Case Study Kedah and Muda River Basins Malaysia

Case Study
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Malaysia
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Agriculture and Water Resources Development
An Overview
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Malaysia is rich in water resource > 2500
mm rainfall
Irrigation for paddy is the biggest water user;
other crops mostly rain-fed and irrigation for
non-paddy crops not significant
Competition for water is Irrigation vs Water
Supply (Domestic and Industry)
The country is also beginning towards a
“high income” economy; the economic
transformation program recently introduced
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Evolution of Irrigation
• In 1930s - Food
(rice) shortage and
poverty in rural
areas
• Systematic Irrigation
Development
introduced
• 1930s – 1950s
single crop
• 1960s onwards for
double cropping
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Sustaining Irrigation & Rice Production
• Irrigation Act (1953)
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Protect Govt Investment
Control type of crop –
only rice can be planted
Set “Dos and Don’ts” in
system management
Cost sharing by farmers
(Irrigation Rates)
Penalties
Outdated; Not repealed; Need Review?
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Sustaining Irrigation & Rice Production
• Forming large schemes
& Special Institutions
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FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Muda Agric Dev Authority
(MADA Act) 1960s
Kemubu Agric Dev
Authority (KADA Act)
1960s
Integrated Agriculture
Development Project
(IADPs) (MOA) 1980s
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Sustaining Irrigation & Rice Production
• The “Granary” Policy
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FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
In 1980s, small schemes
abandoned; labour migration
to other sectors
The large irrigation schemes
sustained; economy of scale
These designated as
“Granaries”
Provided full funding for
development and O&M from
Federal Government.
Other small schemes to be
diversified, gradually
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Sustaining Irrigation & Rice Production
• The “Self-Sufficiency
Level” Policy for Rice
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FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Formally introduced with
the Granary Policy in the
1980s
Initially SSL set at 65%
“Reviewed” in 2008 Rice
World Shortage SSL 90100%
Now SSL at 70%
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
The Kedah and
Muda River
Basins
Kedah River Basin
•Wholly in Kedah State
•Nearly 3000 sq. km.
•100 km length
• 30% of MADA Granary in this
basin
Muda River Basin
• Kedah and Penang States
• 4,200 sq. km.
• 200 km length
• MADA Granary not this basin
but IADA Penang is.
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
The Kedah and Muda River
Basins are part of an
intensive Northern Region
Water Resources Network
• Water Resources
Development necessary to
support development –
The Regional Climate has
distinct dry season
• Involves primarily 3 States
(Perlis, Kedah, Penang);
later Perak (North)?
• Supports 2 Granaries –
MADA & IADA Penang
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Water Resources
Development and
Management are Sectorial
• MADA (MOA) - Muda, Pedu,
Ahning, distribution systems
• BPSP (MOA) – Jeniang
Transfer, non-Granary Schemes
devp
• DID (NRE) – Beris, Timah
Tasoh, Flood Mitigation
• DID State – non-granary
schemes, rivers, flood
• IADA Penang – Irrigation intake
• State Water Supply Depts –
treatment plants and intakes
The Muda River is the “River of Life”
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Agriculture (Irrigation)
Sustainability Issues
• Strong pressure and competition
from the Water Supply Sector –
issue of equity
• Transboundary issues – Penang
is short of water; Muda River is
overstressed
• The water supply sector is more
organised in terms of Law;
national & State level structure
• more attractive to State Govts.
because of revenue
• Urbanisation pressures
Now Agriculture in command by
virtue of control of major water
resource facilities. For how long?
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Agriculture (Irrigation)
Sustainability Issues
• Present Driver for Development
is the “Northern Corridor
Economic Region” (NCER)
• More non-agriculture growth
around Penang; agriculture in
surrounding areas
• More water demand?
• More land conversion?
• More water quality and
environmental issues?
