Are there martial art styles that represent natural systems?
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Are there martial art styles that represent natural systems?
RevistadeArtesMarcialesAsiáticas RAMA Volumen10(2),88104~JulioDiciembre2015 DOI:10.18002/rama.v10i2.3296 ǤǤǤǤʹͳͶǦͲͶ ǣȀȀǤǤȀȀǤȀ Aretheremartialartstylesthatrepresentnaturalsystems? Ǥ ȗǡƬ DepartmentofBiologyIIandGeoBioCenter.LudwigMaximiliansUniversitätMunich(Germany) ×ǣʹͺȀͳͲȀʹͲͳͷǢ ×ǣͳͶȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǢ ×ǣʹͺȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǤ Abstract ORIGINALPAPER ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ȋȌǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳʹ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǣ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Keywords: Ǣ Ǧ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥ ¿Hayestilosdeartesmarcialesquerepresenten sistemasnaturales? Resumen Háestilosdeartesmarciaisquerepresentam sistemasnaturais? Resumo ǡ Ó ǡ À Ǥ ȋȌǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ À Ǥ ×ǡ Ó ± Ǥ ǡ ǡ ± ǡ ± Ǥ Ǣ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ × Ǥ Palabras clave: Messerfechten; estilos de serrada-escrima; combate con espada medieval; Daumenhaltung; Artes marciales filipinas; Artes marciales medievales. ǡ ï Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋȌǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ² ² Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǦ À Ǥ ± ×ǡ ± Ǥ ǡ ǡ ² ± ǡ ± Ǥ ǡ ± ±Ǥ ± ǡ Ǥ ± × Ǥ Palavraschave: Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥ 1.Introduction Ǥ ̵ ̵ ̵ ̵ǡ ǤǤ ȋǤǤ Ƭ ȗ Email: Ǥ̷ǦǦǤǤ Address: Ǧǡ ǡ éǤʹǡͺʹͳͷʹǦȋ ȌǤ |88 ̹ʹͲͳͷ×ǤǤǤ ǫ ǡ ͳͻǢ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͺʹǢ ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǡ ȋǤǤǡǤǡʹͲͲͳǢǡǡƬ ǡʹͲͲʹȌǡ ȋǤǤ ǡ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ǡ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲȌ ȋǤǤƬǡͳͻͷǢǡǤǡʹͲͲͲǡʹͲͲʹǢ ǡǡƬǡʹͲͲͳǢǡǤǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ ȋǤǤ ǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ǡ ǡƬ ǡʹͲͲͻǢ ƬǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ Dz dz Dzdzǡ ǡ ȋǤǤǡͳͻͻͻǢ ǡʹͲͲͲǢǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ȋͳͻͻͻȌ Dz dzȋǤͷȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǤǤ Ǥ Ǥ Dzdz Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǣ ȋͳȌ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǢ ȋʹȌ ȋ ȌǢ ȋ͵Ȍ Ǣ ȋͶȌ Ǣ ȋͷȌ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ ǣ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋǡʹͲͲͳǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ Ǥ 2.Methodology 2.1.Criteria ǡ ȋ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǤǤ ǡ ͳͻͻͺǢ ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ ǣ Ǥ ȋ ̵ǡȌ ȋǤǤǡ ͳͻͻͶǢǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ Ǥ ǡ ȋ ǡ ǡ Ǣ ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǢ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡǦʹʹ ͷ ȋǡ ͳͻͻͳȌǤ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͳʹ ǡ ͵ Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋ2ȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ |89 ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤ ȋ ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ ͵ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ȋȌ Ǥ 2.2.Approach Ǥ Dz dzǡ ǤǤ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ͵ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǤǤ ȋǦ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ Dz