The Verb “To Be”

Transcription

The Verb “To Be”

INSTITUTO SALESIANO DE FORMACIÓN TÉCNICA
LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
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ENGLISH SUPPORT MODULE 1
OBJECTIVES
-to get familiar with grammar concepts and rules
-To recognize and identify the role of words
-to increase a bit speaking, listening and writing skills
COMPETENCES TO BE DEVELOPED
-The application of the concepts within Students‟ context and daily situations
-The creation of short conversations and short texts
-The comprehension of reading and listening texts
-The understanding of funny texts (cartoons, riddles, jokes, crosswords,
puzzles)
-The presentations of games and songs
-The description of people and objects
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CONTENTS
The Alphabet
Spelling
How to use a dictionary
Parts of speech
Language Expressions: greetings, common expressions
Verb to be: jobs and places
Wh questions words
Nouns: Articles .Singular and Plural.
Numbers: ordinal and cardinal. Days of the week, months of the year
Pronouns
Possessive case: family members
Adjectives
Imperative form
Prepositions
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Simple Present
Present continuos
THE ALPHABET
UPPERCASE
A B C D
E
F
G
H
Lowercase
a b c d
e
f
g
h
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
Y
Z
y
z
Choose the correct answer.
1 - Which is the correct spelling?
Accomodation
Accommodation
Necesary
Necessary
Difficulty
Dificulty
Prettier
Prettyer
Writting
Writing
Which
Wich
Tried
Tryed
Plaied
Played
Biger
Bigger
Welcomming
Welcoming
Embarrasment
Embarrassment
Priveleged
Privileged
Panel
Pannel
Professional
Proffessional
Adress
Addres
Address
embarasment
embarrasment
embarrassment
embarassment
17 - Which is correct?
acomodate
accomodate
acommodate
accommodate
18 - Which is right in British English?
finalise
finalize
Both.
19 - Which spelling is correct ?
writing
writting
20 - Which of the spellings is correct?
adress
address
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21 - Which is correct ?
to affect
to effect
Both.
22 - Which is right ?
knowledgable
knowledgeable
23 - Which is American English?
center
centre
24 - Which is right?
posesion
possesion
posession
possession
25 - Which one means 'not moving'?
stationary
stationery
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26 - Which is the correct spelling ?
lenght
length
Dessicated
Dessiccated
Desiccated
Desicated
28 - Which spelling is correct?
Wierd
Weird
29 - Which spelling is correct?
Desirible
Desirable
30 - Which is correct ?
aquaintance
acquaintance
HOW TO USE A DICTIONARY WELL
How to check the spelling of a word
The best way to learn how to spell a word is to find it in the Dictionary. To find
words in the Dictionary it is important to know the alphabet well. You will need to
be able to judge quickly whether any word comes before or after another one, this
is called alphabetical order. If the first letters of two words are the same, look at
the next letters to decide the correct order.
Example: dare, dart, darn - in the case of these three words, 'dare' comes first,
'darn' second, and 'dart' last. The first three letters 'd', 'a', and 'r' are the same in
all three words so the correct alphabetical order is based on the fourth letter.
How to find a word in the Dictionary
Words are printed in large bold type at the upper top left-hand and right-hand
corner of any page to help you quickly find a word in the Dictionary. The first of
these two words show you which is the first word on that page, the second shows
you which is the last words to be found on that page.
Example: You are looking for the word 'signal'. You can find 'signal' on the page
which has the two words Signac and silage (example taken from the Collins English
Dictionary) printed at the upper top left-hand and right-hand corner.
Understanding definitions
Once you have found the word you are looking for you need to understand a few
common conventions to make best use of your dictionary. Here is an example entry
in a dictionary:
feat (fi:t) n. a remarkable, skillful, or daring action; exploit; achievement: feats of
strength... (example taken from the Collins English Dictionary)
1.feat - the defined word
2.(fi:t) - a phonological transcription of the word (the correct pronunciation),
usually using the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)
3.n. - the part of speech, in this case 'n.' means noun (look for a list of
abbreviations used in your Dictionary usually included on one of the first few
pages).
4.a remarkable, skillful, or daring action; exploit; achievement: definitions of the
word. Different meanings of a word will be separated by numbers.
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5.feats of strength - an example sentence using the defined word
DICTIONARY SURVEY
* Do you use a dictionary?
* Do you use a monolingual or bilingual dictionary, or both?
* In which setting do you use your dictionary? (i.e. while reading, in the
classroom etc.)
* Do you look at all of the meanings of the word, the collocations etc. or do you
just look at the first plausible meaning?
* Do you use the phonological information?
* If you use the phonological information, do you speak aloud and practice the
pronunciation?
* Do you look at the contextual usage that the dictionary provides (if it indeed
provides it)?
* How often do you use your dictionary?
* Do you keep notes of the information you retrieve from the dictionary?
* Do you ever just peruse the dictionary?
* Do you sometimes let yourself make connections to other words, phrases etc.
by information found in the dictionary?
* Do you use any of the information found at the beginning and the end of the
dictionary? (i.e. grammar reference materials, measurements etc.)
* If you have both a monolingual and bilingual dictionary, which do you prefer to
use and in which situations?
* Do you think that you should look up every word that you don't know while
reading?
* Can you understand the abbreviations and what the mean? Do they help your
understanding?
PARTS OF SPEECH
"Parts of speech" are the basic types of words that English has. Most
grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections.
We will add one more type: articles.
Noun
A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place,
thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action.
Examples:
cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness,
arrival
Verb
A verb is a word which describes an action (doing
something) or a state (being something). Examples:
walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want
Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells
you something about the noun. Examples:
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big, yellow,
important
thin,
amazing,
beautiful,
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quick,
Adverb.
An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb.
It tells you how something is done. It may also tell
you when or where something happened. Examples:
slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here,
everywhere
Pronoun
A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid
repeating
the
noun.
Examples:
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Conjunction
A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences
together.
Examples:
but, so, and, because, or
Preposition
A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun
or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part
of
the
sentence.
Examples:
on, in, by, with, under, through, at
Interjection
An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it
often stands alone. Interjections are words which
express emotion or surprise, and they are usually
followed
by
exclamation
marks.
Examples:
Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
Article
An article is used to introduce a noun. Examples:
the, a, an
Test yourself
1 - She's a GOOD player
adverb
adjective
2 - A LEISURELY lunch
adjective
adverb
3 - I've JUST done it
preposition
adverb
4 - He finished the show very WELL
adverb
adjective
5 - It took half AN hour to get there
definite article
indefinite article
6 - It's IN the box
pronoun
preposition
7 - THEY left early
noun
pronoun
8 - I SOMETIMES go there
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adjective
adverb
9 - It's a LOVELY film
adverb
adjective
10 - She's SMOKING a cigarette
outside
gerund
present participle
11 - SMOKING is bad for you
present participle
gerund
12 - It's THE best I've ever had
"How do you do?"
"How do you do?"
"How do you do?"
"Nice to meet you."
"How are you?"
"Fine, thanks."
"How are you?"
"I'm O.K."
"How are the children?"
"They're fine, thanks."
"Hi, Jane!"
"Hello, Peter."
"See you tomorrow."
"Bye."
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Greetings – farewell- expressions
Welcome.
May I help you?
Pleas wait.
Thank you.
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definite article
indefinite article
13 - He bought A new car
definite article
indefinite article
14 - The film started LATE
adverb
adjective
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Ouch! It‟s impossible to swim
across Magdalena river
Interjection
conjunction
You‟re welcome
"Can I help you?"
"A fish and chips, please."
"Anything else?"
"No, thanks."
"A sandwich?"
"Yes, please."
"Can I have a cup of coffee, please?"
"Black or white?"
"Black, please."
"Is this your bag here?"
"Oh no, that's my bag over there."
"I'm sorry I'm late."
"Don't worry, it's all right."
"It's very hot in here. Can I open the
window?"
"Of course."
"Let's have a drink."
"Why not?"
"Excuse me."
"Yes?"
"Is there a post office near here?"
"Sorry, I don't know. I'm a tourist."
EVERYDAY GREETINGS
"Good morning."
"Good afternoon."
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"Good evening."
"Goodbye."
+
"Good night."
+
"Good night."
Special Greetings
"Happy Christmas." or "Merry Christmas."
00.01 - 1st January
"Happy New Year!"
"Happy Easter."
"Good Luck!"
or
etc....
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"Congratulations!" or "Well done!"
or
etc...
"Get well soon."
Shaking Hands
When meeting someone formally for the first time, we
shake their hand and say "How do you do?" or "Pleased to
meet you." "How do you do?" isn't really a question, it just
means "Hello".
When young people meet informally they sometimes say
"Give me five!" and slap their hands together (high five).
Generally we do not shake hands with people we know
well.
Follow the dialogue.
Mr Bean meets Mrs Breuer, one of his students, and her husband in the street.
Mr Bean:
Good morning, Mrs Breuer.
Mrs Breuer:
Good morning, Mr Bean. How are you?
Mr Bean:
I'm fine thanks, and you?
Mrs Breuer:
Not too bad. Mr Bean, this is my husband Michael, Michael this
is Mr Bean my English teacher.
Mr Breuer:
Pleased to meet you.
