Diaper Inquiry Paper backup 9_15_04_42

Transcription

Public Policy Analysis
Diaper Diversion
CITY OF HAMILTON
September 15, 2009
by
Rita Wan
McMaster University
Dofasco Centre for Engineering and Public Policy
Public Policy Analysis
Diaper Diversion
City of Hamilton
REPORT TO
Waste Management Division
City of Hamilton
120 King Street West, Suite 1170
Hamilton, Ontario
L8P 4V2
And
Dofasco Centre for Engineering and Public Policy
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
L8S 4K1
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Engineering and Public Policy
FOR
Ms. Anne Winning
Ms. Adrienne Press
SUPERVISOR
Dr. Gail Krantzberg
September 15, 2009
Rita Wan
88 Holm Crescent
Thornhill, Ontario
L3T 5J3
Phone: (905) 886 5616
Email: [email protected]
Hamilton Diaper Diversion Public Policy Analysis
ABSTRACT
Waste management has always been a challenge to municipalities around the world, especially
for cities in the developed countries such as Canada and United States. The City of Hamilton in
Ontario, Canada, has set their waste management goal in their Solid Waste Management
Master Plan to divert 65% of their waste from landfill by the end of 2011. They have achieved
the diversion rate of 44% in 2008. In order to meet their waste diversion target, a range of
approaches is required and diaper diversion is one of them. Currently Hamilton generates
approximately 4,000 tonnes of diapers per year; and they are being disposed to landfill. Both
technology and public policy will facilitate the diaper waste diversion for the City of Hamilton.
This paper discusses the current diaper diversion challenges that Hamilton faces, the possible
resolutions in 3Rs’ (Reduce, Reduce and Recycle), Composting and Gasification; and an
analysis on related public policies in the areas of education, communications, trade promotions,
government incentive programs and regulations.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
...................................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. ii
1.0
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
2.0
METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 1
3.0
RESEARCH FINDINGS..................................................................................................... 2
Reduce .........................................................................................................2
3.1
3.1.1
Eco-friendly Diaper Products in the Market ............................................................ 2
3.1.2
Traditional Disposable Diapers .............................................................................. 3
3.1.3
Cost of Diapers ..................................................................................................... 4
Reuse ...........................................................................................................6
3.2
3.2.1
Cloth Diaper Service in the Hamilton Areas ........................................................... 6
3.3
Recycling ......................................................................................................7
3.4
Composting ...................................................................................................8
3.5
Gasification ...................................................................................................9
4.0
POLICY BARRIERS........................................................................................................ 10
4.1
Cloth Diapers...............................................................................................10
4.2
Eco-friendly Disposable Diapers ....................................................................10
4.3
Traditional Disposable Diapers ......................................................................11
4.4
Diaper Gasification Service ...........................................................................12
5.0
HAMILTON ECONOMY................................................................................................... 12
5.1
Manufacturing..............................................................................................12
5.2
Construction ................................................................................................13
5.3
Service Sector .............................................................................................14
5.4
Employment Outlook ....................................................................................14
5.5
Personal Income Per Capita ..........................................................................15
5.6
Future Economy Forecast .............................................................................15
6.0
DIAPER DIVERSION POLICY DESIGN .......................................................................... 16
Information-Based Policy Instruments .............................................................16
6.1
6.1.1
Information Contents ........................................................................................... 16
6.1.2
The City of Hamilton Web Site............................................................................. 17
6.1.3
The City of Hamilton Public Health Programs ...................................................... 18
6.1.4
Distribution of Information.................................................................................... 19
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6.1.5
Product Promotion Opportunities......................................................................... 19
6.1.6
Trade Shows ....................................................................................................... 20
6.1.7
Child Care and Preschool Operators ................................................................... 21
6.1.8
Hospitals............................................................................................................. 21
6.1.9
Interest Groups ................................................................................................... 22
6.1.10
Awareness Campaigns........................................................................................ 22
6.1.11
Media Advertisements......................................................................................... 23
6.1.12
Product Labelling ................................................................................................ 23
Expenditure-Based Policy Instruments............................................................23
6.2
6.2.1
Subsidies ............................................................................................................ 24
6.2.2
Loans.................................................................................................................. 25
6.2.3
Tax Expenditures ................................................................................................ 25
6.2.4
Vouchers............................................................................................................. 26
Regulation...................................................................................................26
6.3
6.3.1
Licenses and Permissions ................................................................................... 26
6.3.2
Future Gasification Facility in Hamilton ................................................................ 27
6.3.2.1 Liberty Energy Centre for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton........................................ 27
6.3.2.2 New Gasification Facility for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton.................................... 27
6.3.3
The Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07.............................. 28
6.3.3.1 Waste Management Projects Environmental Screening Process.......................... 28
6.3.4
Air Emissions ...................................................................................................... 30
6.3.5
Zoning Permit...................................................................................................... 30
6.3.6
Diaper Collections ............................................................................................... 31
6.3.7
Feed-In Tariff Program ........................................................................................ 31
7.0
CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 32
8.0
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................... 33
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1 Cloth Diaper Costs ...................................................................................................... 4
Table 3-2 Disposable Diaper Costs ............................................................................................. 4
Table 3-3 Estimated Annual Costs for Diaper Products and Services in Hamilton ........................ 5
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 5-1 Unemployment Rate ......................................................................................... 15
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LISTS OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A gDiaper Product Information................................................................................ 34
APPENDIX B Cloth Diaper Prices ............................................................................................. 35
APPENDIX C Cost Comparisons of Disposable and Compostable Diapers................................ 36
APPENDIX D Compfy Cotton Diaper Service Information .......................................................... 37
APPENDIX E Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009..................................................................... 38
APPENDIX F Prenatal Classes for Parents Less Than 21 Years of Age Locations/Times.......... 42
APPENDIX G Prenatal Classes for Single Moms, Couples and Newcomer Locations/Times...... 43
APPENDIX H Hamilton Prenatal Nutrition Project Locations/Times............................................ 44
APPENDIX I Expectant Moms Program ................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX J Home Safety Information Workshops................................................................... 46
APPENDIX K Child Care / Day Care Centres ............................................................................ 47
APPENDIX L Preschools .......................................................................................................... 48
APPENDIX M Hamilton and Area Hospitals ............................................................................... 49
APPENDIX N Interest Groups ................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX O Other Environmental Provincial Legislation.......................................................... 52
APPENDIX P Other Environmental Federal Legislation ............................................................. 54
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DIAPER DIVERSION PUBLIC POLICY ANAYLYSIS REPORT
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The waste management goal of the City of Hamilton, as set in their Solid Waste Management
Master Plan (SWMMP 2001), is to divert 65% of the waste from landfill by the end of 2011. They
achieved the diversion rate of 44% in 2008 (Annual Report 2008). In order to meet their target,
a range of approaches is required and diaper diversion is one of them. Currently Hamilton
generates approximately 4,000 tonnes of diapers per year; and they are being disposed to the
Glanbrook landfill. Both technology and public policy analyses will facilitate diaper waste
diversion by the City of Hamilton. This inquiry focuses on developing a proposal for public
policies that will address the diaper waste diversion initiative of the city to meet their waste
reduction goal.
2.0
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used for this inquiry is as follows:
•
Review the initiatives and public policies the City of Hamilton has in placed for waste
management;
•
Determine the diaper diversion barriers in 3Rs’ (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) and in using
Composting and Gasification technologies. The Gasification technology is the preferred
technological solution identified from the diaper diversion technological study conducted by
Laura Jewell (Jewell 2009) for the City of Hamilton;
•
Investigate possible solutions to overcome the diaper diversion barriers in 3Rs’and in using
Gasification technology. Tasks include: search for new renovated eco-friendly diapers,
compare costs between different types of diapers, evaluate incentive programs, design
education & promotion programs and evaluate waste management project assessment
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requirements. The incorporation of the solutions to the current waste management process
is taken into consideration;
•
Evaluate the possible solutions for each R, composting and gasification technologies, and
develop public policies to facilitate success implementations;
•
Conduct telephone enquiries to assess how the stakeholders would react to specific policies;
and
•
Evaluate inquiry results and make recommendations.
3.0
RESEARCH FINDINGS
This section presents the research findings in the 3Rs’(Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) as well as
in composting and gasification technologies.
3.1
Reduce
The objective of reduction is to reduce the inflow of diaper waste. This requires to work with
diaper suppliers/manufactures, renovators and consumers in their shifting towards green product
developments and sustainable purchases.
3.1.1
Eco-friendly Diaper Products in the Market
Cloth Diapers
Cloth Diaper design has improved with respect to fitting, absorbability, style and ease of use
(with Velcro and snap buttons). This is a good option for eco-friendly and thrifty parents (Kyle
2007). Fitted Cloth Diaper Brands include Kissaluvs, Sugar Peas, Happy Heiny, Fuzzi Bunz and
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bumGenius. These products are sold by companies in the Southern Ontario regions and can be
ordered via their company web sites (ParentingByNature 2009).
