damages in the woolly rhinoceros, Coelodonta antiquitatis

Cranium, jrg. 14,
Traumatic skull
1, pag. 37-46, april 1997
no.
damages
Coelodonta
in the
woolly rhinoceros,
1799.
antiquitatis Blumenbach,
Nina Garutt
Summary
Description
are
with
comparison
fossil skulls
given of various
some
from
examples
which might be related
to
the
cause
belonging
which show
Blum.)
moth (Mammuthus primigenius
extant
to
traces
woolly
rhinoceroses.
Special
of the traumatic damage
as
and
(Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blum.)
rhinoceros
of traumatic damage
attention is
life. These
during
given
mam-
discussed in
traces are
the role of environmental factors
to
observed in the fossil skulls.
Samenvatting
Beschrijvingen
verschillende schedels
van
(Mammuthus primigenius Blum.)
discussieerd in relatie
de
van
sporen
wolharige
neushoorn
traumatische
van
enkele voorbeelden in
met
recente
die in relatie zouden kunnen
omstandigheden
milieu
van
met
(Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blum.)
neushoorns.
staan
de mammoet
en
worden gegeven. Deze sporen worden be-
beschadiging
Speciale
met de oorzaak
aandacht wordt
de
van
geschonken
de rol
aan
be-
geobserveerde traumatische
schadigingen.
side the wall of the dent is
Introduction
is
Rare
finds
anomalies in
showing
teeth
or
skeletal
of
and
tions in
horse,
environmental factors.
works
only few
are
large
mammals,
and
elk,
and
in
(PILAVSKY,
tiger
sites,
chaeological
1956,
are
to
pathology
These
as
1979).
The
of
source
is the
pathology
same
the
cause
to
A
of 61
90
fragment
The
the
to
rov,
only
the ribs
1955, from
1951). Examining
one
work devoted
in Dicerorhinus
the
a
big
than 300 skulls and 200
(GADZHIEV
seen
a
to
19
mm
the
trau-
traumatic
wide,
crest
on
The
GADZHIEV,
8
the
woolly
I
Blumenbach,
which had
fitted
which
by
ner
tiquitatis (specimen
of the
town
Middle
ting
mm
on
with the
long,
study
is
32
the
the
a
skull of Coelodonta
nl70-8)
from the
suture
wide and 17.3
were
vicinity
bones of which have
the
high,
and 9-13
a
as
result
a
loosening
of
a
the
Despite
their external
anicrest
a
The top of
long.
mm
process.
parietal bones,
bones of C.
antiquitatis
compact tissue is 12-18
nature
to
post-
strong
compact tis-
are
mm
very
massive;
thick. They
are
protect the brain from strong blows.
spacious
are
at
sinus
death of the animal
the
P2-P3
alveoli,
completely
mm
its
the
dimensions, by
On the
and
zygomatic
male. There
The dent is 40
deep.
worn.
are
a
(at the point of knit-
had
roots, M2 and M3
cesses
interparietal bone, Fig. 1,2).
mm
an-
Novgorod province, the
parietal
sagittal
the
as
cavities,
then the in-
finally
the cranial
cavity (Fig.3).
of Arzamas, Nizhny
Volga region,
depression
had been obliterated in
compact tissue (no less solid), and
ging by
PIN RAN
damaged
mm
sorbtion, these teeth
for
that
resulted in the formation of
Behind it there
occur-
of the material
object
at
breached.
parietal
The age
1. The first
to
Me-
Army
revealed
was
out
study
and
inflammatory
the external
red in the animal's life-time.
Description
It
cut
is compact, its base is loosened. The
not
sue was
of the
damages
was
detailed
site Bihnagady
&
postcranial bones)
antiquitatis
blow
Dzafa-
(more
Coelodonta
mm
to a more
St.Petersburg.
fissure,
mal's life-time
ar-
series of skeletal remains
found 9 skulls with various
sa-
result of pressure. On the smooth surface of the sinus is
osteomas.
binagadensis
Middle Pleistocene
known
is
(Azerbaijan),
rhinoceros,
by
mm
section
of the smooth surface occurred
rhinoceroses,
a
lateral, be-
the left from the
underlying spongy tissue also had been
of bones.
damage of
was
of Forensic Medicine of the
Department
dical College,
ar-
same.
deforming
and
bone
subject the damaged
traumatic
As
strong blow with
a
depression is oriented
cave
human bo-
the primary
-
result of
a
gittal line.
paleopatho-
on
throsis, ancylosis, osteomyelitic damages,
or-
there
material from
poor unions of broken bones,
are
of the dent suggest its
the deformation occurred in
conical object. The direction of the blow
mammoth,
such
SKORIK,
found
as
the left side there
on
bone altera-
as
human
structure
Probably
the animal's life-time
our un-
and bones of the animals mentioned are the
nes
ma
diseases,
present
such
out on
devoted
The main types of
logy.
