Sentinel Collaborative Ground Segment Sweden Final Report

Transcription

Sentinel Collaborative Ground Segment Sweden
Final Report
Prepared for the Swedish National Space Board
Document ID
Version
SM-CGSS-FREP-10
1.0
Change record
Version
Date
Author
Final delivery to SNSB
1.0
2014-12-19
L Edgard, I Spence, D Åsvärn
Spacemetric AB
Tingsvägen 17
19161 Sollentuna
Sweden
www.spacemetric.com
© Spacemetric AB
Sentinel Collaborative Ground Segment Sweden – Final Report
0.
Executive summary
In March 2014, ESA presented its plans to the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) regarding the
future Swedish user access to Sentinel data. Subsequent discussions led to SNSB entrusting Metria
and Spacemetric with the task to investigate and report upon Swedish needs for Sentinel data, and
the technical solutions necessitated by these needs. Broadly speaking, Metria was given the brief to
investigate the needs, whilst Spacemetric was asked to shed light on the more technical aspects.
This document is the result of Spacemetric’s work, focusing on technical issues regarding the different
alternatives for how Sweden, in a cost-efficient way, could access, archive, catalogue and
disseminate data from the Sentinel satellites for Sweden’s national needs.
It has in some cases been found to be difficult to obtain a clear picture of the Sentinel system
capabilities and constraints. In consequence, some of the findings and recommendations are based
on verbal communication with ESA officials only. As a result, the recommendations offered must be
taken with a grain of salt, necessitating later confirmation as the Copernicus system matures.
Most importantly, the study has identified a clear need for a Collaborative Ground Segment for
Sweden (CGSS). Additionally, it has identified several overall requirements to be placed upon this
new facility:
■ Responsibility for archiving and curation of Copernicus data relevant for Swedish users
■ Enabling timely access to Copernicus data over Sweden’s Immediate Area of Interest
■ Providing Copernicus products and services adapted to Swedish use (e.g. map projections)
■ Gathering Copernicus data over other Areas of Interest for Sweden/Swedish users
■ Need for creation of clear and open principles of governance.
Together these requirements form a clear scope for the CGSS. In order to meet this challenge the
following recommendations are offered from the study:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Sentinel data should be continuously downloaded at a Swedish hub/mirror site, giving easy
access to recent and historic data
Make further analysis of the needs, technical modalities, and costs associated with organising
access to direct-download data from the Sentinel satellites
Provide both a Swedish archive of relevant ESA products as well as processing functionality
for specifically Swedish Sentinel products (i.e. use Swedish map projections and elevation
data)
Consider integrating other datasets with similar characteristics to the Sentinels (e.g.
Landsat 8)
Make an analysis of ESA reporting requirements upon the CGSS as an input to the ongoing
negotiations with ESA regarding a Swedish Collaborative Ground Segment agreement
The Swedish National Space Board should lead the work to define the roles and
responsibilities of a governing body for CGSS including options for its potential form (e.g.
government agency, public/industry consortium).
The most immediate action required is to make contacts with ESA soonest with a view to securing
access all relevant Sentinel-1 data received to date.
In terms of the establishment of the CGSS, this report summarises a two-phase approach. The initial
establishment of the CGSS lasts 12 months and is then followed by ongoing operations and
maintenance. The total cost for the establishment is estimated at 6.6-9.6 MSEK with ongoing
operations and maintenance estimated at 0.6-1.4 MSEK per year.
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Table of Contents
0.
Executive summary
2
1.
Introduction
4
2.
Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations
4
3.
Reference documents
4
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
Background
Background
Established Swedish activities
Acknowledgements
4
4
5
5
5.
5.1
5.2
Collaborative Ground Segment Context
Operational scenarios of Sentinels
Sentinel data access channels
5
5
6
6.
6.1
6.2
8
8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
Technical solutions
Background
Rely on user data access directly from the ESA data hub, or download data to a
Swedish hub for user data access from here?
Is there a need for “direct delivery” of Sentinel data through receiving stations in
Sweden or in neighbouring countries?
Data volume and retrieval aspects
Products
Reference systems
The role of the Saccess archive
Supplementing the Swedish part of the collaborative ground segment with other
types of data
Licensing
Building blocks of the Swedish Collaborative Ground Segment
Operational and maintenance aspects
Steps towards a working CGSS
7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
Cost assessments
Background
Scenario
System cost components
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
8
9
10
10
11
12
14
15
16
21
23
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1.
Introduction
This document presents different alternatives for how Sweden, in a cost-efficient way, could access,
archive, catalogue and disseminate data from the Sentinel satellites for Sweden’s national needs.
Broadly speaking, the document focuses on issues of a technical nature, i.e.:
●
●
●
●
●
●
Technical solutions
Reference systems
Cost assessments
Licensing
The texts are intended to be possible to use as a basis for decisions as to how the Swedish part of
the collaborative ground segment for Sentinel data shall be organized.
2.
API
CGS
CGSS
CSC
DEM
DHuS
EO
ESA
GCP
GMES
GO
MS
NGO
ROM
SNSB
TB
3.
[RD-1]
[RD-2]
[RD-3]
Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations
Application Programming Interface
Collaborative Ground Segment
Collaborative Ground Segment Sweden
Copernicus Space Component
Digital Elevation Model
Data Hub System
Earth Observation
European Space Agency
Ground Control Point
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
Governmental organisations
Member State
Non-governmental organisation
Rough Order of Magnitude
Swedish National Space Board
Terabyte
Reference documents
Sentinel Overview and Status, Meeting with Swedish Partners, 18 March 2014
Copernicus Space Component Collaborative Data Access Data Hub - Mirror Site
Interfaces, J. Martin, European Space Agency, 18 March 2014
Dnr 180/14, SNSB 2014
4.
Background
4.1
Background
During a Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) meeting in April 2014, ESA presented its plans
regarding the future Swedish user access to Sentinel data. Subsequent discussions, i.a. by the
stakeholders of the Swedish Saccess database, led to the SNSB in May 2014 producing a document
([RD-3]) describing the need for investigations regarding future the Swedish needs for Sentinel data
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and the technical solutions necessitated by these needs.
Metria and Spacemetric were entrusted the task to produce a report regarding these issues, i.e. future
Swedish needs for Sentinel data and the technical solutions necessitated by these needs. Broadly
speaking, Metria was given the brief to investigate the needs, whilst Spacemetric was asked to shed
light on the more technical aspects. This document is Spacemetric’s contribution, focussing on the
technical issues of what is referred to as the Collaborative Ground Segment Sweden (CGSS).
