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Transcription

NFHS REPORT
Celebrating the Value of High
School Activity Programs
BY ROBERT B. GARDNER, NFHS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, AND RICK WULKOW, NFHS PRESIDENT
No matter where you live in this great country, October likely is
boys basketball – more than 2½ times the 133 million spectators
one of your favorite months of the year. The heat is winding down
who attended events in those sports at the college and professional
in the South, leaves are falling in the Midwest with the transition of
levels combined. Girls and boys basketball accounted for 170 mil-
seasons, snow has yet to accumulate in the Northeast and the West
lion fans, while football was close behind at 166 million, with soc-
Coast is as gorgeous as ever.
cer third at 24 million.
October is a marquee month in high school sports as well.
Granted, there are many more games played at the high school
Throughout the 50 states and the District of Columbia, on any given
level to reach that prodigious figure, but it is a great sign that high
Friday night, there are approximately 7,000 high school football
school sports continue to be a big part of communities throughout
games involving more than one million student-athletes.
our nation. A ticket to a high school sporting event remains one of
the best values for the entertainment dollar.
soccer matches, and field hockey games. In many of those same
While these latest surveys on participation and attendance were
schools, students are involved in the various performing arts activ-
extremely encouraging, we know there is much work ahead. With
ities such as speech, debate, music and theatre.
budget issues forcing many schools to find alternative methods of
More than 11 million students participate in activity programs at
funding or cut back on programs, school leaders must continue to
the high school level, and the NFHS has designated October as “Na-
champion the cause for high school athletic and performing arts
tional High School Activities Month.” In the past, the third week in
programs.
October was set aside for “National High School Activities Week,”
These vital programs provide one of the best bargains in our
but we’ve expanded the celebration to the entire month this year.
community and will continue to do so as long as our nation sup-
And there is much to celebrate. Our cover story on page 12 re-
ports them as an integral part of the education of our young peo-
ports on another record-breaking year in sports participation. Dur-
ple. These programs teach more than 11 million young people
ing the 2010-11 school year, participation in high school sports
valuable life skills lessons such as ethics, integrity and healthy
increased for the 22nd consecutive time and produced a record-
lifestyles.
breaking total of 7,667,955 participants. And the survey showed
There is fundamental, empirical evidence that high school ac-
that more than 55 percent of students enrolled in high schools par-
tivity programs provide a successful way in which to create healthy
ticipate in athletics.
and successful citizens. Many of these studies are documented in
Outdoor track and field, cross country and the emerging sport
of lacrosse registered significant increases in participation, along
The Case for High School Activities, which is available on our Web
site at www.nfhs.org.
with boys and girls soccer, girls volleyball and boys basketball. Girls
Although promoting the value of these programs in our nation’s
lacrosse increased nine percent from the previous year and cracked
schools should be a ongoing, year-long event, we encourage you
the girls Top 10 listing for the first time.
to go the extra mile this month as we celebrate National High
That great news came on the heels of our feature in the Sep-
School Activities Month. Take this opportunity to toot your horn
tember issue of High School Today which indicated that approxi-
even louder, to show appreciation to your communities for their
mately 510 million fans attended high school sporting events during
support of your programs, to thank those spectators who support
the 2009-10 school year, including 468 million during regular-sea-
your activity programs throughout the year, and recognize the
son events and 42 million for state association playoff contests.
coaches and contest officials who make it all possible.
About two-thirds of those fans (336 million) attended high
school regular-season and playoff games in football and girls and
Thanks for all you do to keep the doors of opportunity open for
the nation’s student-athletes. 
NFHS | www.nfhs.org/hstoday
During the week there are cross country meets, volleyball and
1
HighSchool
TODAY™
THE VOICE OF EDUCATION-BASED ATHLETIC AND PERFORMING ARTS ACTIVITIES
12
Contents
Welcome
We hope you enjoy this publication
and welcome your feedback. You may
contact Bruce Howard, editor of High
School Today, at [email protected].

VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2
EDITORIAL STAFF
Publisher .......................Robert B. Gardner
Editor ............................Bruce L. Howard
Assistant Editor .............John C. Gillis
Production.....................Randall D. Orr
Advertising....................Judy Shoemaker
Graphic Designer ...........Kim A. Vogel
Online Editor .................Chris Boone

COVER STORY
High School Sports Participation Continues Upward Climb:
Participation in high school sports increased for the 22nd consecutive year in 2010-11.
High School Today | October 11
Cover photo provided by Kim Jew Photography, New Mexico.
4
PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE
Superintendent..............Darrell Floyd, TX
Principal ........................Ralph Holloway, NC
School Boards ...............Jim Vanderlin, IN
State Associations..........Treva Dayton, TX
Media Director ..............Robert Zayas, NM
Performing Arts..............Steffen Parker, VT
Athletic Director ............David Hoch, MD
Athletic Trainer ..............Brian Robinson, IL
Coach ...........................Don Showalter, IA
Legal Counsel................Lee Green, KS
Contest Official..............Tim Christensen, OR
High School Today, an official publication of the National Federation of State
High School Associations, is published
eight times a year by the NFHS.
SUBSCRIPTION PRICE
One-year subscription is $24.95. Canada add
$3.75 per year surface postage. All other foreign
subscribers, please contact the NFHS office for
shipping rates. Back issues are $3.00 plus actual
postage.
EDITORIAL/ADVERTISING OFFICES
National Federation of
State High School Associations
PO Box 690, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
Telephone 317-972-6900; fax 317.822.5700
Manuscripts, illustrations and photographs may
be submitted by mail or e-mail to Bruce Howard,
editor, PO Box 690, Indianapolis, IN 46206,
<[email protected]>. They will be carefully
considered by the High School Today Publica-
tions Committee, but the publisher cannot be responsible for loss or damage.
Reproduction of material published in High
School Today is prohibited without written permission of the NFHS executive director. Views of
the authors do not always reflect the opinion or
policies of the NFHS.
Copyright 2011 by the National Federation
of State High School Associations. All rights
reserved.
FEATURES

16
HST ONLINE
ACTIVITY PROGRAMS
Strategies to Generate
Support for Interscholastic
Programs: Administrators
must provide justification for
programs. –Gary Stevens
22
SPORTS SAFETY
Basketball Buffer Zones:
Accidents Waiting to
Happen: Adequate space,
You can access previous issues online
padding should be available
at www.nfhs.org/hstoday.
on basketball courts.
–Todd L. Seidler, Ph.D.
26
RISK MANAGEMENT
State Associations Defend
New Field Hockey Eyewear

1
6
is now mandatory in field
ADMINISTRATION
Creating a Positive
Performing Arts
20
Above and Beyond
24
Ideas That Work
28
In Their Own Words
33
Technology
34
Sports Medicine
36
Coach Education
39
40
In the News
welcomes and treats its
guests is an integral element
of sportsmanship.
–Michael Williams, CMAA and
Michael Duffy, CMAA
18
28
33
Interesting Facts and Information
18
Experience for a Visiting
Team: How the home team
Quick Hits
Legal Issues
hockey. –Eamonn Reynolds
30
NFHS Report
14
Rule: To reduce potential for
catastrophic injuries, eyewear
DEPARTMENTS
Free Speech Rights vs. Student Postings
on Social Media Sites
In the Limelight: Sustaining a Successful
Theatre Program
‘Officials for Kids’ Program Makes the Right Call
North Carolina Captain Retreat Program
Teaches Leadership, Communication
Female Tackles Daunting Task as Wrestling
Coach at School for Blind
Meeting Wizard – an Online Scheduling
Program
Academic Accommodations After
a Sports-related Concussion
Concussion Course Leading Way for NFHS
Coach Education Program
Voices of the Nation

5
QUICK HITS
Unusual Nicknames
Mayfair Monsoons
Despite its location in sunny, Southern California, Mayfair High School in
Lakewood, rains on its opponents as the Monsoons. The school, located in
Los Angeles County, uses a tornado as its mascot and continues the meteorological theme with the name of its newspaper (The Windjammer) and its yearbook (Tradewinds). Notable alumni include the NBA’s Josh Childress and
Alterraun Verner of the Tennessee Titans. 
Top High School Performances
Hawkeye State produces
back-to-back record-holders
Vaughn ties national record
Hailing from the Show-Me State, Springfield (Missouri) Glendale High School running back Trevor Vaughn has certainly
Twice in two weeks, an Iowa
high school football player tied the
In Glendale’s season-opening 50-37 home victory over Joplin
national record for most intercep-
(Missouri) High School on September 9, the 5-foot-9, 170-pound
tions returned for a touchdown in a
senior returned three kickoffs for touchdowns. He accomplished
quarter of an 11-player football
that feat on returns of 93, 92 and 68 yards.
game.
On August 26, Urbandale
6
shown the nation his ability to turn kickoffs into touchdowns.
In the process, not only did he set the new Missouri single-game
state record, he also tied the national record of three kickoff re-
(Iowa) High School sophomore
turns for scores. According
Allen Lazard (left) returned two
to National Federation of
interceptions for touchdowns in
State High School Associa-
the first quarter of Urbandale’s
tion’s National High School
game with Des Moines (Iowa)
Sports Record Book, five
Hoover.
other players had previ-
Just one week later on September 2, senior safety Tim Kilfoy
ously performed that feat.
of Davenport (Iowa) Assumption High School did the same
Glendale also received
thing against Burlington (Iowa) High School. The 6-1, 190-pound
four touchdowns from 6-
Kilfoy returned interceptions of 53 and 77 yards for touchdowns in
4, 210-pound senior wide
the second quarter of Assumption’s 42-7 victory.
receiver Cameron Johnson,
In the process, Kilfoy etched his name into the NFHS’ National
who scored three touch-
High School Sports Record Book along with Lazard as national
downs through receptions
record-holders in that category. Kilfoy now has 14 interceptions in
and one on an interception
his career. 
return. 
Legal Brief
Editor’s Note: This column features an analysis of a landmark court case highlighting a key standard of practice for
scholastic sports programs. This material is provided by Lee Green, an attorney and member of the High School Today
Publications Committee.
Brokaw v. McSorley & Winfield-Mt. UCSD
Iowa Court of Appeals 2008
from ordinary negligence during a contest, the
exception does not shield participants who
Facts: A basketball player filed a civil suit for bat-
commit intentional or malicious acts or
tery against an opposing player for injuries sustained
coaches who encourage the use of excessively
from an intentional and malicious elbow to the face
violent techniques. The court found the op-
during a game. The suit also alleged negligent super-
posing player liable for battery and $23,000 in
vision against the opposing school and its coaches for
damages, but concluded that the coaches
encouraging excessively rough play and the use of a
were not liable because they had never en-
level of violence that violated the rules of basketball.
couraged the use of violent or illegal tech-
Issue: Can a sports participant recover damages
niques.
from another participant and/or opposing coaches
Standard of Practice: One aspect of the
and schools for injuries sustained during an athletic
duty of supervision for athletics personnel is to
contest?
coach and monitor players to prevent the use
Ruling: Although the “contact sports exception”
of excessively violent or illegal techniques that
shields participants from liability for injuries resulting
foreseeably could injure opposing players. 
Around the Nation
Question: Has your state legislature mandated a concussion
law and/or education in your state?
8
It All Started Here
Lauren Cheney
BY SHANE MONAGHAN
was also named both Indiana Girls State Player of the Year and
National Soccer Coaches Association of America National Youth
and High School Player of the Year in 2005.