Mr Bean:
Pleased to meet you too. Are you from Germany, Mr Breuer?
Mr Breuer:
Yes, East Germany, from Dresden. And you, are you from
London?
Mr Bean:
No, I'm from Derby, but I live in London now.
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Mrs Breuer:
Well, goodbye Mr Bean, it was nice to see you.
Mr Bean:
Yes, goodbye.
Formal to Informal Greetings and Introductions
First meetings
Formal
Introducing yourself
Introducing others
Responding to an
introduction
How do you do?
My name is Mrs
Hand.
Mrs Hand, may I
introduce my boss,
Mr Smith.
Pleased to meet
you Mrs Hand.
Hello, Lynne
Hand. I'm the
owner of this web
site.
Lynne, I'd like you
to meet John
Smith, our
salesman. John,
this is Lynne Hand.
Pleased to meet
you Lynne.
Lynne Hand, the
owner.
Lynne, meet John,
my husband. John,
this is my friend
Lynne.
Hi, Lynne. How
are you?
INFORMAL
Subsequent meetings
Formal
Greeting
Hello, Mrs Hand. It's nice to see
you again.
Responding
What a pleasant surprise! How are
you? It's been a while.
Good morning Mrs Hand. How are I'm very well thank you. And you?
you today?
Good afternoon, Mr Reed. It's
good to see you.
Thank you. It's nice seeing you
too. How are things going?
Hello Petra. How are you doing?
Fine thanks. What's new with you?
Hi, Dieter! How's it going?
Not too bad, busy as ever.
Informal
!Note - on first meetings say, "It's nice to meet you". For future meetings say, "It's
nice to see you again".
IMPERATIVE FORM
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We use the Imperative for direct orders and suggestions and also for a variety of
other purposes. Stress and intonation, gesture, facial expression, and, above all,
situation and context, indicate whether the use of this form is friendly, abrupt,
angry, impatient, persuasive, etc. The negative form is usually expressed by Don't.
The full form (Do not) is used mainly in public notices. Here are some common
uses:
1. Direct commands, requests, suggestions:
•
Follow me. Shut the door (please). Don't worry!
2. Warnings:
•
Look out! There's a bus! Don't panic!
3. Directions:
•
Take the 2nd turning on the left and then turn right.
4. Instructions:
•
Use a moderate oven and bake for 20 minutes.
5. Prohibitions (in e.g. public notices):
•
Keep off the grass! Do not feed the animals!
6. Advice (especially after always and never):
•
Always answer when you're spoken to! Never speak to strangers!
7. Invitations:
•
Come and have dinner with us soon.
8. Offers:
•
Help yourself. Have a biscuit.
9. Expressing rudeness:
•
Shut up! Push off!
FORM OF THE IMPERATIVE
The Imperative form is the same as the ''bare infinitive'':
Affirmative form (base form of the verb): Wait!
Negative short form (Don't + base form): Don't wait!
Emphatic form (Do + base form): Do wait a moment!
Addressing someone (e.g. pronoun + base form): You wait here!
Imperative + question tag: Wait here, will you?
Imperatives joined by and: Go and play outside.
Some common uses of the Imperative
Uses of the Imperative with 'do'
We use do (always stressed) before the Imperative when we particularly wish to
emphasize what we are saying: e.g.
- when we wish to be polite:
Do have another cup of coffee.
- or when we wish to express impatience:
Do stop talking!
- or when we wish to persuade:
Do help me with this maths problem.
In response to requests for permission, offers, etc. do and don't can be used in
place of a full Imperative:
May/Shall I switch the light off? - Yes, do. No, don't.
The use of the imperative to address particular people
The imperative, e.g. Wait here!, might be addressed to one person or several
people: you is implied. However, we can get the attention of the person or people
spoken to in the following ways:
1. You + imperative:
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You wait here for a moment.
Intonation and stress are important. If, in the above example, you is unstressed,
the sentence means 'this is where you wait'. If it is stressed, it means 'this is what I
want you to do'. When you is stressed, it might also convey anger, hostility or
rudeness:
'You mind your own business!
'You try teaching 40 noisy children five days a week!
Don't (not you) is stressed in the negative:
'Don't you speak to me like that!
2. You + name(s) or name(s) + you:
You wait here, Jim, and Mary, you wait there.
3. Imperative + name or name + Imperative:
Drink up your milk, Sally! Sally, drink up your milk!
4. Imperative + reflexive:
Enjoy yourself. Behave yourself.
5. We can use words like everybody, someone with the Imperative when we are
talking to groups of people:
Everyone keep quiet! Keep still everybody!
Nobody say a word! Somebody answer the phone please.
Any compounds are used after negative commands:
Don't say a word anybody! Don't anybody say a word!
Double imperatives joined by 'and'
Some imperatives can be followed by 'and' and another imperative where we might
expect a 'to-infinitive':
Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. (Not *Go to buy*)
Come and see this goldfish. (Not *Come to see*)
Come and play a game of bridge with us. (Not *Come to play*)
Wait and see. (Not *Wait to see*)
Try and see my point of view. (Note: Try to is also possible.)
In American English go is sometimes followed directly by a 'bare infinitive':
Go fetch some water. (= Go and fetch)
A 'to-infinitive' can follow an imperative to express purpose:
Eat to live; do not live to eat.
TEST Choose the correct answer.
1 - ____ to me like that again!
Never speak
Speak never
2 - ____ connected to the internet as
soon as you can.
Be
Get
3 - Give me a hand,....
do you?
will you?
4 - ____ it!
Nobody touch
Touch nobody
5 - ____ on time for an appointment.
Arrive always
Always arrive
6 - Please ____ do that.
don't
not
7 - ____ vaccinated against tetanus
before you go there.
Be
Get
8 - Be quiet, ...
cannot you?
can't you?
9 - Don't ____ try that again.
ever try
try ever
10 - ____ down and relax.
Just sit
Sit just
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The Forms of “To Be”
Present Tense
I am
You are
He/She/It is
affirmative
We are
You are
They are
Present Tense negative
I am not
We are not
You are not
You are not
He/She/It is not They are not
Past Tense affirmative
I was
We were
You were
You were
He/She/It was They were
Past Tense negative
I was not
We were not
You were not
You were not
He/She/It was not They were not
Interrogative form present
am I intelligent?
Are we in the school?
Are you an artist?
Are you Michael Jackson?
Is he singing?
Are they in the garden?
Is she in the shop?
Is it
Full Forms of the verb to be
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
AM
Is
Is
Is
Are
Are
Are
a student.
a teacher.
a journalist.
a book.
mechanics.
pilots.
policemen.
Contracted forms of the verb to be
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
„m
„s
„s
„s
„re
„re
„re
a student.
a teacher.
a journalist.
a book.
mechanics.
pilots.
policemen.
Test yourself
1. She ______ from France.
am
is
are
2. ______ you happy?
Am
Is
Are
3. ______ Mr. Jones a teacher?
Am
Is
Are
4. You ______ not in my class.
am
is
are
5. The dogs ______ in the yard.
am
is
are
6. ______ I in your seat?
Am
Is
Are
7. Dave and Jane ______ in the
kitchen.
am
is
are
8. Who ______ in the living room?
am
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is
are
9. How many people ______ in your
class?
am
is
are
10. Amir and I ______ in the same
class.
am
is
are
11. You and Tomas ______ right.
am
is
are
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12. Where ______ I?
am
is
are
13. This ______ an Apple.
am
is
are
14. These ______ apples.
am
is
are
15. The baby ______ cute!
am
is
are
Test yourself Choose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are.
Principio del formulario
It _______ cold today.
I ______ at home now.
They ______ Korean.
There ______ a pen on the desk.
My name _______Nikita.
We _______from Ukraine.
That _______ right.
I ______ OK, thanks.
Clara and Steve _______ married.
She ______ an English teacher.
Test yourself. Put the words in the correct order to make
positive sentences with the verb to be.
1. twenty-five I years old. am
2. We Venezuela. are from
3. name student. Anton is My and I'm a
4. is This my book.
5. day nice a It's today.
6. Her is Paul. name brother's
7. is engineer. an John
8. is My husband's Johansson. name
9 students in There twelve are class. my
10 letter. is the the My top new address of at
THE FORMATION OF PLURALS
In general, when a countable noun refers to two or more things, it must be put into
the plural. In English, the plural of most countable nouns is formed by adding s. For
example:
Singular
Plural
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hat
letter
pencil
student
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Hats
Letters
Pencils
Students
a. Nouns ending in ch, s, sh, x or z
For nouns ending in ch, s, sh, x or z, the plural is formed by adding es. The reason
for this is that these words would be difficult to pronounce if only s were added. The
ending es is pronounced as a separate syllable. For example:
Singular
branch
match
bus
pass
dish
marsh
ax
fox
buzz
Plural
Branches
Matches
Buses
Passes
Dishes
Marshes
Axes
Foxes
Buzzes
It should be noted that when a plural is formed by adding s to words ending in ce,
ge, se or ze, the final es is pronounced as a separate syllable. For example:
Singular
place
voice
change
page
house
phrase
size
Plural
Places
Voices
Changes
Pages
Houses
Phrases
Sizes
In each of the preceding examples, the singular noun consists of one syllable,
whereas the plural noun consists two syllables.
b. Nouns ending in y
Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant usually form the plural by changing the
y to i and adding es. For example:
Singular
candy
city
lady
story
Plural
Candies
Cities
Ladies
Stories
Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel usually form the plural simply by adding s.
