La Fuerza es una magnitud vectorial, eso significa

3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
Matter is anything that has mass and volume. All you can see, touch or taste is made of matter.
There are different types of matter. To describe and identify them we use its PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
A physical property is any property that is measurable whose value describes a physical system's state.
Note that measuring each of these properties will not alter the basic nature of the
substance.
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
15
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
Search for the meaning of the followings terms:
 Matter
 Molecule
 Substance
 Body

Search for a medicine and a cosmetic at home and copy the substances of its composition.
MEDICINE
COSMETIC
NAME:
NAME:
COMPOSITION:
COMPOSITION:
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
16
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
You can find matter in four states depending on its temperature:
Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and the
Microscopic Explanation for the Behaviour
GAS
LIQUID
SOLID
assumes the shape and volume
of its container
assumes the shape of the part of
the container which it occupies
retains a fixed volume and
shape
particles can move past one
another
particles can move/slide past
one another
rigid - particles locked into
place
compressible
not easily compressible
not easily compressible
lots of free space between
particles
little free space between
particles
little free space between
particles
flows easily
flows easily
does not flow easily
particles can move past one
another
particles can move/slide past
one another
rigid - particles cannot
move/slide past one another
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
17
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
Classifying matter
MATERIAL SYSTEM
HAS IT UNIFORM PROPERTIES?
YES
NO: MIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUS
HETEROGENEOUS
Wood
Granite
Hamburger
Pencil
Cat
Has it always the same
composition and properties?
YES: PURE SUBSTANCE
NO: MIXTURE
Can it be broken down into a simpler
substance by a chemical reaction?
SOLUTION
Spring water
Bronze
Air
Bleach
Coca-Cola
YES
COMPOUND
Water
Sugar
Sulfuric acid
Salt
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
NO
ELEMENT
Gold
Sulphur
Oxygene
Copper
18
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
There are many ways to separate mixtures. Look up the meaning of these terms:
to SIFT:
DECANTATION:
FLOATATION
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
19
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
LAB WORK: Separation of the Components of a Mixture
We want to separate a mixture of iron filings, sand and copper sulphate using some his
physical properties like solubility in water, and magnetism.
LAB EQUIPMENT (draw it) AND PROCEDURE (write down what you have done)
PROCEDURE
RESULTS and COMMENTS
HOW TO FOLD THE FILTER
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
20
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
QUESTIONS
 How many physical changes can you find in this practice?
 Why is it better to use hot water?
 Why is it better not to touch the crystallizing dish?
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
21
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
How will you separate the following mixtures?
WATER-OIL
MUD-WATER
IRON PELLETS – LEAD PELLETS
SAND-SAWDUST
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
22
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
SOLUTIONS

 A solution is a homogeneous mixture
 A solute is dissolved in a solvent.
 Solute is present in the smaller amount

The solvent is present in the larger amount.
An aqueous solution has water as solvent