After her senior season, Cheney graduated midyear from Ben
anapolis, Indiana, refused to let those challenges deter her from
Davis to train full-time with the United States Under-20 (U-20)
her dreams.
team for the FIFA U-20 Women’s World Cup. Cheney went on to
After the surgery, Cheney’s medical team encouraged her par-
play at UCLA, where she set school records for points with 173
ents to keep her active and get her involved with sports to keep her
and game-winning goals with 28. She tied former Bruin Traci
heart strong. Before turning six, she had become a soccer stand-
Arkenberg for the school record for career goals with 71. During
out. And at age eight, her one and only goal was to become an
Cheney’s four years at UCLA, the Bruins played in four consecutive
Olympic soccer player.
NCAA College Cups.
Cheney went to Indianapolis (Indiana) Ben Davis High School,
In 2008, Cheney’s Olympic dream was answered as she was
where she continued her soccer career. Cheney immediately be-
named to the U.S. roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics, where
came an asset to the team, receiving Metropolitan Interscholastic
she appeared in three games as a substitute as the United States
Conference (MIC) All-Conference honors as a freshman. Not only
won the Gold Medal.
was Cheney a soccer standout during her four years at Ben Davis,
but she was also a member of the varsity basketball team until her
senior year.
In January 2010, Cheney was selected with the second overall
pick by the Boston Breakers of Women’s Professional Soccer.
As a member of the United States Women’s National Team in
Alongside then-teammates, University of Connecticut mid-
the 2011 FIFA Women’s World Cup, Cheney scored her first goal
fielder Annie Yi and University of Louisville midfielder Kate Cun-
for the U.S. team against North Korea. She scored the first goal
ningham, Cheney led Ben Davis to its best record in school history,
and assisted on the winning goal in the semifinal against France.
and also led the team with 35 goals and 15 assists in her senior sea-
The United States eventually lost to Japan in the finals.
son. Ben Davis advanced to the semi-state round of the Indiana
Without a doubt, wherever Cheney goes, success is sure to fol-
High School Athletic Association 2A state tournament in 2005,
low. From an open-heart surgery procedure, to her high school ca-
eventually falling to Zionsville (Indiana) High School.
reer and eventually her Olympic success, Cheney is proof of that
During her career at Ben Davis, Cheney amassed multiple ac-
dreams really do come true. 
colades including MIC All-Conference honors in 2003, 2004 and
2005. Cheney was the Indianapolis Star and Metro Player of the
Year in 2004 and the Super Team Player of the Year in 2005. She
Shane Monaghan is a fall intern in the NFHS Publications/Communications and Events
Departments. Monaghan is a graduate of Ball State (Indiana) University, where he
specialized in sports administration.
Despite being born with a congenital heart defect and undergoing open-heart surgery at age three, Lauren Cheney of Indi-
9
For the Record
FOOTBALL
Highest Completion
Percentage, Season
Tim Couch
75.2%
Dano Graves
(Folsom, CA), 2009
75.1%
Tim Couch
(Hyden Leslie County, KY), 1994
73.7%
Corey Robinson
(Lone Oak, KY), 2007
73.2%
Garrett Grayson
(Vancouver Heritage, WA), 2009
72.3%
Daniel Gonzalez
(Los Angeles Franklin, CA), 1999
Source: 2011 National High School Sports Record Book. To view the
Record Book, visit the NFHS Web site at www.nfhs.org and select
“Publications” on the home page.
The Cost
STRING INSTRUMENTS
I
C D
G H
A
B
E
Item
10
Average Price
F
Low
High
Item
Average Price
Low
High
(A) Violin (Under size) ......................... $450 ..............$99............$800
(E) Cello (Under size) ......................... $1,425 ............$350.........$2,500
(B) Violin (Full size) ............................. $900 ..............$99.........$1,700
(F) Cello (Full size) ............................. $2,000 ............$500.........$3,500
(C) Viola (Under size) ............................ $575 ............$150.........$1,000
(G) String Bass (Under size) ............... $2,100 ............$700.........$3,500
(D) Viola (Full size)............................. $1,125 ............$250.........$2,000
(H) String Bass (Full size) ................... $3,100 .........$1,200.........$5,000
(I) Harp ............................................. $6,500 .........$3,000.......$10,000
*These prices serve as approximate costs and are not intended to reflect
any specific manufacturer’s prices.
 COVER STORY
High School Sports
Participation Continues
Upward Climb
P
articipation in high school sports increased for the 22nd
cation-based athletics at the high school level are well-documented,
consecutive school year in 2010-11, according to the an-
and we encourage communities throughout the nation to keep
nual High School Athletics Participation Survey conducted
these doors of opportunity open.
by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS).
“Based on the survey, 55.5 percent of students enrolled in high
Based on figures from the 50 state high school athletic/activity
schools participate in athletics, which emphasizes and reinforces
associations, plus the District of Columbia, that are members of
the idea that high school sports continue to have a significant role
the NFHS, sports participation for the 2010-11 school year reached
in student involvement in schools across the country.”
another record-breaking total of 7,667,955 participants.
Cross country and outdoor track and field gained the most par-
Boys and girls participation figures also reached respective all-
ticipants in boys sports last year, with increases of 7,340 and 7,179,
time highs with 4,494,406 boys and 3,173,549 girls participating in
respectively. Other boys sports with significant jumps were soccer
2010-11 – an overall increase of 39,578 participants from 2009-10.
(6,512), basketball (5,637) and lacrosse (5,013). Three sports with
“While the overall increase was not as much as we’ve seen in
lower overall participation totals registered large percentage gains
the past few years, we are definitely encouraged with these totals
in 2010-11 – fencing (up 38 percent to 2,027 participants),
given the financial challenges facing our nation’s high schools,”
weightlifting (up 12 percent to 22,161 participants) and badminton
said Bob Gardner, NFHS executive director. “The benefits of edu-
(up 9.4 percent to 4,693 participants).
TEN MOST POPULAR GIRLS PROGRAMS
Schools
Participants
1. Basketball
17,767
1. Track and Field – Outdoor
475,265
16,030
2. Basketball
438,933
3. Volleyball
15,479
3. Volleyball
409,332
4. Softball – Fast Pitch
15,338
4. Softball – Fast Pitch
373,535
5. Cross Country
13,839
5. Soccer
361,556
6. Soccer
11,047
6. Cross Country
204,653
7. Tennis
10,181
7. Tennis
182,074
8. Golf
9,609
8. Swimming and Diving
160,881
7,164
9. Competitive Spirit Squads
96,718
10. Competitive Spirit Squads
4,266
10. Lacrosse
74,927
12
Photo provided by Action Image Photography, Wellsburg, West Virginia.
Among girls sports, the emerging sport of lacrosse led the way
total number of participants; this past year, that number has
with an additional 6,155 participants – an increase of nine percent
climbed to 41 percent. In Oklahoma, the number of female partic-
from the previous year. With 74,927 participants nationwide,
ipants actually exceeded the number of boys this past year – 44,112
lacrosse cracked the girls Top 10 listing for the first time as it moved
to 42,694.
past golf (71,764). Outdoor track and field was close behind
The participation survey has been compiled since 1971 by the
lacrosse with an additional 6,088 participants, followed by soccer
NFHS through numbers it receives from its member associations.
(5,440), volleyball (5,347) and cross country (2,685).
The complete 2010-11 High School Athletics Participation Survey
Sports with lower overall girls participation totals that registered
is available on the NFHS Web site at www.nfhs.org. 
7,351 participants), badminton (up 14 percent to 12,083 participants) and weightlifting (up 11 percent to 8,237 participants).
The top 10 participatory sports for boys remained the same
from 2009-10: Eleven-player football led the way with 1,108,441,
followed by outdoor track and field (579,302), basketball
(545,844), baseball (471,025), soccer (398,351), wrestling
(273,732), cross country (246,948), tennis (161,367), golf
(156,866), and swimming and diving (133,900).
Outdoor track and field was the top sport for girls again last
year with 475,265 participants, followed by basketball (438,933),
volleyball (409,332), fast-pitch softball (373,535), soccer (361,556),
cross country (204,653), tennis (182,074), swimming and diving
Photos provided by 20/20 Photographic, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan.
the largest percentage gains were wrestling (up 19.8 percent to
(160,881), competitive spirit squads (96,718) and lacrosse (74,927).
Texas and California once again topped the list of participants
by state with 786,626 and 774,767, respectively, followed by New
York (388,527), Illinois (350,144), Ohio (328,430), Pennsylvania
(316,687), Michigan (314,354), New Jersey (255,893), Florida
(245,079) and Minnesota (234,901).
Although the rise in girls participation numbers was not as large
this past year (due, in part, to significant drops in competitive spirit
numbers in two states), the percentage increase rate has more than
doubled the rate for boys during the past 20 years – 63 percent to
31 percent. Twenty years ago, girls constituted 36 percent of the
TEN MOST POPULAR BOYS PROGRAMS
Participants
1. Basketball
18,150
1. Football – 11-Player
1,108,441
15,954
579,302
3. Baseball
15,863
3. Basketball
545,844
4. Football – 11-Player
14,279
4. Baseball
471,025
5. Cross Country
14,097
5. Soccer
398,351
6. Golf
13,681
6. Wrestling
273,732
7. Soccer
11,503
7. Cross Country
246,948
8. Wrestling
10,407
8. Tennis
161,367
9. Tennis
9,839
9. Golf
156,866
6,899
133,900
Schools
13
Photo provided by Northwest Sports Photography, Beaverton, Oregon.
LEGAL ISSUES
Free Speech Rights vs. Student
Postings on Social Media Sites
BY LEE GREEN, J.D.
The Issue
Since the launch of MySpace in 2003, Facebook in 2004, Twitter
in 2006, Google+ in 2011 and their numerous social networking
progeny, schools and athletics programs have been struggling with a
new issue related to codes of conduct for students and student-athletes: the extent of school legal authority over off-campus postings
by students on social media Web sites.
An increasing number of lawsuits are being filed each year by students suspended from school or athletics for allegedly inappropriate
from running for a class office and her supporters were also prohibited from wearing “Team Avery” t-shirts at a school election assembly.
postings on such sites, with the plaintiffs asserting that they have pro-
In ruling in favor of school personnel, the Second Circuit relied on
tected First Amendment free speech rights to engage in off-campus,
the “substantial disruption” standard established by the U.S. Supreme
online speech and that the codes of conduct pursuant to which they
Court in the 1969 Tinker v. Des Moines case, stating that Doninger’s
were disciplined were unconstitutionally vague because the policies
conduct “posed a reasonably foreseeable risk that it would come to
did not adequately define prohibited behaviors.
the attention of school authorities and materially and substantially
The challenge for schools attempting to develop social media poli-
disrupt the work and discipline of the school.”
cies has been the lack of clear legal guidelines regarding school au-
The court also relied on the Sixth Circuit’s 2007 decision in Low-
thority to restrict off-campus student speech that takes place via new
ery v. Euverard upholding the suspension from a high school football
technologies. However, during 2011, five social media lawsuits have
team of players who were actively campaigning to have their coach
been decided by U.S. Courts of Appeal – three in favor of students
fired. The Sixth Circuit used the Tinker substantial disruption standard
and two in favor of schools.
in concluding that the players were undermining the authority of their
Two of the cases, one decided in favor of a student and one decided in favor of a school, are being appealed to the U.S. Supreme
coach and materially interfering with the orderly operation of the
team.
Court and the confusion created by the conflicting rulings has cre-
In July, Doninger filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the U.S.
ated the type of perfect judicial storm into which the Supreme Court
Supreme Court, but as of mid-September, the Court had not yet an-
is likely to intervene in order to create uniformity of law across the
nounced whether it will hear her appeal.
country.
