silicon and more
than 3% calcium. About 86% of total quantity and 81% of
total value were accounted for by imports of nominally 75%
ferrosilicon (ferrosilicon category of “55% to 80% silicon,
other”) (table 6). Reflecting the removal of antidumping and
countervailing duties on ferrosilicon in late 1999, this category
had the greatest year-to-year percentage increase in volume
(39%). Norway continued as the leading overall source of
ferrosilicon, although its share of the total fell to 32%.
Overall imports of silicon metal increased by about 14% in
volume and 6% in value compared with those for 1999.
Imports in the category of “silicon content from 99.00% to
99.99%,” displaced those of high-value silicon metal that
contained more than 99.99% silicon, in accounting for the
largest share of total value, about 45% versus 40%,
respectively. Among imports with a silicon content of from
99.00% to 99.99%, import volumes increased by 72% for those
from Brazil and by 62% for those from South Africa. For the
category of “silicon content less than 99%,” imports from
Saudi Arabia were only about one-tenth those of 1999. The
year-to-year percentage changes in import volumes were -7%
for “silicon content more than 99.99%,” +36% for “silicon
content from 99.00% to 99.99%,” and -18% for “silicon,
other.”
The quantities of silicon metal imported from China were
perceived by industry sources to be significantly greater than
shown in table 6 because of shipments purportedly via another
country, such as the more than 8,000 t of material reported as
having come from the Republic of Korea (CRU Bulk
Ferroalloys Monitor, 2001a).
For 2000, U.S. net import reliances were estimated to have
risen from 38% to 53% for ferrosilicon and from 29% to 38%
for silicon metal. The overall import reliance for silicon was
estimated to have increased from 34% to 47%. These import
reliances for silicon materials are believed to surpass any
previous values except that the percentage for silicon metal
equals that for 1994.
The general rates of duty that applied to U.S. imports during
69.3
2000 were the same as in 1999. These were, on an ad valorem
basis, 1.5% for standard 75% ferrosilicon, 1.1% for nominal
75% ferrosilicon that contains more than 3% calcium, free for
magnesium ferrosilicon and most other ferrosilicon, and 5.3% or
5.5% for metal exclusive of the high-purity grade (U.S.
International Trade Commission, 1999).
Effective with publication of Presidential Proclamation 7388
on December 21, the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
Program was modified so as to grant duty-free status to certain
products from sub-Saharan African countries. Ferrosilicon
containing either 80% to 90% silicon or more than 90% silicon
were among the products to which this form of GSP treatment
now applied (Clinton, 2000). Silicon metal declarable under the
import category that specifies a silicon content of less than 99%
also had been a candidate for GSP treatment, but its tariff status
was not changed (Ryan’s Notes, 2000j).
The International Trade Administration (ITA) of the U.S.
Department of Commerce published the results of its final or
amended final antidumping duty administrative reviews for
silicon metal from Argentina and Brazil.
For silicon metal from Argentina, for the period of review
(POR) of September 1, 1997, through August 31, 1998, in a
review that was specific only to Electrometalurgica Andina
S.A.I.C. (Andina), it was found that no sales were made below
normal value, so that no antidumping duties were assessed.
Margins remained unchanged for other firms not covered in this
review, as did the “all other” rate of 17.87% (International Trade
Administration, 2000c). The ITA also rescinded its review for
the POR of September 1, 1998, through August 31, 1999, for
Andina because Andina made no shipments to the United States
during this POR (International Trade Administration, 2000b).
For silicon metal from Brazil, for the POR of July 1, 1992,
through June 30, 1993, the ITA amended again its final results
for Companhia Brasileira Carbureto de Calcio (CBCC) and
Eletrosilex Belo Horizonte to margins of 35.43% and 51.84%,
respectively. These rates, however, did not change the cash
deposit rates in effect for CBCC and Eletrosilex at the time of
this amendment, as those rates continued to be based on the
margins found in the most recently completed review
(International Trade Administration, 2000e). For the POR of
July 1, 1997, through June 30, 1998, the ITA determined a
margin of 0.05% for CBCC; 18.87% for Eletrosilex; zero for
Ligas de Aluminio, S.A., and Rima Industrial S/A; and 91.06%
for “all others.” The rate for CBCC was effectively zero
because of its de minimis character of being less than 0.5%
(International Trade Administration, 2000a).