For example:
Singular
boy
Plural
Boys
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day
key
toy
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Days
Keys
Toys
c. Plurals of proper nouns
Proper nouns form plurals following the rules given above, except that proper
nouns ending in y always form the plural simply by adding s, even when the y is
preceded by a consonant. For example:
Singular
Jill
Tom
George
Grace
Jones
Max
May
Nancy
Sally
Plural
Jills
Toms
Georges
Graces
Joneses
Maxes
Mays
Nancys
Sallys
d. Nouns ending in f or fe
Some English nouns ending in f or fe change the f to v when forming the plural. For
instance, the following nouns ending in f form the plural by changing the f to v and
adding es:
Singular
calf
elf
half
leaf
loaf
self
sheaf
shelf
thief
wolf
Plural
Calves
Elves
Halves
Leaves
Loaves
Selves
Sheaves
Shelves
Thieves
Wolves
In addition, the following nouns ending in fe form the plural by changing the f to v
and adding s:
Singular
knife
life
wife
Plural
Knives
Lives
Wives
There are also a few nouns ending in f which can form the plural in two different
ways. For example:
Singular
hoof
scarf
Plural
hoofs or hooves
scarfs or scarves
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staff
wharf
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staffs or staves
wharfs or garbees
Most other nouns ending in f or fe form the plural simply by adding s.
e. Nouns ending in o
Some English nouns ending in o form the plural by adding s, some form the plural
by adding es, and some can form the plural by adding either s or es. The following
fairly commonly used nouns form the plural by adding es:
Singular
archipelago
cargo
echo
hero
innuendo
mosquito
potato
tomato
tornado
torpedo
veto
volcano
Plural
Archipelagoes
Cargoes
Echoes
Heroes
Innuendoes
Mosquitoes
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Tornadoes
Torpedoes
Vetoes
Volcanoes
Most other nouns ending in o, particularly those of Spanish or Italian origin, can
form the plural simply by adding s; however a good dictionary should be consulted
in cases of doubt. For example:
Singular
albino
alto
casino
piano
radio
ratio
silo
solo
sombrero
soprano
studio
Plural
Albinos
Altos
Casinos
Pianos
Radios
Ratios
Silos
Solos
Sombreros
Sopranos
Studios
f. Foreign words
Many words from other languages have been adopted into the English language.
Most of these form the plural by adding s or es, but some, particularly Greek and
Latin words used for scientific purposes, form the plural in the same way that they
do in the original language. For example:
Singular
analysis
axis
basis
Plural
Analices
Axes
Bases
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crisis
criterion
honorarium
hypothesis
medium
nebula
nucleus
oasis
parenthesis
phenomenon
spectrum
stimulus
stratum
synopsis
synthesis
thesis
vertebra
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Crises
Criteria
Honoraria
Hypotheses
Media
Nebular
Nuclei
Oases
Parentheses
Phenomena
Spectra
Stimuli
Strata
Synopses
Syntheses
Theses
Vertebrae
g. Hyphenated nouns
In the case of nouns formed from two or more words joined by hyphens, usually
only the last word forms a plural. However, there are a few cases in which only the
first word forms a plural. For example:
Singular
brother-in-law
daughter-in-law
father-in-law
mother-in-law
runner-up
sister-in-law
son-in-law
Plural
brothers-in-law
daughters-in-law
fathers-in-law
mothers-in-law
runners-up
sisters-in-law
sons-in-law
h. Numbers and letters
Numbers, letters, and other symbols can form plurals by adding 's. For example:
Singular
3
b
%
Plural
3's
b's
%'s
i. Irregular plurals
The English language has not always used s to form plurals. There are still a few
words surviving from Old English, which do not use s to form the plural. For
example:
Singular
child
foot
goose
Plural
Children
Feet
Geese
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tooth
louse
mouse
ox
man
woman
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Teeth
Lice
Mice
Oxen
Men
Women
Nouns ending in man usually form the plural by changing man to men. For
example:
Singular
gentleman
policeman
policewoman
Plural
Gentleman
Policemen
Policewomen
A few nouns do not change in the plural. For example:
Singular
deer
sheep
Plural
Deer
Sheep
Salmon
salmon
ARTICLES
English has two types of articles: definite (the) and indefinite (a, an.) The use of
these articles depends mainly on whether you are referring to any member of a
group, or to a specific member of a group:
1. INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A AND AN
A and an signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a
group. These indefinite articles are used with singular nouns when the noun is
general; the corresponding indefinite quantity word some is used for plural general
nouns. The rule is:
a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy
an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant
a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like
'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used)
some + plural noun: some girls
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on
the initial sound of the adjective that immedately follows the article:
a broken egg
an unusual problem
a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y'
sound)
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Note also that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in
a profession, nation, or religion.
I am a teacher.
Brian is an Irishman.
Seiko is a practicing Buddhist.
2. DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE
The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is
particular or specific. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a
particular member of a group. Compare the indefinite and definite articles in the
following examples:
Indefinite (a or an)
Definite (the)
Singular
a dog (any dog)
an apple (any apple)
the dog (that specific dog)
the apple (that specific apple)
Plural
some dogs (any dogs)
some apples (any apples)
the dogs (those specific dogs)
the apples (those specific apples)
The is not used with noncountable nouns referring to something in a general
sense:
[no article] Coffee is a popular drink.
[no article] Japanese was his native language.
[no article] Intelligence is difficult to quantify.
The is used with noncountable nouns that are made more specific by a limiting
modifying phrase or clause:
The coffee in my cup is too hot to drink.
The Japanese he speaks is often heard in the countryside.
The intelligence of animals is variable but undeniable.
The is also used when a noun refers to something unique:
the White House
the theory of relativity
the 1999 federal budget
Note: Geographical uses of the
Do not use the before:
names of countries (Italy, Mexico, Bolivia) except the Netherlands and the US
names of cities, towns, or states (Seoul, Manitoba, Miami)
names of streets (Washington Blvd., Main St.)
names of lakes and bays (Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie) except with a group of lakes
like the Great Lakes
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names of mountains (Mount Everest, Mount Fuji) except with ranges of
mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn
names of continents (Asia, Europe)
names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like
the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands
Do use the before:
names of rivers, oceans and seas (the Nile, the Pacific)
points on the globe (the Equator, the North Pole)
geographical areas (the Middle East, the West)
deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas (the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the
Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula)
TEST Choose the correct answer.
1 - ____
A
An
2 - ____
A
An
3 - ____
A
An
4 - ____
A
An
5 - ____
A
An
6 - ____
A
An
7 - ____
A
An
8 - ____
A
An
9 - ____
A
An
old man
field
accident
knife
orange
hospital
horse
10 A
An
11 A
An
12 A
An
13 A
An
14 A
An
15 A
An
16 A
An
____ uncle
____ university
____ xylophone
____ x-ray
____ zoo
____ hat
____ egg
hour
union
17 - ____ European
A
An
Choose the article: definite or zero
1 - Mount Everest
The
The
Zero article
Zero article
3 - Regent's Park
2 - London Zoo
The
Zero article
18 - ____
A
An
19 - ____
A
An
20 - ____
A
A
21 - ____
course
A
An
22 - ____
A
An
23 - ____
A
An
24 - ____
A
An
25 - ____
A
An
yacht
ice-cream
opportunity
one-day
vehicle
open door
euphemism.
URL
4 - Hyde Park
The
Zero article
5 - Savoy Hotel
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The
Zero article
6 - Amazon
The
Zero article
7 - Cairo
The
Zero article
8 - Vatican
The
Zero article
9 - Zoo
The
Zero article
10 - London
The
Zero article
11 - Regent Street
The
Zero article
12 - Odeon Cinema
The
Zero article
13 - Drury Lane
Theatre
The
Zero article
14 - Heathrow Airport
The
Zero article
15 - United Kingdom
The
Zero article
16 - Czech Republic
The
Zero article
17 - Bolivia
The
Zero article
18 - Australia
The
Zero article
19 - Asia
The
Zero article
20 - Atlantic Ocean
The
Zero article
21 - Pacific Ocean
The
Zero article
22 - Red Sea
The
Zero article
23 - Dead Sea
The
Zero article
24 - Lake Victoria
The
Zero article
25 - Westminster
Abbey
The
Zero article
26 - Saint Mary's
Church
The
Zero article
27 - Leeds Castle
The
Zero article
28 - Blue Mosque
The
Zero article
29 - Isle of Mann
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The
Zero article
30 - Bahamas
The
Zero article
31 - Slovakia
The
Zero article
32 - River Thames
The
Zero article
33 - Texas
The
Zero article
34 - University of Hull
The
Zero article
35 - Cambridge
University
The
Zero article
36 - St. Paul's
Cathedral
The
Zero article
37 - Buckingham
Palace
The
Zero article
38 - Tate Gallery
The
Zero article
39 - British Museum
The
Zero article
40 - Trafalgar Square
The
Zero article
TEST YOURSELF PLURAL
Write the correct plural form of the noun for the following:
1. Mary and I have _pencils_. (pencil)
2. I have ________. (dress)
3. Miss. Thatcher has _________. (hat)
4. Bob and Ted have__________. (match)
5. You have ___________. (cherry)
6. The dog has ________. (eye)
7. He has __________in his room. (party)
8. Toronto has many _________. (church)
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9. Daniel has two____________. (bicycle)
10. You have three _________. (paper)
Choose the answer
1 - Which is the correct
Passer-bys
Passers-by
Either could be used
Laysby
Laybys
Mother-in-laws
Mothers-in-law
Shoes shop
Shoe shops
Woman judges
Women judge
plural?
plural?
plural?
plural?
plural?