At
predators
thorough studies, carried
most
from
advance
describing pathological
herbivorous
bison,
bear and
They
us to
and
position
traumatic origin.
abrupt,
of crushed and shifted bone
cylindrical projection
tissue. The
of bones and
development
enable
mammals,
complex interrelations between living
of
derstanding
ganisms
the
pathological alterations resulting
of great interest.
are
of extinct
remains
a
are
no
already
subjected
were
are worn
than half
the
the
skull
doubts that the
down
worn.
development of
arches,
to
been lost because
P4 and Ml
more
about 40 years. Jud-
was
which
to
the
Judging by
orbital pro-
belonged
animal
re-
they
was
to
a
injured
when young. At this age the external compact tissue of
right
the skull bones still retains its
37
resilience, elasticity,
and
Fig.
1: Skull
tal bone,
Fig.
a)
1: Schedel
pariëtale. a)
Fig.
view, b)
van
C.
RAN
antiquitatis (Blum.) (PIN
aanzicht, b)
dent
on
n170-8)
from
Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod province,
Traumatische
Middle
Volga
with
traumatic dent
on
the
parie-
dorsal view.
the
RAN
n
170-8) uit Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod provincie,
Midden
Volga
met traumatische
deuk
in het
dorsaal aanzicht.
parietal
bone of C.
antiquitatis
(PIN
Fig.
3:
Sagittal
section
of the
thickness of the skull bones
n170-8).
2:
RAN
antiquitatis (Blum.) (PIN
lateraal
2: Traumatic
RAN
Fig.
of C.
lateral
deuk in het
pariëtale
van
C.
antiquitatis (PIN
Fig.
n170-8).
3:
Sagittale
de dikte
38
van
doorsnede
de schedel
en
skull
and the
van
de
of
C.
antiquitatis, showing
spacious
de schedel
van
grootte
the
sinus cavities.
van
C.
antiquitatis,
de sinussen
waarop
zichtbaar is.
An old
viscidity.
they
animal's bones would have
subjected
were
the smoothed
such
to
dent and the
edges of the
degree of
teration of the fissure, the animal lived for
after the
and died
through other
trauma
(specimen
2. Adult male skull
bregma
there
bones)
the
area
compact
is
tissue
in
shifted
has
an
from the vi-
frontal and
In the
parietal
previous instance,
direction of
the
blow. The dent above the coronary
obli-
long time
a
(Fig. 4a, b).
dents. As in the
two
are
if
causes.
nlO.713)
union of the
the
(at
ZIN
East Siberia
Krasnoyarsk,
of
cinity
broken
Judging by
strong blow.
a
suture
bigger
is
the
and
of crushed bone tissue. The other dent
overhang
is smaller.
The
first
two
bones. The
parietal
skull there
skull
we
1, 2, 4) bear
(Figs.
skulls
which in both instances
type,
same
was
one
difference is
only
of the
traumas
confined
are
that
to
whereas in the second
strong blow,
have dents left
by
blows,
two
one
stronger than
the other, struck in different directions. The blows
of different directions because it is
a
direct blow in the coronary
ter
is shielded by the
3. Adult male skull
vicinity
low
funnel-shaped
trauma
not
dents. The blows
ry
were
strike
area, since the lat-
n5)
from the
Altai,
death
at
was
tissue
AMBU
the middle of the
more
the
on
disorder of vital
to
the soft
were
struck with
n349)
from
parietal
the
bones.
than 35 years. The type of
four skulls
because the
functions,
5:
Fig.