The ITA also concluded expedited 5-year (“sunset”) reviews
of the antidumping duty orders on silicon metal from Argentina
and China. The ITA found that revoking these orders was likely
to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping at weightedaverage margins of 17.87% for Argentina and 139.49% for
China (International Trade Administration, 2000d, f).
World Review1
Data on annual world production of ferrosilicon and silicon
1
In a number of instances, discussions of the more significant developments
during 2000 for specific countries were based on news items in trade journals,
such as American Metal Market, Metal Bulletin, Platt’s Metals Week, Ryan’s
Notes, and TEX Report. These items have not been acknowledged individually
because the information they conveyed often was aggregated, possibly with that
from other sources.
69.4
metal by country during 1996 to 2000 are given in Fenton [in
press (a)]. World production of ferrosilicon was estimated to
have been about 4.3 Mt in 2000 compared with a revised total
of about 3.9 Mt in 1999. The major producers of ferrosilicon
in 2000 were, in decreasing order, China, Russia, Norway,
Ukraine, the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, France, and
South Africa, and accounted for about 85% of total production.
World production of silicon metal, excluding that from China,
was estimated to have been about 720,000 t in 2000 compared
with a revised total of about 700,000 t in 1999. China’s
production is believed to have been the world’s largest, but
data are lacking. Available information indicates that China’s
annual output of silicon metal in recent years was a minimum
of 250,000 t (approximate export level) and, considering
consumption within China, may have been in excess of
400,000 t. Other major producers of silicon metal in 2000
were, in decreasing order, the United States, Brazil, Norway,
France, Russia, and South Africa; they accounted for about
82% of total production as listed in table 1.
Brazil.—In March, Dow Corning Corp. of the United States
completed its acquisition of CBCC, which had an annual
production capacity of 40,000 t for silicon metal and 20,000 t
for ferrosilicon. Dow Corning planned to convert CBCC’s
facilities within a few years so as to give it the capability of
producing 60,000 tons per year (t/yr) of silicon metal (Sissell,
2000). Subsequently, the structure of silicon metal production
was changed further when Rima Industrial leased Eletrosilex’
facilities having a silicon metal capability of 22,000 t/yr. Rima
Industrial also was a producer of silicon as well as ferrosilicon.
Canada.—Bécancour Silicon Inc. described a new
technology, termed the SKTEC process, by means of which
either 75% ferrosilicon or silicon metal could be produced from
the same furnace without any downtime in making a product
change. This process has been in use continuously at
Bécancour Silicon since late 1997 (Boisvert and Ksinsik,
2000).
China.—In 2000, China’s exports of ferrosilicon rose to a
total of about 490,000 t, and those of silicon metal totaled
about 320,000 t. In 1999, exports of silicon metal exclusive of
high-purity grades were 264,000 t, which was about 3% less
than those of 1998; almost one-half of 1999 exports were
reported to have gone to Japan.
A Government program for improving the efficiency and
environmental performance of the country’s
electrometallurgical industries was underway. Production of
ferrosilicon and silicon metal were among the materials to
which this program applied, under which older and smaller
furnaces were to be phased out.
France.—Invensil, formed in 1999 by combining the silicon
metal activities of France’s Pechiney Electrométallurgie (PEM)
and South Africa’s Samancor Ltd., enlarged its silicon
capabilities in France and became wholly owned by Pechiney.
In the first part of the year, a furnace at PEM’s ChâteauFeuillet plant that was being used to produce calcium-silicon
was converted to silicon metal, thus giving Invensil four
production sites in France and adding 9,000 t to annual silicon
production capacity. Late in the year, Pechiney acquired
Samancor’s minority interest in Invensil, thereby assuming full
control of the Silicon Smelters plant at Pietersburg, South
Africa.
India.—Late in the year, the Government recommended
preliminary antidumping duties on imports of ferrosilicon from
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2000
China and Russia, but not those from Iran. Dumping margins
were determined as about 43% for Chinese material and about
57% for Russian material. The Government’s investigation was
in response to a petition from domestic ferroalloy producers.