Women judges
6 - Which is the correct plural?
Travels agency
Travel agencys
Travel agencies
Bus stations
Buses station
Buses stations
Antique shops
Antiques shop
Antiques shops
Physic teachers
Physics teacher
Physics teachers
Runner-up
Runners-up
Runners-ups
CARDINAL NUMBERS
Rules for Writing Numbers
Rule 1
The numbers one through nine should be spelled out; use figures for numbers 10 and above.
Examples
I want five copies.
I want 10 copies.
Rule 2
With a group of related numbers where one number is above nine in a sentence, write the numbers all
in figures. Use words if all related numbers are below 10.
Correct
I asked for 5 pencils, not 50.
Incorrect
I asked for five pencils, not 50.
Correct
My 10 cats fought with their 2 cats.
My nine cats fought with their two cats.
Rule 3
If the numbers are unrelated, then you may use both figures and words. Again, one through nine should
be spelled out.
Examples
I asked for 30 pencils for my five employees.
My nine cavities are exceeded in number by my 14 teeth.
I have 10 toes but only one nose.
Rule 4
Always spell out simple fractions and use hyphens with them.
Examples
One-half of the pies have been eaten.
A two-thirds majority is required for that bill to pass in Congress.
Rule 5
A mixed fraction can be expressed in figures unless it is the first word of a sentence.
Examples
We expect a 5 1/2 percent wage increase.
Five and one-half percent was the maximum allowable interest.
Rule 6
The simplest way to express large numbers is best. Be careful to be consistent within a sentence.
Correct
You can earn from one million to five million dollars.
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Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect
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You can earn from one million to $5,000,000.
You can earn from $500 to $5,000,000.
You can earn from $500 to $5 million.
You can earn from five hundred to five million dollars.
You can earn from $500 to five million dollars.
Rule 7
Write decimals in figures. Put a zero in front of a decimal unless the decimal itself begins with a zero.
Examples
The plant grew 0.79 of a foot in one year.
The plant grew only .07 of a foot this year because of the drought.
Rule 9
The following examples apply when using dates:
Examples
The meeting is scheduled for June 30.
The meeting is scheduled for the 30th of June.
We have had tricks played on us on April 1.
The 1st of April puts some people on edge.
Rule 10
When expressing decades, you may spell them out and lowercase them.
Example
During the eighties and nineties, the United States economy grew.
Rule 11
If you wish to express decades using incomplete numerals, put an apostrophe before the incomplete
numeral but not between the year and the s.
Correct
During the '80s and '90s, the United States economy grew.
Incorrect
During the '80's and '90's, the United States economy grew.
Rule 12
You may also express decades in complete numerals. Again, don't use an apostrophe between the year
and the s.
Example
During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States economy grew.
Rule 13
Normally, spell out the time of day in text even with half and quarter hours. With o'clock, the number
is always spelled out.
Examples
She gets up at four thirty before the baby wakes up.
The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning.
Rule 14
Use numerals with the time of day when exact times are being emphasized.
Examples
Monib's flight leaves at 6:22 a.m.
Please arrive by 12:30 p.m. sharp.
Rule 15
Use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 a.m. or 12:00 p.m.
Rule 16
Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
Examples
Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck.
Twenty-three of them were hospitalized.
Rule 17
Write out a number if it begins a sentence.
Example
Twenty-nine people won an award for helping their communities.
That 29 people won an award for helping their communities was fantastic!
Test yourself
Write each number
1.
783,651,733
2.
3 thousands 4 hundreds 2 ones
3.
2,000,000 + 300,000 + 40,000 + 7,000 + 400 4.
+ 70 + 3
400 + 30 + 3
5.
1,853,912
6.
eighty-three thousand, thirty
7.
one hundred fifty-eight
8.
thirty-four thousand, twenty-one
9.
700,000 + 80,000 + 2,000 + 500 + 20 + 5
10.
4 hundred thousands 6 ten thousands 1
thousand 5 hundreds 5 ones
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11.
70,000,000 + 1,000,000 + 400,000 +
80,000 + 4,000 + 900 + 80 + 5
12.
eight thousand, eight hundred fifty-eight
13.
20,132,141
14.
859,512,329
15.
9 hundred millions 1 ten million 8 millions 7
hundred thousands 1 thousand 1 hundred 7
tens 1 one
16.
600,000 + 70,000 + 200 + 30 + 7
17.
87,467
18.
500 + 70 + 6
19.
59,411,010
20.
five thousand, nine hundred eight
21.
eighteen million, five hundred eight
thousand, nine hundred eleven
22.
1,990
23.
802
24.
9 millions 5 hundred thousands 9 ten
thousands 7 hundreds 2 tens 4 ones
25.
ninety-seven thousand, two hundred thirtynine
26.
300 + 40 + 4
27.
9,000,000 + 700,000 + 20,000 + 4,000 + 10 28.
+7
seventy-two thousand, three hundred
fourteen
29.
318,243,408
900,000 + 80,000 + 600 + 30 + 6
30.
Order Length
Number the objects in order from shortest to longest. Compare using the longest
side of each object.
Write 1 next to the object with the shortest length. Write 3 next to the object with
the longest length.
1.
2.
3
1
2
3.
______
______
______
______
______
______
4.
______
______
______
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5.
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6.
______
______
______
7.
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
8.
______
______
______
9.
10.
______
______
______
______
Weight
Estimate how much the object weighs. Circle the answer that gives the best
estimate.
1.
2.
13 kilograms
13 grams
3.
6,487 kilograms
6 kilograms
5 grams
54 grams
4.
34 kilograms
26 grams
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5.
6.
51 kilograms
51 grams
7.
2 kilograms
26 kilograms
29 grams
1 gram
8.
20 grams
2 kilograms
9.
10.
130 kilograms
130 grams
31,703 kilograms
3 kilograms
Time
Twelve
o'clock
Twelve
fifteen
Twelve
thirty
Twelve
forty-five
or
or
or
Quarter past
twelve
Half past
twelve
Quarter to
one
Exactly or about
Exactly
About
14.00
14.28
It's exactly 2.00pm.
It's about 2.30pm.
How to ask the time
o
o
Excuse me. What time is it
please?
Excuse me. Do you have the
time please?

It's exactly eight o'clock.

It's eight.

It's half past twelve.

It's twelve thirty.
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o
Excuse me. Could you tell me
the time please?
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
It's about half past eleven.

orIt's about eleven thirty.
a.m. and p.m.
Write the time using a.m. and p.m. The first one has already been done.
1.
eight minutes to ten in the evening
2.
9:52 p.m.
3.
_____________________________
seventeen after seven in the morning
4.
_____________________________
5.
6.
eight-fifty in the morning
8.
_____________________________
10.
_____________________________
nine minutes to noon
12.
twenty-five minutes after midnight
14.
one minutes after one in the afternoon
seventeen minutes after noon
16.
18.
ten-twenty-five in the morning
eight minutes after six in the morning
_____________________________
20.
_____________________________
nine minutes to nine at night
_____________________________
_____________________________
19.
sixteen after two in the afternoon
_____________________________
_____________________________
17.
seven minutes to midnight
_____________________________
_____________________________
15.
nine-fifteen in the evening
_____________________________
_____________________________
13.
five minutes after three in the afternoon
_____________________________
twenty minutes after ten at night
11.
forty-seven minutes after noon
_____________________________
_____________________________
9.
fifteen after two in the afternoon
_____________________________
twenty-four minutes after seven in the
morning
7.
forty-five minutes after midnight
eleven after six in the morning
_____________________________
Cardinal numbers express quantity: two (2), thirty-five (35) etc...
Ordinal numbers indicate order or rank: first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd)
etc...The definite article "the" normally precedes ordinal numbers: e.g. "Queen
Elizabeth the second. "For most ordinal numbers, the ending '-th' is used, with one
or two exceptions for irregular numbers:CARDINAL NUMERAL
IN WORDS
ORDINAL NUMERAL
IN WORDS
1
one
1st
the first
2
two
2nd
the second
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3
three
3rd
the third
5
five
5th
the fifth
9
nine
9th
the ninth
12
twelve
12th
the twelfth
ORDINAL NUMBERS 1 to 19
In figures
In words
1st
the first
2nd
the second
3rd
the third
4th
the fourth
5th
the fifth
6th
the sixth
7th
the seventh
8th
the eighth
9th
the ninth
10th
the tenth
11th
the eleventh
12th
the twelfth
13th
the thirteenth
14th
The fourteenth
15th
the fifteenth
16th
the sixteenth
17th
the seventeenth
18th
The eighteenth
19th
The nineteenth
Ordinal numbers such as 21st, 33rd etc are formed by combining a CARDINAL ten
with an ORDINAL unit.