It has in some cases been found to be difficult to obtain a clear picture of the Sentinel satellite system
capabilities and constraints. In consequence, some of the findings and recommendations are based
on verbal communication with ESA officials rather than on official documentation. As a result, any
recommendations offered must be taken with a grain of salt, necessitating later confirmation of some
of the information.
4.2
Established Swedish activities
Sweden has a long tradition in satellite remote sensing, reaching back to the 1970s through the
reception of early Landsat data. This tradition was strengthened and extended through active
participation in the Spot programme from the early 1980s. In parallel, there is a long-standing interest
in environmental and forestry remote sensing applications, notably in the forest sector, where there is
a high level of maturity in services for annual follow-up.
The Saccess initiative became operational in 2008, offering public access (with specific licensing
requirements) to the data primarily collected for these purposes. The Sentinels, and particularly
Sentinel-2, offer the opportunity to move from an annual cycle into the ongoing monitoring of
phenomena, building upon already established services in Sweden as well as creating new
possibilities.
4.3
Acknowledgements
Spacemetric would like to extend its thanks to the following individuals who made themselves
available to the study team during the course of the project:
Bianca Hörsch
Jolyon Martin
Jyri Heilimo
Olli-Pekka Mattila
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)
5.
Collaborative Ground Segment Context
5.1
Operational scenarios of Sentinels
The Sentinels have distinct sensing capabilities and associated operational concepts (discussed in
more detail in Metria’s companion report this one) that form a backdrop to the technical aspects of
CGSS study discussed in this report:
■
■
■
Sentinel-1: is a radar mission with acquisitions planned over specific regions for periods of
several months, the regions selected changing regularly according to a high-level data plan
Sentinel-2: is an “always on” high-resolution optical sensor operating over land areas
Sentinel-3: is a suite of “always on” sensors for synoptic data supporting oceanographic, land
and atmospheric monitoring.
From these summaries it is clear that Sentinel-1’s campaign-based data acquisition means there is no
guaranteed continuity of coverage of any given area during the mission. This should, however, not be
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the case for Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3.
Whilst Sentinel-2 data has similarities to data currently used for land applications in Sweden, Sentinel3 data closely resembles data already used for meteorological and hydrological applications in
Sweden. Thus it should be relatively simple to integrate Sentinel data into existing Swedish activities,
given easy data access.
5.2
Sentinel data access channels
The different channels for access to Sentinel data are outlined in [RD-1] and together form the
Copernicus Space Component Ground Segment Data Access (Figure 1). The channel(s) available to
any given user depend upon their category.
Figure 1 – CSC Ground Segment Data Access (from [RD-1])
5.2.1 Copernicus Services Access
Copernicus Services have special access to Sentinel data including full on-demand access to the
archive and the ability to request emergency programming of the Sentinel satellites. This is effectively
“VIP” data access and is superior to any of the access categories. Membership of Copernicus
Services is rather exclusive and has become established through the formation of consortia over the
many years of the GMES/Copernicus programme.
5.2.2 Scientific Other/Access
1
The Scientific/other users have free and open access to a rolling archive (i.e. a few months ) of data
from the Sentinel satellites. This access is however, shared with all users of this category, spread
around the globe, who as a consequence are likely to be large in number. For this reason it is planned
that there will be some sort of (as far as we know as-yet undefined) quota management to guarantee
some level of data access to all users. Beyond the rolling archive no further access is planned for this
group (i.e. no access to archived data).
5.2.3 International Access Agreements
The International Agreements Access is in order to honour pre-existing agreements and will be
achieved via a dedicated network. The data access will be to a rolling archive which will allow the
1
2
According to verbal information, this period might be as short as two months.
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construction of mirror archives elsewhere in the world. There is no access provided to the archive of
older data held by ESA.
5.2.4 Member States Collaborative Access
The Member States’ Collaborative Access will be via the ESA Data Hub System (DHuS) through a
2
rolling archive of a few months’ data with guaranteed access for the cooperating Member States
(MSs). There will be only a limited online access to archived data, supplemented by the possibility for
requests for offline bulk delivery on a campaign basis. It is planned that the more than 20 cooperating
3
MSs will share a single line currently specified at 3 Gbps . A programmatic interface will be made
available for systematic data search & download (i.e. OpenData, later OpenSearch) while a
subscription interface may be made available at a later date.
5.2.5 Current access status
The Sentinel-1 mission has achieved in-orbit acceptance and the ground segment is now under a
ramp-up phase. Initial data is already being made available through the ESA Data Hub under the
scientific-user access mechanism (scihub.esa.int).
5.3 Preconditions for the Swedish ground segment
The ESA Data Hub System is the collection point where Sentinel data will be available for download
by Member States through the ESA Member States Collaborative Access. The idea is to offer each
Member State a single access point for Sentinel Data. Each Member State will be issued with a single
username and password with one entity in each country coordinating data access. This implies that
each of the Member States will have to implement a download scheme or harvest pattern to copy the
relevant data to a national data hub from where users access the Sentinel data. This national data
hub becomes a mirror, complete or partial, of the ESA data hub.
A national mirror site can be a full copy of the ESA data hub or just contain a geographical selection.
A national mirror can host the data forever as a long-term archive, or act as a rolling archive. It is up
to the national entity to decide how to implement the national mirror site. However, the national mirror
will be the only way for public and industry in a specific country to access free Sentinel image data, at
least in a timely manner and in large amounts.
SWEDEN
ESA
National mirror
ESA MSs
Collaborative Access
CGSS
3 GBit/s
Collaborative
Ground
Segment
Sweden
Long term archive
xx years of data
Internet
DHuS
ESA Data Hup
System
Rolling archive
a few month of data
Bulk dissemination
Figure 2 – CGSS access to the ESA DHuS
2
3
ESA has indicated verbally a preparedness to expand this to 10 Gbps as the need arises.
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France and Germany have concrete plans to harvest all data available in the Data Hub. That means
global coverage. The reason for this is to guarantee German and French public and industry users
free and open access to a global dataset.
The single shared connection to the ESA Data Hub is a limiting factor. A Swedish mirror has to
compete for resources making bulk download.
6.
Technical solutions
6.1
Background
In Spacemetric’s brief, it is stated that the report should suggest alternative technical solutions (both
software and hardware) as well as the volume/dimensional aspects of these solutions. Also, aspects
of how information could be retrieved from the database should be described. Below we discuss a
number of important themes that are relevant to this task.
6.2
Rely on user data access directly from the ESA data hub, or
download data to a Swedish hub for user data access from here?
4
Scientific as well as other users are planned to have free and open access to a rolling archive (i.e.
the last few months) of data from the Sentinel satellites. This access is however, planned to be
shared with all users of this category, in all countries. The number of users is, as a consequence,
likely to be large. For this reason, there are plans for an (as far as known yet undefined) quota
management system in order to guarantee some level of data access to all users. There is, however,
at the moment of writing no way of knowing whether or not the supply of recent imagery from ESA
hubs will be sufficient to keep up with the data requests from prospective Swedish users.
In addition to the possibilities for any individual user to download recent data (i.e. up to a few months
old), the Member States (MSs) will have a so-called Collaborative Access via the Data Hub System
(DHuS). This will be done through a separate rolling archive with guaranteed access for the
cooperating Member States. There will, however, be no immediate access to older archived data
other than via requests for offline bulk delivery on a campaign basis. Any Swedish user need or
application necessitating longer time perspectives than available in the rolling archive would therefore
require that data be requested from ESA. Alternatively, the Sentinel data would need to be
continuously downloaded at a Swedish hub to facilitate access to historic data. The simple fact that
data will be accessible means that this alternative is expected to greatly increase the likelihood of use
by Swedish users of historic data.
To sum up, if Sweden wants to ensure easy and reliable user access to the rolling archive (i.e. recent
data), it appears that the Sentinel data would need to be continuously downloaded at a Swedish hub
(“mirror site”) for easier access. Should an even higher degree of speed be deemed necessary,
downloading the data directly from the satellite, to a Swedish antenna or to an antenna of a
neighbouring country, could be a complementary solution.
As for historic data (i.e. older than the rolling archive), a Swedish hub is the only practical way to
4
This is understood to mean “free and open data access”, i.e. open to any user, regardless of
domicile.
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provide reliable access for Swedish users. This is yet another strong argument for recommending the
creation of a Swedish hub (mirror site).
6.2.1 Recommendation
Sentinel data should be continuously downloaded at a hub/mirror site, giving easy access to recent
and historic data. This hub should have a system allowing a user to find and access data. It should be
possible to do this with a minimum of previous knowledge and experience.
Furthermore, as an immediate measure, since data from Sentinel-1 is reportedly already, at the time
of writing, being loaded into the ESA hub, it is recommended that contacts be made with ESA soonest
with a view to downloading all relevant Sentinel-1 data received to date.
6.3
Is there a need for “direct delivery” of Sentinel data through receiving
stations in Sweden or in neighbouring countries?
Information from ESA points to three hours being a probable time delay from data reception to its
delivery to the ESA hub when it comes to data over Europe, i.e. all areas included in the main
Swedish area of interest. For areas outside Europe, this latency period is reported to be 24 hours. To
these delays should, however, be added the time needed for delivery from the ESA hub to Swedish
users and/or a prospective Swedish “mirror site”.
The Metria investigators has found that there are some potential Swedish Sentinel data users with
greater needs for a speedier data delivery than offered via the ESA hub. Two examples of such users
are meteorologists and emergency services users. The needs of such users would present a strong
rationale for contemplating more rapid delivery methods than offered via the ESA hub, i.e.
downloading of data directly from the Sentinel satellites. However, although the team of investigators
has been able to identify a need for speedy data delivery from the Sentinel satellites to some Swedish
users, it has been found difficult to quantify the benefits associated with a speedier delivery.
Direct downloading of data from the Sentinel satellites could increase the speed with which Swedish
users could access the data. However, according to the information made available to the team of
investigators, the potential benefit would differ somewhat between the different satellites. Sentinel-1
and 3 appear to promise a more likely “direct delivery” – for Sweden, when a Sentinel satellite passes
in the vicinity of the main station in the area (in this case Svalbard), the satellite acquires and
downloads imagery of an area encompassing Sweden and its immediate AOR (cf. the report from
Metria for a description of this area). This means that a Swedish receiving station, or a station in a
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neighbouring country, would make it possible to download imagery over the Swedish area of interest .
However, Sentinel 2, when passing Sweden and its neighbouring countries, is apparently likely to
then download recorded data mainly from other parts of the world. This decreases the likelihood of
the Sentinel 2 imagery received by a Swedish receiving station (or in a neighbouring country) actually
being over the area where the satellite passes. Also, it is perhaps important to point out that there is
probably no guarantee for the success of direct downloading - in any given situation, ESA retains
control over the satellite, and there is thus no guarantee for that a specific satellite passage will result
in a particular acquisition being downloaded. However, regardless of the differences in modus
operandi between the different Sentinel satellites, the likelihood of getting substantial amounts of data
more rapidly over the Swedish area of interest must be said to increase significantly, should the data
be downloaded directly from the satellite. It should be pointed out, however, that a choice to use direct
downloading in no way rules out data delivery from the ESA hub to a Swedish mirror site.
6.3.1
5
Recommendation
C.f. Metria’s companion report.
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Given that there is a cost, probably substantial, associated with organising downloading of data
directly from the Sentinel satellites, the team of investigators recommends that an analysis is made of
both user needs, technical modalities, and the costs associated with organising download of data
directly from the Sentinel satellites. Other aspects to be weighed in include the perceived need for
national control of the downloading process and the deemed probability of the alternative possibility to
create bilateral or multilateral co-operation agreements with data receiving stations in other countries.
The weighting of the needs of time-sensitive functions for the public good should influence the
decision whether or not to download data nationally (in addition to downloading data from the ESA
hub to a Swedish mirror site), or to seek access to near real-time data through bilateral or multilateral
co-operation agreements.
6.4
Data volume and retrieval aspects
According to the information available to the investigation team, the total volume of daily acquisitions
for the Sentinel Series A satellites (i.e. S1, 2 and 3) is c. 4 TB, or c. 1.5 PB per annum. For an area
the size of the probable Swedish Area of Interest, as the data may be downloaded twice (for systemcorrected data and probably also for some ortho data), this would translate into somewhere in the
vicinity of 50 TB per annum.
Data volumes of this size are in themselves relatively easy to handle, especially if volume-efficient
management and production methods are used, avoiding unnecessary data duplication. Also, the
costs associated with storage of data volumes of this magnitude are not excessive. This statement
would hold true even if data were to be downloaded from larger areas, such as the wohole of Europe,
or the Eurostrategic area (i.e. covered by a radius of 6000 km from Brussels). Rather, even with much
smaller datasets than these two areas would give rise to, the challenge will would be the complexity of
the retrieval. The data will consist of many images, and there will be a great need for smart sorting
and filtering. There will therefore need to be in place a system for speedy and efficient archiving and
cataloguing. There will also be a need for data processing, for instance to combine images into
composites and to produce value-added products specific to Swedish needs.