Eco-friendly Disposable Diapers
Nature Babycare, a Swedish brand, provides disposable diapers with the outer plastic-like layer
made of a compostable/biodegradable corn bio film (Nature 2009). According to the company,
60% of the content of their diapers are of biological origin and are biodegradable. Their products
are sold by Ecobotts Baby Products (Ecobotts 2009) based in Mississauga, Ontario. Customers
also can buy online. A similar product, the Nature Boy and Girl, is sold by Healthy Baby Diaper
LLC in the United States. Customers can buy the diapers through the company web site (Nature
Boy 2009).
Hybrid Diapers
gDiapers are a combination of cloth and disposable diaper in one product. A gDiaper consists of
a washable cloth outer pant and a plastic-free disposable insert that can be tossed, flushed and
even composted (gDiaper 2009). There is no plastic content in the product. gDiapers have
received Cradle to Cradle Gold certification from MBDC (gDiapers 2009) indicating the product
achieves environmentally-intelligent design and quality (MBDC 2009). Six stores in Hamilton
carry the gDiapers products (Appendix A).
3.1.2
Traditional Disposable Diapers
Procter & Gamble (Pampers, LUVs) and Kimberly-Clark Corp. (Huggies), the two major
disposable diaper manufacturers in North America, have not put in much effort in the
development or improvement of their existing diaper products to be more eco-friendly.
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Kimberly-Clark Corp. announced the launch of the Huggies Pure & Natural diapers on April 13,
2009 claiming the new diaper is hypoallergenic, latex and fragrance free with an outer layer
made of organic cotton (Kimberly-Clark 2009). The announcement also says it is the company’s
initial steps toward environmental improvements without sacrificing performance. But these
“greener” disposables still are not environmental friendly as the only improvement is the
product’s outer packaging which is sourced from 20 percent post-consumer recycled materials.
Pampers producer Procter & Gamble (Pampers 2009) does not yet have an environmentally
friendly diaper; but they have pursued to reduce the unit weight of their diaper by 40% and it’s
packaging by 80% (McIntyr 2009).
3.1.3
Cost of Diapers
The Cloth diaper costs in Hamilton are as follows (see Appendix B for details):
Cloth Diaper Type
Prefold Diaper
Filled Cloth Diaper
Pocket Cloth Diaper
All-In-One Cloth Diaper
Price Range (per diaper)
$3.99 - $12.98
$15.49 - $22.98
$17.99 - $24.98
$21.75 - $32.98
Table 3-1 Cloth Diaper Costs
The disposable diaper costs in Hamilton are as follows (see Appendix C for details):
Brand
Pamper
Huggies
Parent’s Choice
Nature Babycare
gDiapers
Price Range (per diaper)
$0.24 - $0.37
$0.24 - $0.37
$0.17 - $0.27
$0.53 - $0.82
$0.52 – $0.66
Table 3-2 Disposable Diaper Costs
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Cost comparisons indicate traditional disposable diapers are still the cheapest choice from the
customer perspectives.
Generally most children can be toilet-trained at the age of two and a half. It is estimated that
there are 6,500 diaper changes over a period of 2.5 years. This is an average of 7-8 diaper
changes/day (10-11 changes for newborns, 5-6 changes for 2-year olds) (Diaper Facts 2009).
With a conservative estimation of 50 diapers changes per week (7.14 diaper changes/day), the
following table shows the estimated annual costs for various diaper products and services in
Hamilton.
Estimated Annual Costs
$400 - $900
$1,200 - $1,600
Cloth Diapers*
$300 - $ 2,400 plus Washing costs $200
Diaper Services
$900 - $1,200
Table 3-3 Estimated Annual Costs for Diaper Products and Services in Hamilton
* The calculation is based on the purchase of six dozens of cloth diapers. To lower the cloth
diaper costs, it should be possible to buy a generous mix of prefolds and diaper covers; and
most cloth diapers will probably last for two children. The washing cost is estimated to be $16
per month. The calculation is based on washing diapers at home every three days and 24
diapers per wash load (Diaper Facts 2009).
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3.2
Reuse
The objective of reuse is to reduce diaper waste volume by multiple-use of diapers. Possible
solutions are cloth diapers and diaper service. For research findings for cloth diapers please
refer to section 3.1.1.
3.2.1
Cloth Diaper Service in the Hamilton Areas
There are two companies that provide cloth diaper service in the Hamilton areas:
(1) Comfy Cotton Diaper Service Inc. (Comfy Cotton 2009) – Service areas cover the
Greater Toronto Area, and extend west through Hamilton-Stoney Creek, KitchenerWaterloo and Guelph. To the east they go to Oshawa and to the north, Newmarket. Their
weekly service charge is $15.95 plus GST (or $18.02 /week). Comfy Cotton Diaper
Service details are shown in Appendix D.
(2) Happy Nappy Diaper Service, Oakville, ON (Happy Nappy 2009) – Service areas include
Greater Toronto Area, Mississauga, Oakville, Hamilton and Halton-Peek Region. Their
weekly service charge is $23.97.
Potential Cloth Diaper Service Provider for Hamilton
Bear Bottoms Diaper Service (Bear Bottom 2009) provides diaper service in Kitchener, Waterloo
and Cambridge areas. In talking to Ms Jill Lawrence, founder of the company, in May 2009 they
were negotiating with a hospital in Hamilton for a service contract to provide diaper service for
the hospital. The company offers franchise opportunities to public. According to Ms Jill Lawrence
they have been approached by interested business people to franchise their business in the
Oakville and Hamilton areas. Their weekly service charge is $19.95 plus tax (or $22.54 /week).
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3.3
Recycling
The objective of recycling is to reduce diaper waste going to landfill by recapturing value from
disposable diapers. The City of Santa Clarita, California had piloted a diaper-recycling program
in 2002 for nine months with technology provided by Knowaste LLC (City of Santa Clarita 2002).
The Santa Clarita diaper-recycling program did not continue. The primarily reason for the failure
is high costs (Recycling Today 2003).
A press release from Knowaste dated September 2, 2004 announced the launch of their baby
diaper recycling services in Australia (World-Wire 2004). However, further research on
information regarding diaper recycling in Australia was not found.
From Knowaste company web site, Knowaste states that they provide diaper recycling services
in Arnem, Netherlands since 1999 (Knowaste Netherlands 2009) and also in Greater Toronto
Areas, Canada in 2005 by its wholly owned subsidiary Smallplanet (Knowaste 2005). Further
research shows that the Knowaste recycling facility in Arnem, Netherlands was up for auction
sale on December 2007 (RecyclingBizz 2008). In addition, there is no further information found
with regard to Smallplanet as the company web site has been removed.
News published on February 20, 2009 by UPI.com indicates the Birmingham City Council in
England has approved plans for recycling diapers using Knowaste’s technology (UPI.com 2009).
But detailed information regarding the Birmingham diaper recycling plan is not available.
The above information indicates Knowaste’s diaper recycling technology has not been proven
successful; in addition, recycling is not the chosen technology by the technological research
study to resolve the diaper problem for Hamilton (Jewell 2009), hence it is not being considered
as a viable solution in this inquiry.
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3.4
Composting
The municipalities in Ontario that provide diaper composting services are the City of Toronto
(City of Toronto 2009), the City of Guelph (City of Guelph 2009) and York Region (York Region
2009). There are currently nine (9) municipalities in the York Region which include the Towns of
Aurora, East Gwillimbury, Georgina, King, Markham, New Market, Richmond Hill, The City of
Vaughan and Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville. The diaper composting services are provided
through the municipal Green Bin Program which accepts diapers and sanitary products. The
Green Bin Program collects organic waste from households weekly.
There is a private company, EarthBaby, provides compostable diaper service in the San
Francisco Bay Area of California. They only accept Nature Babycare Compostable Diapers and
wipes. Customers have to buy these compostable diaper products from EarthBaby at USD
$11.79 per pack (each pack contains 18 to 44 diapers depending on diaper sizes). Their diaper
composting services include a monthly delivery of clear diapers, weekly pickup of soiled diapers,
and composting the soiled diapers. Their monthly service fee is USD $24.99 plus sales tax
(EarthBaby 2009).
In Hamilton, the Central Composting Facility (CCF) conducted a trial of the Green Cart program
in 2002 before program commencement. In this trial diapers and sanitary products were included
in the feedstock. However, it was found that the final compost product contains high
contamination rates and was not acceptable for the client, as a result, diapers and sanitary
products were removed from the list of acceptable material for the Green Cart program
(Hamilton FAQs)
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Composting is not the chosen technology by the technological research study to resolve the
diaper problem for Hamilton (Jewell 2009), hence it is not being considered as a viable solution
in this inquiry.
3.5
Gasification
There is no gasification facility in Hamilton at present. Nevertheless, Liberty Energy Resources,
Inc. (as referred to Liberty Energy hereafter) (Liberty Energy 2009), a private company
headquartered in California, USA, has proposed a renewable energy Plant (Liberty Energy
Centre) on 2.3 hectare site located at 675 Strathearne Avenue, Hamilton, Ontario in 2004. The
proposed site had been used as a metal recycling facility before.
In 2008, Liberty Energy completed the Environmental Screening Process and received
Certificates of Approval from the Ontario Ministry of Environment (MOE) for their Liberty Energy
Centre Project (Liberty Energy Centre 2008).