Source : NCER Socioeconomic Action Plan, 2007
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
For now, the Granaries are still
provided special attention in the
NCER because of the Granary and
SSL Policies
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Positioning Agriculture
(Irrigation) in competition for
water
• The need to perform
• Importance to the nation
• Performance in the water
sector
• Importance to the farmers
• Care for health and environment
• Quality of water within
schemes
• Quality of discharges
MADA is now the leading producer of
paddy for the country; IADA Penang
is 5th
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
NATIONAL RICE PRODUCTION
GRANARY AREA
MADA
KADA
IADA K.S. MANIK
IADA B.L S’GOR
IADA P.PINANG
IADA SBG PERAK
IADA KETARA
IADA K. SEMERAK
TOTAL GRANARY
TOTAL NONGRANARY
MALAYSIA
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AREA
(HA)
%
AREA
96,558 23.22
32,167 7.74
27,829 6.69
18,814 4.52
10,305 2.48
8,529 2.05
5,156 1.24
5,220 1.26
CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL PRODUCTION
(METRIC TONNE AND %)
2007
%
2008
%
874,550
188,645
175,482
184,115
100,041
47,258
42,707
13,651
36.81
7.94
7.39
7.75
4.21
1.99
1.80
0.57
887,992
179,048
169,753
174,247
98,436
62,076
46,097
14,757
37.74
7.61
7.21
7.41
4.18
2.64
1.96
0.63
*2009
%
976,192 38.90
209,950 8.37
187,117 7.46
202,633 8.07
107,285 4.28
70,294 2.80
49,082 1.96
16,853 0.67
204,578 49.20 1,626,449 68.46 1,632,406 69.38 1,819,406 72.51
211,213 50.80
749,155
31.54 720,626
30.63
690,072 27.50
415,791 100.00 2,375,604 100.00 2,353,032 100.00 2,509,478 100.00
DATA AWALAN
SOURCE : LAPORAN AWAL KAJIAN PENYIASATAN PENGELUARAN PADI MUSIM UTAMA TERBITAN URUSETIA PENYIASATAN PENGELUARAN
PADI PERINGKAT KEBANGSAAN
AVERAGE PADDY YIELD (GROSS)
IN MUDA AREA (1966-2009)
1966 – 1970
YIELD PER
SEASON
(TONNES/HA)
3.268
1971 – 1975
1976 - 1980
1981 - 1985
1986 - 1990
1991 - 1995
1996 - 2000
2001
3,927
4.202
4.030
3.954
4.684
4.778
4.945
YEAR
2002
YIELD PER
SEASON
(TONNES/HA)
5.215
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
5.474
5.475
4.982 #
5.724
5.634
5.700
6.155 *
YEAR
#NOTE : TOTAL AREAS AFFECTED BY FLOOD : 18,246 HA (SEASON 2/2005)
* DATA AWALAN
FOUR (4) WATER SOURCES FOR IRRIGATION
RAIN
52%
RECYCLED WATER
6%
DAM DISCHARGE
32%
RIVER FLOW
10%
IMPACT OF MUDA IRRIGATION SCHEME
TO FARMER’S INCOME
IMPACT
BEFORE PROJECT
AFTER PROJECT
3.4 (1966)
5.8 (2007)
TOTAL PRODUCTION (tonnes)
316,992 (1966)
1,090,972 (2007)
VALUE OF PRODUCTION (RM)
8.5 MIL
709 MIL
CROPPING INTENSITY
100%
198%
LABOUR (man/hours)
615 (1974)
TRANSPLANTING
199.4
DIRECT SEEDING
1,092
15,391
NET HOUSEHOLD INCOME (RM/year)
91
1,283
MONTHLY PER CAPITA INCOME (RM)
18.20
256.52
72
N/A
2.3
1.0
GROSS AVERAGE YIELD (tonnes/ha)
NET HOUSEHOLD INCOME (RM)
% POVERTY LEVEL
POOR
HARD CORE POOR
Note : 1. Production Value (RM) does not include subsidy 2. Base on GMP (RM 750/tonne)
3. Poverty Level (2007): Poor = RM660/month, Hardcore Poor = RM400/month
Opportunities for Agriculture
(Irrigation) and Water
Resources to improve
Sustainability
• 2004 restructuring of the
water resource and water
administrative structure
• Separation of resource
and utilities
• Allows for improved
equity management?
• New Water Resource
Law in the pipeline
• Review Irrigation Act
1953?
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
A Step Forward in 2004….
Resource Users & Utilities
KeTTHA
• Water Supply
• Sewerage
• Hydropower
MOA
• Irrigation
• Agriculture
• Fisheries
• JMG (Groundwater)
• Forestry
MOT
• Navigation
Water Resource Management at
State level:
• LUAS, Selangor
•LUAN, Kedah
• Sabah Water Resources Council
OTHERS
• Lakes
• Parks
In 2004
NRE formed
JPS (MOA) Æ NRE
Irrigation (JPS) Æ MOA
Water Supply (KKR) Æ KeTTHA
Other Natural Resources Æ NRE
Other Issues
• Climate Change
• Impact on water resources
and systems management?
• Encroachment of other
sectors in facilities? E.g.
Hydropower and water
supply
Water Supply has always been given
priority in times of crisis? Is this fair
for agriculture?
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Other Issues
• Floods
• The recent floods in Nov
2010 affected nearly 40,000
ha in the MADA Granary
• IADA Penang is also a flood
prone area
• Need to develop an
Integrated Flood
Management Plan
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Current thinking to relieve
Muda River stresses
• For Penang to tap water form
Kerian River in the South
• Involves States of Penang,
Kedah and Perak
• Impact on the IADA Kerain
Granary?
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Recommendations
1) Form an integrated Water Resource Management
Committee for the Northern Corridor Economic
Region involving the four States – Transboundary
and Equity Issues
2) Irrigation Sector must actively participate in the
formulation of the Water Resource Law
3) Review and update Irrigation Act 1953
4) Develop new Irrigation Water Demand Management
Plans
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Future Stakeholder Dialogue Themes
1) Action plan to form the integrated Water Resource
Management Committee for the Northern Corridor
Economic Region involving the four States
2) Flood Management in the Irrigation Areas
3) Irrigation Water Demand and Water Quality
Management
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins
Future Stakeholder Dialogue Themes
4) Irrigation Act and the need to review and update
5) Water Resources Law and the requirements of
irrigation sector
6) Adaptation Strategies and Action Plan for Climate
Change
FAO Workshop
Bangkok
21-22 Dec 2010
Agriculture and Water Resource Sustainability in the
Kedah and Muda River Basins