The "y" of "twenty", "thirty", "forty", etc. is changed to "ieth":In figures
In words
20th
the twentieth
21st
the twenty-first
22nd
the twenty-second
23rd
the twenty-third
24th
the twenty-fourth
25th
the twenty-fifth
26th
the twenty-sixth
27th
the twenty-seventh
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28th
the twenty-eighth
29th
the twenty-ninth
30th
the thirtieth
40th
the fourtieth
50th
the fiftieth
60th
the sixtieth
70th
the seventieth
80th
the eightieth
90th
the ninetieth
100th
the hundredth
101st
the hundred and first
1000th
the thousandth
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PRONOUNS
A pronoun stands instead of a noun
-Personal pronouns stand instead of names:
Chart of Pronoun Cases
Subjective
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
Objective
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
Them
Possessive
My, Mine
Your, Tours
His
Her, Hers
Its
Our, Ours
Their, Theirs
Relative pronouns act as reference links:
Which
Who
that
Use
Pronouns are frequently used in both speech and writing .
By using them we are able to avoid frequent repetition of a name. Compare these
statements. First, the proper noun John is used throughout.
John's in the Army and John looks good in John's uniform as John strides along.
Second, the proper noun is used initially and followed by pronouns.
John's in the Army and he looks good in his uniform as he strides along.
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There are several different kinds of pronouns. These can be classified as personal,
possessive, reflexive, emphatic, demonstrative, interrogative, exclamatory,
relative, and pronouns of amount and number. Personal pronouns derive from the
grammatical term 'person'. This itself is of Latin origin [dramatis personae]
meaning characters in a play. This term has been transferred to the characters in a
story or dialogue, which may be shown as follows:
Singular
NOMINATIVE
ACCUSATIVE
Plural
I
we
you
you
he, she, it
they
me
us
you
you
him, her, it
them
Possessive pronouns denote possession as in the following example:
The dress was mine and now its hers.
Possessive pronouns follow the same pattern as the personal pronouns:
Singular
Plural
mine
mine
yours
yours
hers, his, its
theirs
Reflexive pronouns are often used as objects of verbs. For example:
I found myself rolling down the hillside.
He gave himself a pat on the back.
Reflexive pronouns are also used with prepositions, as in:
I felt the sadness sweeping over me.
She pulled the blanket over her.
Bring your friends with you.
After a preposition, the pronoun looks like a plain personal pronoun; but the
context is reflexive. The archaic usage perhaps makes this case more clear, as in:
Now I lay me down to die
Emphatic pronouns are used in such contexts as:
I'd like a glass of wine please, and (you) have one yourself.
(emphasising who must have one)
She herself wanted to join the company.
(emphasising the subject of the sentence)
Demonstrative pronouns are used for pointing things out to the listener. They are:
this, these
(nearby)
that, tose
(at some distance)
Duch
(meaning 'such as')
Same
(meaning 'the same as')
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These are the best flowers in the shop.
Those are the Alps in the distance.
They have such exciting parties.
I asked for a box and was sent the same.
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. They are:
who?
Whom?
whose?
Which?
what?
Who was at the party?
Whom did you see at the party?
Whose friend was the woman in the red dress?
Which dish did you most enjoy?
What did you do all evening?
Exclamatory pronouns. The word 'what' is often used to exclaim on an issue in the
following way:
What a night!
What she could have achieved!
Relative pronouns are as follows:
Who
Whom
whose
Which
That
what
Those who arrive early can begin.
The woman whom I met sent me a postcard.
We met the couple whose house we bought.
Those tins which we brought came in useful.
I always write about topics that interest me.
I always mean what I say.
It was as beautiful a garden as ever I saw.
Pronouns of number are as follows:
One
More
Few
Neither
One of them was ill.
Neither of the girls had a raincoat.
Few people understand the value of money.
More people may join the club next week.
Enough is as good as a feast.
Pronouns of amount are as follows:
Anyone
nobody
Something
s
enough
everybody
These are used as in the following statements:
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Anyone who had a heart would take her.
Everybody gathered round the lake.
Something will have to be done about the food.
Test yourself. Choose the correct pronoun.
1. My grandmother really loved Juan. She left all her money to Federico and
_______ .
he
him
2. A student in that all-women's college should have no fears about ________
future.
her
their
3. He was so worried about ________ he should ask to the big dance, that he
ended up not asking anyone.
who
whom
4. Neither Tashonda nor _____ am responsible for this mess.
I
me
5. This is a matter for you and _______ to decide.
I
me
6. Everybody in this class has completed ________ homework already.
his or her
their
7. No one on this bus seems to know ______ way around this part of New York
City.
their
his or her
Test yourself Write the right name of the possesive
 It belongs to me, it's _______
 It belongs to
 It belongs to my father, it's
______
______
 It belongs to
 It belongs to her, it's _______
 It belongs to
 It belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith,
 It belongs to
it's ________
 It belongs to
 It belongs to me and my wife, it's
_________
______
my mother, it's
him, it's _______
you, it's _______
the dog, it's ______
their friends, it‟s
POSSESSIVE CASE
To make the genitive of nouns of PEOPLE or ANIMALS we add 's
My mother's hobby is surfing.
The yellow one is my dad's car.
To plural of nouns of PEOPLE or ANIMALS ending in -s we add ' (apostrophe)
The cats' food is in the kitchen.
Where is the ladies' room?
To proper nouns (name) ending in a sibilant (=sound like an S) we add an 's
Prince Charles's wedding was in 1981.
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We walked through St James's park.
Special use
When THE PLACE IS UNDERSTOOD,
words such as house, shop, cathedral,...are generally omitted after a genitive:
The wedding took place at St Paul's. (Cathedral)
Mum is at the baker's. (shop)
I'm staying at my uncle's. (house) The genitive is often used in EXPRESSIONS
denoting TIME or DISTANCE:
Where is yesterday's newspaper?
We go to Bath for a week's holiday.
She lives in an hour's distance from work. Sometimes a noun is followed by OF +
GENITIVE: it is called the double possessive
and is used to put the stress on the person who possesses:
This is a house of my sister's.
These are friends of my father's.
1. My mother's brother is
my____________.
2. My sister is my father's___________.
3. My grandmother is my
grandfather's___________.
4. My mother and father are my
brother's_________.
5. My uncle's children are
my______________.
6. My sister is my
aunt's___________.
7. My aunt's husband is
my____________.
8. My mother-in-law is my
wife's_________.
9. My father's father is
my___________.
10. I am a man. I am my
mother's_________.
WH – QUESTIONS
Wh- Questions allow a speaker to find out more information about topics.
They are as follows:
When?
Time
Where?
Place
Who?
Person
Why?
Reason
How?
Manner
What?
Object/Idea/Action
Other words can also be used to inquire about specific information:
Which (one)?
Choice of alternatives
Whose?
Possession
Whom?
Person (objective formal)
How much?
Price, amount (non-count)
How many?
Quantity (count)
How long?
Duration
How often?
Frequency
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How far?
What kind (of)?
Test yourself
1 - ____ are you doing tonight?
What
Where
2 - ____ time do you get up?
When
What
3 - ____ is going with you?
Who
Whose
Whom
4 - ____ is the dark-green coat?
Who
Who's
Whose
5 - How ____ does it take you get
home?
long
long time
6 - ____ often do you go to the
theatre?
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Distance
Description
When
How
What
7 - ____ people were there at the
meeting?
How much
How many
8 - ____ are you going on holiday?
What time
When
9 - ____ have you been? I've been
waiting for ages.
Why
What
Where
10 - ____ did it cost?
How
How much
How many
DEMONSTRATIVES THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
Demonstratives are used to point out a particular item. They are as follows:
This (indicates something close to the speaker)
That (indicates something away from the speaker)
These (indicates some things close to the speaker)
Those (indicates some things away from the speaker)
Example:
A: What is this? (pointing to something held in the speaker's hand or near the
speaker)
B: A pencil.
A: What is that? (pointing to something at a distance from the speaker)
B: A tree.
Remember that demonstratives are used in reference to the speaker. (What is near
"you" may not be near "me" and vice versa.)
A: What's that you're holding?
B: This is an egg. Here, catch!
A: Oops.
B: That's a mess.
A: What are these (holding up a pair of slippers)
B: Those are slippers.
Be sure to use this/that with singular and non-count nouns and these/those with
count nouns.
This orange is sour.
That truck is full.
This milk is fresh.
These oranges are sweet.
Those trucks are empty.
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Sometimes demonstratives can be used as pronouns (to refer to a particular noun.)
Give me that!
Whose are these?
Give me that (spoon).
Whose are these (socks)?
This and that can also be used with one. However, these and those are more
commonly used alone.
I want this one.
I want these. (not these ones)
I'll take that one.
I'll take those.
On the telephone, this and that are used differently in British and American English
to
identify callers.
Example:
Receiver: Hello.
Caller:
I was wondering if you would be interested in buying . . .
Receiver: Who is this? (American)
Who is that? (British)
(Both expressions are used to ask the caller to identify
himself/herself.)
Caller:
This is Mr. Fuller from the Acme Brush Company.