J.S. v. Blue Mountain School District
Doninger v. Niehoff
14
In June, the Third Circuit sitting en banc (all 14 circuit judges par-
In April, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled in
ticipating) held that the Blue Mountain School District (BMSD) in Penn-
favor of administrators at Lewis S. Mills High School in Connecticut
sylvania violated the free speech rights of a minor, J.S., when it
who took disciplinary action against a student, Avery Doninger, who
suspended her from school for creating on her home computer a fake
as a protest against the rescheduling of a student council event made
MySpace profile of her school principal that incorporated profanity
off-campus postings on her blog that referred to school personnel as
and characterized him as a sex addict and pedophile.
“douchebags” and encouraged readers to inundate school personnel
Using Tinker analysis, the court stated that “[her] speech did not
with phone calls and e-mails in order to “piss them off more.” Al-
cause a substantial disruption in the school” and the court also con-
though Doninger was not suspended from school, she was prohibited
cluded that the Supreme Court’s ruling in the 1986 case Bethel School
District v. Frasier that schools may prohibit “sexually explicit, indecent,
reasonably be expected to reach the school and impact the school
or lewd speech” does not apply to speech that takes place off-cam-
environment.”
pus.
In July, the BMSD announced that it intends to petition the U.S.
D.J.M. v. Hannibal Public School District
Supreme Court to review the case, but as of mid-September, the dis-
On August 1, the Eighth Circuit ruled that the Hannibal Public
trict’s application for certiorari had not yet been filed with the Court.
School District (HPSD) in Missouri did not violate the free speech rights
of a student, D.J.M., who used instant-messaging on his home com-
Layshock v. Hermitage School District
puter to communicate highly derogatory and threatening messages
On the same day as its decision in J.S. v. Blue Mountain School
that he intended to use a gun to kill specific students, including his
District, the Third Circuit sitting en banc held that the Hermitage
older brother, other named individuals, and particular members of
School District (HSD) in Pennsylvania violated the free speech rights of
certain groups he hated, including “midgets, fags and Negro bitches.”
a student, Justin Layshock, who had on his grandmother’s home com-
Upon learning of D.J.M.’s electronic communications, district per-
puter created a parody MySpace profile of his school principal, when
sonnel contacted law enforcement and the student was arrested, re-
it suspended him, transferred him into an alternative education pro-
ferred for psychiatric evaluation and briefly detained in a juvenile
gram and prohibited him from participating in graduation ceremonies.
facility. After the HPSD suspended him for the remainder of the school
The profile contained numerous vulgarities and sexual innuendos and
year, D.J.M. filed suit against the district, asserting that his online mes-
a picture of the principal taken from the HSD Web site.
sages had been a joke and that the disciplinary action violated his free
The Third Circuit rejected the HSD argument that the student’s
speech rights.
behavior was “on-campus” because of his use of the district Web site
The Eighth Circuit concluded that D.J.M.’s speech was not consti-
to download the principal’s picture and in ruling for the student stated
tutionally protected because it constituted a “true threat” – “a state-
“we do not think that the First Amendment can tolerate the School
ment that a reasonable recipient would have interpreted as a serious
District stretching its authority into Justin’s grandmother’s home and
expression of intent to cause harm or injury to another.” Although ac-
reaching Justin while he is sitting at her computer.”
knowledging that the Supreme Court has not yet addressed the issue
of school authority over student speech that occurs away from school,
Kowalski v. Berkeley County Schools
the Eighth Circuit commented that the Tinker substantial disruption
On July 27, the Fourth Circuit ruled that the Berkeley County
should be applied to off-campus speech where school officials “might
Schools (BCS) in West Virginia did not violate the free speech rights
reasonably forecast substantial disruption or material interference with
of a student, Kara Kowalski, who created a MySpace discussion group
school activities.”
page designed solely as a vehicle for her two dozen “friends” who
T.V. & M.K. v. Smith-Green Community Schools
use of profane and offensive postings of derogatory comments about
On August 10, a U.S. District Court in Indiana ruled that the Smith-
and altered photographs of the target student. Kowalski’s name for
Green Community Schools (SGCS) violated the free speech rights of
the page, S.A.S.H., was an acronym for “Students Against Shay’s Her-
two volleyball players when they were suspended from the team and
pes” and doctored photos falsely implied that Shay N. suffered from
other extracurricular activities for off-campus postings of profanely
the disease.
captioned photographs on social media sites depicting themselves at
The BCS found Kowalski in violation of the district’s anti-bullying
a slumber party in various states of undress and engaged in sexually
policy and suspended her from school for 10 days and extracurricu-
suggestive poses with phallus-shaped lollipops. Although the court
lar activities for 90 days, thus barring her from participating in cheer-
never addressed the issue as to whether the Tinker substantial dis-
leading and the school’s “Charm Review” club, a finishing school-type
ruption standard applies to off-campus speech, the court concluded
activity for which Kowalski had the previous year been elected
that the postings did not create a substantial disruption of the school
“Charm Queen.”
or athletics environment. The court also concluded that the SGCS’s
The Fourth Circuit’s decision upholding the district’s discipline of
code of conduct for students participating in extracurricular activities
Kowalski concluded that bullying, cyberbullying and other forms of
and athletics was unconstitutionally vague and that to be enforce-
harassment satisfy the Tinker “substantial disruption” standard. De-
able, codes of conduct and social media policies need to be highly
spite Kowalski’s argument that off-campus speech is beyond the au-
specific with regard to defining prohibited behaviors. 
thority of the school to regulate, the court stated that “when she
used the Internet as the medium, Kowalski indeed pushed her computer’s keys in her home, but she knew that the electronic response
would be, as it in fact was, published beyond her home and could
Lee Green is an attorney and a professor at Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas,
where he teaches courses in sports law, business law and constitutional law. He is a
member of the High School Today Publications Committee. He may be contacted at
[email protected].
joined the page to cyberbully another student, Shay N., through the
15
Strategies to Generate
Support for Interscholastic
Programs
BY GARY STEVENS
A
t a time when school systems are struggling financially to
to an athletic director seeking to make this connection:
maintain existing programs, the future of interscholastic
Track the educational achievements
out the nation have been charged by school superintendents to of student-athletes
athletics is at a crossroads. Athletic administrators through-
maintain programs with little or no additional financial support.
Athletic administrators should make great efforts to track the ac-
Needs-based budgeting has been replaced by a new imperative to do
ademic accomplishments of student-athletes on a seasonal basis.
more with less. Under conditions of economic duress, athletic direc-
Many athletic administrators track the grade-point averages of their
tors have been given a simple choice: find alternative methods to
teams and publicly recognize squads that exceed targeted levels. Oth-
raise money to fund their programs or make drastic cuts to operate
ers recognize individual students who maintain honor status as
within limited means.
“scholar-athletes” or who earn all-academic honors at the state or
Complicating this scenario is the proliferation of sport alternatives for students. No longer can school athletics lay claim to being
conference levels. In turn, the names of students receiving these honors should be reported to the local educational authorities.
the “only show in town.” Club athletics and recreational activities
are competing with schools for the same participants who have his-
16
Collect attendance data on student-athletes
torically populated school teams. In a time when many athletic di-
Peggy Johnson, director of athletics for the Savannah-Chatham
rectors are reducing the number of contests and limiting travel, club
(Georgia) Public Schools, oversees athletic programs involving 35,000
programs may appear more appealing to elite athletes and those
youngsters in seven high schools and 12 middle schools in her sys-
youngsters seeking exposure to college coaches.
tem. As part of her data collection process, she analyzes information
Given these challenges, athletic administrators must take the
related to student attendance rates for all students. Johnson observes
lead role in providing support and justification for these programs.
that attendance rates for students involved in activities significantly
Validating the need for education-based athletics requires the ath-
exceed those of youngsters who are non-participants. She observes
letic director to assert his/her role as an educational leader. Through
that student-athletes outperform all others in the classroom and are
collection and publication of data related to student-athlete per-
less likely to drop out of school.
formance in the classroom, promotion of the positive publicity gen-
Johnson presents this information to her school board each year
erated by both athletes and coaches, and department procedures
as part of her rationale for maintaining programs, and her efforts
supporting the school’s educational mission, the athletic director
have yielded impressive results. Johnson’s budgets have actually in-
can effectively make the case that school athletics is more than
creased by more than 33 percent each year. “This is a bargain price
“extracurricular.”
for what you get for each dollar,” Johnson observes. “ [As a result]
Athletic administrators should use a variety of strategies to sup-
school boards recognize we cannot cut athletics.”
port the case for their programs. Collecting information related to
Collect cost-per-pupil data to demonstrate
of the process. Even when financial resources are adequate, it is im- the efficiency of your operation
how athletics supports a school system’s mission is an essential part
portant to gather statistical and anecdotal data about how athletics
Efficiency is a hallmark of a good athletic director. In today’s eco-
fosters student learning. The following strategies may prove helpful
nomic climate, athletic administrators assume the responsibility of
demonstrating that each dollar raised through public funding, par-
gram as is competition provides a strong argument that athletics is
ticipation fees, game admissions or concession sales is utilized in a re-
an indispensable part of the overall educational program.
sponsible manner. Costs associated with each sport should be
tabulated and calculated on a cost-per-pupil basis. Delivering pro-
Minimize the loss of academic time when scheduling
grams at the same or reduced costs on a yearly basis will demon-
Supporting a school’s educational purposes requires the athletic
strate to district leadership that the athletic program is operating in
director to schedule events responsibly. Classroom teachers become
an efficient manner. When circumstances such as purchasing nec-
frustrated when students involved in athletics miss class time to par-
essary safety equipment or unanticipated expenses dictate a cost in-
ticipate in an athletic event. Whenever possible, game times should
crease, these changes should be documented in writing.
be scheduled so that bus departures occur after the dismissal bell.
There are occasions when daylight considerations or state-man-
Document honors earned by student-athletes
dated playoff games necessitate mid-afternoon start times and early
Non-statistical data can help the athletic administrator make the
dismissals for student-athletes. When those circumstances arise, the
case for a school’s program as well. The publicity generated by stu-
athletic director should communicate the names of all affected stu-
dent-athletes who are recognized in the print and electronic media
dent-athletes in a timely manner and support teachers’ academic ex-
is positive for the school as a whole. Athletic administrators should
pectations. When early departures are the exception, not the custom,
and athletic administrators communicate all pertinent information, classroom teachers are generally supportive.
Collect feedback from alumni to demonstrate
how athletics has positively impacted their
lives
Graduates of the school are some of the most ardent
supporters of athletics. An athletic administrator should
initiate and maintain contact with alumni and collect information as to how participation in interscholastic sports
impacted them personally and professionally. Anecdotal
data about how the educational values instilled through
competition have shaped the experiences of graduates
can be used as a justification for maintaining programs,
even when budgets are lean. Given that many alumni
may still reside in the community and pay taxes, these
individuals may become important allies during challenging times.
document and archive all honors earned by participants in their pro-
Of course, there is no guarantee that any or all of these strategies
grams and file reports as needed. This information should be promi-
will work under all circumstances. A community experiencing wide-
nently documented on the school’s athletic Web site and updated
spread unemployment or a major taxpayer revolt will create prevail-
regularly as necessary. For purposes of fairness, inclusion and Title IX
ing winds that will be difficult for the athletic director to navigate.
compliance, all activities should be displayed equitably.
What is certain, however, is that interscholastic athletics is competing with a host of other programs for limited financial dollars. It
is incumbent upon every athletic director to understand and articulate the role that school sports programs play in the educational
Interscholastic athletic programs offer a myriad of learning expe-
process and to support that stance with clear data. The fruit of one’s
riences for participants. School athletic teams enrich the life of their
labor in collecting measures of how school sports have impacted stu-
communities in many ways. When adopting a charity, volunteering
dent success in the classroom and later life may be the preservation
at a soup kitchen or officiating a youth basketball game, student-
of the interscholastic athletic experience for future generations of
athletes learn the importance of service to others. Athletic adminis-
youngsters to enjoy. 
trators should document these types of service projects and publicize
them to key decision-makers in the school system. Illustrating that
community service is as ingrained in the culture of the athletic pro-
Gary Stevens, CMAA, is the athletic administrator at Thornton Academy in Saco,
Maine.
Document and publicize community service activities
conducted by interscholastic athletic teams
17
PERFORMING ARTS
In the Limelight: Sustaining
a Successful Theatre Program
BY JENNIFER GREEN
East Carteret High School, located in Beaufort, North Carolina,
is a 1A school in the eastern part of the state. Approximately one-
• Find a spot for everyone. If a student has the nerve to audi-
cal production or enrolled in theatre arts. Community members
tion and the determination to come to rehearsals, find a spot for
and feeder students enthusiastically anticipate what has become a
that student in your cast or crew. These are the students who
local fixture.
will be the backbone of your program because they “want” it
There are many aspects to building and sustaining a successful
and are willing to work for it.
• Know your audience. For your large, “money-making” pro-
as schools develop these kinds of performing arts programs:
ductions, know what your community will pay to see. Know the
• Be willing to spend money. Licensing costs, script pur-
script rating. Don’t advertise a PG-13 or R script to your area
chase/rental, building supplies, costumes, snacks for actors,
families.
water for backstage, printing costs and supplements for
• Do not skimp on sets. You can go with the minimum, but put
adults/staff not paid all add to the cost of pulling off major
as much effort and attention to detail into them as you would
shows. Don’t be afraid to spend some money for a quality and
your multi-level revolving pieces. Poorly designed, constructed or
worthwhile production.
painted sets can ruin an otherwise strong performance.
• Find the best ways to raise money. Whether through
• Reuse and recycle. Last year’s sets can be taken apart and re-
fundraising, donation drives or fees, be prepared to supplement
built. Wood is expensive, as are wheels, hinges, etc. Find a place
your budget. Offering ads in your program can be a great in-
on campus or a local storage company that will work a deal to
centive for local businesses to donate. Charging a flat fee for
store your materials.
participation in theatre should be a last resort. A donation drive
• Put any extra money back into your program. Set a goal to
will help students learn valuable communication skills and gen-
end the season with as much money in your account as you
erate a vested interest from your community.
started. Any extra should be set aside for improvements to your
• Schedule one big “blockbuster.” One big musical or family
equipment or additions to your prop closet.
show can support the rest of your program for the school year.
• Put your money into sound. If you can’t hear the actors or
• Run for two consecutive weekends. Following a successful
singers, it doesn’t matter how good they are. Invest in a good
opening weekend, word of mouth will generate interest for the
remaining shows. You also get more life out of sets, costumes
and other purchased/rented materials.
• Ask for help. Don’t be afraid to let your faculty, community
chance.
fifth of the students are consistently involved in the annual musi-
theatre program, and the following suggestions should be helpful
18
pectations will encourage more students to give theatre a
wireless system and keep your equipment in good shape.
• Do as much “in house” as possible. From printing your programs, to making your costumes, props and sets, it is usually
more cost-effective to do it yourself.
members and especially your parents know you need help and
• Leave safety to the experts. Unless you have the technical
appreciate their talents. A successful program cannot be run by
skill, find the parents who are electricians and contractors. Leave
one or two people, no matter how hard-working and dedicated.
the big stuff, such as flying rigs, to experts.
• Accept help. Even if it means giving up a little control. See
above.
• Make your tickets affordable. Set a price that will not exclude members of your community. Offer reserved seats at a
• Have open auditions. Have a least one large production that
high price for a one-third of your seating and general admission
is open to everyone. The lack of requirements and preset ex-
for the remaining seats. Consider breaking down pricing for
general admission with students/children getting in for less.
often spare time to knock out some homework. Also, encour-
Lower ticket prices may lead to repeat visits to your longer run-
age them to form study groups within the cast.
smaller productions (especially one-night events.)
• Be willing to share your students. Depending on the size of
your school and the interests of your cast and crew, very few of
• Give back to your community. Pursue partnerships with local
them will be involved only in theatre. Drama students are also
events or charities. Costumed actors can liven up almost any
student-athletes, student government leaders, club members
event.
and academic scholars. Finding a way to share and work to-
• Set high expectations. The expectations of the director and
gether as a school is vital to the success of everyone involved.
other adults will become the expectations of the actors, crew
• Thrift costumes. Thrift your costumes whenever possible. Tak-
and business team. Expect perfection. Don’t let actors be seen
ing a full day to drive from thrift store to thrift store – cast meas-
in costume before the show or during an intermission. Don’t
urements in hand – can save hundreds of dollars in costumes.
allow gum or food in acting areas. Don’t settle for “good
At the end of the run, keep the costumes, sell them to your sen-
enough.”
timental cast members or donate them to the thrift store or
• Advertise. Get to know the public relations person in your
other local charity organization.
county or district. Send e-mails and invitations to other
• Have a costume/prop room. Space permitting, keep all of
schools/faculties to promote your event. Invite local newspapers
your old costumes, props, shoes, wigs, etc. A fully-stocked cos-
or TV reporters to a dress rehearsal. Help promote your charity
tume room can carry you through smaller productions without
involvement with posters, flyers or in-school news shows and/or
having to make, rent or buy more costumes. For repeat per-
announcements.
formances such as annual holiday-themed events, you will have
• Offer discounts. Offer free, opening-night admission to fac-
your costumes and accessories available from year to year.
ulty and staff in your district. Many schools start their runs on a
• Keep good records. Good financial records will help you make
Thursday night to get the “jitters” out before the weekend. Free
the most of your money, and being able to re-order hard-to-
tickets for faculty/staff will help fill your seats with an appreciative audience.
• Schedule preview shows. No matter the size, length or run of
your show, it’s always helpful for you and your actors to pre-
find theatrical items will save time and money over the years.
• Have fun. If you and – more importantly – your students are
having fun, and your audiences are entertained, you have a successful theatre program. 
view some or even all of your show to a small audience willing
to provide constructive feedback.
• Put academics first. Never forget that academics come before
any extracurricular drama programs or events. Know how your
students are performing in the classroom as well as in the theatre. Encourage them to bring homework to rehearsal. There is
In her sixth year as the drama director and eighth year as an English teacher at East
Carteret High School in Beaufort, North Carolina, Jennifer Green is responsible for
teaching all theatre classes, directing the school musical and advising the Thespian
Society. With the help of her husband, Tim, a middle school math teacher and former
engineer, and choral instructor Shannon Ehlers, Green designs and builds the sets for
annual productions and helps her students continually give back to their community
through annual charity events.
ning performances. Consider free admissions and donations for
19
ABOVE AND BEYOND
‘Officials for Kids’ Program
Makes the Right Call
BY EAMONN REYNOLDS
The job of a high school contest official is not exactly easy. It is an avocation
where the noble recognition deserved for
overseeing a well-regulated athletic contest is almost always trumped by the criticism and heckling of fans after a single
missed call or judgment on the field.
But few will argue the call that a
Michigan officials organization is making
to ensure that the future of children’s
health care is in good hands for years to
come.
The team is called “Officials For Kids,”
a group of mid-Michigan officials who are
20
dedicated to improving children’s health care at every Children’s Mir-
“We get a tremendous response whenever we do this,” Sudall
acle Network Hospital in the state of Michigan. The program was
said. “We are part of this community and we want people to know
founded in 2003 by Ken Sudall, the owner of Go Green Auto Glass
that we are willing to give back.”
and a retired umpire who got the idea after developing a commu-
But the giving does not stop there. MHSAA Communications
nity service relationship with Sparrow Hospital in the Lansing area.
Director John Johnson said that while the Lansing and Grand Rapids
“When I opened my company, we wanted to get involved in the
officials associations were the first to promote the Give-A-Game
community, so we chose Sparrow Hospital’s children’s ward,” Sudall
trend, Flint, Detroit and other surrounding areas all have their own
said. “I soon became aware of its Coaches and Athletes program,
unique ways of contributing. In Flint, an activities camp was held
and I realized that you can’t have an athletic contest without
for kids who are at high risk for obesity, while in Detroit, a group
coaches, athletes and the third part being officials. So that’s where
launched a “Referees For Reading” program in which referees visit
I got the idea for Officials For Kids.”
hospitals and read to children.
Sudall began promoting his organization by parking cars at the
“There is a lot of good stuff going on,” Johnson said. “I know
state basketball tournaments and a local festival called “Common
in Grand Rapids they also held an activities camp for visually im-
Ground.” With help from the Michigan High School Athletic Asso-
paired children where they get to do bike-riding, horse-riding and
ciation (MHSAA), Sudall was soon able to promote his program on
things like that. The West Michigan Officials Association also did a
a much larger scale, as the Officials For Kids name has now spread
Give-A-Game night with football. It’s very fun stuff.”
to officials associations in Detroit, Flint and Grand Rapids.
The program’s most recent fundraising effort is an idea known
as “Give-A-Game,” a charitable project that the Lansing and Grand
Sudall said that there are approximately 13,000 registered officials in the state, all of whom who have participated in his program
in some way.
Rapids associations have adopted that designates the first Thursday
“All of them have participated at some point in time, but our
in May as a day when all baseball and softball umpires donate game
goal is to get all of them participating at the same time,” Sudall
fees to their local hospitals.
said. “We have a group of umpires who have done the Give-A-
Game for years now, but our goal is to have the associations across
the state step up as well.”
“There has been some interest and I know it’s been talked about
in officials circles beyond the state of Michigan,” Johnson said. “But
For such a novel idea, the results have been nothing but positive.
this is something that people should want to be affiliated with. It’s
According to Sudall, the various methods of contribution by Officials
one of those things where it’s such a feel-good concept that you
For Kids have raised between $300,000 and $400,000, and the
can’t not want to step up and join.”
Lansing-area officials continue to generate $15,000 to $20,000 annually through their respective programs.
“We’re only a small part of the overall success,” Sudall said.
“We’re the blue-collar part. We’re the nickels and dimes.”
Sudall said that for the upcoming year, Officials For Kids will
work toward four specific goals. By the end of 2012, the organization hopes to have all 13,000 registered Michigan officials pledge
$100 annually, institute a dedicated “Give-A-Game Day” per sport,
Johnson added that the only thing more important than the suc-
have every approved association in the state create a plan for in-
cessful fundraising is the constructive feedback he has seen and
volvement and develop an approach to reach out to the other non-
heard from officials, parents and schools, emphasizing that keeping
registered sports officials in the state.
the program local has been imperative.
“The buy-in from everyone has been huge, especially when they
So far, the ruling on the field indicates that the program is on the
right track.
hear that this is something that is going back to a place that’s local,”
“All people really know about officials is he or she blew that
Johnson said. “Schools are more than happy to be involved, and
call,” Sudall said. “So, at least for the two hours during these games
the people are happy to give because this is money that is staying
or in the time they spend helping kids, we hope people will gain a
right here and is going exactly where it says it’s going to go.”
respect for all of our officials involved. Our overall goal is to let peo-
While Johnson said that he is not aware of such a program in
ple know that we stand for more than just the calls we make.” 
other areas outside of Michigan, he knows that there has been
similar ideas.
Eamonn Reynolds was the summer intern in the NFHS Publications/Communications
Department and is a senior at Ohio University majoring in journalism and public relations.
some interest and that other states are inquiring about introducing
21
Basketball Buffer Zones:
Accidents Waiting to Happen
BY TODD L. SEIDLER, PH.D.