6.5
Products
In general terms, there are two principal ways of presenting the user with satellite image products:
systematic product generation on the one hand, and user-defined product generation on the other
hand.
Systematic product generation means that products are defined and created by the data producer.
There is a focus on ready-made products, and customer interaction is limited to choosing from a
smorgasbord of finished products. There is little flexibility – one size, or possibly three or four sizes,
fits all. Experienced users do not find much room for their ideas – the output is fixed, as in most webbased services.
For user-defined product generation, the focus is on customised, bespoke products. Experienced
users can use the data after their own fashion – the output model is not at all fixed, even if standard
products can be offered alongside product solutions adapted to expert users. Typically, this solution is
well suited to large data volumes, where it is sometimes better to perform processing on demand
when needed, getting the correct product back as an end result. This product generation system is,
for example, implemented in the Saccess system.
ESA’s plans for Sentinel-generated products at the moment appears to mainly emphasise
systematically generated products. The Spacemetric team, on the other hand, sees a need for
Sentinel data to be used in such a way as to cater for the needs of both the Swedish expert user and
general public. This would imply choosing the model of user-defined product generation at the
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Swedish hub, adapted to the expert user, with systematic product generation still being available for
less expert users. Such an approach would necessitate i.a. the following functionalities:
■
■
■
■
Automatic archiving of all images
Generating synthesis imagery, mosaics
Providing services and file-based products (WMS, WCS, FTP, http)
Supporting user accounts.
One advantage with the user-defined product generation approach is that there is less need to store
ready-made products that tend to duplicate the same data. Instead, the data is stored only once,
rapidly creating the bespoke products from this raw data by order when needed, keeping the costs for
archive handling and storing down.
To enable the generation of user-defined Sentinel products in Sweden, access is required to lower
level products from ESA’s Data Hub. These must include at least a pre-orthocorrected level (i.e. prior
to Level 1C in ESA nomenclature), while the optimal product level depends upon the sensors on each
Sentinel platform and the form of the final product specifications.
The CGSS should archive relevant of ESA products and also provide processing functionality for
both standard and customised Swedish products.
6.6
Reference systems
6.6.1 Background
In Spacemetric’s brief, it is stated that the report should show how national geographic reference
systems, elevation databases, and cloud masking should be applied for the data. The report should
also show which solutions are already available from other entities.
6.6.2 National geographic reference systems
For Swedish users, it is essential that any geodata products are available in “Swedish projections”
(RT 90, SWEREF99, etc.). Products from the Saccess system fulfil this requirement, and in order to
ensure data continuity, it is important that Sentinel data are available in the reference systems used
by Saccess. None of the ESA products will meet this need, so the capability to generate such
products will be necessary within the CGSS. While simple reprojection might work in some cases,
other factors make this inappropriate for much of the Sentinel data. So lower level ESA products
should typically be the starting point for Swedish products.
Along with providing support for Swedish map systems, the Sentinel products should also be
appropriately accurate within these map projections and the ESA products will not satisfy this.
Products from the Saccess system fulfill these demands, but are generated manually. For a Swedish
Collaborative Ground Segment, an equivalent capability to generate accurate Sentinel products must
be made available, but for practical and cost reasons this should be achieved with wholly automatic
methods using reference layers such as airborne imagery. This is a relevant capability for the
Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 missions a which are relatively high resolution while for Sentinel-3 a
reprojection of ESA’s products may be sufficient.
Since the ESA products for Sentinel data do not at the moment offer “Swedish projections” and are
not entirely accurate relative to Swedish geography these are further arguments for the creation of a
Swedish “hub”.
6.6.3
Elevation databases
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Reportedly, the otherwise excellent Sentinel elevation database stretches only up to the 60th parallel.
This means that there are unresolved height-related errors in the higher-level ESA products for
Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 over much of Sweden, even if they were to suit Swedish needs in all other
aspects. For this reason, for Sweden, there is a need to employ another elevation database, e.g. the
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Swedish National Height Database (Nationell höjddatabas, NH ). This would need to be incorporated
within the processing of the Swedish products for Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2. A choice of this database
would have the added advantage of the database, while not at present being available for the whole
country, being more widely used in Sweden and leading to truly consistent products.
Since the ESA products for Sentinel data do not at the moment include using a high-quality elevation
model over the whole of Sweden, this is yet another argument for the creation of a Swedish “hub”.
6.6.4 Cloud masking
For Sentinel-1’s radar the clouds are invisible, while for Sentinel-3 the clouds and atmosphere are an
integral part of the data being gathered. But for Sentinel-2, cloud cover is an inconvenience.
Information on clouds is sensed directly by specific channels on Sentinel-2, and cloud masks are
generated. And while this is an asset, the issue of cloud masking is complex.
Clouds are not discrete but rather there is a continuity of cloud types, and cloud shadows can be just
as problematic in terms of their effect on data quality. So, despite the provision of the Sentinel-2 cloud
masks, these are likely most useful only in the gross filtering of data into “more cloudy” and “less
cloudy” categories. Naturally this information should be used and available within the Swedish
Collaborative Ground Segment. But specific users will in many cases still want or need to be able to
make their own application-specific assessment of clouds in Sentinel-2 data. Such functions could
also form part of the functionality offered by the CGSS system.
6.6.5 Recommendations
“Swedish projections” (RT 90, SWEREF 99, etc.) should be supported by the Swedish collaborative
ground segment.
A Swedish elevation database should be sourced for all Swedish Sentinel products.
A process for automatic cloud masking should be provided with the CGSS system. The process
should ideally include a method for handling cloud shadows.
6.7
6.7.1 Background
In Spacemetric’s brief, it is stated that the report should show if, and, if so, how, the Saccess archive
and its functions could be expanded to include the Swedish part of the collaborative ground segment.
If such an extension should prove to not to be feasible, the report should show how the Saccess
archive and its functions could enjoy access to data from the collaborative ground segment. The
report should also show how the historic data that already is in the archive should be preserved and
made accessible for Swedish users and developers.
6.7.2 Saccess – history and role
Since 2008, a national Swedish Satellite Data Archive facility, Saccess, is providing free yearly
national coverages of image data from SPOT, IRS and Landsat to any user living in Sweden, Norway,
Finland or Denmark for any purpose.