The Liberty Energy Centre will use the bubbling fluidized bed gasification technology to produce
a fuel gas which is burned in a boiler to produce 10 megawatts (MW) of electrical power for
delivery to the local power grid. Facility fuel includes biosolids (Sewage sludge) and biomass
(grass, leaves, tress and scrap wood) and is considered as renewable energy in Ontario. The
facility will be constructed in two stages. They will install a gasification unit which generates 5
megawatts power in each stage. Liberty Energy originally targeted to have the first gasification
unit in commercial operation by December 2010 but is then deferred to 2012. And they
estimated the Liberty Energy Centre will consume up to 470,000 tonnes of waste biomass per
year (Liberty Energy 2009).
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4.0
POLICY BARRIERS
This section identifies the policy barriers or issues arise from possible diaper diversion
resolutions which include the use of Gasification technology.
4.1
Cloth Diapers
Policy Objective:
Promote/encourage use of cloth diapers.
Issues:
•
The most common issue is leaking; other issues include stink, washing efforts,
costs, health issues (rash), and fit (too big or too small) (All About Cloth Diapers
2009).
•
There are environmental concerns with respect to water and air pollution (i.e.
extra water and energy used to wash and dry the cloth diapers) (Environment
Canada 2004).
•
Have to set aside space in home for a diaper pail.
•
Cloth-diapering usually does not work when both parents do not agree it is the
best option (Spring 2008).
4.2
Policy Objective:
Reduce/Discourage
use
of
Eco-friendly
disposable
diapers.
Promote/encourage use of Eco-friendly disposable diapers only when a
customer’s preferred choice is disposable diapers.
Issues:
•
The costs of Eco-friendly disposable diapers are much higher (1.8 to 2.2x) than
the traditional disposable diapers (Tables 3-1 & 3-2).
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•
Less available as compare to traditional disposable diapers (Appendixes A & B).
•
The Eco-friendly disposable diapers have been gaining some recognition, but
they still comprise a very low percentage in the market share of diapers. As Karen
McIntyre put it, ‘Consumers tend to not put their money where their mouths are
when it comes to eco-friendliness’(McIntyre 2009).
•
Although the Eco-friendly disposable diapers are compostable/biodegradable,
their current disposal method in Hamilton is still landfill; hence they are not the
viable solution for the Hamilton diaper diversion initiative.
4.3
Policy Objective:
Reduce/Discourage use of traditional disposable diapers
Issues:
•
Most parents favour it as a quick and convenient choice (Environment Canada
2004).
•
The costs of using traditional disposable diapers are lower than the Eco-friendly
diapers and diaper service (Tables 3-1, 3-2 & 3-3).
•
It is illegal in most municipalities to dump human waste in landfills; but the law is
unenforceable when it comes to diapers. Theoretically they could infest the water
leaching out of the dump with bacteria and viruses (polio, hepatitis, dysentery)
(Meadows 2009).
•
The two dominate manufacturers Procter & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark with
market shares of 36% and 20.5% respectively have been working hard to retain
customer loyalties with sales promotions, sales coupons and other marketing
efforts (McIntyre 2009).
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•
To reduce the environmental impact, disposable diapers have been made thinner
and easier to transport. Pampers has reduced the unit weight of diaper by 40%
and its packaging by 80% (McIntyre 2009).
4.4
Diaper Gasification Service
Policy Objective:
Promote/encourage use of diaper gasification service
Issues:
•
Currently there is no diaper gasification service in Hamilton areas (public or
private).
•
The costs for providing the diaper gasification service would be high (the building,
operation and maintenance costs of diaper gasification facilities; diaper collection
costs). Some costs might have to be recovered by charging users.
•
When diaper gasification service is being implemented, customers have to adopt
the new diaper disposal routine.
5.0
HAMILTON ECONOMY
5.1
Manufacturing
The City of Hamilton is a centre of manufacturing and industry. Canada’s two largest integrated
steel producers (Dofasco Inc. and U.S. Steel Canada) and a dozen automotive parts
manufacturers are located in Hamilton. (Hamilton Economic Development 2009). Due to the
global economic turmoil which started in October 2008, U.S. Steel announced the temporarily
idling of their Hamilton and Nanticoke facilities in March 3, 2009 and affecting approximately
1,500 employees (U.S. Steel 2009). These facilities are still idle to date.
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According to the Conference Board of Canada (Browarski 2009), a leading economic research
agency, the crash in the U.S. auto market and offloading of costs by struggling vehicle producers
to parts makers will drive many of them, especially the small firms, out of business and jack up
job losses. The board forecasts the employment in the auto parts industry will plunge 37% or
36,500 to 62,200 jobs loss in the auto sector during 2009. The total auto industry employment hit
a peak of 139,300 in 2004. Nevertheless, they forecast job losses will be temporary with
employment return to nearly 90,000 jobs by 2013.
The manufacturing output in Hamilton has been declined in every year since 2003; the outlook
for 2009 would be declined again. According to Conference Board of Canada’s forecast
(Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 in Appendix E), the manufacturing output in Hamilton is
expected to decline 5.4% in 2009, which is equal to 75% of its 2002 output level. Hamilton’s
manufacturing sector will begin to recover in 2010 as the global economy improves. The board
predicts an output growth of 2.6% in manufacturing in 2010.
5.2
Construction
According to the CMHC Housing Time Series Database (Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 in
Appendix E), the Conference Board of Canada indicates housing starts activity was on the
incline for the first two quarters in 2008, but housing starts fell in the final two quarters. As a
result the total housing starts fell by more than 17% in 2008. It is expected the housing starts to
continue to decline in 2009. The board forecasts an overall decline by 23% in 2009 with total
numbers of new home to be constructed falling below 3,000 units for the first time since 1996.
They also forecast the total construction output in Hamilton falls by 3.7% in 2009 and a rebound
by 3.1% in 2010.
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5.3
Service Sector
The Conference Board of Canada forecasts the wholesale and retail trade output of Hamilton to
drop by 2% in 2009; finance, insurance, and real estate output to drop by 0.3%; commercial
services output to drop by 1.8%; and transportation and communication output to drop by 1.4%.
Only the non-commercial services output is expected to grow in 2009 but only with an increase
of 0.4%. Overall, the board forecasts a services-sector output to fall 0.9% in 2009. But the board
expects a growth in the service output to 2.5% in 2010.
5.4
Employment Outlook
The Conference Board of Canada forecasts employment contraction across all the sectors in
Hamilton (Appendix E) with the biggest hit in the industrial sector (-4.6%) for the year 2009; and
the unemployment rate will rise from 6.1% in 2008 to 7.3% in 2009. They forecast the
employment condition will improve when the global economy recovers in 2010.
According to Statistics Canada, the national unemployment rate rose to an 11-year high at 8.4%
in May, 2009 with a total number of 363,000 job disappeared since the global recession began
last October. Ontario, with major manufacturing jobs in auto industry, took the hardest hit with
province’s unemployment rate rose to 9.4% in May, a full point above the national average.
Hamilton broke the provincial trend by posting an increase in employment in April and in May.
Employment rose by 3,900 jobs dropping the city’s employment rate to 7.4% in May from 7.9%
in April. The city’s unemployment rate was 8.8% in March. This is mainly due to the fact that
there is no decline in manufacturing jobs in May; and the city experienced employment growth in
the wholesale and retail trade, and transportation/warehousing sectors (Thespec.com 2009).
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The city’s unemployment rate further declined to 7.1% in June, but was shot up to 8.2% in July
which reflected the national unemployment conditions rising from 8.2% in June to 8.7% in July.
Figure 5-1 Unemployment Rate
%
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
Hamilton
Ontario
March
5.5
April
May
June
July
Personal Income Per Capita
In 2008 the personal income per capita for Hamilton is $37,000 (Source: Statistic Canada). Both
Ontario and Canada have similar personal income per capita figure in 2008.
5.6
Future Economy Forecast
The World Bank, released a report on June 22, 2009 (World Bank 2009), indicates the global
economy is to shrink 2.9% in 2009, worse than its previous forecast for a 1.7% decline. This sent
a strong signal indicating that the economy is not in a robust recovery yet.
General forecast (World Bank 2009) indicates the global economy will revive in 2010; however,
the pace for the recovery is still uncertain. This seems applies to Hamilton as well.
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6.0
DIAPER DIVERSION POLICY DESIGN
The public policies are initiated according to the following policy goal and objectives:
Policy Goal:
Reduce the volume of disposable diapers going to landfill for the City of Hamilton.
Policy Objectives:
1. Promote/encourage use of cloth diapers, cloth diaper service, and diaper gasification
service.
2. Reduce/Discourage use of traditional disposable diapers.
6.1
Information-Based Policy Instruments
Information-based policy instruments are government’s “attempts at influencing people through
transfer of knowledge, communication of reasoned argument, and moral suasion in order to
achieve a policy result” (Vedung and van der Doelen 1998, p.103). According to Leslie A. Pal
(Pal 2001, p.140) behaviour is based on knowledge, beliefs, and values; and the most powerful
way to change behaviour is to change the knowledge, beliefs, and values upon which it is based.