Part of
skull
ofC.
region
dent
of traumatic
origin
schedel
C.
frontal
mentioned did
inju-
5:
Fig.
the
so
a
Gedeeltelijke
In het frontale
muscles of
only minimum. The
was
a
short distance.
a
(specimen
dent in
a
represented
lead
to
BKM
(specimen
Adult male skull
Altai with
age
suture
to
posterior horn.
conical sharp object from
The
impossible
of Gornoaltaisk (Fig.5). The skull has shal-
the
4.
the
the first
in
gebied
temporal
the
of vital
are
had
The above-mentioned
5.
Skull
Perm
Injuries
smashing of soft tissues
complicated
GM
(specimen
4:
Skull
of C.
area, E. Siberia,
dents are to be
a)
antiquitatis (ZIN n10.713)
dorsal
seen.
b)
view.
In the
from the
frontal
closer view of the
region
Krasnojarsk
two
can
damaged area.
conclude that
had the
Fig.
4:
Schedel
Krasnojarsk,
zijn
van
C.
antiquitatis (ZIN n10.713)
Oost Siberië.
twee traumatische
a)
dorsaal
deuken
te
uit
de
omgeving
aanzicht. In het frontale
zien.
b)
detail
van
het
the
destroyed. Judging by
traumatic
van
gebied
upper
beschadigde
served.
gebied.
39
complete
jaw
at
the
row
both the
was
n
nume-
these
a
long
82/112)
(Fig. 6).
areas
or-
process
state
from
the
The skull has
are
an
heavily
of the molar alveoli
moment
one
of death the animal
of teeth from P2
right
signifi-
and
with infections.
SP6GGI
West Siberia
to
intact mandible with the left M2-M3, which
Fig.
and
skull
and destruction of
healing of such injuries
province,
In these
of the
areas
copulas, cartilages,
and blood vessels.
and often became
skin,
directed
were
They bear functionally
importance.
nerves
gans. The
te zien.
origine
after-effects, mainly arthrosis
rous
the
traumatische
orbital and nasal bones.
of muscles,
groups
to
uit Altai.
antiquitatis (BKM n5)
van
In the
thin and covered with thick
cant
led
from Altai.
seen.
discussed below, the blows
trauma
osteomyelitis.
van
deuk
is to be
healed.
quickly
maxillary joint,
the
cases
een
area are
the wound
On the skulls
to
is
antiquitatis (BKM n5)
to
M3. In
and left M2 and M3
are
the
pre-
left
sides
(traumatized)
can
conclude that the
may
lived with the
age,
be observed. Therefore
animal
injured
was
pathology for
at
short time and
a
one
mature
a
soon
died.
6. Skull
lacking
gomatic
arches
Kazan
the
the
the bone
numerous
mal survived the
a
It is known that bones affected
long
time.
right
eye.
the
ring
against
were
There
are
of
male skull
affections
no
was
there
injury
(specimen
only half
are
the
right side,
sal
suture, there is
at
the
bone tissue in the
point
an
8.
Adult
Fig.
6: Skull
vince, W.
Fig.
6:
Schedel
provincie,
bij
of C.
antiquitatis (GM
Siberia,
SP6GGI
a) palatal view, b)
van
C.
lower
antiquitatis (GM
West Siberië,
n82/112)
jaw of
from Perm
female
right
side all
lived for
skull,
blind in
the
but conside-
doubt that
they
right side.
TKM
On
be observed
nP-62)
from
The second
the
and
the nasal bones,
on
osteomyelitic destruction of the
form of
skull
the Middle
it. These for-
can
no
crater-shaped depression.
a
was
in its chronic
the process of destruction of the
from
in the
of accretion of the fronto-na-
in effect. The animal died
and
is
(Fig. 7).
worn.
At the time of death the disease
was
on
evidently
teeth in the
West Siberia
region,
third molar
pre-
destruction even in the
deformed on the
pathologically
Tumen
only
and, although inabled,
Osteomyelitic
degree
7. Adult
and
It is
not
spongious
cloacas. This proves that the ani-
trauma
the orbit. The animal
near
do
The destruction of the
long.
protect
of
maxillary
early chronic phases
periostal formations accumulating
presence
from the
The
that the bone becomes thicker because of
phase
mations
n742)
area.
is characteristic of these phases.
chronic
the
Volga
orbit and infraorbital foramen is af-
in its
in soil for
tissue
Middle
by osteomyelitis.
by osteomyelitis
serve
GMM KGU
(specimen
Province,
bone between the
fected
the face and both zygreater part of
soon
(specimen
Volga
area
after the
GMM
to
trauma.