dzǡ ǡ Ǥ ǣȋͳȌ ǢȋʹȌǡ Dz dzǢȋ͵Ȍ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ 2.3.Basicassumption ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ǢǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ȋ ǤǡͳͻͻͻȌǤǡ ǡ ȋǡͳͻͻͻȌǢ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ȋ Dz dzȌǡ ǡǡ Ǥ ȋǤǤ ǡ ͳͶǡ ǡ ͳͺͺȌ Ǥ Ǥǡ ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ȋǤǤ ǡ ͳͶǡ ǡ ͳͺͺǡ ʹ͵ͳȌǤ ǡ ȋȌǤ ǡ ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ȋ ǡ Ȍ̶̶ǡ |90 Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋʹȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ ǫ ǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǣ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǣͳ ǡ ȋǡͳͷͶʹǢǡͳͷͲǢ ǡ ͳͳʹǡ ǡ ͳͻͶͻȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ͳͻͻͷǡǤͳ͵ȌǤ 2.4.“Material” ǣ ȋ Ȍǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋ Ȍǡ ȋ Ȍǡ ǡǡǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ Ǥ 3.Descriptionofmovementsequences 3.1.Finishingsequences ȋǦȌ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ͳȌ ʹȌ ǤǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͵ǤͳǤͳǤ ͳ ȋ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ȌǡǤȋǤͳȌǣ ȋͳȌ ǡ ȋ ȌǤǤ ȋʹȌ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ȋ͵Ȍ ǡ ȋͶȌ ȋͷȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋ ǤȌǡ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋ2ȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ |91 ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤ ȋͺȌ ȌȌǤ Ǥ ȋ Ǥǡ ǡ ͳͳʹǡ ǡ ͳͻͶͻȌǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ȁ Ǥ Figure1. ͳǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ Ǥ ǤǤ ͵ǤͳǤʹǤ ʹ ȋ Ǧ Ǧ ȌǡǤ ȋǤʹȌǣ ȋͳȌ ǡ ȋ ȌǤǤ ȋʹȌ ǡ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ȋ͵Ȍ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋͶȌ Ǥ ȋͷȌ ̵ǡ Ǥ ȋȌ ǡ ǤͷȌȌ 3.2.Defensivemovementsequences ͳʹ ǡ Ǥ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ |92 Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋʹȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ ǫ Figure2. ʹǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤǤ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷ Ǥ Dz dzǢ Ǥǡ ȋ ǡ ȌǤ ǤͳǡʹǡǢ ͷȋǤǤȌǤȋͳ ʹȌ Ǥ ǡǤ Ǥ ͳȂͶ Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ ǡȋ ȌǤ ȋ ͳȌǡȋʹȌǡȋ͵ȌȋͶȌǤ Ǥ ͵ǤʹǤͳǤ Ǧ Ǧȋ ǡǡͳͶǡǡͳͺͺȌǤ ǡǡ Ǥ Dzdzǡ ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ͳͶǡ ǡͳͺͺȌǤǤ Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋ2ȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ |93 ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤ ǡ ȋǦǢǤǤǡǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ Ǥǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ ǣ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ (a)Halfsworddefensivemovementsequenceangle1(block4,roofblock):Ǥ ȋαȌ Ǥ ǡ ȋͶͷȌǤ ͳǤ ǡǡ ǡǡǤ ȋǤ ͵Ȍ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋȌǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋǡ ͳͷͲȌǤǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ͳ Ǥ Figure3. ͶͳǤǤ Ͷǡ ǤȂǤ ǤǤ ͳǡ ǤǤǤǤǤ (b) Half sword defensive movement sequence angle 2 (block 1high, outside sweep): Ǥ ǡ ǡǤ ʹǤǡ ǡ ǤǤ ȋǤ ͵ȂȌǤ ȋȌ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ̵ ̵ Ǥ ȋȌǢ Ǥ ʹ Ǥ (c)Halfsworddefensivemovementsequenceangle3(block2low,insidesweep):Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ ͵Ǥǡǡ ǡ ǡ ȋǤ ͶȌǤ |94 Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋʹȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ ǫ ǡ ̵ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ Ȍǡ ͳǤ (d)Halfsworddefensivemovementsequenceangle4(block3,fanning):Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ ͶǤ ǡ ȋǤͶȂȌǤ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥ ʹ Ǥ Figure4. ʹ͵ǤǤ ʹǡǤȂǤ ǤǤ ͵ǡ ǤǤ ǤǤǤ ͵ǤʹǤʹǤ ǦǤ ǡ ȋǦȌǤǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ȋȌǤ (a) Spear defensive movement sequence angle 1 (block 2 high, inside sweep): Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋǤ ͷȂȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ Ǥȋ ȌǤ ͳ Ǥ (b)Speardefensivemovementsequenceangle2(block5,shieldblock):Ǥ ǡ ȋȌǡDzdzǤ ǡǡ ȋǤͷȌǤ Ǥ Ǥ ȋǤͷȌǤǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ Ǥ ʹǤ Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋ2ȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ |95 ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤ Figure5. ʹͷǤȂǤ ǤǤ ʹǡǤǤ ǤǤǤǤ ǤȂǤ ǤǤ ͷǡ ǤǤ Ǥ (c) Spear defensive movement sequence angle 3 (block 6): Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ ǡ ȋȌǤ Ǥ Ǥǡǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ ͳ ȋǤȂȌǤ (d)Speardefensivemovementsequenceangle4(block1low,outsidesweep/punchblock): Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ ʹ ȋǤǡȌǤ Figure6. ͳǤȂǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǤȂǤ ǤǤ ͳǡȀ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ |96 Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋʹȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ ǫ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ȋDz dzȌǤͳǦͶȋǡ Ȍǡ ʹǦ͵ǡ ʹǦͷǡ ͳǦǤ ǡ ͳ ͳ ʹ ʹ Ǥ ǣ ͶǦͳǦͳǦ ͷǦʹǦ ʹǦ͵Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ȋ ȌǤ ǣ ͳǡ ʹǤ ͳ ʹǤ ͵ǤʹǤ͵Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǣ Dz dz ̵ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ Ǧ ǡ Dz dz Ǥ ǡ Ǥ (a)Lefthandsweepingagainstangle1(52sweep,outsidesweep): ǡDzdz Ǥ ʹǤ (b)Lefthandsweepingagainstangle2(41sweep,umbrella):ǡ ǡǤ ̵ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳǤ (c) Left hand sweeping against angle 3 (1low6 sweep, onesteppass, twosteppass): ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ʹǤ (d)Lefthandsweepingagainstangle4(2low3sweep,punchblock):ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳ Ǥ 4.DiscussionandEvaluation 4.1.Whyisthisidealisedsystemanaturalcoherentsystem? ȋǦǡǦǡ ǦȌ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ͵Ǧ ȋ Ǥ ǡʹͲͲͲ͵ȌǤ Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋ2ȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ |97 ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǣ Ǥ Dz dz Ǥ Fig.7.ͳǤǤ ǤǤ Ǥ ǡ ȋǤȌǦ ȋǤȌǡǡǤǡǦ ǡǤǤ ǡ ȋ Ǥǫǡ Ǥͳ͵ͲͲǢǡͳͻͻͷȌǤǦ Ǥ ȋǤͺȌȋǤͺȌǤ Dz dzDz dz Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Figure8.ʹǤǤ ǤǤ Ǥ |98 Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋʹȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ ǫ ȋǤͻȌ ȋǤͻȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ǧ Ȍ Ǥ Figure9.͵ǤǤ ǤǤ Ǥ ǡǤǤ ͳȋǤͳͲȌ Ǥ ʹ ȋǤ ͳͲȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ Fig.10.ͶǤǤ ͳǤǤ ʹǤ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋ2ȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ |99 ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧǡ ȋͳ Ȍ Ǥ ͳ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǤǦ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤǤ Ǥ 4.2.Deviationsfromanaturalsystem ǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǦǦ ǣ Ǥ ȋ Ǥ ǡͳͻͻͻǡǤͳ͵Ǧͷǡͳ͵Ǧʹǡͳ͵ǦͳͲͷͳ͵Ǧͳʹͻǡͳ͵Ǧͳ͵ǡͳ͵ǦͳͷȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǦǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ȋ ǨȌ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǣ ȋͳȌ Ǥ ̵ ̵ǡ ͳǦǤ ǡ ȋʹǦ ͵Ȍ ǤǦͳ Ǥ ȋʹȌ Ǥ Dz Ͷdzǡ ̵ ̵ ȋ ȌǤDzͶdzǡ Ǥ ǡ ͵ ȋǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ Ͷ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋ͵Ȍ Ǥ Ǥǡ |100 Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋʹȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ ǫ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǥ ȋͶȌ ̵̵̵̵ͳǦȋȌǡ Ǥ ȋǡͳͻͻͻȌǤ ȋͷȌ ̵ ̵ ̵ ̵ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ ǤǡͳͻͻͻǡǤͳ͵ǦʹȌǤ ȋȌ ̵ ̵ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ DzdzǡDzdzǤǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋsensu latoǡ ǤǤ ǡ Ȍ sensu stricto ȋǤǤ Ȍǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ ǤǤ ̵ ȋǡͳͻͻʹȌǤ ͳʹ Dzͳʹ ͵ dzǤ Ǥ ȋǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ ǡ ͳǤ Dzͳʹ ͵ dz ǡ ȋ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ ǤǤ Ǥ Dzͳʹǡ ͵dz ͳʹ ͳʹ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǦȋǡͳͻͻͻȌǤǡ ǣ Ǥ 4.3.ComparisonwithotherFilipinomartialarts ǫ ȋ ǨȌ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Dzdz ȋ ǡ ͳͻͻͷǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ ͵ǡ Ƭ ͺͺȌǤ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍǡ Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋ2ȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ |101 ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ 4.4.Historicalinterpretation ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋ ǨȌ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡȋ ȌǢ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ȋ Ȍǡ ǤǤ Ǥ Ǥ ȋǡ ͳͻͻͷȌǤ Ȃ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋǡǡȌȂ Ǥ ǡǤǤ Ǥǡ Ǥ 5.Conclusions ȋͳȌ ȋ Ȍ ǡǡǦ Ǥ ȋʹȌ ǡ Ǥ ȋ͵Ȍ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋͶȌ Ǥ ȋͷȌ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Acknowledgements ȋȌ ±Ǧ À Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡǡ±Ǥ ǡ Ǥ References ǡǤǤǡǡǤǤǡƬ ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ Ǥ The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26ǡ ͳͳǦ ͳ͵ͶǤ |102 Rev.ArtesMarcialesAsiát.ǡ10ȋʹȌǡͺͺǦͳͲͶ̱ʹͲͳͷ ǫ ǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǤCladistics,25ǡͷʹͺǦͷͶͶǤ ǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ǡ ǤǤ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ Ʈ̵ ǡ ǡ Ǧǡ ǫ Medical Hypotheses, 59ǡ ͶͺͷǦ ͶͻͳǤ ǡǤǤǡƬǡǤȋͳͻͷȌǤ ǤAnnualMeetingof theAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicineǡǡǤ ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǤGeology,29ǡ ͻͺǦͻͻͲǤ ǡ ǤǤ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ ǤPhilosophyofScience,69ǡͶͶǦͶͻǤ ǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ ǤǤǤȋǤȌǡThesecretsofCabalesSerrada EscrimaȋǤͷͺǦͳȌǤǣǤ ǡǤǡǡǤǡ ǡǤǡǡǤǡǡǤǡ ǡǤǡƬǡǤȋʹͲͲȌǤ ǤJointBoneSpine,73ǡͳͺʹǦͳͺͺǤ ǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤDerZauberspiegeldesM.C.Escher.ò ǣǤ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ×ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ Ǧ ǤRevistadeArtesMarcialesAsiáticas,9ǡͻǦͳͲͷǤ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ ǤTheJournalofSportsMedicineandPhysicalFitness,41ȋʹȌǡʹ͵Ǧ ʹͺǤ ǡ ǤǤǡ Ƭ ǡ ǤǤ ȋͳͻȌǤ Ǥ InternationalReviewfortheSociologyofSport,12ȋʹȌǡͷǦ͵Ͷ ǡ ǤǤǡ Ƭ ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ Ǥ The TeachingofMathematics,18ǡͳǦͳͷǤ ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ Taschenbuch der speziellen Zoologie, Teil 1—Wirbellose 1 (ausgenommen Gliedertiere).ǣ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͺͺȌǤ Talhoffers Fechtbuch aus dem Jahre 1467, Gerichtliche und andere Zweikämpfe darstellend,Prag. 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