In addition, information-based policy tools have the best results “when knowledge, beliefs, and
values are consistent with direct and immediate self-interest”.
6.1.1
Information Contents
Information provided to target groups (parents) may contain the following:
•
Environmental issues that disposable diapers has created in Hamilton (Optional - in
Ontario, in Canada or globally);
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•
Information (individual bearings or comparisons) regarding impact on environment by
traditional disposable diapers, cloth diapers, eco-friendly disposable diapers and cloth
diaper service;
•
Information regarding eco-friendly diapering solutions (cloth diapers, eco-friendly
disposable diapers and cloth diaper service) which are available in Hamilton (costs,
products & services information, product availabilities, reference guide, etc.);
•
Incentives provided by the City of Hamilton and/or eco-friendly diapers solutions vendors
(coupons, free training classes, gifts from vendors, etc.); and
•
Information regarding how parents and the City of Hamilton can work together to make
Hamilton a better place to raise their families.
Note: Although the eco-friendly disposable diapers are not the viable solution to the Hamilton
diaper diversion initiative, their impacts on environment are less than the traditional
disposable diapers, it is still beneficial to promote their use; However, the information
distributed/conveyed for the diaper diversion initiative may emphasis on cloth diapers and
cloth diaper service.
6.1.2
The City of Hamilton Web Site
The City of Hamilton web site would be a good way to provide eco-friendly diapering information
to parents. The Eco-friendly diapering information, including both eco-friendly diaper products
and diaper services, might be incorporated under two headings on the web site:
Public Health – Parenting, Children and Families – Parenting for babies, toddlers
and preschoolers (newborn to 5 years old) (Parenting 2009)
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Suggested headings:
Eco-friendly diapering resources
Cloth diapers resources
Eco-friendly disposable diaper resources
Diaper service resources
Public Health – Prenatal Classes and Pregnancy Resources – Information for
Expectant Parents (Prenatal Health 2009)
Suggested heading:
Making Diaper choice – The best choice for both parents and baby
6.1.3
The City of Hamilton Public Health Programs
Currently the City of Hamilton is offering Prenatal classes (Appendices F & G), Prenatal Nutrition
Groups (weekly groups with the Hamilton Prenatal Nutrition Project) (Appendix H), Expectant
Mom Program (Appendix I) and Home Safety Information Workshops (Appendix J) to expectant
parents under the Public Health services. The City of Hamilton might expand the Public Health
programs to include Cloth Diapering Classes and provide community supports for Cloth
Diapering Groups for expectant parents to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions.
It is important to encourage both parents (expectant couples) to attend the Cloth Diapering
classes and Cloth Diapering Groups as cloth-diapering usually does not work when both parents
do not agree it is the best option (Spring 2008).
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6.1.4
Distribution of Information
Relevant information regarding eco-friendly diapering alternatives in the form of flyers,
pamphlets, calendars, and/or information data sheets can be distributed to expectant parents
when they attend the public health programs and when they join the parental interest groups that
are provided by the City of Hamilton. Such information could also be made available at program
locations (including registration offices) for easy pick-up. As for the Expectant Mom Program, the
information could be distributed to the expectant mom by the home visiting nurse.
There are other possible locations for the distribution of the eco-friendly diapering information to
the target groups. These locations include Information Centres in Hamilton, hospitals, clinics,
child care/day care centres, preschools, retail stores that sell eco-friendly products, and etc.
The promotional items should be made of eco-friendly and/or recyclable materials.
6.1.5
Product Promotion Opportunities
One of the major barriers for parents to choose fitted cloth, pocket cloth and all-in-one cloth
diapers is the initial high start up cost. As many parents do not consider using cloth diapers as
an option until they have washed couples of loads of laundry and realize it is not as bad as they
expected; and many cloth diaper business owners have discovered that presenting expectant
parents with a gift of cloth diapers can help boost business by introducing new parents to the
benefits of cloth (Zmuda 2005). These cloth diapers vendors shall be encouraged to provide
product information, free gifts of their products/services for trial, discount coupon for future
purchase of products or services, reference guides on how to use their products or services
(washing instructions, storage of mud diapers, etc.), and provide list of resources for future
references to their target customers.
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The City of Hamilton could provide opportunities to these diaper business owners to promote
their products through the following channels:
•
Product promotion opportunities during public health program and parental interest group
meetings (as identified in the City of Hamilton Public Health Program section);
•
Distribution of product information at the public health program, parental interest group
locations, and other locations as identified in the Information Distribution section above.
6.1.6
Trade Shows
Trade show or trade fair with special theme is a good marketing tool. A trade show which only
promotes the eco-friendly diapering solutions may not draw enough attraction for large number
of participants and visitors. Hence it is beneficial to extend the theme to include other ecofriendly products & services. As a suggestion, an Eco-friendly Parenting/Children Trade
Show with parents as the target audience might serve the purpose. Besides the eco-friendly
diapering solutions business owners, the exhibitors of the trade show could include other ecofriendly products & services providers in toys, car seats, clothing, linens & things, child care
accessories, early childhood education, furniture, home decoration, and etc.
The City of Hamilton could either act as the organizer or as a major sponsor for the trade show,
and to actively promote city’s services at the trade show. Some of the major events that the City
of Hamilton has hosted include Around the Bay Road Race/Kilo Run, Doors Open Hamilton,
Hamilton Heritage Day, Hamilton International Air Show and Hamilton Mum Show
(HamiltonKiosh.ca 2009).
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The benefits of the trade show are:
•
It raises the public’s eco-friendly awareness;
•
It provides eco-friendly information (knowledge, products & services information) to the
public;
•
One of the policies of the trade show is to allow exhibitors who are business owners that
provide eco-friendly products & services only. This will send a strong message to the
product manufacturers that the City of Hamilton is striving to provide an eco-friendly
environment for the community, and this might provides an incentive to manufacturers,
including the traditional disposable diaper manufacturers, to provide eco-friendly
products; and
•
6.1.7
It helps to boost the city’s economy (it creates jobs and business opportunities).
Child Care and Preschool Operators
The City of Hamilton could develop programs with the Child Care/Day Care and Preschool
Operators to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions. A list of Child Care and Day
Care centres and Preschools are shown in Appendix K and Appendix L respectively.
6.1.8
Hospitals
The City of Hamilton could work with the hospitals in Hamilton to promote the use of eco-friendly
diapering solutions, and to demonstrate their leadership in this initiative. A list of hospitals and
area hospitals is show in Appendix M.
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6.1.9
Interest Groups
The City of Hamilton could work with various interest groups in Hamilton to develop marketing
programs to promote the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions. Some of the relevant interest
groups are as follows:
1. Canadian Association of Family Resource Programs (FRP Canada 2009)
2. Canadian Institute of Child Health (CICH 2009)
3. Affiliated Services for Children and Youth (ASCY 2009)
4. Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario (ADCO 2009)
5. Home Child Care Association of Ontario (HCCAO 2009)
6. Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods – Ontario (FUN 2009)
7. Hamilton Chamber of Commerce (Hamilton Chamber of Commerce 2009)
8. Association of Community Information Centres in Ontario (ACICO. 2009)
A brief description of these interest groups is shown in Appendix N.
6.1.10 Awareness Campaigns
The City of Hamilton could promote the awareness of Eco-friendly diapering solutions in the
community by organizing Eco-friendly diapering awareness campaigns. As a suggestion, the
awareness campaigns would be in the form of Poster Design competition, Essay Writing
competition, Drawing competition, Slogan Design, Web Page Design and etc.
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6.1.11 Media Advertisements
The City of Hamilton could encourage the use of eco-friendly diapering solutions (and
alternatively discourage the use of traditional disposable diapers) by advertising on media as
such as Television, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines, Internet and etc.
6.1.12 Product Labelling
The Federal Government could encourage the diaper manufacturers to list environmental impact
data of their products on the product label for consumer reference. This helps to provide handy
information to consumers, especially for the eco-conscious parents, to make appropriate
purchase decisions. This might required the City of Hamilton to submit a motion in this regard to
the appropriate organizations (e.g. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Federation of Canadian
Municipalities (FCM 2009)) to lobby the Federal Government to take actions.
6.2
Expenditure-Based Policy Instruments
The Expenditure-based Instruments are based on the fact that virtually every policy instruments
involve expenditure. And money, act as the direct instrument, is “a ubiquitous and universal
resource that governments use to affect policy” (Pal 2001, p.141). Governments are trying to
achieve policy objectives or outcomes by the calculations of costs, benefits, and financial
resource that individuals or organizations undertake before they make decisions and act.
There are two streams of expenditures –
the affirmative/promoting side and the
negative/restraining side of expenditures. The affirmative/promoting side of expenditures is to
decrease the costs of some activities. They could be in the forms of Grants, Subsidies,
Contributions, Cash Transfers, Loans, Tax Expenditures and Vouchers. The negative/restraining
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side of expenditures is to increase the costs of some activities. They could be in the forms of
Taxes, User Charges, Service Fees and Fines.