(Same for both British and American English)
Caller:
Hi Jack. Long time no see!
Receiver: Is this Bob? What a surprise! (American)
Is that Bob? What a surprise! (British)
SPELLING PLURAL NOUNS
Here are some general rules for spelling plural nouns.
Nouns
Plural
Examples
Most nouns
add s
book, books; cup, cups; sprout, sprouts
Most nouns that end in ch, sh, s, x, or
z
add es
box, boxes; bus, buses; prize, prizes
Most nouns that end in a vowel and y
add s
boy, boys; day, days; key, keys
Most nouns that end in a consonant
and y
y becomes ies
baby, babies; country, countries; spy, spies
Most nouns that end in f or fe
f or fe becomes
ves
elf, elves; loaf, loaves; thief, thieves
Most nouns that end in o
add s
kangaroo, kangaroos; piano, pianos; video,
videos
Certain nouns that end in a consonant
and o
add es
hero, heroes; potato, potatoes; volcano,
volcanoes
Some Exceptions
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Certain English nouns change a vowel sound when they
become plural. These include goose, geese; man, men;
mouse, mice; and tooth, teeth.
Some nouns don't change at all when they become
plural. These include deer, fish, sheep, and species.
A few nouns have plural forms that are left from Old English. These include child,
children and ox, oxen.
In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun -- for
example, "He's a silly young fool," or "she's a smart, energetic woman." When you
use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according to
type. This page will explain the different types of adjectives and the correct order
for them.
ADJECTIVES
- Adjectives are words used to describe nouns.
-Adjectives give more information about a noun.
-Use adjectives to make your writing more interesting.
"Fast, fun, new, old, red, ugly" are all adjectives. They describe a noun.
READ THESE EXAMPLES:
It's a fast car. It's a fun car. It's a new car.
It's an old car. It's a red car. It's an ugly car.
Adjectives can come BEFORE the NOUN (adjective + noun)
EXAMPLES:
It's an expensive bicycle.
It's a racing bicycle.
It's a red bicycle.
Adjectives can come AFTER a BE verb. (BE + adjective)
EXAMPLES:
The butterfly is pretty.
The butterfly is blue.
interesting.
Butterflies are
Nouns can also work as adjectives. A noun can help describe an object.
EXAMPLES:
It's a business meeting. They're having a job interview.
school conference.
It's a
Present participles (-ing verbs) can also work as adjectives.
EXAMPLES:
Baseball is an exciting game. Baseball is interesting.
interesting game.
It's an
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Past participles (verb 3) can also work as adjectives.
EXAMPLES:
The man is tired.
The exhausted man fell asleep.
out by work today.
He was worn
Adjectives can be hyphenated.
EXAMPLES:
The computer-generated error message made the program freeze.
My friend isn't very good at do-it-yourself projects.
Numbers can be used as adjectives.
EXAMPLES:
That's a three-ton truck.
The man is a thirty-seven-year-old trucker.
In his 20-year career, he's never had an accident.
Adjectives can be used to compare things.
EXAMPLES:
Cats are softer than dogs. My cat is the cutest cat I know.
The basic types of adjectives
Opinion
An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other
people may not agree with you). Examples:
silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult
Size
A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is.
Examples:
large, tiny, enormous, little
Age
An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is.
Examples:
ancient, new, young, old
Shape
A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples:
square, round, flat, rectangular
Colour
A colour adjective, of course, describes the colour of something.
Examples:
blue, pink, reddish, grey
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Origin
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An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Examples:
French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek
Material
A material adjective describes what something is made from.
Examples:
wooden, metal, cotton, paper
Purpose
A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These
adjectives often end with "-ing". Examples:
sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin")
Some examples of adjective order
Opinion
Size
a silly
Age
Shape Colour
young
a
huge
a
small
Origin
Material Purpose
English
Round
man
metal
red
bowl
sleeping bag
In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun -- for
example, "He's a silly young fool," or "she's a smart, energetic woman." When you
use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according to
type. This page will explain the different types of adjectives and the correct order
for them.
Test yourself. Choose the correct form in which adjectives must be.
1 - I bought a pair of _____ shoes.
a mobile expensive
black leather
an expensive mobile
leather black
8 - It's ____ village.
2 - It was a ____ car.
an old lovely
red fast
a lovely old
fast red
9 - The ____ visitors were Japanese.
3 - It's a ____ building.
two last
big round
last two
round big
10 - He's got ____ eyes.
4 - I bought ____ knife.
blue big
a Swiss army
big blue
an army Swiss
11 - It's a ____ house.
5 - It's ____ film.
nice new
a beautiful old
new nice
an old beautiful
12 - It's ____ airline.
6 - He's ____ man.
a popular American
an unfriendly rich
an American popular
a rich unfriendly
13 - It's ____ company
7 - It's ____ phone.
a family old
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an old family
14 - It's a ____ restaurant.
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cheap good
good cheap
VOCABULARY TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE
height and build
type of hair
complexion
Appearances
Height
How tall is
he?
He is tall.
He is short.
He is medium height.
+
He is very tall.
He is quite short.
-
Build
She is skinny. (negative)
She is fat. (negative)
She is thin. (negative)
She is overweight. . (negative)
She is slim. (positive)
She is plump. (neutral)
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She is slender. (positive)
She is stocky. (neutral)
Type of hair
She has long
hair.
She has short
hair.
He has no hair.
She has medium
length hair.
She has medium
length hair.
+
She has long,
black hair.
She has short,
black hair.
-
She has medium
length , blonde
hair.
She has medium
length, red hair.
+
+
She has long,
straight,
black hair.
She has short,
straight, black
hair.
-
She has medium
length, straight,
blonde hair.
She has medium
length, wavy, red hair.
S
She
She wears glasses.
Type of complexion
He is asian. He has light-brown skin.
She is black.
She has dark
skin.
He is white. He
has fair skin.
She is white. She
has slightly
tanned skin.
Note!
bald, black, blonde, blue, brown, curly, fat, grey, long , medium,
overweight, pale, plump, red, short, skinny, slim, stocky, straight, tall, tanned,
thin, wavy and white
are all adjectives - they describe nouns
Describing people's features
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She is white. Sh
very pale skin
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MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
eyes - right eye | left
eye
nose
left nostril | right
nostril
mouth
upper lip | lower lip
ears - right ear | left ear
Appearances
General
beautiful
(women only)
handsome
(men only)
pretty
(girls only)
good looking
(men/women/boys)
Halle Berry is a
very beautiful
woman.
Hugh Jackman
is a very
Here is a pretty David and Victoria
handsome man. girl.
Beckham are a good
looking couple.
ugly
(men and women)
Quasimodo is quite
ugly.
attractive (men, women, boys or girls)
Halle Berry, Hugh Jackman, David Beckham and Victoria Beckham are all attractive people.
Hair
blonde/fair hair
brown hair
red hair
black hair
grey hair
Eyes
grey eyes
green eyes
blue eyes
brown eyes
Mouth
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MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
Test yourself. Point the part of the face.
moustache
beard
chin
forehead
nostrils
eyebrows
cheeks
fringe
lips
teeth
We often use the verb to have to find out information about peoples appearances (how they look)
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"What colour hair does she
have?"
She has fair hair.
or
She has blonde hair.
"What colour hair has he got?"
He's got brown hair.
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"What colour eyes has she got?" She's got blue eyes.
"What colour eyes has he got?"
He's got brown eyes.
"Does she have long hair?"
"Yes, she does."
"Has he got long hair?"
"No, he hasn't. He's got short hair."
"Does she have a round face?"
"No, she doesn't. She has a long face."
"Does he have a round face?"
"Yes, he does."
"Has she got a large nose?"
"No, she hasn't. She's got a small nose."
"Does he have a big nose?"
"Yes he does. He has a very big nose."
"Does she have a thin mouth?"
"No, she doesn't. She has a full mouth"
"Does he have small ears?"
"No, he doesn't. He has large ears."
So what about me?
I'm medium
height.
hazel =
I have hazel green +
eyes.
brown
I have
medium
length,
straight,
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brown hair.
=
I wear
glasses.
+ all the
time
I'm slightly
overweight.
I have a pale
complexion.
Adjectives for personality (people) or characteristics (places and things)
lovely
nice
OK
all right
Questions for people, places and things
For people
Question
Appearance
What does David look like?
Personality
For places
Appearance
Characteristics
For things
Appearance
Characteristics
What is he like?
(What's he like?)
Question
What is Tuscany like?
(What's Tuscany like?)
What is Tuscany like?
(What's Tuscany like?)
Question
What is the new Jaguar car
like?
(What's the new Jaguar car
like?)
What is the new Jaguar car
like?
(What's the new Jaguar car
like?)
horrible
terrible
awful
Answer
Oh, he's a handsome man. He's tall with fair
hair.
He's a lovely man.
Answer
Oh, it's a very pretty place.
It's a lovely place.
Answer
Oh, it's a beautiful car.
It's a very comfortable car.
Opposites
big / large
"It's a large animal."
small
"It's a small animal."