KGU
(Fig. 8a,b,c).
the teeth from P4
phase
cancellous tissue
On
M3
are
n747)
the
left
preser-
pro-
the skull.
SP6GGI
uit Perm
n82/112)
onderkaak behorende
a) palataal aanzcht, b)
schedel.
The third molar is half
ture
The left
age.
med. Both
subjected
lare)
of
spread.
worn.
maxillary joint
the articulate
the
same
of the
areas
deforming
increased the
Alongside
with
the
cess.
rence
bone. The
and
surface
(processus
bony
zy-
tissue of the
degenerative-dystro-
arthritis.
Considerable bone
size of the
edge expansion
articular
there
are
surface.
signs
of
of the articular surfaces. After the destruction
of the articulate
surface
(caput
were
mandibu-
with the articular
became porous, the
of
a ma-
defor-
and the bone
of the
zygomata
temporal
expansion
grinding
pathologically
cartilage
happened
(tuberculum articulare)
injured
at
mandibular branch became flat
left
The
phic effect
is
destruction. The condylus
to
gomaticus)
The animal died
of the
cartilage
articular
the
maxillary joint ground
surface
of the
zygomatic
Neither asymmetry of the maxillae,
in the
degree
nor
of tooth wear between the
Fig.
Fig.
pro-
7:
Tumen
diffeany
right
7:
Part of skull of C.
region, W.
the
nasale.
and
40
Siberia.
Gedeeltelijke
regio,
antiquitatis (TKM nP-62) from
Osteomyelitic damage of
West
schedel
Siberië.
van
C.
the nasal
the Tumen
bone.
antiquitatis (TKM nP-62) uit
Osteomyelitische beschadiging
van
de
het
Fig.
8: Female skull
of C.
KGU
antiquitatis (GMM
n747)
from the Middle
Volga. a)
view, b)
lateral
dorsal
Osteoma
view, c)
on
the
parieto-occipital
suture.
Fig.
8:
Vrouwelijke
schedel
van
C.
antiquitatis (GMM
KGU
uit Midden
n747)
lateraal
Volga. a)
dorsaal
aanzicht, b)
aanzicht, c)
osteoma
de
op
parie-
to-occipitale sutuur.
ved. M3 is
only slightly
area
(120
osteoma
an
bles
worn.
of accretion of the
burl.
a
tissue and
Osteomas
are
1400
benign
are
resistant
to
in
mm
skull,
in the
Discussion and
size), which resem-
new
growth of bony
we
mages
on
als,
which follows
decomposition
When
we
which
organism's
an
death. In
malignant tumours,
hundreds
during
1965). They
lopment
It
years
majority of the
of
in the earth
ossified
represent
form in
areas
cartilaginous growth
is
zone
the deve-
are
knitting
the
5
years),
20
to
an
suture
there is
with
area
incomplete
articulation between the
parietal
localisation of
is consistent with the view that
osteomas
and
of accretion of
left
a
age
to
trauma
an
early
the upper part of the
age
their
cause
occipital
received
area
elephants,
Equidae:
Cervidae:
Bovidae:
skull,
extant
mammoth
the
localization
elk
bones of
forelegs
1: Localization
1:
of traumas and
Plaatsing van
trauma’s
en
types
of
during fights (Table 1).
while their
not
each other with their tusks
Altai
by
a
the
on
region.
Ob
On
strong blow. The animal
tusk alveolus
were
of
was
legs
pathology.
typen pathologie.
41
was
deforming arthrosis,
skull
bone
rib
(Pilavsky 1956)
a
the
at
It
Sudzun
spacious
injured
an
the
dent
early
because of innerva-
left with
asymmetry
arthrosis, ancylosis,
fractures
near
growing. Subsequently
pathology
arthrosis, ancylosis (Skorik
bones of hind
still
ZIN
frontal bones of
degenerated
skulls, jaws, metapodials
lumbar
the
skull
(Fig.9).
asymmetry
River,
a
(specimen
aperture, there is
when cranial bones
right
Blum,
pathological
arthrosis, ancylosis
long
Tabel
1811
fractures,
vertebrae, pelvic bones,
Table
the
a
metapodials
metapodials, ribs,
aurochs
tight
primigenius
above the nasal
Type
(often humerus)
horses
areas
knots. Fighting animals
tion disorders. The animal
Trauma
Elephantidae:
at
development.