6.2.1
Subsidies
Presently the City of Hamilton is providing Fee Subsidy and Financial Assistance to parents with
one of the parents meeting the conditions of (1) working for at least 20 hours per week; (2)
attending school for at least 20 hours per week; (3) a full time university or college student; (4)
having an active participation agreement with OW; or (5) A referral has been made by a
professional (Hamilton Child Care 2009). The City of Hamilton could provide subsidies to these
groups of parents and any other qualified expectant parents to promote the use of eco-friendly
diapering solutions.
The Pembrokeshire County in UK provides a Cashback Scheme to encourage the
Pembrokeshire residents to use nappies. They allow a single claim per family for £30 when they
spend £50 or more on ‘real’nappies from any suppliers, or £60 when they spend £150 or more.
The ‘real’ nappies are made from natural fibres such as cotton, bamboo and hemp
(Pembrokeshire 2009).
The City of Hamilton could provide an Eco-friendly awareness fund with the aim to provide
money support for various Eco-friendly Diapering Awareness Campaigns as discussed in the
Awareness Campaign section above.
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6.2.2
Loans
The City of Hamilton could provide loans to (1) business owners who want to start eco-friendly
diapering business ventures, and (2) practitioners who want to provide eco-friendly child care/
day care centres and preschools in Hamilton. This will increase eco-friendly products and
services availability, provide enough business competitions which will drive the products and
services cost down, and thus encourage more parents to choose the eco-friendly diapering
products and services. The announcement of such a loan can also be served as promotion
activity for the eco-friendly diapering initiatives for Hamilton.
6.2.3
Tax Expenditures
Ontario Government could provide tax expenditures to (1) business owners who sell eco-friendly
diapering products and services, and (2) practitioners who operate eco-friendly childcare/day
care centres and preschools in the form of tax credits or tax incentives. The Ontario Government
currently provides tax credits and incentives to businesses in research and development,
manufacturing and processing, mining and exploration, apprenticeship training, and the
entertainment sector and creative industries (Tax Credits 2009).
This will provide incentives for business owners going into the eco-friendly business and to
encourage the existing business owners to convert their organization to accommodate the ecofriendly business strategies. This will also encourage economic growth and job creation for
Hamilton.
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6.2.4
Vouchers
The City of Hamilton could issue “Green” Vouchers to winners of the Eco-friendly diapering
awareness campaign competitions. The “Green” Vouchers could be redeemed for city services
such as to pay property tax, to purchase city transit fares, to pay for cloth diaper service, and etc.
6.3
Regulation
According to Lemaire, “Regulatory instruments are used to define norms, acceptable behaviour,
or to limit activities in a given society. The law, backed up with the threat of sanction, represents
the ‘stick’used to prescribe or prevent certain types of human behaviour” (Lemaire, 1998, p.59).
There are two streams of regulation – the affirmative/promoting side and the negative/restraining
side of regulation. The affirmative/promoting uses of regulation include permissions, licenses,
recognitions, and self-regulation. The negative/restraining uses of regulation include criminal law
and non-criminal prohibitions.
6.3.1
Licenses and Permissions
Licences and permissions have to be issued by the Ontario Government and the City of
Hamilton to the gasification technology provider for the building and operations of gasification
facility which uses diapers as facility fuel.
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6.3.2
6.3.2.1
Future Gasification Facility in Hamilton
Liberty Energy Centre for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton
According to Liberty Energy, they started the Electricity Projects Environmental Screening
Process in November 2004 under Environment Assessment Act (EAA 1990) O. Reg. 116/01 (O.
Reg. 116/01 2001). In March 2007, Ontario Government announced the Waste Management
Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07 (O. Reg. 101/07 2007) make under the Environmental
Assessment Act; as a result, Liberty Energy had to repeat the Environmental Screening Process
subject to O. Reg. 101/07 as waste management projects. On September 22, 2008, the Ontario
Ministry of the Environment (MOE) has issued three Certificates of Approval (covering Air,
Sewage, and Waste Assessments) to Liberty Energy for the Liberty Energy Centre Project
(Liberty Energy Centre 2008).
The Liberty Energy Centre passed the MOE environmental screening requirements which were
based on the intakes of sewage sludge and chipped waste wood to produce 10MW of electrical
power. If Liberty Energy Centre is the chosen option for resolving the diaper problem in Hamilton,
it is recommended they apply for the modifications of their Certificates of Approval to add
Diapers to the feedstock.
6.3.2.2
New Gasification Facility for Diaper Diversion in Hamilton
If new gasification waste management facility is to be built in Hamilton for resolving the diaper
problem in Hamilton, the proponent has to apply for Certificates of Approval as outlined in Waste
Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07 and the zoning permit for the proposed site.
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6.3.3
The Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07
The Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07 promulgated under the
Environmental Assessment Act (EAA) in March 2007 provides a more standardized approach to
waste management projects. It includes energy from waste (EFW) and thermal treatment sites;
and the regulation applies to both public and private sector proponents. Various waste
management projects are exempted from meeting the requirements of the EAA if the proponent
complies with and completes the environmental screening process.
6.3.3.1
Waste Management Projects Environmental Screening Process
Every Waste Management Project proponent has to comply with the environmental assessment
requirements as set out in the Waste Management Projects Regulation O. Reg. 101/07.
According to the Guide to Environmental Assessment Requirements for Waste Management
Projects (Waste Management Projects EA Guide 2007), a proponent is to determine what
environmental assessment requirements apply to the proposed waste project, and to set out
information about the Environmental Screening Process, which applies to specific waste
management projects.
The Gasification Waste Management Project is subjected to fulfilling the Environmental
Screening Process as outlined in Table 2 of the Waste Management Projects EA Guide (Waste
Management Projects EA Guide 2007, p.8) which is subject to Section 11(1)2 of the Waste
Management Projects Regulations as “A thermal treatment site that does not use coal, oil or
petroleum coke as a fuel for thermal treatment and that produces EFW”.
As defined in the Environmental Assessment Act, “environment” means,
(a) Air, land or water,
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(b) Plant and animal life, including human life,
(c) The social, economic and cultural conditions that influence the life of humans or a
community,
(d) Any building, structure, machine or other device or thing made by humans,
(e) Any solid, liquid, gas, odour, heat, sound, vibration or radiation resulting directly or
indirectly from human activities, or
(f) Any part or combination of the foregoing and the interrelationships between any two or
more of them in or of Ontario.
As stated in the Waste Management Projects EA Guide (Waste Management Projects EA Guide
2007, p.19) “Completion of the Environmental Screening Process under the Environmental
Assessment Act does not relieve proponents from the responsibility to obtain any necessary
approvals or permits required under other legislation.” The following statutes and regulations
may contain other regulatory requirements that may apply to the gasification waste management
project and be considered in conjunction with the Environmental Screening Process.
Provincial Legislation:
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•
Clean Water Act (CWA 2006)
•
Environmental Protection Act (EPA 2006)
•
Greenbelt Act (GA 2005) and Greenbelt Plan (GP 2009)
•
Ontario Heritage Act (OHA 1990)
•
Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA 1990)
•
Planning Act (PA 1990)
•
Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act (LRIA 1990)
•
Public Lands Act (PLA 1990)
•
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA 2002)
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Federal Legislation:
•
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA 1992)
•
Clean Air Act (CAA 2006)
Brief descriptions of the above Provincial and Federal statutes and regulations are presented on
Appendices O and P respectively.
6.3.4
Air Emissions
The air emissions of the gasification waste management facility shall meet the requirements of
the principal air emission regulation O. Reg. 419/05, Air Pollution – Local Air Quality (O. Reg.
419/05 2005). O. Reg. 419/05 was introduced to better protect local communities from the
impacts of air pollution. With O. Reg. 419/05, the MOE sets contaminant specific air quality
standards to protect human health and the environment. MOE has issued the Summary of O.
Reg. 419/05 Standards and Point of Impingement Guidelines & Ambient Air Quality Criteria
(AAQCs) (O. Reg. 419/05 Standards 2005), which lists air quality standards and guidelines for
over 300 contaminants. Special assessments shall be made for the emissions of carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), respirable particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)
and dioxins.
6.3.5
Zoning Permit
The City of Hamilton’s strategy for a sustainable community, Vision 2020 (Vision 2020), contains
goals and actions aimed at the effective reduction and safe management of waste. And the City
of Hamilton has a historical setting of heavy industrial and residential land uses located with
proximity of each other. On June 10, 2009, the City of Hamilton passed Zoning By-laws of No.
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09-130, 09-131 (Zoning By-laws 2009) for the adoption of the Official Plan Amendments to add
policies to the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth Official Plan that manage Waste
Management Facilities (Hamilton Notice 2009). Each of the former municipal Official Plans for
Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook, Hamilton and Stonery Creek will be amended
accordingly for any new, or expansion to an exiting waste management facility.
Any new gasification waste management facilities intended to be built in Hamilton has to apply
for a zoning permit for the proposed site. A zoning of classification of “K” (Heavy Industry, etc.)
District is required. The same zoning classification was granted to the Liberty Energy Centre’s
application (Liberty Energy ESR 2006).