Norway.—Approximately 1 year after Fesil ASA had stopped
production of silicon metal from three furnaces in the first half
of 1999, production was restarted from the two furnaces that still
were idle. These were one each at the Holla Metall and Lilleby
Metall plants. In November, the affiliation of Switzerland’s
Gurta AG and the U.K.’s Tensil Ltd. took control of Fesil from
Globe Metallurgical of the United States. This change occurred
after Globe withdrew an offer by means of which it sought at
least 90% of Fesil’s shares.
In late 2000, AstroPower Inc. of the United States and Elkem
ASA formed a project under which a low-cost process was to be
developed for manufacturing solar-grade silicon at a jointly
owned plant to be built in Norway. The new plant was to be
managed by Elkem and its construction was to begin within 2
years.
South Africa.—As mentioned under France, the Silicon
Smelters plant at Pietersburg for production of silicon metal that
was a part of Invensil came fully under the control of France’s
Pechiney.
Silicon Chemicals.—In May, Dow Corning celebrated
completion of an expansion of capability for
methylchlorosilanes (MCS) at its Barry, Wales, plant. That
plant’s annual production capacity for these intermediates for
production of silicones was approximately doubled to almost
200,000 t (Chemical Week, 2000a). Projects elsewhere for
increasing capabilities for production of silicon chemicals
included a 30% expansion by Rhodia SA at its plant at
Roussillon, France, that would raise by 2002 its capacity for
MCS to 200,000 t/yr and for siloxanes to 100,000 t/yr (Chemical
Week, 2000c). Also in Europe, the GE Bayer Silicones joint
venture between GE Silicones (50.1% ownership) and Bayer
AG planned to double by 2002 the MCS production capacity at
the Leverkusen plant to 300,000 t/yr (Chemical Week, 2000b).
GE Silicones and Japan’s Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., formed
a joint venture to build a plant at a site to be selected in
Southeast Asia that would have a production capacity of about
70,000 t/yr for siloxanes (Chemical Week, 2000d).
Current Research and Technology
Investigations relating to the smelting of ferrosilicon and
silicon included use of petrographic analysis for selection of
coals and cokes to be used as reductants (Buø, Gray, and
Patalsky, 2000), determination of material balances for trace
elements (Myrhaug and Tveit, 2000; Tveit and Myrhaug, 2000),
and modelling of alternating current arcs during typical
operating conditions (Sœvarsdottir, Bakken, Sevastyanenko, and
Gu, 2000).
Laboratory investigations relating to the behavior of silicon in
steelmaking systems included study of factors affecting the
efficiency of ferrosilicon in reducing chromium oxide from
stainless steelmaking slags (Lee, Rhee, Song, and Klevan,
2000) and a determination that silicon additions appreciably
reduce the rate of nitrogen dissolution in molten iron (Morita,
Hirosumi, and Sano, 2000).
With regard to applications for high-purity silicon, a silanebased process for producing solar-grade silicon from
metallurgical-grade silicon was evaluated in the laboratory
SILICON—2000
(Block and Wagner, 2000), and the surface tension of molten
silicon was measured under conditions of microgravity (Fujii
and others, 2000).
For the A356 aluminum casting alloy (nominally 7% silicon,
0.4% magnesium) commonly used in structural parts of
automobiles, the mechanical behavior of silicon particles in the
alloy was studied at the high strain rates associated with
crashes (Dighe, Gokhale, Horstemeyer, and Mosher, 2000).
Outlook
Demand for ferrosilicon follows trends in the iron and steel
industries, for which the CAGRs typically have been in the
range of 1% to 2%. Details of the outlook for the steel industry
are discussed in the Outlook section of the annual review for
2000 for Iron and Steel (Fenton [in press (b)]. Raw steel
production in 2000 increased in the United States by about 4%.
Globally, the increase was even greater to give a new record for
the world (Reynolds, 2001). Because the U.S. economic
downturn in 2000 continued into 2001, however, in the
immediate future the outlook was for a slump. The October
2000 midterm forecast for 2000 through 2005 of the
International Iron and Steel Institute suggested a slow recovery,
as the CAGR projected for the North American Free Trade
Agreement countries was only 0.9% (Ian Christmas, Secretary
General, International Iron and Steel Institute, October 3, 2000,
IISI survey reveals renewed world steel consumption growth,
accessed June 1, 2001, at URL http://www.worldsteelorg/
trends_indicators/demand.html). For the foundry industry,
declines in 2001 were foreseen for nearly all iron and steel
castings categories. Longer term CAGRs for the 2000 through
2010 period were given as about 2% for iron castings overall
and 0.8% for steel castings (Kirgin, 2001). For the world
overall, silicon consumption as ferrosilicon during the first
decade of the 21st century was not expected to have a CAGR
greater than 1.5% to 2% (Roskill Information Services Ltd.,
2000, p. 6).
