Name: Katie Teacher: Mr Jeans


Name:
Katie
Teacher:
Mr
Jeans
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
is
a
biological
word
used
to
describe
balance
in
living
things.
This
can
be
homeostasis
of
blood
sugar,
internal
body
temperature,
or
water
balance.
This
means
that
input
and
out
put
must
be
equal
or
dysfunction
can
be
caused
be
either
too
much
accumulation
of
something,
or
even
too
much
loss
of
something.
It
is
critical
that
input
and
output
are
equal
Mammals
need
a
relatively
constant
internal
environment,
as
there
are
a
series
of
chemical
reactions
that
must
take
place
to
support
life.
However,
the
slightest
deviation
from
the
constant
internal
environment
means
that
the
chemical
reactions
needed
may
not
take
place,
resulting
in
an
animal
being
unable
to
function
properly
or
in
extreme
cases
can
result
in
death.
An
example
of
a
constant
internal
environment
is
body
temperature.
A
person’s
core
temperature
should
always
be
with
in
a
very
small
range
of
37
degrees
Celsius.
If
a
person’s
temperature
keeps
rising
and
the
body
is
unable
to
loose
heat,
the
body
will
keep
accumulating
heat
until
the
body’s
chemical
reactions
cannot
take
place
and
the
person
ceases
to
function
properly
or
dies.
The
same
thing
will
happen
if
the
body
cools
too
much.
Glycogen
INSULIN
+
Muscles
and
Cells
FOOD
BLOOD
GLUCOSE
LEVEL
LIVER
The
body
has
a
number
of
systems
in
place
to
maintain
homeostasis
and
hence,
a
constant
internal
environment.
A
good
example
of
how
the
body
keeps
balance
is
by
observing
blood
sugar
control…
When
a
person
eats,
their
food
is
digested
and
broken
down
into
glucose
which
is
used
as
energy
for
the
functions
of
life
and
everyday
activity.
The
glucose
is
absorbed
into
the
blood
stream,
where
it
is
transported
to
muscles
and
cells
as
energy.
If
there
is
excess
glucose/energy,
the
body
will
transport
it
through
the
blood
stream
to
the
liver
where
it
will
be
stored
as
glycogen.
As
people
do
not
eat
at
night
while
sleeping,
the
body
still
needs
energy
for
respiration
and
other
basic
functions
of
life,
and
it
must
still
get
its
energy
from
somewhere.
When
this
happens
and
the
blood
sugar
level
drops
and
no
more
energy
is
going
to
the
cells
and
muscles,
the
liver
releases
the
glycogen
back
into
the
blood
stream
where
it
is
sent
to
the
muscles
and
cells
to
use
as
energy.
Body
Temperature
Removal of
clothing, bath,
sweat, increased
TOO
TOO
blood flow to
HOT
HOT
skin
Environment
Radiation
Excretion
Conduction
Activity
Radiation
Temperature
Convection
Convection/Evaporation
Metabolism
Conduction
Shivering
Run/exercise/clothing/vasoco
TOO
nstriction
COLD
TOO COLD
To
maintain
homeostasis,
the
body
must
have
a
constant
temperature
of
37
Degrees
Celsius.
If
the
environment
in
warm
and
the
body
core
temperature
starts
to
rise,
the
body
increases
its
heat
output
by:
‐ Sweat:
When
the
body
detects
a
rise
in
core
temperature,
it
will
open
the
skins
pores
allowing
water
(sweat)
to
come
through
and
evaporate
into
the
environment
and
this
has
a
cooling
effect
on
the
body.
‐ Increasing
blood
flow
to
skin:
The
body
opens
up
the
veins
and
arterioles
to
allow
more
blood
to
flow
to
the
skins
surface,
where
it
is
cooled
by
the
surrounding
external
environment.
When
this
happens,
the
skin
will
also
take
on
a
red
colour,
as
there
is
more
blood
circulating
at
the
surface
of
the
skin.