6.3.6
Diaper Collections
The collection of Diapers as feedstock for the Gasification facility would be a challenge. The
collection of diapers could be achieved by:
(1) Use garbage bag with designated colour (e.g. orange) for diapers disposal for
households, public and private businesses. The diapers could be collected weekly;
and/or
(2) Set up diaper collection stations at selected locations in Hamilton for the collection of
used diapers. This requires special design of the diaper collection stations to prevent
odour leakage.
6.3.7
Feed-In Tariff Program
The Ontario Green Energy Act (GEA), which received Royal Assent on May 14, 2009, was
introduced by the Ontario Government to stimulate investment in renewable energy, green jobs
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and energy conservation and demand management. One of the key features of the GEA is the
Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) program which guarantees specific prices for energy generation from
renewable sources such as biomass, biogas, landfill gas, wind, solar and water power (GEA
2009). According to Ontario Power Authority (OPA), energy from Energy-From-Waste facilities
does not qualify for the FIT program; and energy-from-waste is being procured under specialized
procurements by the Ontario Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure (OPA Q&A 2009).
In order for the Diaper Gasification Facility to qualify the FIT program, besides diapers, biomass
has to be added to the feedstock as fuel source.
7.0
CONCLUSIONS
The diaper diversion from landfill initiative of the City of Hamilton though is a challenge, but is
achievable. It would be achieved through advance gasification technology and wide range of
public policies in the areas of education, communications, trade promotions, government
incentive programs and regulations for eco-friendly diapering resolutions. And this research
shows while resolving the diaper challenge, the resolutions proposed create ‘green’ jobs and
business opportunities for Hamilton.
Hamilton has been a centre of manufacturing and industry for decades, with the closure of the
U.S. Steel plant and auto industry crises in North America, Hamilton made a record of 8.8
percent unemployment rate in March 2009, but unemployment rate drops in April and May 2009
with employment rose in wholesale & retail trade, and transportation & warehousing sectors.
This shows the potential for the city’s economy to shift from manufacturing to trade; and it would
be beneficial to pursue the diaper diversion public policy initiatives and to create the ‘green’
industry in Hamilton at the same time.
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8.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that the City of Hamilton to establish a diaper diversion task force to work
with City of Hamilton staffs, politicians, parents, business owners, and interest groups for the
implementation and monitoring of the diaper diversion public policy initiatives as identified in this
report.
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APPENDIX A
gDiaper Product Information
gDiapers, as referred to as the Hybrid Diapers by Lynda Fassa (Fassa 2008), is a combination
of cloth and disposable diaper in one product. A gDiaper consists of a washable cloth outer pant
and a plastic-free disposable insert that can be tossed, flushed and even composted (gDiaper
2009).
According to the manufacturer, the gDiapers refills are made of wood fluff pulp, sodium
polyacrylate (SAP) for absorbency, and cellulose rayon. There is no plastic content. The
manufacturer recommends flushing the refills down the toilet, especially for the soiled refills.
Composting is a good option for the wet refills as the manufacture claims that these wet refills
decompose in 50-150 days. Tossing is the last recommended option. Since the gDiaper refill
contains no plastic, according to the manufacturer, ‘it will break in the landfill in about 90 days vs.
up to 500 years for a disposable’ ; in addition, one refill is less than a third the size of a whole
diaper, it has much less impact on the landfill issues as the regular disposable diaper.
The gDiapers have received Cradle to Cradle
Gold certification from MBDC (MBDC 2009);
and it is being marketed as an eco-friendly
product.
(Source: gDiapers)
There are currently six stores carry the gDiapers products in the Hamilton areas:
Vital Planet Hamilton
4 Newton Ave.
Hamilton ON, L8S 1V7
905-525-0055
www.vitalplanet.com
Horn of Plenty
24 King St. W.
Dundas ON, L9H 1T7
Dell Pharmacy
331 Dundurn St. S.
Hamilton ON, L8P 4L6
(905) 522-9578
Janet Klein Iridologist
74 Walnut Street South
Hamilton ON, L8N 2L3
Goodness Me! Natural Food Mkt.
176 Locke Street South
Hamilton ON, L8P 4A9
905-526-8400
www.goodnessme.ca
Goodness Me! Natural Food Mkt.
1000 Upper Gage Ave.
Hamilton ON, L8V 4R5
(905) 388-8400
www.goodnessme.ca
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APPENDIX B
Cloth Diaper Prices
The following are the Cloth Diaper Prices provided by ParentingByNature.com
(ParentingByNature2009). All prices are in Canadian dollars.
Prefold Diapers
Unbleached Premium Prefolds
Organic Cotton Premium Prefold
Organic Hemp Prefold Diapers (Small):
Organic Hemp Prefold Diapers (One-Size):
Organic Hemp Prefold Diapers (Large):
$3.99 each
$4.16 each
$8.98 each
$9.98 each
$12.98 each
Fitted Cloth Diapers
Kissaluvs Cloth Diapers
Kissaluvs Organic Cloth Diapers
Sugar Peas Hemp/Organic Cloth Diapers
One-Sized Organic Hemp Cloth Diapers
Bamboo Cloth Diapers
Under the Nile 100% Organic Fitted Diaper
$15.49 each
$18.98 each
$18.99 each
$18.99 each
$22.98 each
$19.99 each
Pocket Cloth Diapers
Happy Heiny’s One-Size Diapers, Prints
Happy Heiny’s One-Size Pocket Diapers, SNAPS
Happy Heiny’s One-Size Diapers, Solid
Fuzzi Bunz Print Cloth Diapers
Fuzzi Bunz Pocket Diapers
Happy Heiny’s Pocket Diapers, Solid
Hayyp Heiny’s Pocket Diapers with Snaps
bumGenius! One-Size Pocket Diapers
$24.98 each
$24.98 each
$24.98 each
$24.98 each
$24.98 each
$19.99 each
$17.99 each
$24.98 each
All-In-One Cloth Diapers
BumGenius All-in-One Cloth Diapers
BumGenoius ORGANIC One-Size All-in-One
BerryPlush AIO Cloth Diapers/Covers
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$21.75 each
$29.84 each
$32.98 each
35
APPENDIX C
Cost Comparisons of Disposable and Compostable Diapers
The following table shows the costs of disposable and compostable diapers of the popular
brands. All prices are in Canadian dollars.
Brand
Number of Diapers
(Size 3 to 6)
Pampers
Huggies
Parent’s Choice
Nature Babycare
gDiapers
156, 140, 120, 100
156, 140, 120, 100
156, 140, 120, 100
34, 30, 26, 22
40 (S), 32 (M&L)
Package Price
(in Canadian
dollars)
36.97
36.97
26.77
17.99
20.69
Unit Price
(in Canadian dollars)
0.24, 0.26, 0.31, 0.37
0.24, 0.26, 0.31, 0.37
0.17, 0.19, 0.22, 0.27
0.53, 0.60, 0.67, 0.82
0.52, 0.66
gDiapers Starter Kit for $37.79 at regular price.
The prices for the diapers as shown in the above table are from the following sources:
Pampers, Huggies and Parent’s Choice – Wal-Mart Superstore, Richmond Hill, ON location.
Nature Babycare - Goodness Me! Natural Fook Mkt, company web site (Goodness Me 2009).
gDiapers - Ecobotts Baby Products, Mississauga, ON, company web site (Ecobotts 2009).
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APPENDIX D
Compfy Cotton Diaper Service Information
The following is the email reply to the inquiry of Compfy Cotton Diaper Service, May 25, 2009.
Hello Rita:
Thank you for your interest in Comfy Cotton.
As per our telephone conversation, the following is an overview of our service including prices.
If time permits, please call Comfy Cotton about a month before your due date, so that we can make your
first diaper delivery two or three weeks before the due date. The standard initial order is for 70, 100%
cotton infant sized diapers. Setting the service up prior to the baby’s due date allows you to have diapers
ready and available when the baby is born. Just call us when the baby arrives and we’ll arrange to resume
the weekly diaper service.
Cost
The cost for the service, which includes the diapers, is $15.95/week plus GST with no charge when you
go on vacation. We have a refundable sign up fee of forty dollars. As a way of saying thank you we return
this to you upon completion of the first year of diaper service. The minimum sign up commitment for the
service is 4 weeks. As a result of a pick-up being missed, and an extra delivery of diapers being required,
please be advised that there is a $5.00 extra delivery charge.
Diapers and Covers
Comfy Cotton supplies a flat, rectangular shaped diaper called a Chinese pre-fold. It is not a fitted diaper.
Their use is simplified when you purchase fitted Velcro diaper covers. Using fitted diaper covers to hold
the diapers in place instead of old fashioned diaper pins brings modern convenience to the age old
tradition that encourages early toilet training. We recommend you purchase 4 diaper covers and they cost
8 or 9 dollars each depending on the material you choose.
Pail and diaper care
You will also need to purchase a diaper pail for your soiled diapers. We sell a pail at cost for $20.25 + tax.
It’s 14 gallons and has an area in the lid for a carbon filter to absorb odor. Every week we provide you with
a plastic bag to line your diaper pail. Every two months, we provide a carbon filter.