Species
mamm-
the
Sciences, St.Petersburg, includes
showing
found in
skull,
bones. The
occipital
of
Mammuthus
works,
large synchondrosis
a
twisted in
Academy
was
of the cranial sutures, in the
parieto-occipital
strokes
to
The collection of the Zoological Museum of the Russi-
taking place.
of
to
open
to
confined
are
(DERANIYAGALA, 1955).
(REVELL, 1993).
juvenile rhinos (from birth
rhino and of other
woolly
traumas
infrequently seriously injure
nl006),
In
that the
redundant
is observed in young individuals from 5
of age
see
are most
trunks
cartilaginous
where
compare the localisation of the traumatic dathe skull of
Elephants fight pressing their heads together
(ROKHLIN,
years
result of anomalies in
a
Osteomas
of the
usually
as
the
to
preserved
are
thousands
of bone and
exostoses.
spread
and
arise
contrast
osteomas
comparison
suture, there is
parieto-occipital
by
mm
On top of the
1979)
only
one
tusk.
Fig.
ge,
9: Skull
c)
of M.
view of
primigenius
Blum.
(ZIN n1006)
from the Sudzum
works,
Ob
River,
Altai.
a)
anterior
view, b)
lateral view
showing
traumatic
dama-
non-damagedside.
9: Schedel
sche
beschadigingen, c)
van
Fig.
10: Skull
Fig.
10: Schedel
M.
primigenius
Fig.
aanzicht
of M. primigenius
van
M.
Blum.
van
(ZIN n1006) van
de niet
(ZIN without number) from
primigenius (ZIN
de Sudzum
fabrieken, Ob,
Altai.
a)
anterieur
aanzicht, b)
lateraal
aanzicht met
traumati-
beschadigde zijde.
without
the
number) uit
Adycha River,
de
Yakutia.
Adycha rivier,
palataal aanzicht.
42
a)
Yakutia.
anterior
a)
view, b)
anterieur
lateral view
aanzicht, b)
(left side), c) palatal
lateraal aanzicht
view.
(linker zijde), c)
The
is increased because the
right zygomatic arch
muscles
ticatory
load. The
and its
side
of this
bore
the
main
half of the nasal aperture
right
is
entrance
strongly
is
distorted
cal
(Fig.
Adycha River,
same
as
type
is
in the
previous
case,
Zoologi-
found
was
Yakutia. The skull bears
in the
but its bones
less
are
extinct
engravings
Palaeolithic
site
horses
Fighting
with their hind
rear
fight
Elks
legs.
heads inclined. The blows
and muzzle. Bisons
with their
its enemy
not
be able
trunk and hind
that in each
legs
to
are
case
the
for
escape
also
herd,
the
subjected
on
to
and
the
cies. Of the
species,
most
extant
Diceros
Burchell,
use
agressive
rhinos
bicornis
In
extant
we
this
behavi-
L.
(this
fights. The Indian
a
horn sometimes grows very
horn
is the
as
large
cows
length by
in
nos
rhi-
on
which
tidae,
big), does
most
of its
specifics
do
as
not
habitat
ly.
specialists
to
not
in
species
scented
The
led
waarop
uit
te
zien
zijn
enkele
mammoeten
en
een
mammoet in
a
a
was
are
of
dreig-
to
43
make
out
what is
young
in
animals,
agressive
to
treat
one
fierce
Berlin,
for
a
zoo.
an
animal
fights
zoological
a
another
more
cows
behave
in which the
or
less
agressive
agressive-
provokes struggle.
fighting
more
Somepeace-
and die. In 1976 in the
zoo
male African white rhino kil-
plexus.
adult
long
in
kept
become very
female. Death ensued from
transferred
these
interest. While in natural condi-
captivity they
horn in the solar
Alma-Ata
houding.
its
injuries.
special
held in
more
had lived
Laugerie-Haute, Frankrijk,
by
approaching
an
(GRZIMEK, 1972),
ful animals become victims
threatening pose.
con-
(ele-
and
shrubbery)
in behaviour of rhinos
changes
of former West
by
only
not
time, it suddenly attacks
trying
assert
serious
times this leads
Laugerie-Haute, France,
rhino, D. bicornis,
It attacks
(dense
towards their mates. Usually the
gravure
in
of
rhi-
This behaviour is accounted for
tions males and females
Paleolithische
could,
agressivity of
strong
Conspecific males, especially
lead
peacefully,
Laat
This
often engaged in fierce fights with each other. How-
gardens
11:
holders in
but often also other animals
without
approacher
The
showing
agres-
1945).
concentration
high
agressive.