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Formerly called NNH, Ny Nationell Höjddatabas.
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Saccess is operated by a consortium consisting of - currently - the Environmental Protection Agency,
the National Space Board, the Forest Agency, SLU, Holmen, SCA, Sveaskog, Bergvik Skog, Metria
and Spacemetric.
Saccess contains historical datasets with optical satellite data from the 1970s, 1980s, 2000 and 2005.
From 2007, Saccess is annually updated with a new nationwide dataset. The available data was
acquired during the vegetation season and with a spatial resolution of 10-30 metres. The exception is
the data from the 1970s, which has 80-metre resolution. Through Saccess, optical data with 10 to 30metre resolution is probably the type of satellite data that have the broadest operational use in
Sweden today, the Saccess database aiming at both professional users and the general public.
6.7.3 Saccess compared to CGSS
When comparing GCSS with the Saccess archive (Table 1), it is obvious that there are some
important differences. Firstly, the Saccess system aims at managing a long series of co-registered
images, whilst the main purpose of CGSS is to guarantee access for Swedish users to the Sentinel
data stream.
Secondly, Saccess is based on pre-selected, pre-processed, nearly cloud-free images available as
images or aggregated into yearly mosaic. Users can download the images or parts of the mosaics.
Saccess depends on operators for the selection of their images, their pre-processing with Ground
Control Points (GCPs) and the preparation of image mosaics. The proposed CGSS on the other hand
is a system receiving a continuous stream of images. The incoming imagery is corrected to the
Swedish reference systems through an automated process, and mosaics and composites are also
generated automatically based upon image metadata. Similarly to Saccess the user can download
images for use with processing toolboxes, or they can use completely new services for further
processing within the CGSS environment so that the downloaded data volumes are greatly reduced.
The system is fully automatic, meaning there is no need for operators in the data processing, but
rather for monitoring of the system and its performance only.
Management of user accounts in Saccess is also a manual process that includes verification of each
user’s address in the Nordic region as a consequence of the current licence conditions for use of
Saccess data. The user registration needs of CGSS are rather simpler, on account of the “free and
open data access” policy, and modest reporting requirements, so this process can also be automated.
The different licensing models of the two systems, Saccess and CGSS, make it impractical to
combine them into a single system. In such a case, all the user handling would have to conform to the
more stringent Saccess model, so CGSS would suffer a radically more complex and costly user
management regime than necessary for Sentinel data. A likely consequence would also likely be a
dampened uptake of Sentinel data. The licensing of the Saccess images could of course be
renegotiated with the IPR owner, but probably at a significant cost.
Despite the above, there is no reason why the current Saccess user conditions could not, regardless
of whether or not the Saccess archive is updated in the future or not, co-exist alongside a Swedish
mirror site for Sentinel data providing data access to all users, not only Nordic users. In practice, this
could simply be attained by presenting the Swedish Sentinel user with a link to the Saccess portal,
and vice versa.
Characteristic
Saccess
Proposed CGSS
Selection of images
Manual selection for a full coverage per
year
Constant stream of images ingested
automatically
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Characteristic
Saccess
Proposed CGSS
Swedish reference system
Manual co-registration to Swedish
reference system
Automatic co-registration to Swedish
reference system
Generation of products
Manual creation of single yearly mosaic
in several flavours
Automatic creation of images, mosaics and
multi-day composites
Access to data
Image download using FTP or http
Service-based access (e.g. WMS) and
image download using FTP or http
Support for further processing
None
Service-based processing and data
processing toolboxes
User accounts
Manual validation of user accounts
Automatic user account validation
Licensing
Strict limitations (no redistribution, only
users in the Nordic countries)
Open and free licence
Table 1 – Comparison of Saccess and CGSS primary characteristics
The Saccess archive should, at least initially, co-exist alongside a Swedish mirror site for Sentinel
data that provides data access to any user. This could be attained, for instance, by presenting the
Swedish Sentinel users with a link to the Saccess portal, and vice versa..
The Swedish part of the collaborative ground segment should be designed in such a way as to
facilitate later incorporation of the Saccess data into the ground segment, should such a possibility be
offered.
6.8
Supplementing the Swedish part of the collaborative ground
segment with other types of data
In addition to supplying the Swedish part of the Collaborative Ground Segment with Sentinel data,
other types of data could be considered for inclusion. One data source that immediately springs to
mind is Landsat 8 which has the same type of user licensing as the Sentinels. Landsat is already
known to many, and has a similar target group to that envisaged for the CGSS. However, there are
other types of data that could be useful to Swedish users from providers such as Airbus, Blackbridge
and Digital Globe.
Of course, including other types of data would not be without its own challenges. One drawback is
that this implies management of different licensing models, some requiring extensive user account
validation and classification of users. Nevertheless, it might be useful to explore the possibilities to
include data from these and other data providers to complement the free Sentinel data.
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SWEDEN
ESA
DHuS
National mirror
CGSS
ESA
Collaborative
Ground
Segment
Sweden
Internet
Landsat 8
Long time archive
x years of data
Separate licens
possible licens problem
…
Airbus
Blackbridge
DigitalGlobe
Figure 3 – Potential CGSS links to other data sources
Spacemetric recommends that in addition to Sentinel data, the CGSS considers adding Landsat 8
data, as the two sensors are complementary and to a great extent share the same user community
and have similar licensing. The benefits to Swedish users would be a single point of access for these
two important missions.
6.9
Licensing
6.9.1 Background
In Spacemetric’s brief, it is stated that the report should suggest solutions to any licensing issues that
might arise in conjunction with usage of existing imagery in the Saccess database outside of the
Nordic countries.
6.9.2 Discussion
Some licensing aspects are covered above in the chapter on Saccess. Apart from these, there are,
the team of investigators understand, some important points to be made regarding the licensing of
Sentinel data for use in the Swedish Collaborative Ground Segment. These points are discussed
below.
Sentinel data is to have “open and free access”. Nevertheless, there are some conditions for the use
of Sentinel data. The first and most important condition is perhaps unnecessary to point out, being
that there must be an agreement in place between ESA and Sweden regulating Swedish use of
Sentinel data. The Swedish National Space Board is the Swedish signatory body for the agreement
with ESA and the draft agreement is understood to be under negotiation.
7
According to indications from ESA , there is a requirement on Sweden to report on data usage. This
appears not to necessitate the registering of Sentinel data users sourcing data from the Swedish part
7
Reported verbally by ESA and said to be defined in draft Member State agreements.