Demand for silicon metal comes mainly from the aluminum
and chemical industries. During the two decades leading up to
2000, Western World demand for silicon has had a CAGR of
about 4.7%, and the chemicals sector of this demand has had a
CAGR of nearly 7% (Linde, 2000). During the past 5 years,
Western World silicon consumption has varied by region,
having suffered declines in Asia and uneven growth in the
United States (Roskill, 2000, p. 4). On the basis of a forecast
for the foundry industry, demand for silicon by the aluminum
castings industry can be expected to decline marginally in
2001, but to grow reasonably stronger thereafter until 2010 at
an annual rate of 3.8% (Kirgin, 2001). This growth may not
translate directly into increased demand for silicon because of
an increase foreseen in recycling of automotive aluminum
scrap. This adds to uncertainty as to whether Western World
demand for silicon can continue to experience a CAGR of
greater than 4% (Linde, 2000).
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5th, Tromsø, Norway, May 29-June 2, 2000, Proceedings: Trondheim,
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69.5
Rong, H.M., Nygaard, Lars, Schüssler, and Tuset, J.K., eds., Silicon for the
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Boswell, Clay, 2000, Silicone producers roll out investments: Chemical Market
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Chemical Week, 2000a, Dow Corning opens U.K. plant, plans investment in
Asia: Chemical Week, v. 162, no. 20, May 17, p. 20.
———2000b, GE Bayer Silicones to double silanes capacity: Chemical Week,
v. 162, no. 15, April 12, p. 24.
———2000c, Rhodia plans rapid silicons [sic] expansion: Chemical Week, v.
162, no. 23, June 14, p. 17.
———2000d, Shin-Etsu, GE Silicones form Asian siloxanes venture: Chemical
Week, v. 162, no. 38, October 11, p. 9.
CRU Bulk Ferroalloys Monitor, 2000, Ferrosilicon—Market still dogged by
oversupply: CRU Bulk Ferroalloys Monitor, December 19, p. 4.
———2001a, Silicon metal—US anti-dumping duties retained: CRU Bulk
Ferroalloys Monitor, January 23, p. 9.
———2001b, Supply/demand balances—Silicon alloys: CRU Bulk Ferroalloys
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Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, v. I.
———[in press (b)], Iron and steel, in Metals and minerals 2000: U.S.
Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, v. I.
Fujii, H., Matsumoto, T., Hata, N., Nakano, T., Kohno, M., and Nogi, K., 2000:
Surface tension of molten silicon measured by the electromagnetic levitation
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31A, no. 6, June, p. 1585-1589.
Hunter, David, 2000, Silicon wafer makers head for a shakeout: Chemical
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International Trade Administration, 2000a, Final results of antidumping duty
administrative review—Silicon metal from Brazil: Federal Register, v. 65, no.
31, February 15, p. 7497-7507.
———2000b, Silicon metal from Argentina; antidumping duty administrative
review—Rescission of antidumping duty administrative review: Federal
Register, v. 65, no. 4, January 6, p. 758.
———2000c, Silicon metal from Argentina—Final results of antidumping duty
administrative review: Federal Register, v. 65, no. 23, February 3, p. 53115312.
———2000d, Silicon metal from Argentina; final results of expedited sunset
review of antidumping duty order: Federal Register, v. 65, no. 108, June 5, p.
35608-35609.
———2000e, Silicon metal from Brazil; amended final results of antidumping
duty administrative review in accordance with court decision: Federal
Register, v. 65, no. 100, May 23, p. 33297-33298.
———2000f, Silicon metal from the People’s Republic of China; final results of
expedited sunset review of antidumping duty order: Federal Register, v. 65,
no. 108, June 5, p. 35609-35610.
Kendall, Tom, 2000, Written in sand—The world of speciality silicas: Industrial
Minerals, no. 390, March, p. 49-59.