D
uring basketball practice in 2001,
tially padded, extending 9 feet on either side
14-year-old Katie Patrick went to
of the center line of the court, but Oriana
take a charge, fell backwards and
hit the wall a couple of feet beyond the
hit her head on the unpadded metal wall of
padding. The Brunos later filed suit against
the gym, less than 4 feet from the end line.
the school, settling for a significant amount.
Patrick sustained a traumatic brain injury
In 1997, eighth-grader Lamar Pope was
and later filed suit against the coaches, ath-
playing basketball during open gym. The
letic director and school district, settling for
cross-courts were being used when Lamar
a significant amount.
tripped on another boy’s feet and went
In order to provide a reasonably safe en-
head-first into the gym wall less than 5 feet
vironment, most sport and recreational ac-
from the end line. Lamar was unresponsive
tivities require a certain amount of space
for several days, and passed away when he
between the activity area and any obstruc-
was removed from life support.
tions such as walls, benches and equipment.
Many current basketball facilities were
This space is commonly referred to as a
built with inadequate buffer zones, pre-
buffer zone or safety zone.
senting a dangerous condition from the day
Numerous participants have been seri-
they opened. Architects often do not un-
ously or catastrophically injured, and some
derstand the importance of designing courts
have died, by running into walls and other
that incorporate adequate buffer zones and
obstructions that are close to the court (Steinbach, 2004). Buffer-
wall padding. Even as athletes continue to become bigger, stronger
zone accidents are one of the most common causes of serious in-
and faster, little is being done to protect them as they leave the
juries related to basketball. As a result of many of these injuries,
court out of control.
lawsuits were filed claiming that teachers, coaches, school boards
and other service providers were negligent in the conduct of their
programs.
22
The following are recommendations regarding
basketball buffer zones:
A recent analysis of lawsuits that claim negligence in the con-
1. Rule 1-2-1 of the National Federation of State High School
duct of sport and physical activity programs (Dougherty, 2006) re-
Associations Basketball Rules Book says “there shall be at
vealed that the lack of a sufficient buffer zone was alleged to have
least 3 feet (and preferably 10 feet) of unobstructed space
been the primary cause of injury in 67 percent of basketball law-
outside boundaries.” In addition, Table 1-1 (Supplement to
suits. Buffer-zone injuries occur from time to time, but because
Basketball Court) states the following: “If possible, building
these injuries typically receive only local coverage, many people un-
plans should provide for a court with ideal measurements as
derestimate the potential for such incidents in their gym.
stated in Rule 1-1, ample out-of-bounds area and necessary
Oriana Bruno was chasing a loose ball during high school basketball practice, accidently stepped on the ball and was propelled
seating space. A long court permits use of two crosswise
courts for practice and informal games.”
headfirst into the concrete wall less than 6 feet from the end line,
2. The American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recre-
sustaining traumatic brain and shoulder injuries. The wall was par-
ation and Dance (AAHPERD) recommends at least 10 feet of
clear
tables, chairs, spectators, etc. A bench
space
or other object too close to the court be-
beyond the
comes a hazard for someone out of control.
end lines with
Inadequate buffer zones and wall pads present
a very minimum
a foreseeable risk of injury and many such injuries con-
of 6 feet with full wall
tinue to occur across the country each year. Act now to
padding (Sawyer, 2009).
possibly save one of your students from a preventable, poten-
It also specifies at least 6
tially serious or catastrophic injury. Providing adequate buffer zones
feet along the sidelines. All new
and padding is good risk management. 
courts
should
be
planned and constructed with ade-
References and Suggested Reading
quate buffer zones in mind. Remember,
Appenzeller, H. (2005). Risk management in sport: Issues and
strategies. (2nd ed.). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
ASTM International. (2005). F2440-04: Standard specification for
indoor wall/feature padding. In ASTM book of standards. (vol. 15-07).
West Conshohocken,PA: Author.
Dougherty, N. (2006). Negligence claims in the 21st century: Who’s
suing whom and why? Safety Notebook, AAPAR, 11(7), 2.
Dougherty, N. & Seidler, T. (2007). Injuries in the buffer zone: A serious risk-management problem. Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance, 78(2), 4-7.
Fried, G. B. (1999). Safe at first. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic
Press.
Sawyer, T. (2009). Facility planning and design for health, physical
activity, recreation and sport. (12th ed.). Champaign, IL: Sagamore.
Seidler, T. (2005). Conducting a facility risk review. In Appenzeller,
H. Risk management in sport: Issues and strategies. (Second Ed., pp.
317-328). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Seidler, T. (2006). Planning and designing safe facilities. Journal of
Physical Education Recreation and Dance, 77(5), 32-37, 44.
Seidler, T. & Martin, N. (2008). Safety of basketball buffer zones:
Perceptions of sport risk management experts. Presented at 2008 Sport
and Recreation Law Association Conference. Myrtle Beach, SC.
Steinbach, P. (2004). Sudden impact. Athletic Business, 28(3), 5158.
Steinbach, P. (2006). Zone offense. Athletic Business, 30(4), 75-77.
sidelines for the main court sometimes become the end lines
for the cross-courts and many of the previous injuries occurred on the cross-courts. Those playing on cross-courts
are no less entitled to a safe environment.
3. For existing courts with inadequate buffer zones, pad the
walls. The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) recently released standards for wall pads. When purchasing wall pads, specify that they meet or exceed the
ASTM standard. With courts that have a buffer zone of less
than 3 or 4 feet, investigate the possibility of re-striping the
court and moving the baskets in, thereby increasing the
buffer zone. It is better to have a court that’s a little short
than a kid with a serious injury – or worse.
4. The gym walls should be padded the entire width of the
court, from no more than 4 inches off the floor to a height
of at least 6 feet. Ideally, the gym walls should be completely padded (wall to wall). The reason for padding wall to
wall is that, in most gyms, many activities take place other
than basketball. If a physical education class is playing Ultimate or the softball team is running sprints, the lines for the
basketball courts may be meaningless, but the wall is just as
hard.
5. Keep the buffer zone clear of obstructions such as benches,
Todd R. Seidler, Ph.D., is professor of sport administration at the University of New
Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
basketball
23
IDEAS THAT WORK
North Carolina Captain Retreat Program
Teaches Leadership, Communication
BY EAMONN REYNOLDS
The “C” emblem on an athlete’s chest conveys the same mes-
sibilities are as team leaders,” said Mark Dreibelbis, NCHSAA as-
sage to his or her teammates as what it stands for: Captain. Such
sistant commissioner for student services and supervisor of officials.
a role signifies leadership, sportsmanship and, above all, character
“The teaching then goes on to prepare them to go back and make
– three qualities that separate great young men and women from
a difference.”
the middle of the pack. In North Carolina, high school athletic pro-
The program has been funded by the North Carolina legislature
grams across the state are not only striving to provide their stu-
for the past 16 years, and is a part of the NCHSAA’s Student Serv-
dent-athletes with these tools to succeed, they are watching them
ices department. According to Dreibelbis, every school is allowed to
bloom firsthand in their communities.
participate in the weekend retreat and is responsible for submitting
“The teaching then goes on
to prepare them to go back
and make a difference.”
24
Every spring, the North Carolina High School Athletic Associa-
the names of all student-athletes, coaches and parents who plan on
tion (NCHSAA) hosts its Coaches and Captain Retreat in Raleigh, a
attending. Once they arrive, the student-athletes are separated into
weekend leadership-development program that brings together
groups with other student-athletes from different schools.
student-athletes, coaches and parents from high schools through-
“They learn to interact with one another through a range of
out the state. The goal of the program is to train those student-ath-
different projects,” Dreibelbis said. “The projects deal with issues
letes who are team captains – or have potential leadership skills to
in their own schools, such as sportsmanship, bullying and hazing,
be captains – and teach them effective ways to communicate in a
and community service.”
leadership role.
“The curriculum is designed to teach them what their respon-
After a day-and-a-half of group planning and decision-making,
each school must develop an action plan – an initiative Dreibelbis
said must include a school-based project, a public-service an-
cess of the program actually comes from the parents who partici-
nouncement and a community project. When students implement
pate.
their action plans into their schools, the NCHSAA helps provide
funding for school activities.
“Everything they do ties back into our main objectives for the
program,” Dreibelbis said. “Our objectives are to define leadership
“With the parents being there, they really help in terms of taking this back to the communities and schools,” Dreibelbis said.
“They don’t just do it for their team; they do it for their communities and their kids’ schools.”
qualities in a team captain, identify key issues affecting student-
Dreibelbis sees the retreat as a hands-on, interactive program
athletes, teach them to communicate effectively with other stu-
that will continue to attract more and more schools in years to
dents and adults, and to understand how they can use their
come. He said that while nearly all of the schools return after par-
influence to prevent problems and promote healthy lifestyles.”
ticipating in the retreat, he receives requests from new schools
The success of the retreat is indisputable. In fact, Dreibelbis
every year looking to join in the experience.
noted that this past year, the program’s message about sports-
“We try to empower the student-athletes,” Dreibelbis said.
manship and positive behavior reached 17,693 students and
“We tell them, ‘you can make the difference.’ As athletes and team
908,495 adults, as recorded by the NCHSAA.
captains, so much is expected of them, so our program gives them
“We want them to address problems they are witnessing in
their schools,” Dreibelbis said. “These numbers represent pro-
the knowledge and confidence to actually go out and make that
difference. That’s the beauty of it.” 
gramming and persons who received the programming through
the myriad of projects and programs coordinated by our Coach
and Captain teams and members.”
the growth of the student-athletes, Drebelbis said that the real suc-
Quality
Custom Awards
rd
ds
Since 1987
While the emphasis of the retreat is specifically geared toward
25
State Associations Defend
New Field Hockey Eyewear Rule
BY EAMONN REYNOLDS
Photo provided by Bob Russell, Maryland.
W
26
ith the start of the high school field hockey season,
“In field hockey, not too many people associate the sport with
one noticeable change has occurred in the 14 states
face or eye injuries,” Hopkins said. “However, that really only ap-
that sponsor the sport. All players throughout the na-
plies to those athletes who play the sport at a much higher level.
tion are now required to wear protective eyewear on the field dur-
In high school, these are amateur athletes, so the risk for injury is
ing competition.
significantly greater.”
The National Federation of State High School Associations
Since the passage of the rule in April, some coaches and play-
(NFHS) Board of Directors voted at its April meeting in Indianapo-
ers have voiced their disapproval, believing that eyewear will affect
lis to mandate the use of protective eyewear that meets the current
players’ peripheral vision and reduce the quality of their perform-
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard for
ance. Some individuals believe that eyewear also takes away from
field hockey. Acting on a recommendation from the NFHS Sports
the traditional aspects of the sport.
Medicine Advisory Committee, the Board agreed that the potential
Although the eyewear mandate is now in place for all high
risk of injury warranted the requirement of protective eyewear for
schools nationally, five states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
the 64,000 student-athletes involved in the sport.
Rhode Island and Vermont) previously passed rules on their own to
“While serious eye injuries in field hockey at the high school
require protective eyewear. Maine Principals’ Association (MPA) As-
level are rare, the NFHS Board of Directors has concluded that an
sistant Director Mike Burnham believes that it was necessary to
eyewear requirement is the right step,” said Elliot Hopkins, NFHS
make the rule a national standard.
director of educational services and field hockey rules editor.
“It is my feeling that if a rule such as the mandatory wearing of
For sports similar to field hockey, mandatory eye and face pro-
eyewear promotes student safety and may save an athlete’s eye,
tection is the undisputed norm. Girls and boys lacrosse and ice
then it is a rule worth having in place at the national level,” Burn-
hockey all require helmets, facemasks or goggles to be worn at all
ham said.
times. Ultimately, the Board’s goal is to minimize risk for players, an
initiative that Hopkins is certain the rule will accomplish.