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of the collaborative ground segment. Nor would there seem to be any need for validation of the users,
as in the case of Saccess, since there is no requirement on Nordic domicile. Thus, the data handling
is likely to be considerably less cumbersome, and thus considerably less expensive, than for
Saccess. Having said this, it should also be noted that the information regarding ESA’s demands for
Sentinel data usage reports are not definitive. It would therefore seem prudent to go over these issues
more thoroughly in conjunction with the negotiations with ESA. In this context, it seems apt to point
out that services accessible without the need to register as a user often tend to attract by far more
users than if user registration is needed.
ESA’s demands for Sentinel data usage reports should be clarified and analysed during the ongoing
negotiations. The possibility to find solutions needing only minimal user data should be carefully
explored.
6.10
Building blocks of the Swedish Collaborative Ground Segment
6.10.1 Introduction
If the requirement is just to secure access to Swedish users to the Sentinel data, a simple solution
can be proposed, building on a straight-forward storage solution with access to files. The Swedish
Collaborative Ground Segment, in such a case, would be no more than a one-to-one copy of the ESA
Data Hub, a simple filestore with file download using FTP or http. But the consequence of such a
system is that every user has to build their own infrastructure. The user base for such a solution
would be very limited, and the value of the system in terms of benefit to society equally minimal.
A more user-friendly approach is to offer easy access to services on top of the filestore. The raw files
can be hidden (but with the possibility of access). The user can instead focus on their applications
and on choosing the most relevant form of information selected from the hub’s offering of mapprojected images, mosaics and composites. This level of user access enables users to either
download data or, via services, to directly connect data to their applications, either from their desktops
from mobile devices or even via a machine-to-machine interface.
6.10.2 CGSS Architecture
The Swedish Collaborative Ground Segment is recommended to be built in two blocks (Figure 4). The
foundation block should have many similarities with the simple file based system described above,
with a simple file based approach. The second block building on this would be for the user services
like search and quick look browse, map and image browse, ordering and subscriptions.
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CGSS
CGSS user services
catalogue, order, subscription
WMS, WCS, http, FTP
Product 1
Product 2
CGSS long term archive
Storage of system corrected images
and metadata, reference data
200TB-800TB
Figure 4 – CGSS building blocks
6.10.3 CGSS archive
The CGSS archive would contain storage as well as functionality to harvest and ingest images and
image metadata. It would be responsible for ensuring Sentinel data is collected and stored according
to principles set up for the CGSS.
The CGSS archive would have a fixed workflow (Figure 5). Images are harvested from the ESA Data
Hub, ingested and then inserted into the catalogue and archived. This is characterised as a “datadriven” or “push” process. The process would in principle be initiated by ESA by making the image
data available in the Data Hub, from where it is fetched by the CGSS. Each “fetch” operation will
trigger a number of activities in the CGSS, for example actions specified in subscriptions. This will
become the pulse of automated activities in the CGSS.
Long term archive
Catalogue
Store metadata in a
structured form for
easy search
Data ingest
Data harvest
ESA
Collect image data
from ESA Data Hub
Collect metadata,
validate and analyze
for additional
information
Archive
Store images in an
structured form for
easy access of
pixels
Figure 5 – Long-term archive workflow
6.10.3.1
Data harvest
The basic functionality of the CGSS system is to mirror the contents of the ESA Data Hub according
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to specific rules including area of interest and product type. This is a kind of harvest functionality
where continuous requests are made to the ESA Data Hub using the ESA-supplied API. Each request
is a query of the form “are there any new image products in my area of interest?”.
The data harvest easily becomes a bottleneck, as it will be dependent on response performance in
the ESA Data Hub at the same time that other Member State systems are making similar harvest
requests and are competing for the same download bandwidth.
6.10.3.2
Data ingest
The data ingest is where the metadata of the downloaded images are analysed. The metadata is
interpreted and translated into information that can be added to the catalogue. The data ingest also
contains processing steps with the aim to analyse and add information to the catalogue where the
metadata supplied ESA is scanty or lacking. Examples of this are functionalities for improving cloud
detection and geometric accuracy.
6.10.3.3
Cataloguing and archiving
The catalogue makes it possible to search and browse images using the collated metadata. A typical
query might be “search for all images captured during the last 48 hours”. The metadata contains
specific attributes describing the images in terms of size, bands and format. It also contains geometric
and radiometric attributes making it possible to present the image pixels in a geographic presentation
on a map with accurate radiometric properties. The catalogue will range up to a few terabytes in size.
The archive is where the image pixels are stored. The archive is recommended to be based on
system-corrected images.
6.10.4 User services
The user services make the Sentinel image data available to users in a user-friendly way. They are
based on services (Figure 6). A service is easiest described as a user-driven access point. The user
defines, in the form of a request, what is needed and the system replies with an answer. It is thus
user-driven and the interaction is usually hidden in the user’s application.
In the CGSS, it is suggested to include four basic services:
■ map service
■ image service
■ metadata service
■ subscription service.
The user can interact directly with the services via applications using machine-to-machine interfaces
or via a web portal. The web portal should be an easy-to-use interface able to run without installation
on the user side.
Behind the scenes, the data served out to the users is computed using product components. For the
CGSS, three basic product functionalities are suggested; for orthoimages, for mosaic and composite/
synthesis products and for time series. The Spacemetric team also suggests using a plug-in approach
in order to make it possible for additional product functionalities to easily be deployed in the future.
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User services
Map service
Ortho products
Image service
User
Mosaic and
synthesis products
Metadata service
Time series
products
Subscription service
New products
Production service
Figure 6 – User services architecture
6.10.4.1 Map service
This service takes a request from the user containing product (image, mosaic etc), area of interest,
projection and output image format and turns it into a projected image. An example of industry
standard for this service is OGC-WMS.
6.10.4.2 Image service
This is basically the same as the map service but the returned image is in the raw system corrected
geometry, i.e. sensor geometry. There is no industry standards for this kind of service but a modified
variant of OGC-WMS can be used.
6.10.4.3 Metadata service
The metadata service is a search and discover service to enable users to search for images and
image products. The requests returns metadata.
6.10.4.4 Subscription service
The subscription service is for automation. A subscription is basically a request to notify whenever
there is a change. A change can be that there is newly ingested data covering a user specified area of
interest. A subscription can for example be used to trigger product generation or product download.