If
the
body
detects
that
its
core
temperature
is
dropping,
it
will
decrease
heat
out
put
or
will
to
generate
heat
by:
‐ Shivering:
The
alternate
contraction
and
relaxation
of
muscles,
the
body
creates
energy,
and
it
converts
this
energy
to
heat
energy,
this
help
to
keep
core
temperature
constant.
‐ Vasoconstriction:
This
is
when
the
body
decreases
the
blood
flow
to
the
skin
surface,
so
it
won’t
cool
and
will
be
kept
in
the
core
of
the
body.
‐ Piloerection
(Goosebumps):
This
is
when
the
body
makes
the
hair
on
the
surface
of
the
skin
‘stand
on
end’
and
this
traps
the
heat
in
the
layer
of
hair
and
skin,
decreasing
heat
loss.
Due
to
vasoconstriction
skin
colour
may
also
change,
as
less
blood
is
circulating
at
the
surface
of
the
skin,
the
skin
take
on
a
bluish
tinge.
The
body
must
keep
a
constant
core
temperature
so
that
the
bodies’
chemical
reactions
can
take
place.
With
out
this
constant
core
temperature,
these
reactions
will
become
dysfunctional
or
will
not
happen,
resulting
in
the
body
ceasing
to
function
properly
or
shutting
down
all
together.
Exercise
When
the
body
exercise
or
does
some
sort
of
strenuous
activity,
the
body
responds
or
adjusts
in
certain
ways,
three
of
these
ways
occurring
in
only
minutes.
These
are:
‐ Heart
rate
increasing
so
that
oxygenated
blood
is
pumped
more
rapidly
to
organ,
muscles
and
cells.
‐ Sweat
will
start
to
be
produced
so
in
can
evaporate
and
cool
the
body
to
maintain
a
constant
core
temperature.
‐ Lung
capacity
will
increase
so
that
more
oxygen
will
be
supplied
to
the
blood
and
hence
the
muscles,
organs
and
cells.
These
things
show
how
the
body
adjusts
to
exercise
with
in
a
few
minutes,
however,
it
must
also
adjust
in
other
ways
in
the
body
is
exercising
for
long
periods
of
time.
It
does
this
by…
reducing
weight
so
there
is
less
to
carry
around
and
there
fore
exercise
becomes
much
easier.
Muscles,
including
the
heart,
will
be
built
up
and
will
become
stronger.
Also,
as
the
body
exercises
over
a
long
period
of
time,
the
energy
out
put
will
exceed
the
energy
input,
will
also
explains
the
reduction
in
weight.
Mr
Puniverse
1. If
you
run
the
program
at
default
settings,
the
muscles
mass
will
initially
increase
as
the
anabolic
hormones
are
being
released
at
a
higher
rate
than
the
catabolic.
After
time,
there
is
more
catabolic
hormones
being
released,
decreasing
muscles
mass,
as
it
must
break
down
the
muscle
to
use
at
energy.
2. To
obtain
peak
muscle
mass
development
when
slider
is
set
at
90%
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
To
obtain
peak
muscle
mass
development
with
the
slider
set
at
10%
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
3.
The
results
one
can
obtain
do
vary
significantly
with
genetic
ability.
A
person
who
has
a
majority
of
fast
twitch
muscle
fibres
is
more
likely
to
build
more
muscles
mass
than
a
person
who
has
more
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
However,
a
person
with
slower
twitch
fibres
will
be
better
at
endurance
than
some
one
with
faster
twitch
muscle
fibres.
The
training
method
for
achieving
maximum
muscle
mass
is
as
follows:
- A
high
enough
intensity
so
that
that
the
maximum
amount
of
muscle
fibres
are
recruited,
this
also
stimulates
muscles
growth.
- You
must
also
have
enough
recovery
for
your
muscles
to
build
in
strength.
Your
recovery
should
coincide
with
your
intensity.