NFHS official field hockey rules previously allowed – but did not
require – the wearing of eyewear that meets the current ASTM
standard. Tom Mezzanotte, executive director of the Rhode Island
ter to the hospital, father Bill McCloskey agrees the new eyewear
Interscholastic League, said that states must always put safety of
rule is a must.
the student-athletes first in any sport, even when it comes to rules
changes.
“In Rhode Island, the use of protective eyewear has become a
matter of safety and liability, even though the discussion that it
would take away from the game has been longstanding,” Mezzanotte said.
Burnham agreed, saying that Maine experienced similar negative feedback when the state first added the rule to field hockey.
“The implementation of a rule of this significance is going to
“The girl she was defending brought her stick up unexpectedly
and the injury forced her to get 10 stitches,” McCloskey said. “She
plays lacrosse too, but she refused to wear goggles for field hockey
because nobody else was.”
As a parent, McCloskey, who has coached Catholic Youth Organization sports for more than 10 years, believes the NFHS is making “the right call.”
“I applaud the NFHS’ stance and direction,” McCloskey said.
“This is a great move and it puts safety first.”
create some negativity,” Burnham said. “Now, after years of the
As a sport that is played at the amateur, collegiate and Olympic
rule being in place in Maine, there is very little discussion regard-
levels, the rule for protective eyewear currently only applies to the
ing the rule. Eyewear manufacturers have created protective eye-
high school level. Whether or not the rule will eventually work its
wear that addresses many of the issues that were initially raised
way into the higher levels of play remains to be seen.
about not being able to see the ball.”
“Unfortunately, I believe that this will be a rule that is consid-
In regard to the rule intruding upon the traditional features of
ered at the higher levels only after there has been some type of
the sport, Bob Hale, a member of the Connecticut Interscholastic
catastrophic injury that could have been prevented by the wearing
Athletic Conference Field Hockey Committee, said that in any sport,
of protective eyewear,” Burnham said.
change is inevitable and must learned to be dealt with.
Mezzanotte also added that while the rule should at least be
“Traditions are important, but so is change and adaptability,” Hale
considered in the collegiate game, the playing fields used by college
said. “There are changes in a lot of sports every year. Look at the
programs provide for a safer game, lessening the need for protec-
changes in football equipment over the years. If we can make field
tive eyewear.
hockey a safer sport, we owe it to our student-athletes to do so.”
One of the main causes for injury in field hockey can be the
“Most, if not all, colleges play on artificial turf or perfectly manicured surfaces which, in my estimation, provide for a much safer
Shannon McCloskey, Nazareth Academy High School.
to be played on artificial turf, Mezzanotte explained that not all
schools have access to such a field.
“Playing on a football field or any other traditional grass fields,
playing surface,” Mezzanotte said.
However, Hale sees the rule as a trend that is only cracking the
surface and believes that more people involved in the sport will
soon take the addition into consideration.
as is the case with many high school facilities, has proven to be
“Adopting this at the national level for high schools will cer-
more hazardous, so this rule will help provide some cushion on this
tainly raise the issue at the collegiate level,” Hale said. “I suspect
problem,” Mezzanotte said.
that once all of our high school players are used to playing with
A case-in-point example that supports this new safety precau-
eyewear, it will be a natural evolution into the game.” 
tion is Shannon McCloskey, a field hockey player from Nazareth
Academy High School in Philadelphia, who suffered a severe injury
after being hit with a stick close to her eye. After taking his daugh-
poor condition of a school’s playing field. While the game is meant
27
IN THEIR OWN WORDS
Female Tackles Daunting Task as
Wrestling Coach at School for Blind
BY DR. DAVID HOCH, CMAA
Editor’s Note: This interview with Sara Hines, wrestling coach
Q: Even though you hadn’t actually coached wrestling, you did
at the Maryland School for the Blind (MSB) in Baltimore, Maryland,
have a link to the sport. What was that connection?
was conducted by David Hoch, a member of the High School Today
Hines: My younger brother was a wrestler for Bel Air High
Publications Committee and a retired athletic director from Balti-
School and I was the wrestling manager for a few years. After I
more County.
graduated, I joined the military and volunteered with several high
school teams.
Q: After recovering from the preliminary shock of being asked
to coach wrestling, what did you do to get ready for your
first season?
Hines: The first thing that I did was talk to the former coach.
Since the coach wasn’t a wrestler himself, he focused more on
school procedures and meeting the individual needs of the kids
rather than specific techniques. So I called my little brother and
talked about the exercises and drills that he did in high school. I
tried talking to some local coaches, but they weren’t sure how to
adapt in order to meet the needs of the wrestlers at MSB. From
there, I went online and watched a lot of videos and read a lot of
articles on adapted sports. But it really it wasn’t until I got into the
Coach Sara Hines
wrestling room with our team that I began to figure things out. I
quickly learned why the previous coach focused so much on the
Q: What was your initial reaction when you were asked to
coach wrestling? Was the idea of coaching a little daunting?
kids’ needs, because typical coaching just wasn’t going to cut it at
MSB.
Hines: When I first arrived at the Maryland School for the Blind,
I heard that it had a wrestling team and wondered how sight-im-
Q: Is there any difference in your preparation and conducting a
paired youngsters competed. And I asked the athletic director
practice session from that of planning a lesson for and teach-
about the team. Ironically, the position had recently become va-
28
ing in the classroom?
cant and the athletic director was thrilled with the inquiry. The ath-
Hines: There really are a lot of similarities to teaching special
letic director said that I could learn “hands-on” if I was willing to
education and coaching. With instruction of both there is trial and
try. Of course, I had no idea what exactly I was getting into, but
error. You have to see what works and doesn’t for your kids. It
said “yes.” I like challenges.
takes time to prepare and you also need good observational skills.
I began to do research on blind wrestlers and the adaptations
If you are not paying attention, a kid will get lost.
that had to be made. Quickly, I learned that additional disabilities
One huge similarity is that you really never know how things
made coaching a little overwhelming at first. My first few weeks of
will turn out until you try. You have to be flexible. You can pre-
practice, I had no idea what I was going to do with these kids – we
pare all that you want and things don’t work. I have had lessons fail
were learning together.
and practices where nothing got done. When you are flexible, you
can make a change at that moment. You
Q: What have you learned or gained by coach-
do what it takes to get it done, but you
ing?
Hines: What I gained is priceless. I have sa-
also have to have patience that something
vored every smile on an athlete’s face after he does
will work.
something that he never thought he could. Also,
Q: How does athletics fit into the phi-
I’ve gained a different perspective of my students.
losophy and mission of the Mary-
You see that the students are different on the
land School for the Blind?
mat. Maybe math beat them that day, but at prac-
Hines: The Maryland School for the
tice they win. The kids are in charge, and they can
Blind ensures that students reach their
push through and make things happen. Some kids
fullest potential by preparing them with
really come alive and thrive. I would never see this
the abilities to be successful, independent
in the classroom, and I wouldn’t trade one mo-
and well-rounded contributing members of
ment that I’ve been able to spend with them in
their communities. Athletics goes hand-in-
wrestling.
hand with this philosophy. Playing a team
sport teaches so many vital life lessons. It also pushes a young per-
Q: What advice would you have for a teacher who may not
son to his or her fullest potential and makes the student grow and
have any experience and is asked, like you were, to coach or
learn as an individual. Sports are universal and the athletes can take
what they have learned and apply it to so many parts of their community.
direct a student activity for the first time?
Hines: I would say, “Just do it.” It will be a wild ride, but it will
be totally worth it. In addition, take risks, be patient and flexible.
Being part of a team helps young people succeed in the class-
And never forget that this is not about you; it is all about the kids.
room and later on the job. Teamwork, diligence, concentration and
They could care less if everything you do is perfect. The athletes
goal-setting are skills that are used on the mat and in life. I can’t
just want someone to be there for them.
think of a better way to fulfill the mission than participating in athQ: Is there any highlight (or more than one) that quickly comes
letics.
to mind that have you experienced in your young coaching
Q: While most students gain a great deal from participating in
athletics, what does it mean for your students?
career?
Hines: The first thing that comes to mind is the point during
Hines: The self-esteem and sense of camaraderie are the
the first season when the boys began to trust me as their coach.
biggest and best parts of being on our team. Students get to try
You see, I am a female. They didn’t like that too much and, in fact,
and accomplish things that they never thought they could. Also,
some were going to quit the team. And I did things differently from
they get to be part of something larger than themselves and have
their former coach. The guys did not think that this coaching
some success with it. Our students learn how to be supportive of
arrangement would work out. But then they saw changes and im-
one another, and cheer and encourage the others regardless of the
provements in their wrestling. I will never forget when they finally
outcome of their own match. They get to feel what it is like to be
started coming to me and asking for extra help. That’s when we re-
part of a team, and this is irreplaceable.
ally became a team.
One other thing comes to mind. We took the third-place trophy
Q: Has coaching wrestling helped you in the classroom and if
so, how?
Hines: I’ve have always felt that being a special education
teacher is more like having seven jobs and not one. You have to be
in my first year and I will never forget the look on their faces. And
most of all, I will never forget when one of our wrestlers was sleeping on the return bus ride with his arms wrapped around the trophy. Priceless! 
model. These are all truly necessary to be effective with each and
every student. Therefore, coaching has made me more successful
and well-rounded in the classroom. It has reinforced that practice
makes perfect. In the classroom, we work out our brains just as we
work out our muscles in practice. I use some of the same principles
to motivate the kids and, in that way, coaching and teaching go
hand-in-hand.
Dr. David Hoch retired last year as the athletic director at Loch Raven High School in
Towson, Maryland (Baltimore County). He assumed this position in 2003 after nine
years as director of athletics at Eastern Technological High School in Baltimore County.
He has 24 years experience coaching basketball, including 14 years on the collegiate
level. Hoch, who has a doctorate in sports management from Temple University, is past
president of the Maryland State Athletic Directors Association, and he formerly was
president of the Maryland State Coaches Association. He has had more than 350 articles published in professional magazines and journals, as well as two textbook chapters. He is the author of a new book entitled Blueprint for Better Coaching. Hoch is a
member of the NFHS High School Today Publications Committee.
a teacher, nurse, counselor, coach, cheerleader, mentor and role
29
Creating a Positive Experience
for a Visiting Team
BY MICHAEL WILLIAMS, CMAA AND MICHAEL DUFFY, CMAA
W
hen visiting teams arrive at your facility for an athletic
contest, they come with the knowledge that your community can either promote a student-centered, educa-
tion-based interscholastic sport environment or prove to be a
detriment to that experience.
Quite simply, how the home school welcomes and treats its
guests is an integral element of sportsmanship. This is the most important, fundamental objective and indicator of an education-based
interscholastic athletic program.
Specific steps that create a positive experience
for a visiting team can be categorized as:
Pre-Contest:
• Communicate in advance with the visiting team’s athletic administrator, coach and/or principal.
• Determine any special needs of team upon arrival.
• Designate a safe parking area for the visiting team bus as close
to the exit as possible.
• Designate someone from your staff to meet and greet the bus.
• Escort the team to a designated pre-contest “team room” or
area that includes restrooms.
• Designate someone to meet and greet the contest officials,
and escort them to a pre-game, halftime and post-game meeting location that includes restrooms.
• Offer water, ice and, if available, athletic trainer services.
• Post your “Rules of Conduct” that govern athletic contests so
that anyone attending the event will see and read them.
• Welcome your guests via the public-address system and scoreboards.