6.10.4.5 Production service
The production service is for delivery of larger datasets. When a user orders images or pieces of
mosaics the production service helps in preparing the data and makes it available for download. The
production service is a kind of file-based approach to the image and map services.
6.8.2.6 Ortho products
The ortho product functionality is responsible for making orthoimages using input from archive and
catalogue. The ortho generation is on-the-fly which means every request is computed on demand as
a response to requests from the map service. Ancillary data such as DEM, geometric models and
radiometric properties as well as coordinate system and file formats are applied on-the-fly in the
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computation. Caching is recommended to avoiding recomputation of tiles. This is a heavy process
and should enable scalability in terms of parallel processing.
6.8.2.6 Mosaic and synthesis products
Multiple images are combined into mosaics and synthesis images. This product category is serviced
out to end users using the map service. Virtualisation is recommended to enable fast publishing of
mosaics. By virtualisation we mean that products should be defined in metadata and not as pre made
products. This gives flexibility and makes it possible for end users to tailor the final product.
6.10.4.3 Time series products
A time series is a stack of images or image mosaics where the focus is changes over time. This is a
kind of product where the focus is coregistration of the images in the stack to make sure the pixels
are on top of each other. This means the image to image registration needs to be on sub-pixel level.
An image stack can be anything from a few images to hundreds of images.
6.10.4.4 New products
This is a placeholder for future products. This is enabled using a plugin approach.
6.10.5 User registration
Some form of user registration is an essential part of systems such as CGSS. In particular it facilitates
a simplified user interaction (i.e. by remembering your preferences and previous sessions), it enables
management of data licences and provides data for usage reporting.
User registration makes it possible to store preferences, subscriptions and interaction histories.
Tracking the frequency of tool usage or requests can help steer tailored user interfaces. Data licences
often put restrictions on how imagery may be used. These restrictions are tightly connected to
registered users. In this case the user accounts have to be validated.
Usage reporting is essential for keeping track of system resources and how they have been
employed. This is important if users are charged for using system resources. Reporting can also
provide information on the usage patterns of individual users. Usage reporting is a more challenging
when standards are used, such as OGC WMS, since there is usually no specification in the standards
on how to do this.
Using user registration for the purpose of managing licences makes the system more complex and
will probably involve manual interaction from an operator. An example of this is the Saccess system
where an operator has to validate every user account before it can be used in the system. In the long
run, user registration can be expanded in functionality to incorporate handling of commercial image
licences as a special case.
The success of CGSS will be dependent on whether or not user registration is required. There are
several examples where user services with a low user interest have been turned into success just by
removing requirements on registration.
A strong recommendation is to have user registration in the CGSS for the purpose of simplifying user
interaction but not for licensing or statistics. The user registration would ideally be voluntary.
6.10.6 Usage reporting
Usage reporting is the basis for statistics on system performance as well as how the system is used.
The number of potential reporting parameters are enormous. To make the system manageable they
must be kept to a reasonable number.
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Recommended archive reports:
■ Number of total images in the archive
■ Number of images ingested per month and per year
■ Number of square kilometres of images ingested per month and per year
Recommended user services reports:
■ Number of users requests per service (categorised according to success, failed)
■ Number of square kilometres accessed by the map service per resolution level
■ Number of images accessed by the image service
■ Number of subscriptions and subscription hit rate (subscriptions triggered by new images)
The status of requirements from ESA on reporting is unclear. Clarification of this must be part of the
negotiations with ESA. It is a strong recommendation to avoid any kind of reporting connected to user
accounts. In case ESA insist upon reporting of user origin this should be based on tracking of Internet
address.
6.11
6.11.1 Discussion
Operations and maintenance are essential for the day-to-day work. While relatively easy to specify in
conceptual terms, the actual volume of such activities is difficult to estimate accurately at this stage.
The proposed CGSS system is fully automatic in all its aspects. Metadata from the ingested images is
interpreted and added to a growing database to enable search and browse. Products such as multitemporal composites and mosaics are generated automatically, based on criteria such as cloud cover.
Users interacting with the system can manage products and product parameters themselves.
The high degree of automation makes it possible to limit operational and maintenance costs to a
minimum. The remaining tasks for an operator are:
A. Physical environment
■ System hardware (check for failing disks, fans, switches and servers)
■ Power infrastructure (monitor UPS and check power consumption)
■ Security (physical intrusion protection)
■ Ambient environment (monitor cooling systems)
■ Communication networks (monitor internet access, bandwidth)
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B. System environment
■ Operating system (monitor log files, monitor growth of system related files, perform
upgrades)
■ Firewalls (manage configuration, perform upgrades, monitor suspicious behaviour)
C. Application environment
■ Image data stream (monitor data flow, log files)
■ User access logs (generate statistics)
■ Image archive (monitor storage size)
■ Metadata catalogue (monitor consistency)
■ Application software (monitor log files, perform updates, interact if processes fail)
The tasks in A and B are generic and require roughly the same set of skills as for any other kind of
computer system environment. The tasks in C, on the other hand, are more specific and require
application specialists.
The tasks in A and B are very limited in work volume, while tasks in C are difficult to estimate as to
their work volume. The application tasks have a tendency to be large for the first one or two years,
after which they rapidly decrease to a much lower level.
6.11.2 Redundancy
The CGSS national mirror will hopefully become an important piece of infrastructure with many relying
services. This makes the CGSS important to protect in order to minimize downtown.
The system hardware and software can be designed with the aim of minimising the risk of system
failure and data loss. Today’s enterprise hardware has built-in redundancy to protect against
hardware failure. Disk storages are always designed with redundancy in order to handle failing disks.
But failures will occur, it just being a matter of when. A comprehensive design of the hardware will
give sufficient protection from this.
The system software is more difficult to design for a minimum of downtime. Software engineering
together with test routines will be essential.
It is suggested to use an approach with two identical mirrors working in parallel (Figure 7). This will
give the a high level of redundancy. In case there are unexpected problems in one of the mirrors, all
traffic can be diverted to the other mirror.
Another advantage is that one of the mirrors can be taken offline during system maintenance, system
testing or software upgrade. This makes the system administration much easier and thereby more
efficient. And two redundant systems could be used to give an extra performance boost in cases of
short peaks of extreme service load.