If the rhino has
sight.
ever,
Fig.
more
females have
mm.
African rhinos the black
extant
specific individuals,
are
from
the
record
are
200-250
the
predetermined
is considered the
front of it.
engraving
increasing
general.
Of the
its
the
Palaeolithic
in
appeared
result of
woolly rhinoceros often
indicate
opinion,
animal of another
Late
use
in win-
from under the
predetermines
The front horn of
author's
weak
mammoths and mammoth in
a
They
areas
female reindeer
front horns and
respect.
the
11:
feeding
get forage
to
in the
are
reindeer, Rangifer
African rhinos both males and
phants, buffaloes).
Fig.
directed and sti-
is
whereas females
spe-
and Ceratotherium simum
L., though having
difficult
is
exceeded the skull
African two-horned
the
growth
sexual hormone during the evolution of the Rhinocero-
of all herbivorous
their front horns in
unicornis
no, Rhinoceros
nasal bones
only
front horn.
one.
sive behaviour of female reindeer (SEVERTSOV,
the
are
the hind
hormone,
sex
level. This hormone also
its
our.
Rhinos
As
concentration of male hormone, which top the treshold
and its
blows. So
is the
weapon
as
of their evolution
the process
very
fighting positions
longer,
rhinos,
ones.
and Pleistocene
extant
the females of which have antlers.
L.,
The antlers
snow.
their
the localization of traumatic dama-
directly depends
principal
or
the male
by
when it
ter,
it
retreating
quickly enough
to
their
long,
as
sexual character. Their
a
tarandus
forelegs
and strikes blows
Because of the crowded
area.
animal may
to
both
them in fighting with the males for
antlers,
among
be considered
can
had very small
or
antlerless. The only exception
with their horns and forehead.
fight
The animal pursues
11).
(Fig.
exception
an
fighting
yet have horns
not
forms,
mulated
(Fig. 11).
directed
are
is
from the Upper
France
rhino, defending
It is well known that in the deer the presence of antlers
rep-
the enemy and strike
bite
up,
engraving,
mammoth prepared
a
with its head and tail raised
action,
ges
comes
Laugerie-Haute,
picture represents
Another
see
One such
fighting mammoths,
resenting
pelvic
testified by Upper Pala-
are
bones.
on
represents
two-horned rhinos,
It is twice
between mammoths
eolithic
the
to
lacerated and
deep,
characteristic of the ancestral forms of
which did
of the
a trauma
leave
The Indian
extant rhinos. Its way of
archaic,
the
on
deformed.
Fights
which
itself with its incisors,
kept
It
10).
In stead it strikes blows with its well
strongly bleeding wounds.
narrowed.
(without number)
Museum, Moscow
fights.
incisors,
developed
the
Another skull
it in
not use
mas-
working
time
strong blow struck
a
In 1992
cow
to
the
zoo
of D. bicornis.
together
with
a
of Tallin
Earlier it
male in the
After the death of the male it
was
deci-
rhino behaves
she does
the
agressively towards
let him have
not
male. At
off his manger, and beats him. These actions
with
panied
12)
(Fig.
male's
and
areas,
be accounted for
localized
to
between
the
by their being
enclosures.
spacious
animals
small, the
begin
do
they reproduce and
fights.
and
antiquitatis
observed
doubt
the
on
that
If
horns, and
the
KGU
excepting
n742),
the
of space,
the skulls of Coe-
on
with
damages
other animals
the
traumatizing
blows
developed
12: Male white rhinoceros
tov Zoo. On the
be
ceros can
12:
Fig.
The
Mannelijke
in Rostov
een
seen.
Zoo.
vrouwelijkle witte
dingen bevinden
wricht,
en
het
are
located
area between
witte neushoorn
de
Op
injuries
and the
zich
kunnen
kop
het
verse
in Ros-
osteoma
an
the
an osteoma
stands apart. The
sporen
on
the upper part of the occipital bone whe-
latter had been
the animal
was
Burch.)