• Use prepared, written public-address announcements that
Athletic programs that sincerely value sportsmanship and education-based participation generally include the importance of welcoming and treating visiting teams and opponents when training
and/or orienting:
•
•
•
Coaches
• Parents
Contest/game/event support
• Students (athletes and non-athpersonnel (ticket takers, security)
letes)
Officials (umpires, referees)
• Community members
Schools should have a comprehensive, written sportsmanship
plan that includes a commitment to fair play, ethical behavior and integrity. A “meet and greet” protocol that promotes sportsmanship
sportsmanship and fair play.
• Encourage spectators, coaches and students to let the “students play, the coaches coach, the officials officiate.”
• Ensure that game security – police, security guards, “teachersecurity” – are uniformed, visible and strategically placed for
maximum exposure and crowd control.
• Have signs that designate and direct visitors to their bleachers
or bench areas.
• Welcome your opponent’s coach prior to warm-ups; wish him
or her good luck, and ask if anything is needed.
significantly enhances safety and security, and enriches a fun and
competitive learning experience. In perception and practice, sports-
During the Contest:
manship is defined by qualities that are characterized by generosity
• Provide water, ice and trainer services.
and genuine concern for the visitors from the time they arrive until
• Continue to use public-address announcements that empha-
the time they depart.
30
refer to your “Rules of Conduct” while promoting safety,
size safety, sportsmanship and fair play.
• Encourage spectators, coaches and students to let the “students play, the coaches coach, the officials officiate.”
• Designate someone to escort the visitors to their team dressing area and/or bus.
• Treat the officials with respect at all times.
• Assign someone to assist police in dispersing the hangers-on.
• Escort the officials and visiting team to their rooms at halftime.
• Administrators for both schools should confer before leaving
• Give the officials and visiting team an appropriately timed
to be sure that all details have been addressed.
warning when halftime is nearly completed.
• Escort the visiting team and the officials back to the playing
site.
Be aware there is often a direct correlation to the view that opposing school teams and communities hold about your school and
• Use student groups such as cheerleaders and the band mem-
community based on how they were received upon arrival and how
they were treated throughout the contest. The perceptions created
bers to welcome and host your visitors.
by a thoughtful and well-planned event enhance and enrich a stu-
After the Contest:
dent-centered, education-based interscholastic athletic program for
• Do not allow excessive victory celebrations. Be humble in vic-
all who take part.
Never forget that while winning is one measure of success, it is
tory.
• Limit access to the playing area and deter the spectators by
neither the only measure nor the most important measure of success
in an education-based athletic program. School communities and
strategically placing security personnel.
• Be positive after a loss. Focus on your performance, not the
those students who become lifelong learners and better citizens, over
time, all become winners. 
opponent and/or officials.
• Ensure that the coaches lead and participate in the postgame
handshake.
• Designate someone to escort the officials off the field to their
dressing area.
Michael Williams is the coordinator of athletics for the Howard County (Maryland)
Public School System. He has been an athletic administrator for 24 years. Michael
Duffy is the athletics and activities manager at Howard High School in Howard County,
Maryland. He has been an athletic administrator for 10 years.
National Federation of State High School Associations
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31
TECHNOLOGY
Meeting Wizard – an Online
Scheduling Program
BY STEFFEN PARKER
With life’s ever-increasing demands on our time, we often have
to add the challenge of scheduling a meeting that occurs on an
irregular basis and involves participants coming from various areas
in an organization, differing professions or divergent geographic
locations. And because meetings are more productive when as
many participants as possible can attend, finding a time (and loMeetings involving small groups with similar daily routines can
often be achieved with a few e-mails among everyone in the
group. For other combinations of participants, there are several
Web sites that can assist in finding that elusive time that will provide as many as possible the opportunity to attend and contribute
to the meeting.
Most of these scheduling sites provide many of the same services and operate in a similar manner. While some of these sites
offer services beyond the scheduling support (Web meetings,
shared resources, management of online calendars, appointment
schedulers) that can be explored in other articles, one of the easiest and most effective scheduling sites to use is Meeting Wizard
(www.meetingwizard.com). Its primary function is the scheduling of meetings and it does that very well with little fanfare.
To start a meeting request:
• Determine possible times and dates, meeting length and location from pull-down menus and a click-on calendar.
• Invitees’ e-mail addresses can be manually entered, pulled
from an electronic address book or imported from various
sources. Groups can then be created of like individuals, thus
making the e-mails easier to access and use in the future.
• The invitation should also include the name of the meeting,
the organizer’s name and a message to the invitees.
• When the invitation is sent, invitees receive an e-mail containing all of the information from the invitation, as well as
a link to the page where they can enter their availability and
send the organizer a message.
• If desired, it is possible for invitees to view who else was invited and what their responses were.
• For those who need additional encouragement, automatic
reminders can also be sent.
• The organizer receives a link to a results page, which can
be used to add invitees, change dates and times, view which
invitees are available and send additional e-mail reminders.
• Once the meeting can be confirmed, final e-mails are sent
to all invitees.
As with most sites, you need to register to use Meeting Wizard (e-mail and password login) and you can edit that registration
information at any time. None of your invitees need to register,
however, which makes it easier to encourage people to use the
system. The invitees can update their responses at any time up to
the confirmation of the meeting time and date. The effort needed
to respond is very minimal, and with the meeting’s significant information and importance written in the e-mailed invitation, most
invitees will respond and allow you to make a more informed decision about the meeting.
The use of an online schedule site is no guarantee that your
meeting will be well-attended; however, knowing your participants’ availability prior to the meeting date being set and using
that to confirm the most popular date should ensure more attendees and, therefore, a more successful meeting. If this type of
process is done on more than an occasional basis, or if appointments, meetings with co-workers or one-on-one contacts are a
part of your daily work, there are other sites (ScheduleOnce.com,
for example) that would be a better choice for you and your colleagues. 
Steffen Parker has worked with computers since the mid-1970s and has been a
Macintosh user since its introduction in 1984. Owner–operator of Music Festival
Software Solutions, he develops online registration and information Web sites for
music festivals, state organizations and professional societies. Serving as an IT support person for the Vermont Principals’ Association and the Data Coach for Addison Rutland Supervisory Union, Parker supports computer use for adults working in
education, administration, finance and publications, including the NFHS High School
Today Publications Committee serving as the performing arts representative.
cation) that works for everyone becomes paramount.
33
SPORTS MEDICINE
Academic Accommodations
After a Sports-related Concussion
BY WILLIAM M. HEINZ, M.D.
Late in the second quarter of a recent Friday night football game,
one of the many unresolved issues. We continue to have great diffi-
an athlete got up slowly after a play and then – even more slowly –
culty confirming the diagnosis of a concussion at the time of the in-
walked to the sideline. By the time he got there, he was complaining
jury, and currently the only effective treatment is brain rest and
of a headache, confusion and feeling sick to his stomach. He could-
avoidance of a repeat injury.
n’t remember the play that was just run or even the hit he took.
Typically, the concussed athletes have a combination of physical,
Five minutes later in the locker room at halftime, he was com-
cognitive, emotional and sleep irregularity symptoms. Athletes should
plaining that his symptoms were worse. The team physician told the
be withheld from all sports activities until their symptoms resolve and
coach that the athlete was done playing for the evening.
they return to baseline on balance and neurocognitive testing.
The physician went to the stands to talk to the player’s mother
It is recommended that all high schools implement a com-
and explain that her son had suffered a concussion and would most
prehensive concussion management program that includes the
likely be out of school and sports activities for two to three weeks. The
following key elements:
physician stressed that this was a brain injury, and he wanted the
player to rest his brain as much as possible for the next several days.
1. Concussion education for athletes, parents, coaches and school
personnel.
The “rest” included no studying, texting, computer use, video games,
2. Baseline balance and neurocognitive testing.
loud music, hanging out with friends or even going to class until his
3. Post-injury testing performed by the athletic trainer, school
symptoms improved.
The player’s mother seemed surprised about the directive to not attend classes, but she was told that any activity that made her son’s
symptoms worse would cause his concussion to take longer to resolve. The physician outlined the progression he wanted her son to
nurse, team physician and/or neuropsychologist.
4. Academic support and accommodations during the recovery
period.
5. Return to function and play decisions made by collaboration of
all individuals involved in the care of the injured athlete.
take – first to get back to full class activity, and then to sports. She
seemed relieved when he explained the academic accommodation
program that was already in place at her son’s high school.
34
It is important to understand that these athletes have suffered a
brain injury. Granted, it is considered to be mild, but it is still a brain
This program is a combined effort involving the teachers, coun-
injury. Therefore, in addition to avoiding all sports activity, they need
selors, school administrators, school nurse, athletic trainer and team
to refrain from full academic activity until their symptoms and neu-
physician. It allows athletes with a concussion to slowly progress back
rocognitive function improves. Much the same as we would not ex-
to full academic work without being stressed about missing classes,
pect a student with a recent knee injury to perform a timed running
assignments or tests.
activity for gym class, we cannot expect a student with a concussion
Among sports-related injuries, concussions continue to be the
to perform at a high cognitive level, such as participating in class dis-
proverbial elephant in the room. In spite of our best efforts, including
cussions, taking tests or completing papers, until their symptoms im-
education, legislation, articles in publications and rules changes in
prove and they return to normal function.
sports, the incidence of concussions in high school sports continues
In general, concussed student-athletes will recover more quickly
to increase. The National High School Sports Injury Surveillance Study
with rest, not only physical rest from athletic activities but also cogni-
(High School RIOTM) shows a consistent increase in concussion rates
tive rest from academic work. During this recovery period, it is im-
from 2005 to 2010.
portant that there is a balance between rest and the amount of
The problem of how to reduce the incidence of concussions is only
academic work the student is required to perform.
Injured student-athletes need to use the concept of “small bites,”
progress. Also during this time, they typically receive another neu-
meaning they can attempt small, short-duration activities and con-
rocognitive test to monitor their progress. Not until they advance to
tinue to perform them as long as they remain asymptomatic. If their
Academic Stage IV do they return to any sports activity or start a re-
symptoms worsen, they need to take a step back and allow the symp-
turn-to-play protocol.
toms to improve. If they do well, they can attempt a more challeng-
These are only guidelines. Every school will need to approach con-
ing activity or a longer duration (a larger “bite”). This approach
cussions and academic accommodations differently. In addition, every
continues until they are back to full academic activity.
concussion is different, so each one needs to be treated individually.
In order to keep this progression moving forward, it is essential to
With regard to the concussed football player mentioned earlier, he
have the student-athlete closely monitored by the athletic trainer
was able to attend limited class the following Monday. He started
and/or school nurse on a daily basis. Excellent communication must
classes later than usual, did not attend band class and he had to leave
be maintained between the treating physician, the athletic trainer,
physics class early because his symptoms got worse. Over the next
school nurses, guidance counselors, teachers and parents.
three days, he was able to progress to full class attendance, but re-
There has been a quantum shift in the management of concussions during the past decade. Physicians and neuropsychologists have
quired another week before his symptoms cleared enough to start
taking tests and quizzes.
moved away from concussion grading scales and the “cookbook”
Two weeks after his injury, he “passed” his neurocognitive and
approach for return to play. In addition, athletes suspected of suffer-
balance tests and started the progression back to play. He was able
ing a concussion are not allowed to return to play in the same con-
to play in the game the following Friday, and has been symptom-free
test and not allowed to return to the activity until they are cleared by
since. Over the next several weeks, he was able to catch up on the as-
an appropriate health-care professional.
signments and tests he missed while he was concussed. This approach
A graduated return-to-play program is now used to ensure the
athlete is asymptomatic at both rest and exertion prior to allowing
took all the pressure off him and allowed him to recover from his concussion as quickly and safely as possible. 
full activity. This same approach can be used in returning concussed
athletes to full academic activity because this is every bit as important
as the return-to-play decision. Too often, student-athletes try to return
to class, take tests/quizzes or work on assigned projects before their
brain has recovered from their injury. This only delays their healing
and their return to function.