- You
must
also
train
frequently
enough
so
you
muscles
are
constantly
being
stimulated
to
build
strength
and
mass,
but
not
so
frequent
that
your
muscles
do
not
have
enough
time
for
recovery.
- Getting
enough
sleep
is
also
important
as
it
is
during
sleep
that
your
muscles
recover.
The
average
person
can
follow
the
training
program
of
a
genetically
gifted
professional
body
builder,
how
ever;
they
will
no
yield
nearly
as
much
increase
in
muscle
mass.
4.
This
is
the
result
when
the
program
is
run
at
default
settings
with
60%
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
This
is
the
result
when
sleep
is
increases
with
60%
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
This
is
the
result
when
intensity
is
increased
with
60%
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
This
is
the
result
when
days
between
work
out
are
increased
with
60%
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
This
is
the
result
when
days
between
works
outs
is
decreased
with
60%
slow
twitch
muscle
fibres.
Role
of
Hormones
There
are
five
hormones
listed
here
in
this
tables
that
are
involved
with
homeostasis
and
reproduction,
the
table
also
shows
what
they
do.
Hormone
Function
Growth
Hormone
Regulates
growth
and
many
body
activities.
(
Pituitary
Gland)
Thyroxine
Regulates
metabolism
and
growth.
(
Thyroid
Gland)
Cortisol
and
Adrenalin
Regulates
metabolism
and
response
to
stress.
(Adrenal
Glands)
Insulin
and
Glucagon
Regulates
blood
glucose
concentration.
Testosterone
Regulates
fertility.
Progesterone
Growth
and
maintenance
of
primary
and
Oestrogen
secondary
sex
characteristics.
Natural
Selection
Natural
selection
is
the
process
where
animals
of
a
particular
species
inherit
advantageous
physical
characteristics,
which
aids
their
survival.
This
occurs
over
a
long
time
span
through
reproduction
and
breeding.
For
example,
there
are
two
birds,
they
are
of
the
same
species,
some
are
brown
but
the
others
are
red.
The
habitat
of
this
species
is
woodland,
which
means
that
the
brown
bird
is
more
easily
camouflaged
than
the
red
bird.
As
the
red
bird
is
easier
to
see
for
predators,
there
are
less,
which
means
through
breeding
with
the
brown
birds,
eventually
the
gene
that
gives
the
birds
the
red
feathers
stops
being
passed
on,
which
means
now
there
are
only
brown
birds.
Natural
selection
also
occurs
in
humans,
and
this
is
seen
through
structural
differences
between
people
living
in
a
cold
environment
and
people
living
in
a
hot
environment.
Commonly,
people
who
live
in
hotter
environments
have
longer
limbs,
darker
skin
and
are
taller.
This
means
that
their
surface
area
is
increased
and
it
is
easier
for
them
to
lose
heat,
and
their
increased
skin
pigments
(darker
skin)
means
they
are
less
susceptible
to
skin
cancer.
People
who
live
in
colder
environments
are
usually
shorter
and
stockier
so
they
have
less
surface
area
exposed
to
the
environment
to
prevent
heat
loss.
Modifying
the
environment
To
improve
the
chance
of
survival,
human
have
modified
their
environment,
both
in
a
rural
and
city
setting.
City
Rural
‐
Drainage
and
sewage:
underground
tunnels
and
‐
Irrigation
for
supply
of
water
to
crops
in
areas
system
of
pipes
which
carry
storm
water
and
where
there
might
not
be
a
viable
water
source
waste,
this
cuts
down
on
drowning
and
water
close
by
and
to
ensure
that
water
can
be
giving
to
born
diseases,
it
also
stops
the
spread
of
other
large
crops.
diseases.
‐
Built
roads
so
travel
is
easier
and
safer.
‐
Built
roads
so
there
is
easier
access
to
other
areas
of
the
environment
and
so
food
can
be
‐
Cleared
land
for
farming
so
there
is
more
land
for
readily
transported
to
the
city.
crops,
and
more
food
to
support
people.