Kirgin, K.H., 2001, Demand for U.S. casting shipments to contract 4% in 2001:
Modern Casting, v. 91, no. 1, p. 37-40.
Lee, Sang-Beom, Rhee, Chang-Hee, Song, Hyoseok, and Klevan, Ole-Svein,
2000, Reaction rate of ferro-silicon in the high Cr2O3 slag: Electric Furnace
Conference 58th, Orlando, November 12-15, 2000, Proceedings, p. 11091121.
Linde, J.P. de, 2000, Silicon—A market in transition?, in Øye, H.A., Rong,
H.M., Nygaard, Lars, Schüssler, Gunnar, and Tuset, J.K., eds., Silicon for the
chemical industry, 5th, Trondheim, Norway, May 29-June 2, 2000,
Proceedings: Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
p. 87-95.
Mack, Helmut, 2000, Tailoring filler surfaces with silanes, in Keegan, Nina, ed.,
Industrial Minerals International Congress 2000, 14th, Denver, March 27-29,
2000, Proceedings: Worcester Park, United Kingdom, Industrial Minerals
Information Ltd., p. 103-108.
Metal Bulletin, 2000, Globe withdraws Fesil takeover bid: Metal Bulletin, no.
8524, November 9, p. 7.
69.6
Morita, Kazuki, Hirosumi, Taro, and Sano, Nobuo, 2000, Effects of aluminum,
silicon, and boron on the dissolution rate of nitrogen into molten iron:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, v. 31B, no. 5, October, p. 899904.
Myrhaug, E.H., and Tveit, Halvard, 2000, Material balances of trace elements
in the ferrosilicon and silicon processes: Electric Furnace Conference 58th,
Orlando, November 12-15, 2000, Proceedings, p. 591-604.
Platt’s Metals Week, 2000, Ferrosilicon producer American needs duties to
restart: Platt’s Metals Week, v. 71, no. 19, May 8, p. 8-9.
Reynolds, Vicki, 2001, IISI—Steel producers set world output record in 2000:
American Metal Market, v. 103, no. 19, January 31, p. 3.
Roskill Information Services Ltd., 2000, The economics of silicon &
ferrosilicon (10th ed.): London, Roskill Information Services Ltd., 216 p.
plus appendix.
Roskill’s Letter from Japan, 2000, Silicon metal—Japanese consumption
forecast to rise by 9% in 2000: Roskill’s Letter from Japan, no. 286, June, p.
15-17.
Ryan’s Notes, 2000a, Chap. 11 for American Alloys; impact and causes
debated: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no. 5, January 31, p. 1.
———2000b, Decision on silicon GSP by end of year: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no.
42, October 16, p. 2.
———2000c, Ferroalloy notes: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no. 29, July 17, p. 4.
———2000d, Ferroalloy notes: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no. 37, September 11, p. 4.
———2000e, Globe launches takeover bid for Fesil: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no.
34, August 21, p. 3.
———2000f, Nucor tenders hold key to bulk market: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no.
44, October 30, p. 1.
———2000g, Shopping begins for fourth-quarter silicon: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6,
no. 35, August 28, p. 2.
———2000h, Silicon cracks under falling demand: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no. 29,
September 25, p. 3.
———2000i, Simcala on strike; no effect anticipated: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no.
33, August 14, p. 1.
———2000j, US silicon prices continue to creep up: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no.
52, December 25, p. 3.
———2000k, US SiMn prices test the floor: Ryan’s Notes, v. 6, no. 36,
September 4, p. 2.
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Week, v. 162, no. 12, March 22, p. 16.
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Modelling of AC arcs in submerged-arc furnaces for production of silicon
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Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, p. 23-30.
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3249, November 8, variously paginated and unpaginated.
Westervelt, Robert, 2000, Shin-Etsu, GE Silicones form Asian siloxanes
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Wrigley, Al, 2000, Iron yielding to aluminum in engines at GM: American
Metal Market, v. 108, no. 161, August 21, p. 15.
GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
U.S. Geological Survey Publications
Silicon. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States Through
1998, 1999.
Silicon. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.
Silicon. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual.
Silicon. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.
Other
Advanced Materials & Processes.
American Metal Market.
Chemical and Engineering News.
Chemical Market Reporter.
Chemical Week.
Company news releases and reports.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2000
European Chemical News.