References
1. McGrath N. Supporting the student-athlete’s return to the classroom after a sport-related
concussion. J Athl Train. 2010;45(5):492-498.
2. Guskiewicz KM, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Management of sport-related concussion. J Athl Train. 2004; 39: 280-297.
3. Previously unpublished data from the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance
Study (High School RIO) for 2005/06-2010/11. Annual summary reports available at http://injuryresearch.net/rioreports.aspx.
Table 1 outlines possible guidelines for returning student-athletes
the concussion and the type and amount of symptoms, the athletes
would be started at Academic Stage I, II or III. They are allowed to
progress to Stage IV as they can tolerate. Every day, they should be
re-evaluated by the school nurse and/or athletic trainer to check on
Stage Goals/Key Ideas
Expected Duration
Dr. William M. Heinz practices sports medicine in Portland, Maine. He received his undergraduate degree from Purdue (Indiana) University and then graduated from Indiana University School of Medicine. He is the team physician for the Portland Sea Dogs
and a team physician for U.S. Soccer. He is also the company physician for the Portland Ballet and the orthopaedic consultant for the Portland Pirates, Bridgton Academy,
Gould Academy and Deering High School. Dr. Heinz is a member of the NFHS Sports
Medicine Advisory Committee.
Teacher’s Actions
Student’s Actions
I
Complete rest.
2-6 days
• Contacted by school nurse.
• Explanation of injury and current plan of care.
• Out of school.
• Strict limits for use of computer, cell phone, texting, video games.
• No Physical/Sports Activity.
II
Significant deficits
in processing and
concentration.
Cognitive activity
as tolerated.
2-14 days
Develop lists of three categories for all assignments:
1. Excused: Not to be made up.
2. Accountable: Responsible for content, not process. May be notes
or work shared by a classmate, or may be covered in
a review sheet.
3. Responsible: Must be completed by student and will be graded.
• In school as tolerated.
• When present, observing not participating. Get copies
of notes, handouts, etc.
• Communicate with teachers about progress/challenges.
• Be patient with slow recovery, just do your best.
• No Physical/Sports Activity.
III
Gradual increase of
time and energy,
slowly resuming full
workload.
Variable duration.
Hopefully 3-7 days,
possibly more.
• Prioritize assignments with student, both make-up work
and new work.
• Continue to use lists with the three categories for assignments
until all work is completed, and assist with setting a timeline for
completion of assignments.
• In class/school full-time.
• Communicate with teachers on your progress with assignments.
Communicate with teachers and parents on the pace of resuming
a full workload and competing make-up work.
• No Physical/Sports Activity (including gym class).
IV
Complete resumption
of normal activities.
• Monitor completion of assignments.
• Communicate with parents and staff as to when student is caught
up with assignments and working at the same pace
as their classmates.
• Communicate with Guidance Office as grades are updated.
• Resume all normal activities.
• Progress with athletic trainer – supervision resumption
of participation in athletics.
to full classroom and academic work. Depending on the severity of
35
COACH EDUCATION
Concussion Course Leading Way for
NFHS Coach Education Program
BY COLIN LIKAS
The National Federation of State High
to concussion in sports, a coach’s guide,
School Associations (NFHS) is committed to
an athlete fact sheet and materials to im-
teaching coaches, parents and athletes
plement protocol for concussion treat-
about concussions in sports. According to
ment.
recent numbers, it seems that coaches,
The NFHS and its SMAC have been
parents and athletes are committed to
leading the charge in the concussion dis-
learning such information as well.
cussion since 2007. In 2008, the SMAC
It has been a little more than a month
announced that a concussed athlete must
since the Concussion in Sports – What You
be removed from play and not allowed to
Need to Know online course was taken for
play on the same day. The National Foot-
the 200,000th time. Now the course is on
ball League, along with a leading group of
the verge of passing the 300,000 mark.
concussion experts, stood behind the
“Having 300,000 people take the con-
SMAC’s statement in 2009.
cussion course since May 2010 is an excit-
The NFHS rules publications also ensure
ing milestone; however, we hope it is only
ate decisions with regard to concussions. According to NFHS rules
cialist.
publications covering 17 sports, “any athlete who exhibits signs,
The course, which was developed by the NFHS in May 2010 as
symptoms or behaviors consistent with a concussion, such as loss
part of its Coach Education Program, is one of the three free on-
of consciousness, headaches, dizziness, confusion or balance prob-
line courses that can be taken at (www.nfhslearn.com). Classes en-
lems, shall be immediately removed from the contest and shall not
titled Sportsmanship and The Role of the Parent in Sports are also
return to play until cleared by an appropriate health-care special-
available for free at the same Web site.
ist.”
Concussion in Sports is hosted by Michael Koester, M.D., chair
The NFHS Coach Education Program was started in 2007 with
of the NFHS Sports Medicine Advisory Committee (SMAC) and di-
two online core courses – Fundamentals of Coaching and First Aid
rector of the Sports Concussion Program at the Slocum Center for
for Coaches. The program has expanded since then, incorporating
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine in Eugene, Oregon. The course is
18 more courses. In addition to the core courses and free courses
meant to “educate coaches, officials, players, parents and fans to
sections, the program’s other sections are sport-specific courses,
recognize the signs and symptoms of a concussion,” according to
elective courses and state components.
Schuster.
36
that coaches and players make appropri-
the beginning,” said Dan Schuster, NFHS Education Program Spe-
The 20 courses have been taken more than 560,000 times com-
“[Being educated about concussions] will create a better envi-
bined. More than 150,000 coaches have completed Fundamentals
ronment for all of the young people who participate in athletics
of Coaching, and 45 of the 51 NFHS-member associations have
and activities,” Schuster said.
adopted or recommended the course. All of the courses are avail-
Those who complete the course should also be able to quickly
able at www.nfhslearn.com. 
identify the signs of a possible concussion and remove the potentially concussed person from his or her activity. The Web site also
offers printable resources for the course, including a parents’ guide
Colin Likas is a fall intern in the NFHS Publications/Communications Department. He
is a sophomore at Butler (Indiana) University, majoring in journalism.
IN THE NEWS
Wisconsin Wins Appeal of Streaming Case
BY COLIN LIKAS
consin Interscholastic Athletic
Association (WIAA) and a local
newspaper over the live streaming of a football game has been
settled by a Chicago appeals
court. In late August, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
ruled that the WIAA is allowed
to maintain exclusive contracts
for live streaming of sporting events, and other media need to pay
for the rights to the same streaming.
“We’re looking forward to working with newspapers and the
media cooperatively as we have historically,” said Todd Clark, the
WIAA Communications and Advanced Media Director.
The judgment potentially closes a case that began in 2008, when
the WIAA sued The Post-Crescent, an Appleton, Wisconsin, newspaper, for streaming live coverage of a WIAA football game online.
Newspapers have contended they need the ability to provide coverage to those who rely on community newspapers for information
about high school sports. On the other hand, the WIAA said it should
be able to raise money through streaming contracts with production
companies.
The prevailing school of thought among high school athletic
associations is streaming exclusivity helps cover the cost of tournaments by signing exclusive contracts with a single video-production
company for streaming tournaments. As long as reporters and photographers do not broadcast sporting events from start to finish without a contract, the associations say there is no issue.
In the circuit court’s report, the justices wrote, “WIAA has the
right to package and distribute its performance. Nothing in the First
Amendment confers on the media an affirmative right to broadcast
entire performances.”
The appeals court’s decision noted that reporters can still cover
games, interview players and coaches and air up to two minutes of
live video coverage for any game. 
Colin Likas is a fall intern in the NFHS Publications/Communications Department. He
is a sophomore at Butler (Indiana) University, majoring in journalism
Web Site Directed at
Aerial-lift Safety
BY SHANE MONAGHAN
A year after a student died in an aerial lift collapse, the University of
Notre Dame has launched the Web site “LiftUpRight.org,” a site aimed
towards the education of responsible aerial lift usage. Along with the
National Federation of State High School Associations, the Indiana Department of Labor, the Collegiate Sports Video Association and others,
Notre Dame hopes to improve aerial-lift safety and awareness.
“As part of our investigation, we found that a lot of schools did
not have specific protocols in place for aerial lifts,” said university
spokesman Dennis Brown. “Our hope is that some of the things we
learned from our investigation will help others in higher education
and in high schools know some of the safety measures that need to
be in place.”
Declan Sullivan, a 20-year-old junior from Long Grove, Illinois, passed
away last October when the aerial lift upon which he was filming toppled over onto the street below. According to reports, the lift stood
some 50 feet from the ground as winds gusted at 51 miles per hour during the time of the accident. Prior to the incident, Sullivan had indicated
on his Twitter account that he was in a dangerous predicament.
“While we cannot bring Declan back, we have said since last fall
that we are committed to working with the Sullivan family and [the
Indiana Occupational Safety and Health Administration] to share the
lessons we have learned to help reduce the possibility of an accident
like this ever happening again,” said Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C, Notre
Dame’s president.
The LiftUpRight.org, Web site is easily navigable with four main
“tabs” including “Right Setup,” “Right Training,” “Right Weather
Information” and “Right Safety Contact.” The Web site also has
links and resources to other sites, information about anemometers
(wind gauges), downloadable materials and a direct link to the Declan Drumm Sullivan Memorial Fund. 
Shane Monaghan is a fall intern in the NFHS Publications/Communications and Events
Departments. Monaghan is a graduate of Ball State (Indiana) University, where he specialized in sports administration.
The case between the Wis-
39

VOICES OF THE NATION
What do you see as the value of
activity programs?
Q
Cynthia Morriss
Jerry A. Caravana
School Board Member
Trustee
Patagonia (Arizona) Public Schools
Crown Point (Indiana) Community
School Board
These activities provide an outlet for
creativity for many of our students and
Activity programs provide important ex-
gives them a lift when they are not doing well in
ercises in leadership, experimentation and cre-
school. Activities provide an incentive to attend school and
ativity. They enhance the classroom experience. Decision-
maintain grade-point averages.
making during school activities provide no-consequence ex-
Students learn the value of teamwork, individual responsi-
periments for youngsters. The results of activities may be in-
bility, listening skills and good sportsmanship. Keeping physi-
tangible but certainly provide for tangible results in adult life.
cally fit and being a role model for younger students is
The creativity of U.S. young adults is the envy of the world. The
important. Students may discover and develop their interest
outcomes of school activities are evidenced by critical thinking
and skills in an activity that they carry with them for the rest of
in employment, family life and the pursuit of other satisfying
their lives.
life experiences.
Building pride, social skills and school spirit ignites the fire
within the students to do their best.
Sandra Jensen
President, Board of Education
Ed Massey
Omaha (Nebraska) Public Schools
President-Elect
National School Boards Association
School activity programs are a valued
part of the comprehensive education of all
40
Within America’s public schools,
students. Beyond academic success in the class-
there is a tremendous value of the ex-
room, the talents and unique skills of children are developed
tracurricular activities that students are ex-
through a vast array of activities offered in extracurricular pro-
posed to outside of the classroom setting. While the classroom
grams. The skills and the interests generated by activity pro-
experience offers knowledge, the activities that students par-
grams provide opportunities for children to develop lifelong
ticipate in teach social interaction, communication and general
leisure interests, social skills and even the beginnings of inter-
life skills. Some of life’s lessons are not taught, but learned
ests and a foundation of learning for a future career. Activity
through engagement with others. Clubs, teams and groups
programs at all grade levels are essential for a well-rounded
such as the National Honor Society and Beta Club offer stu-
education for every child. 
dents their first real opportunities to express the knowledge
they have learned in the classroom. In effect, activities enhance
a student’s education.

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