In terms of diaper care, you do not need to wash or soak the diapers. You just throw them in the bag we
have provided, in the diaper pail. The diapers are treated with an ingredient called bacteriostat, which
prevents bacteria growth. When the baby is older and forming a full stool, you only need to shake the stool
off into the toilet.
Please feel free to call or email with any other questions you might have.
Best wishes,
Cheryl Harricharan
Comfy Cotton Diaper Service,
860 Denison Street - Unit #9
Markham, Ont
L3R 4H1
905-940-8118
1-888-759-3945
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2009
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37
APPENDIX E
Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009
(Source: The Conference Board of Canada)
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APPENDIX E
Metropolitan Outlook – Spring 2009 (Continue)
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APPENDIX E
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APPENDIX E
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APPENDIX F
Prenatal Classes for Parents Less Than 21 Years of Age
Locations/Times
Location
Class Hours
St. David Ontario Early Year Center OR
Central Mountain
4:30pm6:30pm
Register
Call (905) 546-3591
Registration hours are Monday to Friday
8:30am-4:30pm
FREE Prenatal Drop-in Groups:
Attend prenatal drop-in groups geared to teen moms. Drop in groups run on a weekly basis.
Classes are interactive, fun and free of charge. Bus tickets and grocery gift cards/certificates are
available, and a healthy snack is provided.
Location
St. Martin's Manor
500 Mohawk Rd. W.
Grace Haven
138 Herkimer
Living Rock
30 Wilson St.
Angela‘s Place- OEYC
320 Tragina Ave. N
(corner of Barton & Tragina – 4 blocks
east of Centre Mall)
Class Hours
Thursday 1:30pm3:15pm
Thursday 1:00pm3:00pm
Friday 9:30am11:30am
More Information
Tuesday 4:00pm6:00pm
(905) 546-2424
x7149
(905) 575-7500
(905) 522-7336
(905) 546-3550
(Source: City of Hamilton)
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APPENDIX G
Prenatal Classes for Single Moms, Couples and Newcomer
Locations/Times
Single Moms
Location
East Mountain or
Downtown
Class Hours
Register
7:00pm-9:00pm
Call (905) 546-3591. Registration hours are Monday to
1 night / week x 8
Friday 8:30am-4:30pm
weeks
Couples
Location
East Mountain
OR
Stoney Creek
OR
Downtown
OR
Dundas
Class Hours
7:30pm9:30pm
Cost
Register
Call (905) 546-3591
$87.00/couple Registration hours are Monday to Friday 8:30am4:30pm
Newcomer
Location
Ontario Early Years Center,
Hamilton West, 155 Queen St.
N.
Class Day and
Time
Drop-in every
Monday 1:00pm3:00pm
Cost
More Information
Call (905) 546-3550
Free Call to plan for child care
during prenatal group
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APPENDIX H
Hamilton Prenatal Nutrition Project Locations/Times
For
information:
Program
Where?
When?
Healthy Moms Healthy
Babies
Mission Services
50 Murray St. West
(between MacNab & Bay St.)
Tuesday am
10:00-12:00 noon
&
Friday am
10:00-12:00 noon
905-522-7778
Church of Ascension
65 Charlton Ave. East
(corner of John St.
Charlton Ave.)
Thursday
1:00-3:00pm
905-546-2424
x7854
Church of the Resurrection
435 Mohawk Rd. West
(at Garth, beside firehall)
Tuesday
1:00-3:00pm
905-546-2424
x3706
Sanford OEYC Centre
735 King St. East
Floor 1A (corner King & Sanford)
Tuesday
9:30-11:30am
905-546-2424
x7854
Ontario Early Years Centre
Main West location
1900 Main St. West
(enter at back of apartment building)
Wednesday
1:15-3:15pm
905-546-2424
x1577
Youth Group
Angela's Place - OEYC
320 Tragina Ave. N
(corner of Barton & Tragina - 4
blocks east of Centre Mall)
Tuesday
4:00-6:00pm
905-546-2424
x7149
Dominic Agostino Riverdale
Community Center
150 Violet Drive
(near Eastgate Mall, off Centennial)
Wednesday
1:00-3:00pm
905-546-2424
x7149
Ontario Early Years Centre
Hamilton East Brighter Futures
45 Ellis Ave
(across from Centre Mall)
Thursday
9:30-11:30am
905-546-2424
x7078
North Hamilton
Community Health Centre
Welcome Baby
Public Health Services
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APPENDIX I
Expectant Moms Program
Expectant moms receive a home visit by a Public Health Nurse to assess the family's needs and
determine eligibility for the program, or by a Public Health Nurse and Family Home Visitor to
work on goals identified by the family, to promote healthy growth and development of children
and link families with community resources and supports.
Family Home Visiting services are provided by six agencies through the Healthy Babies, Healthy
Children (HBHC) program.
Contact Information
Telephone:
Health Connections at 905-546-3550 for self-referral
Hours:
Monday-Friday: 8:30am - 4:30pm
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APPENDIX J
Home Safety Information Workshops
Home safety information workshops are held at Ontario Early Years Centres to educate parents
about the dangers in their homes and how to prevent accidental injury.
Schedule
Date / Time
Location
Tuesday March 10, 2009
10:00 - 11:00 am
OEYC Hillcrest School
40 Eastwood St..
Call 905-545-5995 in advance to register
Monday March 23, 2009
10:00 - 11:00 am
OEYC St. John's
1285 Hwy #8, Winona
Call 905-643-2052 in advance to register
Contact Information
Email: [email protected]
Phone: Health Connections at 905-546-3550
Home Safety Presentations
Date
Time
Location
Thurs. Jan. 22nd,
2009
10:00 – 11:00
am
Thurs Feb. 5, 2009
10:00 – 11:00
am
Fri. Feb. 6, 2009
10:00 – 11:00
am
Fri. Feb. 6, 2009
10:00 – 11:00
am
Tues. Feb 10, 2009
10:00 – 11:00
am
Tues. Mar. 10, 2009
10:00 – 11:00
am
Mon. Mar 23, 2009
10:00 – 11:00
am
OEYC Binbrook Memorial Hall
2600 Highway #56
905-573-7905
OEYC Hamilton West - Wesley
155 Queen St North
905-521-0926
OEYC Sanford
735 King St E. Floor 1A
905-525- 5855
OEYC Stoney Creek- St- David
Catholic School
33 Cromwell Cres.
905-573-7905
OEYC Elizabeth Bagshaw School
350 Albright Rd.
905-308-2954
OEYC Hillcrest School
40 Eastwood St.
905-545-5995
OEYC St-John’s
1285 Hwy#8, Winona
905-643-2052
Registration
Referral forms are
no longer required.
Clients are to call
the OEYC location
to register.
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APPENDIX K
Child Care / Day Care Centres
Child Care /
Day Care Centres
District
First Class Children's
Centre
Imagineer's Child
Care Centre
Kindertown Child
Care Centre
Little Angel's Infant
and Toddler Centre
Little Learning
House Child Care
Centre
Little People Day
Care Centre
Lucky Day Nursery
StoneyCreek
Upper
Millgrove
Hamilton
Mountain
Central
Hamilton
Mountain
West
Hamilton
East
The Millgrove
Children's Centre
Millgrove
Miniature World Day
Care
Hamilton
Mountain
East
Contact
Gabriella
McKinnon, CoSupervisor
Malinda
Lockhart,
Supervisor
Lisa
Russumanno,
Director
Jill Kivell,
Supervisor
Teresa
Umbrello,
Supervisor
Sandra
Zynomirski,
Director
Shirley McCoy,
Director
Clorice Manning,
Supervisor
Peggy Gibb,
Supervisor
Telephone
Web Site
905-318-1020
905-573-9242
905-690-8884
905-388-4610
www.littlelearninghouse.com
905-385-4772
www.littlepeoples.ca
905-544-0885
905-690-3447
905-574-8194
www.miniatureworlddaycare.701.com
(Source: Inform Hamilton)
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APPENDIX L
Preschools
Preschool
Honey Bears Cooperative Preschool
of Hamilton
Jack and Jills
Cooperative
Preschool of
Ancaster Inc.
Little Mountaineers
Co-operative
Preschool
Little Red Apple
Preschool
Lynden Cooperative Preschool
Inc.
Meadowlands
Preschool
Mother Goose Cooperative Preschool
Inc.