Ferro-Alloy Directory and Data Book, Metal Bulletin Books
Ltd.
Industrial Minerals (London).
Metal Bulletin (London), semiweekly and monthly.
Platt’s Metals Week.
Proceedings of ferroalloy conferences (INFACON, etc.)
Roskill Information Services Ltd. (London; last reported on
silicon and ferrosilicon in 2000).
SILICON—2000
Roskill’s Letter from Japan.
Ryan’s Notes.
Silicon. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of
Mines Bulletin 675, 1985.
TEX Report (Tokyo; daily issues and annual ferroalloy
manual).
Ultra-high Purity Silicon for Infrared Detectors—A Material
Perspective, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9237,
1989.
69.7
TABLE 1
SALIENT SILICON STATISTICS 1/
(Thousand metric tons of silicon content, unless otherwise specified)
1996
United States:
Production
412
Exports:
Ferrosilicon
27
Silicon metal
17
Imports for consumption:
Ferrosilicon
148
Silicon metal
79
Apparent consumption:
Ferrosilicon
361
Silicon metal
233
Price, average, cents per pound Si: 2/
Ferrosilicon, 50% Si
64.0
Ferrosilicon, 75% Si
62.2
Silicon metal
89.7
World:
Production (gross weight): e/
Ferrosilicon
4,300 r/
Silicon metal
680 r/
e/ Estimated. r/ Revised.
1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.
2/ Platt's Metals Week dealer import prices.
1997
1998
1999
2000
430
429
423
367
27
22
24
23
24
37
22
19
135
121
142
99
173
113
231
130
351
277
349
267
374
269
397
292
54.8
48.0
81.4
52.1
43.1
70.5
49.1
40.2
58.1
45.0
35.4
54.8
4,100
690
3,900
690 r/
3,900 r/
700 r/
4,300
720
TABLE 2
PRODUCTION, SHIPMENTS, AND STOCKS OF SILICON ALLOYS AND METAL IN THE UNITED STATES 1/ 2/
(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)
1999
Silicon content
Producers'
(percentage)
stocks
Gross
Material
Range
Typical
December 31
production 3/
Ferrosilicon 4/
25-65 5/
48
46,800
229,000
Do.
56-95
76
30,400
100,000
Silicon metal (excluding semiconductor grades)
96-99
98
9,010
184,000
1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.
2/ Data for silvery pig iron (less than 25% silicon) withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.
3/ Ferrosilicon production includes material consumed in the production of miscellaneous silicon alloys.
4/ Includes miscellaneous silicon alloys, which formerly was listed separately.
5/ 25% to 55% for ferrosilicon; 32% to 65% for miscellaneous silicon alloys.
TABLE 3
PRINCIPAL PRODUCERS OF SILICON ALLOYS AND SILICON METAL
IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2000
Producer
Plant location
American Alloys Inc.
New Haven, WV
Applied Industrial Minerals Corp. Bridgeport, AL
CC Metals and Alloys, Inc.
Calvert City, KY
Elkem Metals Co.
Alloy, WV
Globe Metallurgical, Inc.
Beverly, OH
Do.
Niagara Falls, NY
Do.
Selma, AL
Do.
Springfield, OR
Keokuk Ferro-Sil Inc.
Keokuk, IA
Simcala Inc.
Mount Meigs, AL
1/ FeSi, ferrosilicon; Si, silicon metal.
Product 1/
FeSi.
Do.
Do.
FeSi and Si.
Do.
Si.
Do.
Do.
FeSi and silvery pig iron
Si.
2000
Net
shipments
151,000
98,500
176,000
Producers'
stocks
December 31
48,300
27,000
8,920
TABLE 4
REPORTED CONSUMPTION, BY END USE, AND STOCKS OF SILICON FERROALLOYS AND METALS IN THE UNITED STATE IN 2000 1/ 2/
(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)
Silvery
pig iron 3/
End use
Ferrosilicon,
50% Si 4/
Ferrosilicon,
75% Si 5/
Silicon
metal 6/
Miscellaneous
silicon alloys 7/
Silicon
carbide 8/
Steel:
Carbon and high-strength, low-alloy
W
13,500
23,200
-(9/)
Stainless and heat-resisting
-26
52,300
337
-Full alloy
-(9/)
12,000
-608
Electric and tool
-(9/)
24,100
-(9/)
Unspecified
-8,780
-(10/)
1,720
Total
-22,400
112,000
337
2,330
Cast irons
13,000
51,500
29,300
11
20,500
Superalloys
-(10/)
(10/)
118
-Alloys (excluding superalloys and alloy steel)
W
(10/)
(10/)
(10/)
-Miscellaneous and unspecified
-2,360
527
236,000 12/
W
Grand total
13,000
76,200
142,000
237,000
22,800
Consumers' stocks, December 31
1,010
4,820
7,930
1,750
782
W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. -- Zero.