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clean
"She's a clean little
girl."
dirty
"She's a dirty little girl."
friendly
"They're friendly
people."
unfriendly
"They're unfriendly people."
expensive
"It's an expensive
car."
cheap
"It's a cheap car."
good
"He's a good boy."
bad
"He's a bad boy."
tall
"He's a tall man."
short
"He's a short man."
long
"She has long hair."
short
"She has short hair."
comfortable
"It's a comfortable
chair."
uncomfortable
"They're uncomfortable chairs."
happy
"It's a happy face."
sad
"It's a sad face."
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new
"It's a new car."
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old
"It's an old car."
Note!
Remember the rules for articles and when to use a or an, this is changed by the adjective.
You use a when the noun you are referring to or the adjective that describes it begins with a conson
You use an when the noun you are referring to or the adjective that describes it begins with a vowel
For example:
It's a car.
It's a new car.
It's an old car.
1. warm
ADJECTIVES
4. sleepy
2. strong
5. scary
3. slow
6. rich
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7. poor
11. hungry
8. painful
12. heavy
9. old
13. handsome
10. noisy
14. full
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15. sick
19. famous
16. fat
20. difficult
17. fast
21. dangerous
18. far
22. cute
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23. cool
26. bad
24. cold
27. angry
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25. busy
PREPOSITION
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The
word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the
preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its
object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space
or in time.
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A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated
adjectives or adverbs. A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective,
or an adverb. The most common prepositions are "about," "above," "across,"
"after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below,"
"beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during,"
"except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto,"
"out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to,"
"toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and
"without."
PREPOSITIONS
Do the puzzle
1
3
Across
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3. November comes
___ December.
6. We have classes
___ 7 a.m.
7. Who did you go to
the movies ___?
8. What's ___ the
curtain?
11. He was born ___
May 2nd.
Down
11
1. I don't want to go
___ the club now.
2. The temperature is
___ zero today.
3. Come and sit ___
me.
4. Where do you
come ___?
5. I'll be back ___ an
hour.
6. He must be ___ his
grandmother's.
8. They want to travel
___ plane
9. The Nile is the
longest river ___ the
world.
10. Which way should
we go, up or ___ the
hill?
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1 - He was very good ____ us when
we were in trouble.
at
to
Either could be used here
2 - She's good ____ learning
languages.
at
for
3 - Vegetables are good ____ you.
to
for
4 - It was good ____ you to write to
them.
to
of
5 - It was good ____ see them there.
for
to
6 - He was a horrible man; I couldn't
see any good ____ him.
of
in
7 - Nothing will destroy it; it will last
____ good.
to
for
8 - I'll do it for the good ____ the
team.
of
at
9 - It's good ____ be back.
to
at
10 - She's good ____ her job.
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to
at
PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION
1- He's ____ the hospital, having a
heart operation.
at
in
2 - Our seats are ____ the front row.
in
at
3 - They want to ban smoking ____
public places completely.
at
in
4 - The shop's _____ High Street.
in
at
5 - I left it ____ the classroom.
in
at
6 - The market's ____ front of the old
cinema.
in
at
7 - She is _____ the front of the
queue.
in
at
8 - Their house is ____ the end of the
road.
in
at
9 - The concert was very full and we
had to stand ____ the back of the
auditorium.
in
at
10 - He should be ____ work by now.
in
at
11 - I spent the morning reading ____
my garden.
in
at
12 - The children were ____ the
playground.
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in
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at
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
1 - My birthday's ...... May
in
on
at
2 - The exam is ...... the tenth of
December
in
on
at
3 - I always have dinner with my
family ..... Christmas Day
in
at
on
4 - In Spain, they give each other
presents ..... Christmas Eve
in
on
at
5 - I hate it when people telephone
......... I'm having dinner
during
while
for
6 - I like to go to a party ....... New
Year's Eve
in
on
at
7 - The term is from September ......
December
at
for
to
8 - He doesn't start work until late ....
the afternoon
on
in
at
9- Snow generally falls ..... February
in
on
at
10 - People give chocolate eggs as
presents ...... Easter
on
in
at
11 - I have lessons .... Mondays and
Wednesdays
in
on
at
12 - She was off work ...... a fortnight
for
at
in
13 - It's always colder .......
November than September
on
in
at
14 - Their first child was born ..... the
spring
on
at
in
15 - People celebrate Guy Fawkes'
Night ..... the fifth of November
on
in
at
16 - It gets very cold ..... winter
on
at
in
17 - She was born ..... 1985
at
on
in
18 - In England they say .... the
weekend
on
at
in
19 - In America they say..... the
weekend
at
on
in
20 - Her birthday's ..... June
in
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LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
on
at
21 - I leave home very early ..... the
morning
on
at
in
22 - She's going on holiday ...... Xmas
in
at
on
23 - Leaves fall ..... Autumn
on
at
in
24 - She was Prime Minister ....... ten
years
in
for
since
25 - Term finishes ..... a Thursday for
some reason
at
in
on
26 - Their wedding is .... the eleventh
of July
in
on
at
27 - The film starts ........ eight o'
clock
in
on
at
28 - Mayday is celebrated .... May the
first
in
on
at
29 - Please keep quiet ......... the
performance
during
by
in
30 - The contract is from July ......
December
at
for
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62
until
31 - The play starts ..... half past
seven
at
on
in
32 - More people have heart attacks
..... Monday morning than at any
other time
on
in
at
33 - The results come out .... July
on
in
at
34 - There is a public holiday ........
May the first
on
in
at
35 - She was born ..... Christmas Eve
on
at
in
36 - The flower blossoms .... early
April
on
at
in
37 - Traffic is terrible .... rush hour
in
while
until
38 - Her birthday is ..... a Tuesday
this year
on
at
in
39 - He worked there ...... two years
for
since
in
40 - The contract was signed .....
1984
in
on
at
41 - They're leaving ...... June
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
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62
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
on
in
at
42 - I was ill ...... a week
since
while
for
SIMPLE PRESENT
Simple Present
Present Action or
Condition
General Truths
I hear you.
Here comes
the bus.
There are thirty
days in September.
Non-action; Habitual
Action
Future Time
I like music.
I run on
Tuesdays and
Sundays.
The train leaves
at 4:00 p.m.
.
I
you \
we
\
they /
/
\
work
play
study
wash
he \
she \
it \
/
/
works
plays
studies
washes
Spelling rules for adding s in the third person singular
Some verbs change their spelling when s is added in the third person singular.
a. Verbs ending in y
The English letters a, e, i, o and u are generally referred to as vowels. The other
English letters are generally referred to as consonants.
When a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to ie
before the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the consonant
immediately preceding the final y is underlined.
Bare Infinitive
Third Person Singular
Study
Studies
Fly
Flies
Carry
Carries
However, when a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a vowel, the y is not
changed before the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the vowel
immediately preceding the final y is underlined.
Bare Infinitive
Say
Says
Enjoy
Enjoys
Buy
Buys
b. Verbs ending in o
When a verb ends in o, the letter e is added before the s ending. For example:
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
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62
Bare Infinitive
Do
Does
Echo
Echoes
Go
Goes
c. Verbs ending in ch, s, sh, x or z
When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as ch, s, sh, x or z, the letter e is added
before the s ending. For example:
Bare Infinitive
Pass
Push
Match
Fix
Buzz
Choose the correct answer.
Passes
Pushes
Watches
Fixes
Buzzes
The time is every day, usually, sometimes
1. He_______English every day.
speak
speaks
speakes
speakies
2. Sometimes
we___________Spanish in class.
speaking
speaks
speakes
speak
3. Svetlana______________Russian.
speaks
speakes
speak
speakies
4. Victoria and
Rosario__________Spanish
understands
understand
understandes
understanding
5. Sergio_________English.
studies
studys
studyes
study
6. Alex and Olga__________English
every day.
studys
studies
study
studes
7. We always _______a break at
7:20.
take
taking
takes
taks
8. Sometimes Felipe takes a VERY
LONG break.
take
takes
taks
taking
9. The students often________to the
cafeteria for the break.
going
gos
goes
go
10. One student _________outside to
smoke.
go
goe
gos
goes
11. After 20 minutes,
they________back to the classroom.
come
came
comes
com
12. Paula_________ in English.
55
LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
read
reads
reades
readies
13. Librado
sometimes__________home.
stay
stays
staies
staes
14. Almost every day, we_______in
English.
writing
writ
writes
write
15. Sometimes Olga_______her
boyfriend through the window.
watch
watchs
watches
watches
16. He_________in a different class.
study
studes
studyes
studies
17. Every Wednesday,
we________the computer lab.
use
uses
uss
us
18. We________the computer screen.
watch
watches
watchs
watching
19. Computers_______commands
Has
Have
His
haves
20. After school, we all
_______home.
go
going
gos
goes
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62
Test yourself. Choose the correct
negative form
1 He ____ it.
don't like
doesn't like
doesn't likes
don't likes
2 - They _____ here very often.
don't come
doesn't comes
doesn't come
3 - John and Mary ______ twice a
week.
come
comes
coming
4 - I _____ mind at all.
not
isn't
don't
doesn't
5 - It _____ sense.
don't make
doesn't makes
doesn't make
6 - They ____ happy.
seem
seems
seeming
7 - You _____ to do it.
don't have
doesn't has
doesn't have
8 - She ____ a brother.
doesn't has
don't has
don't have
doesn't have
9 - The journey _____ an hour.
take
takes
10 - I _____ it now.
want
wanting
11 - Peggy ____ by bus.
come
comes
12 - She ____ .
don't know
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
doesn't knows
doesn't know
don't knows
13 - She ____ hard.
try
trys
tryes
tries
14 - They _____ football every
weekend.