Is the mixture milk – cocoa a solution? Why?
Although the most common solutions are aqueous, do not forget that also can be solid or gaseous.
Write examples of different solutions:
SOLVENT
SOLUTE
SOLID IN SOLID
LIQUID IN LIQUID
GAS IN LIQUID
SOLID IN GAS
GAS IN GAS
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
23
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
CONCENTRATION
Concentration is the amount of solute in a given amount of either solution or solvent.
% (w / w) 
mass solute
mass of solution
% (v / v ) 
volume solute
volume of solution
g /L 
x 100
x 100
grams of solute
liters of solution
CONCENTRATION
EXPRESION
g/L
DEFINITION
OPERATIONS
GRAMS PER
LITRE
% (w/w)
% MASS
% VOL, º
% VOLUME
g /L 
Grams of solvent in 1 litre of solution
g SOLUTE
L SOLUTION
Mass of solute in 100 mass units of solution
% mass 
m SOLUTE
 100
m SOLUTION
Volume of solute in 100 volume units of
solution
%(v / v ) 
V SOLUTE
 100
V SOLUTION
RESOLVE
1. Find the mass percentage of solute of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 g of sugar in 450 mL of water
(density of water= 1 g/mL)
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
24
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
2. A drink is 22º alcohol. How much alcohol is in 250 mL of it.
3. A 80 g coin is made of gold and copper. What is its gold percentage if it contains 15 g of copper?
4. You mix 200 g of a 20% salt-water solution with 300 g of a 12% salt-water solution.
Find the percentage of the mixture and how many grams of salt it contains.
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
25
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
5. You dissolve enough sugar in 200 cm3 to obtain a 40% mass solution. How much sugar have you
dissolved?
6. An iron-nickel alloy contains 15% nickel. How much iron is in a 300 kg block of metal?
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
26
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
If you put 30 spoons of sugar in a mug of water and stir the mixture, what happens?
Some sugar stays at the bottom. It doesn’t dissolve. You had made a SATURATED SOLUTION
1. Solubility: The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a quantity of solvent.
2. Saturated: is one solution where the concentration is at a maximum - no more solute is able to
dissolve.
Factors Affecting Solubility
1. Nature of Solute / Solvent.
Like dissolves like
2. Temperature
Solids/Liquids- Solubility increases with Temperature
Gases - Solubility decreases with Temperature
3. Pressure
Solids/Liquids - Very little effect
Gas - Solubility increases with Pressure.
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
27
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
SOLUBILITY (g) OF SOME SUBSTANCES IN 100 mL (g) of water
What is the solubility of NaNO3 (sodium nitrate) at 60ºC?
What are the differences between NaCl and NaNO3 solubility?
What solids make a saturated solution when you add 30 g of it to 100 g of water at 60ºC
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
28
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
How many CuSO4 can you dissolve in 250 g of water at 70ºC?
Tap water is called hard in our region because it has a great amount of calcium carbonate dissolved in it. Is
this substance more soluble in cold or hot water? Think in your experience.
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
29
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
MEASURING THE SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
TARGET:
We want to find the solubility of sodium chloride (salt) in water.
With the following material you have to design an experimental method to find out this value.
MATERIAL

BEAKER

FILTER PAPER

GRADUATED CYLINDER

STIR ROD

BALANCE

WATER

FUNNEL

SALT
PROCEDURE:
RESULTS:
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
30
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
Home Experiment: Paper Chromatography
The goal: to achieve the best possible separation of the black marker
pigments using paper chromatography.
Paper chromatography uses capillary force that move water or another
solvent and the sample up the paper strip. The most soluble
compounds of the sample will go farther the less soluble will stay at the
start line.
Using chromatography we can find out how many components are in
paint, inks, markers as well as in natural dyes, leaf extracts. As long as
mixture is colored we can see their components.
You'll need:
 Chromatography (filter paper). Different papers have different properties and will separate
substances more or less successfully.

Chromatography chamber. 1 liter glass jar will do.

Paper clip.

Pencil.

Water soluble black marker(s).

Scissors.
 Solvents (mobile phase). There are many different solvents and their combinations you'll need
to try. We used: alcohol, water, vinegar, acetone (nail polish), glass cleaner.
Selection of the right solvent combination for chromatography is the very important. It's also
the most time consuming part of the process, so be patient. Try each available solvent and note the
result or simply write solvent's name on developed paper strip. Keeping records will help you organize
your data. Perfect chromatography looks like colored spots with a space between them. It's difficult to
achieve such a result at home so don't be upset if you only can make a black marker to separate into
the rainbow bands. It is actually pretty good result. Unfortunately, good solvent combination for the
black water marker may not work for other substances. If you want to separate natural dyes or
different markers or ink, you'll have to find their best solvent composition.
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
31
3º E.S.O. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
Procedure:

Cut the chromatography strip out of the filter.
 The length of the strip depend on the height of the
chamber the width does not matter but it should be able freely
get in the chromatography chamber.
 Draw a pencil line one inch from the bottom of the strip.
It will be you start line. For our black marker experiment draw
short line along the start line. If you're trying to separate
something else put your sample(s) on the start line with small
capillary or toothpick.

Pour solvent into the chromatography chamber (jar) just to cover the
bottom.
 Put the strip of the chromatography paper with sample(s) in
the chromatography chamber, so that bottom of the strip touches the solvent.
Important! Start line should stay above the solvent!

You'll see how solvent "climbs" up the strip dragging the sample with it.
Watch color spot going up the strip and possibly separating on individual
components.
 Remove paper from the chamber when solvent front are inch or two away
from the top or if it doesn't move up any more.
 Mark where the solvent front is and where are the middle of the color
spots (if you lucky to get any).
Paste here your
chromatography

Write the solvent combination and proportions on the strip for future
reference.

If you want you can do it again with different solvents
Results and comments
I.E.S. Izpisúa Belmonte de Hellín
Departamento de Física y Química
32