SWEDEN
National mirror 1
National mirror 2
CGSS
CGSS
Collaborative
Ground
Segment
Sweden
Collaborative
Ground
Segment
Sweden
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Figure 7 – Two mirror sites are envisaged working in parallel
6.12
Steps towards a working CGSS
6.12.1 Discussion
It is essential to define the steps towards a working CGSS. Once the satellites are up and declared
operational, they start produce large amounts of data. The produced data will be available for just a
few months in the time limited roling archives of the ESA Data Hub. When writing this, the first
Sentinel satellite S1 is already in orbit generating data. The next satellite S2 is to be launched in May
2015. More satellites will follow, one by one.
Establishing a collaborative ground segment takes time even if the technology is well known. Finally,
end users in terms of industry and authorities as well as researchers need time to prepare to be
ready. Preparations is difficult to performunless there is a running system. Therefore we suggest an
approach where the Swedish Collaborative Ground Segment is built using the available data stream
from Landsat 8. The Landsat 8 data is similar and serves the same user categories as the S2. The
extra work is very limited and the total risk estimates may be lower. In the end, this approach will be a
way of eliminating risks earlier without the need to wait for real S2 data. The system can be built using
Landsat 8 but with S2 data in mind. Of course the S1 data can be used as well but as it has different
characteristics compared to Landsat 8 and S2 it will be of limited use as a replacement for the S2
data.
The Landsat 8 data stream is suggested to be taken from the ESA Landsat 8 ground station in
Matera. This data stream is not available in the current ESA system but should be possible with minor
changes after acceptance by ESA.
The final system will be a system for the Sentinel satellites as well as Landsat 8.
It’s recommended to start build the CGSS as soon as possible. An approach where the system is built
using Landsat 8 image data stream will make it possible to have a running system available in time
and in the same time simplify for end user organisations to start integrate.
7.
Cost assessments
7.1
Background
In Spacemetric’s brief, it is stated that the report should assess the costs associated with the building,
the establishment of operations, continuous operations and maintenance of the suggested solution(s).
7.2
Scenario
The following cost assessment is based upon a simple establishment scenario involving two stages:
i.
ii.
System development and integration – duration 10-12 months
Operations, updates and maintenance – ongoing from Transfer To Operations.
7.2.1 System development and integration
The system development and integration is envisaged to take place over a period of 10-12 months.
This should follow a well-established project model, such as those used for smaller ESA data
processing system projects, and would be expected to contain the following principal activities:
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■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Project Management
Requirements Analysis
Architectural Design
Hardware & Software Procurement
System Implementation and Acceptance
Integration & Validation
Preparations for Operational Readiness and Transfer To Operations.
Given the rapid development of both technology and price levels it is suggested the initial system
should be dimensioned to fulfil the first 2-3 years of operations only.
7.2.2 Operations, updates and maintenance
With a largely automated solution, the system operations would be focused on system monitoring
and problem resolution only.
Periodic updates would encompass hardware, such as regular expansion of the available storage
and, if necessary, the processing capacity of the system. Updates would also incorporate the
development and deployment of new capabilities in the software systems.
Maintenance encompasses the deployment of regular software updates (e.g. operating systems,
application software) and bug fixes.
7.3
System cost components
An attempt at a breakdown of costs is found below.
For the archive, a typical enterprise storage system would be needed that is designed for large data
volumes. The storage is optimised for online access of all data where a mix of storage hardware is
used for optimised cost/performance ratio. It is initially dimensioned for the first 2-3 years of operation.
Expansion of the storage can be made in 100 TB steps up to and above 1 PB.
The proposed system builds on generic servers with ordinary redundancy. A total of 4-5 servers is
estimated to be enough for the system. On top of the physical server structure a virtualised
environment would be best for performance and structuring of services.
Supporting software and reference data of various kinds will be needed, such as the NH Swedish
national elevation database.
An appropriate internet infrastructure is an important factor, and risks becoming a bottleneck unless
properly attended to. One or two high speed internet connections are recommended, with a capacity
of at least 1 Gbit/s each.
The system needs a secure hosting location with a reliable power supply. Hosting is today a
commodity that is easy to acquire, but must be defined as part of the whole system concept.
System administration is the day-to-day work where the health of the system is monitored and
maintained. Monitoring can be easily automated on the hardware and is regarded as an automatic
task with very limited operator intervention. For example, a large disk system will be needed where
individual disks will fail and are regarded as consumables. The system will detect malfunctioning disks
and new ones will be ordered automatically without operator interaction. The focus for non-automated
efforts will be on changing disks.
Monitoring of services and workflows is a much more complex task. It requires very specific domain
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knowledge. A system administrator must have proper background with training on the system as well
as appropriate experience from similar systems. It is estimated that the main recurring costs of the
proposed will be on monitoring and maintenance of the services and workflows.
The customer services aid the users of the system. It is expected that most users experiencing
problems will need some kind of help. In most cases this will lead to corrections or guidance of the
end users own system. Nevertheless, this kind of customer support is essential for the acceptance
and success of this kind of system.
Product development will be an ongoing task for sometime to come as the various Sentinels come
online and user requirements develop and emerge. An initial set of products will be included in the
initial system but others will be added at a later stage. Each new product will need a proper lifecycle
defining requirements, design, development, testing, operational preparations and finally operations.
Cloud detection and atmospheric correction is included in the ESA toolboxes for the Sentinels but we
currently don’t know how well the toolboxes will suit the automated CGSS system. The cost for this is
difficult to estimate but in an optimal scenario for the supplied ESA toolbox will be sufficient which
gives no cost. A more costly scenario is if the toolbox will not give sufficient result.
Initial costs
6.6-9.6 MSEK
Hardware and hardware related costs
■ Archive storage 200 TB for the first 2-3 years (2.3 MSEK)
■ Servers (400 KSEK)
■ Internet related infrastructure (200 KSEK)
Project execution and software integration
■ Software engineering, integration and licensing (3.2-4.2 MSEK)
■ Cloud detection, atmospheric correction, mosaics and synthesis
images (0.5 - 2.5 MSEK depending on ambition)
Reference data (e.g. NH elevation database, aerial orthoimages is missing
from above cost estimates but is expected to have low impact on the total
cost.
Recurring costs
0.6-1.4 MSEK
Archive hardware
■ Upgrade of archive storage every 1-2 years by c. 100 TB (400
KSEK)
Hosting
■ Power, facilities, security (100-200 KSEK)
■ Internet (100-200 KSEK)
Miscellaneous
■ System administration (400-600 KSEK)
Customer support/customer service is not part of the cost estiate
Other suggested
functions
Product development (100-700 KSEK per product)
Marketing
Table 2 – CGSS ROM cost themes and estimates
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Sentinel Collaborative Ground Segment Sweden Final Report

Transcription

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