District
Hamilton
Mountain
East
Hamilton
Mountain
West
Lynden
Ancaster
Hamilton
West
Contact
Telephone
Diane Bajus
- Harrison,
Supervisor
905-312-9308
Carla Black,
Supervisor
905-648-8659
Birgit Elston,
CoSupervisor
Donna
Bower,
Director
Angela
Topolinsky,
Supervisor
Donna
Currie,
Supervisor
Jane Walker,
Supervisor
Web Site
www.jacksandjillspreschool.ca
905-389-5592
905-383-6055
519-647-2970
905-304-8005
www.meadowlandsdaycare.ca
905-527-7704
www.mothergoosecooperativepreschool.ca
(Source: Inform Hamilton)
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APPENDIX M
Hamilton and Area Hospitals
Hospital
Telephone
Address
McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC)
905-521-2100
1200 Main St. West Hamilton, ON
L8N 3Z5
Chedoke Hospital (includes Wilcox,
Holbrook, Evel buildings and Continuing
Care Centre)
905-521-2100
Sanatorium Road, Hamilton, ON
L9C 1C4
McMaster Children's Hospital (within MUMC)
905-521-2100
Hamilton General Hospital
905-527-4322
Henderson General Hospital
905-527-4322
St Peter's Hospital
905-777-3837
Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital
905-632-3730
Juravinski Cancer Centre
905-387-9495
St Joseph's Centre For Mountain Health
Services
905-388-2511
St Joseph's Healthcare
905-522-4941
St Joseph's Hospital
905-522-4941
West Lincoln Memorial Hospital
905-945-2253
1200 Main St. West Hamilton, ON
L8N 3Z5
237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON
L8L 2X2
711 Concession St., Hamilton, ON
L8V 1C3
88 Maplewood Avenue, Hamilton,
ON L8M 1W9
1230 North Shore Boulevard East,
Burlington, ON L7S 1W7
699 Concession Street, Hamilton,
ON L8V 5C2
100 West 5, Hamilton, ON L9C 3N6
50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton,
ON L8N 4A6
50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton,
ON L8N 4A6
169 Main Street East, Grimsby, ON
L3M 1P3
(Source: Hamilton Health Sciences)
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APPENDIX N
Interest Groups
Canadian Association of Family Resource Programs
A national bilingual, not-for-profit association founded in 1975 with mission is to “promote the
well-being of families by providing national leadership, consultation and resources to those who
care for children and support families” (FRP Canada 2009).
Canadian Institute of Child Health
A national charitable organization, founded in 1977, with mission is to improve the health of
children and youth in Canada. They focus in three core areas: “(1) monitoring children’s health;
(2) educating professionals, caregivers and policy-makers; and (3) advocating for legislation and
policies that improve child health” (CICH 2009).
Affiliated Services for Children and Youth
Founded in 1994, Affiliated Services for Children and Youth provides support services for early
learning and child care community in Hamilton. Their “Home Child Care Support Services”
provides information, education, training, support and other general services to home child care
operators to improve the quality of child care offered through the home care system (ASCY
2009).
Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario
Founded in 1977, Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario is a provincial networking group
for Ontario day care operators. The organization’s mission is to “provide a forum for the owners
and managers of Ontario’s independent licensed child care programs to work together to
achieve common goals” (ADCO 2009).
Home Child Care Association of Ontario
The Home Child Care Association of Ontario provides support services for stakeholders
(individuals, groups, corporations, organizations, federal, provincial and municipal authorities) in
the home child care sector. The organization’s goals are to encourage and promote
communications among stakeholders, development of policies and programs, adoption and
maintenance of appropriate standards of practice, continuing education and development, social
action as appropriate and research in the home child care sector (HCCAO 2009).
Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods (Ontario)
The Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods (Ontario) was found by the Durand Neighbourhood
Association of Hamilton on November 24, 2001 after the “Shaping Ontario’s Neighbourhoods
2001” Symposium (hosted by Durand in Hamilton in May, 2001). The objectives of the federation
is “to promote awareness of urban issues, undertake projects which will enhance quality of life
for residents of urban settings, establish a resource base for information, share expertise,
represent the common interests of member organizations before public and private bodies as
well as to encourage citizens to actively participate in and become informed about community
and civic affairs” (FUN 2009).
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APPENDIX N Interest Groups (Continue)
Hamilton Chamber of Commerce
The Hamilton Chamber of Commerce is a “voluntary organization established to promote civic,
commercial, industrial and agricultural progress in the community it serves, and to work for
sound legislation and efficient administration of the community and at all levels of government"
for Hamilton (Hamilton Chamber of Commerce 2009).
Association of Community Information Centres in Ontario
The Association of Community Information Centres in Ontario is an incorporated, non-profit,
charitable organization representing over 40 community information centres throughout Ontario.
The association’s mission “is to strengthen and enhance Community Information Centres in
Ontario by providing them with leadership in the areas of standards, accreditation, marketing,
development and information technology” (ACICO 2009).
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APPENDIX O
Other Environmental Provincial Legislation
Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act, 2006 was introduced on December 5, 2005 and received Royal Assent on
October 19, 2006 The Act will ensure that communities are able to identify potential risks to their
supplies of drinking water, and take action to reduce or eliminate these risks. Municipalities,
conservation authorities, landowners, farmers, industry, community groups and interested persons
will all work together to meet common goals.
Environmental Protection Act
The Environmental Protection Act (EPA) prohibits the discharge of contaminants into the natural
environment that will or are likely to have an adverse effect. Any specified undertaking which
involves discharging a contaminant into the air (including noise and vibration) or waste
management/disposal will require a certificate of approval from the Ministry of the Environment
under the Environmental Protection Act.
Greenbelt Act and Greenbelt Plan
The Greenbelt Act, 2005 provides the authority for the creation of the Greenbelt Area (O. Reg.
59/05) and the establishment of the Greenbelt Plan. The Greenbelt Plan contains policies for
providing permanent agricultural and environmental protection as well as providing for a wide
range of recreation, tourism and cultural opportunities in the area. The Greenbelt area includes the
800,000 acres of land protected by the Niagara Escarpment Plan and the Oak Ridges Moraine
Conservation Plan, and 1 million newly protected acres known as the Protected Countryside. The
Greenbelt Act, 2005 also requires planning decisions to conform to the Greenbelt Plan.
Ontario Heritage Act
The Environmental Assessment Act defines environment in a broad sense that includes natural,
social, cultural, economic and built environment. This broad definition of the environment makes
the assessment of the impact of the undertaking on cultural heritage resources as part of the
standard environmental assessment process in Ontario. The Minister of Culture is responsible for
the administration of the Ontario Heritage Act and is responsible for determining policies, priorities
and programs for the conservation, protection and preservation of Ontario’s heritage, which
includes cultural heritage landscapes, built heritage and archaeological resources. Furthermore,
under the Ontario Heritage Act, the Minister of Culture is responsible for licensing archaeologists
conducting archaeological fieldwork, under the Planning Act and the Environmental Assessment
Act.
Ontario Water Resources Act
The Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA) regulates the taking of water from ground or surface
water sources as well as the treatment and disposal of sewage, and requires proponents to obtain
approval from the Ministry of the Environment. Approval may consist of a certificate of approval
and/or a permit-to-take-water, depending on the proposed undertaking.
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APPENDIX O
Other Environmental Provincial Legislation (Continue)
Planning Act
The Planning Act regulates land use planning in the Province of Ontario and is administered by the
Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing and municipal governments. Projects which are subject
to the Environmental Screening Process may also require approval under the Planning Act, such
as an amendment to a municipal official plan, a change in zoning, and/or a minor variance to a
zoning by-law. The Planning Act requires public consultation for these land use applications.
Proponents should contact the local municipal government to enquire if any land use approvals are
required for their proposed undertaking and involve them early in the planning process.
Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act
The Like and Rivers Improvement Act (LRIA) regulates the construction, repair and use of a dam
on any lake or river, including the diversions of streams, and is administered by the Ministry of
Natural Resources (MNR). “Dam”, “lake” and “river are very broadly defined in the LRIA.
Construction, alteration, improvement and repair of a dam in circumstances set out in the
regulations require approval from MNR.
Public Lands Act
Waste management projects may be subject to the Public Lands Act administered by the Ministry
of Natural Resources. The “rules” governing the administration of Crown land are laid out in the
Public Lands Act. In this statute, the term “public land” means Crown land. Section 2 of the Public
Lands Act grants the Minister of Natural Resources the authority to manage, sell, and dispose of
public lands.
Safe Drinking Water Act
The Sage Drinking Water Act (ADWA) provides for the protection of human health through the
control and regulation of drinking water systems and drinking water testing. The Act regulates
drinking water testing laboratories, operation certification, and the reporting of adverse drinking
water results. The Ministry of the Environment administers the Act.
(Source: Guide to Environmental Assessment Requirements for Waste Management Projects)
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APPENDIX P
Other Environmental Federal Legislation
Canadian Environment Assessment Act, 1999
Waste Management projects may also be subject to the requirements of the Canadian
Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA). One of the primary objectives of CEAA is to facilitate
public participation in the environmental assessments process.
It is one of the most important environmental laws in Canada to govern the assessment and
management of toxic substances. The goal of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA)
is to contribute to sustainable development through pollution prevention and to protect the
environment, human life and health from the risks associated with toxic substances.
Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act provides the federal government with the authority to regulate air pollutants and
GHGs, through amendments to several federal statutes, in particular, the Canadian Environmental
Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA). These amendments grant the power to regulate a broader spectrum
of substances and expand the manner in which such regulation may be carried out.
The Clean Air Act adds two key definitions to CEPA for “air pollutant” and “greenhouse gas”, listing
a number of substances belonging to the two categories, which may be expanded by regulation.
The substances included in the definitions are:
•
Air Pollutants: respirable particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide
(SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
gaseous ammonia (NH3)(g), and mercury.
•
Greenhouse Gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
hydrfluorocarbons, certain perfluorocrbons and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
(Source: Environment Canada)
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