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play
plays
plaes
15 - The exam _____ two hours.
last
lastes
lasts
16 - She can ____ it.
do
does
Write the name of the job
1. A __________ cooks food.
2. A __________ takes money at a store or restaurant.
3. A __________ helps people in court.
4. A __________ takes care of children.
5. A __________ dances.
6. A __________ sings.
7. An __________ acts in movies, TV or theater.
8. An __________ paints and draws.
9. A __________ serves food in a restaurant.
10. A __________ prepares food for the cook.
11. A __________ types, greets people, and works on the phone in an office.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A __________ types on a computer.
A __________ organizes papers in files.
A __________ helps people in a bank.
An __________ takes care of money and finances for people and businesses.
A __________ takes pictures.
A __________ gives classes at school.
A __________ works in a restaurant like McDonald's or Taco Bell.
A __________ delivers mail to your home.
A __________ studies or teaches science.
Answer these questions. Yes/No Questions
Do you have buckles on your
shoes?
Do you like anchovies on pizza?
Do you like to eat watermelon?
Do you wear glasses?
Do you own a watch?
Do you have a cowboy hat?
Does your jacket have a hood?
Do you have a pet?
Does your first name have more
letters than your last name?
Do you have a middle name?
Do you like to watch sports?
Do you have any brothers?
Do you have any sisters?
Do you have any brothers or
sisters in this school?
sisters in preschool?
sisters in high school?
Do you think your shoe weighs
more than your math book?
Do you have a public library card?
Do you like broccoli?
Do you have hair longer than your
shoulders?
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
Do you have hair shorter than
their shoulders?
Do you like macaroni and cheese?
Do you know what day of the
week you were born on?
Do you think 30 pennies will cover
a dollar completely?
Do you like strawberry ice cream?
Do your shoes have black on
them?
Do you know what day Christmas
is on?
Do you walk to school?
Do you have a 2-wheel bike?
Do you have pierced ears?
Do you know how to roller skate?
Do you have a teddy bear?
Do you have your own bedroom?
Do you have a TV in your
bedroom?
Do you think math is easy?
Do you like sweet potatoes?
Do you play a sport?
Do you like to bring your lunch to
school?
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Do you have a sandwich in your
lunch today?
Do you have a computer at home?
Do you have eyelets in your
shoes?
Do you know how to swim?
Do you play an instrument?
Do you like country/western
music?
Does your grandfather have grey
hair?
Do you like to read?
Do you have a cat?
Do you have a dog?
Do you take gymnastics or karate?
Does your mom work outside the
house?
Does your grandma or grandpa
live in the same town as you?
Do you like oatmeal?
Do you walk to school?
Do you have a computer at home?
Do you ride a bus to school?
Do you have a garden at home?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - USE
1) actions happening at the moment of speaking
Peter is reading a book now.
2) fixed plan in the near future
She is going to Basel on Saturday.
3) temporary actions
His father is working in Rome this month.
4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)
My friend is preparing for his exams.
5) trends
More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.
6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly,
forever)
Andrew is always coming late.
Signal words
now, at the moment, Look! Listen!
Form
to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing
Example
Affirmative sentences:
I am playing football.
You are playing football.
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
I'm playing football.
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You're playing football.
Negative sentences:
I am not playing football.
I'm not playing football.
You are not playing football.
You're not playing football.
You aren't playing football.
Questions:
Am I playing football?
Are you playing football?
SPELLING RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Some verbs change their spelling when the ending ing is added
to form the present participle.
a. Verbs ending in a silent e
When a verb ends in a silent e, the silent e is dropped before the
ending ing is added. For example:
Present
Infinitivo
Participle
to close
closing
to dine
dining
to leave
leaving
to move
moving
However, when a verb ends in an e which is not silent, the final e is not dropped
before the ending ing is added. For example:
Infinitivo
Present Participle
to be
Being
to see
Seeing
b. Verbs ending in ie
When a verb ends in ie, the ie is changed to y before the ending ing is added. For
example:
Infinitivo
to die
to lie
Present Participle
Dying
Lying
When a verb ends in y, no change is made before the ending is added. For
example:
Infinitivo
Present Participle
to fly
Flying
to play
Playing
c. One-syllable verbs ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel
For example:
For example:
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
Infinitivo
to nod
to dig
to run
to clan
to set
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62
Present Participle
Nodding
Digging
Running
Clapping
Setting
When a verb ends in w, x or y preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is
not doubled before the ending is added. For example:
Infinitivo
to Dra.
to fix
to say
Present Participle
Drawing
Fixing
Saying
It should also be noted that when a verb ends in a single consonant preceded by
two vowels, the final consonant is not doubled before the ending is added. The
reason for this is that two vowels together are generally pronounced long. For
example:
Infinitivo
Present Participle
to rain
Raining
to read
Reading
to meet
Meeting
to soak
Soaking
d. Verbs of more than one syllable which end in a single consonant preceded by a
single vowel
For example:
Infinitivo
to expel
to begin
to occur
to omit
Present Participle
Expelling
Beginning
Occurring
Omitting
When a verb of more than one syllable ends in w, x or y, the final consonant is not
doubled before the ending ing is added. In the following examples, the syllables
pronounced with the heaviest stress are underlined. For example:
Infinitivo
to allow
to affix
to convey
Present Participle
Allowing
Affixing
Conveying
When the last syllable of a verb is not pronounced with the heaviest stress, the final
consonant is usually not doubled to form the present participle. For instance, in the
following examples, the last syllables of the verbs do not have the heaviest stress,
and the final consonants are not doubled to form the present participles. In these
examples, the syllables pronounced with the heaviest stress are underlined. For
example:
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
Infinitivo
to listen
to order
to focus
to limit
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Present Participle
Listening
Ordering
Focusing
Limiting
It should be noted that British and American spelling rules differ for verbs which
end in a single l preceded by a single vowel. In British spelling, the l is always
doubled before the endings ing and ed
are added. However, in American spelling, verbs ending with a single l follow the
same rule as other verbs; the l is doubled only when the last syllable has the
heaviest stress. In the following examples, the syllables with the heaviest stress are
underlined. For example:
Infinitivo
to signal
to travel
Present Participle
American Spelling
Signaling
Traveling
to compel
Compelling
to propel
Propelling
Test yourself
1. They (be) ____ coming over
dinner
2. Maxwell(be) _______ not sleeping
on our sofa.
3. My mother-in-law is(stay)
_________ at our house this
week.
4. I (be eat)_____ ____________
my dinner right now.
5. My sister(be learn) ______
__________ Spanish.
6. I(be work) _______ __________
at the hair salon until September.
7. We(be eat) ______ ________at a
fancy restaurant tonight. Jason
decided this yesterday.
8. when (be) ________ you (work)
____________ in your office?
9. They are(open) _________ a new
record shop downtown.
10. Melissa is(lie) ___________ down
on her bed.
11. My dog (not eat) __________
vegetables.
British Spelling
signalling
travelling
compelling
Propelling
12. What's that noise? Somebody
(practise) _______ the piano.
13. (you go)________ to the party
next Saturday?
14. Oak trees (grow)_______ very
slowly.
15. 'Where is Kate?' 'She
(watch)________ TV in the living
room.'
16. In his job he usually (stand)
________
17. She (have) _________ a shower
at the moment.
18. He usually (work)________ with
paints and brushes.
19. Right now she (run) __________
down a hill
20. At work he usually (sit) ________
all day.
21. I'm looking at that woman, she
(wear)________ a nice dress.
22. My brother (not like)_________
animals.
23. (you ever work)______________
at the weekend?
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LEÓN XIII
LEÓN XIII
MÓDULO INGLES
PRIMER SEMESTRE
24. Most people (not
like)___________ to visit a
doctor.
25. Do you know anyone who
(speak)________ Italian?
26. We (go)_________ to the cinema
this Friday.
27. They (go)_________ on holiday
every winter.
28. The days (be)___________
longer in summer.
29. She often (talk)_________ to
herself.
30. I never (go)_________ out in the
evening.
31. Open: I am _____________ the
door.
32. display: She is ______________
her talents.
33. submit: He is _______________
his report tomorrow.
34. limit: The store is _____________
the number of items on sale.
35. permit: We are not
_____________ him to go.
36. sharpen: They are
_______________ the pencils.
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37. confer: She is ________________
with her colleagues.
38. focus: He is ________________
the camera.
39. repel: They are
________________ the attack.
40. shovel: I am ________________
the steps.
41. destroy: Hail is _______________
the crops.
42. dispel: They are
_______________ our doubts.
43. squander: He is
_______________ his money.
44. prefer: We are _______________
our new school to the old one.
45. color: The child is
______________ the picture.
46. unravel: We are _____________
the wool.
47. propel: Jet engines are
_______________ the plane.
48. flower: The pansies are
_______________
49. infer: They are ______________
that we do not want to come.
50. listen: The children are
______________ to us.
62

The Verb “To Be”

Transcription

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