De
match the
However,
portunity
kaakge-
hoorns.
first
day
and undertook
agressively
the
cow
from the
she-rhino. The latter
on
and defended herself. In the
continually
autumn
tendants noticed that the male
interest in the female. The
was
Lions and
open-air
cage and
ran
cited and
began
rut
the
ter
in
a
attack the
to
room.
The
pool
against
female, striking
attendants
cow
tried
to
were
able
to
male's attention away from the female and
the
ries
room.
Examination of her revealed
to
hung
her head and body.
Long
one
appeared
by lar-
it
were
draw the
the
further
through
the
on
the
cave
injured by
attack.
in
Hon,
a
large
defending
The
injury,
development.
other
did
osteoma,
not
It reached
ham-
mature
causes.
rhinos traumatic damages
Possibly
as
skull
site where the skull
successful
of the
spot
extant
agressive
live under
op-
weakened
cows
trauma
have been
are
the Late Pleistocene rhinos
compared with tfie
extant ones,
climatic conditions characterised
small seasonal fluctuations in
lock her in
temperature.
The
by
severe
and unstable climatic conditions of the Late Pleistocene
inju-
torn
more
miss the
not
The available data indi-
was
survived
on
blows in
numerous
the ob-
skin
fic
have increased the
competition
of inter- and
degree
intraspeci-
among rhinos.
down from her sides and the wounds bled.
In the Late
In the
rhinos,
ver
may
mother
found very seldom.
which
the
their prey. The
On the skull of the
ex-
take shel-
stripes of
and
age and died
in
may
to
young
do
also bones and skulls of the
the
per the animal's
nuptial play
a
if
age.
place which is usually injured by
spelaea Goldfuss.
Probably
and showed
around
rubbed their heads
sides and head. The
her
at-
zoo
another. In the evening the male rhino became very
its stomach,
cat.
the alert
on
yielded
that the rhino calf
cate
attack
to
which
in
early
hyaenas
localization of
attacking
found
Panthera leo
behaved
of 1993 the
beginning of
boded nothing bad. The animals
an
kept
new mate
cats
was
in Tallin.
repeated attempts
was
very
take the young from rhino
to
birth. The
by
the
a
predators, but that rhino calves often become
ject of predation.
verwon-
het
ogen,
ge
big
to
already mentioned
As
met
gevecht
van een
with another male
injured.
traumatized at
n742 coincides with the
ded
osteoma
It is known that adult rhinos seldom are attacked
waargenomen.
de
the
feature
only
the
forehead, near
simum
struck
were
above, such type of pathology could have developed
the horns.
voorhoofd, bij
tussen de
gebied
on
Burch.)
female white rhino-
a
(Ceratotherium
neushoorn worden
op
simum
of battle with
head fresh traces
jawarticulation,
eyes,
(Ceratotherium
no
during
traumas
skull with
one
leave
which it shares with the other skulls is that the
Fig.
is
the front horn.
The skull with
re
can
cage
plenty
comparison
of
received
rhinos
captivity
held in insuffi-
open-air
the
damages
the
skeletons
In each case,
(GMM
the
the sinciput
behave agressively.
not
traumatic
analysis of
lodonta
on
other for
compete with each
to
where rhinos have
space. In zoos,
living
by
are
photo
beating
of
behaviour of rhinos held in
agressive
The
growls.
traces
are accom-
On the
eye.
probably
ciently
injuries
articular
maxillary
The
fresh
see
may
head. The
near one
hollow
threatening
one
times
minute's peace, drives him
a
zoo
C. simum,
had
spring
of Rostov-on-Don,
offspring.
of this
lived during
The
zoo
couple has
a
a
pair
to
white
long period. They
workers'
still
of African
dream
to
get
Pleistocene,
created favorable
ne-
herbivorous
mammals,
off-
competitors. Huge
materialize. The female
reindeer,
44
and
when
conditions
woolly
herds of
saigas
an
for
lived
on
abundance of grasses
the
reproduction
rhinoceros
had
of
many
bisons, horses, mammoths,
periglacial
tundras. Coelo-
donta
antiquitatis
with
graze
extant
a
among
conditions this
of these animal
part
African
rhinos,
often
which
the
antelopes and other herbivores,
pastured
rhino
certainly
was
communities. Like
tions
a
ratio
is
1:1.
tion is
good
a
was
changes (GRICHUK, 1961,
thin
short
a
period
a
period
of
al.,
et
(microcycle)
of time
climatic
dynamic
ARSLANOV
to
1981).