1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2/ Includes U.S. Geological Survey estimates.
3/ Typically 18% silicon content but ranges between 5% to 24% silicon content.
4/ Typically 48% silicon content but ranges between 25% to 55% silicon content; includes briquets.
5/ Typically 76% silicon content but ranges between 56% to 95% silicon content; includes briquets.
6/ Typically 98% silicon content but ranges between 96% to 99% silicon content.
7/ Typically 48% silicon content. Primarily magnesium-ferrosilicon but also includes other silicon alloys.
8/ Typically 64% silicon content but ranges between 63% to 70% silicon content. Does not include silicon carbide for abrasive or refractory uses.
9/ Included with "Steel: Unspecified."
10/ Included with "Miscellaneous and unspecified."
11/ Included with "Cast irons."
12/ Primarily silicones, silanes, fumed silica, and other chemicals, plus aluminum alloys.
TABLE 5
U.S. EXPORTS OF FERROSILICON AND SILICON METAL, BY GRADE AND COUNTRY, IN 2000 1/
(Metric tons)
Country
Ferrosilicon:
More than 55% silicon:
Brazil
Canada
Costa Rica
Jamaica
Korea, Republic of
Malaysia
Mexico
Taiwan
Total
Other:
Australia
Canada
China
India
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Mexico
Taiwan
United Kingdom
Venezuela
Other
Total
Grand total
See footnotes at end of table.
Gross
weight
Contained
weight
66
4,520
3
3
3,010
29
4,170
11
11,800
40
2,710
2
2
1,810
19
2,830
7
7,420
$52,900
3,320,000
2,790
3,100
2,470,000
45,600
3,400,000
9,120
9,290,000
3,450
6,970
1,790
3,900
3,760
418
1,380
660
7,450
663
1,040
31,500
43,300
1,720
3,480
896
1,890
1,160
209
680
323
3,730
330
524
15,000
22,400
2,990,000
4,570,000
1,580,000
5,920,000
7,080,000
682,000
1,800,000
1,090,000
5,050,000
808,000
1,060,000
32,600,000
41,900,000
Value
(9/)
(9/)
-(9/)
6,120
6,120
44,800
-(11/)
-50,900
1,860
TABLE 5--Continued
U.S. EXPORTS OF FERROSILICON AND SILICON METAL, BY GRADE AND COUNTRY, IN 2000 1/
(Metric tons)
Country
Gross
weight
Contained
weight
Value
Metal:
More than 99.99% silicon:
China
353
XX
Denmark
56
XX
France
89
XX
Germany
183
XX
Italy
78
XX
Japan
3,880
XX
Korea, Republic of
666
XX
Malaysia
118
XX
Taiwan
202
XX
United Kingdom
55
XX
Other
269
XX
Total
5,950
5,950 e/
99.00% - 99.99% silicon:
Belgium
33
33
China
88
88
France
241
239
Guatemala
10
10
Israel
18
18
Japan
184
182
Mexico
722
716
Norway
22
22
Singapore
17
17
United Kingdom
75
74
Other
49
48
Total
1,460
1,450
Other:
Canada
5,250
5,100
China
263
255
Germany
1,310
1,270
Japan
703
683
Korea, Republic of
97
92
Malaysia
157
152
Mexico
2,470
2,400
Niger
96
93
Philippines, Republic of
71
69
Taiwan
603
585
Other
437
423
Total
11,500
11,100
Grand total
18,900
18,500
e/ Estimated. XX Not applicable.
1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
$10,900,000
4,150,000
2,660,000
6,230,000
6,370,000
200,000,000
28,500,000
25,000,000
7,610,000
10,400,000
12,800,000
315,000,000
46,500
125,000
337,000
13,600
25,300
255,000
747,000
31,300
49,300
105,000
113,000
1,850,000
5,510,000
571,000
1,820,000
1,260,000
232,000
424,000
5,240,000
127,000
93,800
984,000
1,140,000
17,400,000
334,000,000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
TABLE 6
U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF FERROSILICON AND SILICON METAL, BY GRADE AND COUNTRY, IN 2000 1/
(Metric tons)
Country
Ferrosilicon:
55% - 80% silicon, over 3% Ca:
Argentina
Brazil
France
Macedonia
United Kingdom
Total
See footnotes at end of table.
Gross
weight
119
131
249
5,910
22
6,430
Contained
weight
64
80
162
4,460
16
4,780
Value
$114,000
132,000
403,000
3,050,000
142,000
3,840,000
TABLE 6--Continued
U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF FERROSILICON AND SILICON METAL, BY GRADE AND COUNTRY, IN 2000 1/
(Metric tons)
Country
Ferrosilicon--Continued:
55% - 80% silicon, other:
Brazil
Canada
China
Iceland
Kazakhstan
Norway
Russia
South Africa
Ukraine
Venezuela
Other
Total
80% - 90% silicon, Russia
Over 90% silicon, Canada
Magnesium ferrosilicon:
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
China
Germany
Japan
Netherlands
Norway
Total
Other:
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
China
Germany
Japan
Norway
South Africa
United Kingdom
Ukraine
Total
Grand total
Metal:
More than 99.99% silicon:
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
United Kingdom
Other
Total
99.00% - 99.99% silicon:
Brazil
Canada
China
Germany
Korea, Republic of
Norway
Philippines, Republic of
Russia
See footnotes at end of table.
Gross
weight
Contained
weight
Value
6,330
4,720
14,000
16,000
61,700
88,900
15,700
25,900
8,640
22,400
10,900
275,000
385
35
4,830
3,560
10,400
12,000
46,900
67,800
11,100
19,500
6,500
19,700
5,980
208,000
309
35
4,050,000
3,470,000
6,850,000
7,460,000
29,400,000
52,500,000
7,720,000
13,800,000
4,330,000
14,100,000
13,800,000
158,000,000
155,000
45,700
1,570
5,410
506
6,220
2
152
20
12,700
26,600
713
2,340
244
2,840
1
123
10
5,840
12,100
1,200,000
4,030,000
611,000
4,380,000
8,440
312,000
18,400
11,200,000
21,700,000
5
49
10,600
18
40
247
80
2,310
5
94
13,400
322,000
2
25
3,570
6
6
969
12
990
2
47
5,630
231,000
12,400
69,600
8,810,000
18,800
39,400
426,000
87,200
584,000
17,000
45,200
10,100,000
193,000,000
3
2
506
397
499
141
6
(2/)
18
3
2
1,580
20,700
10,900
765
400
6,510
2,990
201
11,300
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
1,580 e/
20,300
10,800
759
398
6,440
2,970
199
11,100
$478,000
51,100
58,200,000
19,900,000
16,800,000
1,930,000
735,000
200,000
365,000
453,000
131,000
99,200,000
26,500,000
14,900,000
637,000
608,000
5,680,000
4,480,000
204,000
12,900,000
TABLE 6--Continued
U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF FERROSILICON AND SILICON METAL, BY GRADE AND COUNTRY, IN 2000 1/
(Metric tons)
Country
Gross
weight
Metal--Continued:
99.00% - 99.99% silicon--Continued:
Saudi Arabia
6,300
South Africa
33,700
Other
318
Total
94,100
Other:
Canada
14,200
China
3,810
Germany
292
Japan
19
Korea, Republic of
1,720
Norway
83
Russia
11,400
Saudi Arabia
971
South Africa
4,180
United Kingdom
454
Other
16
Total
37,200
Grand total
133,000
e/ Estimated. XX Not applicable.
1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2/ Less than 1/2 unit.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
Contained
weight
Value
6,250
33,000
276
92,500
6,130,000
38,200,000
499,000
111,000,000
14,000
3,740
198
16
1,690
18
11,200
948
3,630
447
12
35,900
130,000
18,400,000
2,980,000
280,000
53,800
1,510,000
224,000
10,900,000
939,000
3,150,000
572,000
38,700
39,000,000
249,000,000