Wi-
In
and
western
climatic
Europe,
eastern
duals
but
small,
enormous
tions
was
gions,
have
with animal
sought
To
extent
adapted
have
some
to
quantities
the
they
neral.
were
male
pastures,
but rhinos do
on
mixed
twigs and leaves,
arouse
to
animals
not
woolly rhinoceros probably
feeding
of
adapted
Migratory
cene.
forage,
and thus
genes
These
most
are
popula-
and
can
are
males
en-
adapt
on
adequate adapta-
the
living
to
could
eliminating less fit indiviunfavorable
1987). During
the number of male rhinos
would,
in
some
re-
have increased. This would lead to stronger intra-
Maybe
woolly
It
damages
occurred
microcycles
herbivores
landscapes.
for other
some
life-time
the
the fittest and
specific competition
seem
may
the conditions which
between
favorable for the
open steppe
microcycles
of time, during which many genera-
transitions
not
were
te.
compared
periods
changed. Undoubtedly
when
in
the climatic
females.
through"
(GEODAKYAN, 1976,
periods
instability
Eurasia. On the
stronger than in the Asiatic part of
ge-
ochronological scale
more new
than
"work
tions, selecting
fluctuated.
continually
zone
nature
a
rises
numerous
and falls in temperature occurred. In lower latitudes the
borders of the forest steppe
easier
change
whom
condi-
indicator of unstable and unfavorable
vironments. Males bear
The Late Pleistocene
When unfavorable
number of males than females
greater
born. The increase in the number of males in
woolly
and mammoths.
bisons, horses,
in,
set
is
this
rhinos
and
to
finds shows
latitudes
particularly
reason
that all
60-50,
the
during
in
ge-
between
in the Late Pleistowith traumatic
males.
that all the skulls
where
unstable
to
species
why fights
the skulls
fighting belong
(Fig.13)
in the
frequent
were so
interesting
due
agressivity
the
was
Mapping
are
of
confined
climatic conditions
were
the Late Pleistocene.
migracould
including
to a
new
environment.
As studies in
population genetics
ods unfavorable for mammals
sequilibrium
are
have
shown, the peri-
characterized
by
a
di-
in the male/female ratio. Under normal
Coelodonta antiquitatis
Dicerorhinus
Mammuthus
Fig.
13:
Map
with
binagadensis
primigenius
localities from where
the skulls
with
traumatic
injuries
of
woolly rhinoceros
(C. antiquitatis)
and mammoth
(M. primigenius)
have
been found.
Fig.
13: Kaart met
tische
daarop
aangegeven
de
locaties
waar
schedels
van
wolharige neushoorn (C. antiquitatis)
beschadigingen zijn gevonden.
45
en
mammoet
(M. primigenius)
met trauma-
Abbreviations
PIN RAN
Paleontologjcal Institute,
-
Russian
Academy
of Sciences, Moscow
ZIN RAN
Zoological
-
Institute,
Russian
Academy of
Sciences, St.Petersburg
GM SP6GGI
te
College
AMBU
-
-
The
-
The
um, Kazan State
TKM
ZM
-
The
-
-
Geological and Mineralogical
University,
Bijsk
Muse-
Kazan
Museum of Regional
The Tumen Museum of
The
Sta-
Archaeological Museum, Barnaul Institute
The
GMM KGU
BKM
Mining Museum, St.Petersburg
of Mines
Studies, Bijsk
Regional Studies,
Zoological Museum,
Tumen
Moscow
References
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GADZHIEV,
of
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G.V. &
VII
GADZHIEV, D.V.,
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The Government
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Bihnagady. Reports
of the
Azerbaijan Academy
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pp. 64-67
1951: Traumatic
and the two
1976:
Ethological
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Abstract,
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on
animal behaviour,
Moscow,
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1987: The
evolutionary logic
of sexual differentiation in
phylogeny
stratigraphic
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and
ontogeny.
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V.
1961: The
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1993: Bone
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ob
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College
the basis of paleofloristic
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Saint
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