Course Prospectus - The Ultimate Travel Journalism Course
Transcription
Course Prospectus - The Ultimate Travel Journalism Course
The Ultimate Travel Journalism course PROSPECTUS 1 Be part of the global freelance journalism success story with the British College of Journalism Contents 2 3 Your next adventure 4 Designed with the budding travel writer in mind 5 Primar y course writer & senior tutor: Daniel Scott 6 Content from the pulse of the industr y 7 What you’ll achieve 8 Hand in hand with your tutor 8 Do you have what it takes? 8 course time frame 10 course outline 12 Your new credentials 14 Reasons why the grass is greener as a travel writer studying with the BCJ 15 Our guarantees 16 course fees 17 Star t your next adventure 18 About the British College of Journalism Your next adventure The Ultimate Travel Journalism course, provided by the British College of Journalism is your first step to becoming a successful travel writer. With over 30 years of professional experience behind our educators, you know you’re in safe hands. The Ultimate Travel Journalism course is conducted entirely online by distance learning, over your choice of 12 or 24 weeks. We offer full flexibility with deadlines, and you may take as long as two years to complete your course work. Upon completion you will receive your Diploma of Freelance Travel Journalism. This course will teach you: • How to develop story ideas that are practical for your future, current or previous travels. • How to develop these ideas into saleable pieces of work and to find out who will be interested in them. • How to market your finished material to ensure your best chance of publication. • The fundamentals of good writing (which remain consistent whatever your chosen genre). You will learn this and more from industry professionals, who do this everyday. The British College of Journalism has designed this course to ensure that you gain professional writing skills and develop the specific knowledge required to be a successful travel writer and journalist. Consider for a moment the immense satisfaction of being published. Imagine the sheer fun and excitement of seeing your first payment from writing about your travels. Better yet, picture being sent to an exotic location all expenses paid, for a travel writing assignment. This course will help you create opportunities to earn income from anywhere in the world. You can work while sitting at your kitchen table or even as you embark on your once in a life time trip. Best of all, it provides you with the opportunity to generate this income from doing something you love; travelling! Freelance journalism offers one of the few remaining opportunities for individual freedom, self-expression and financial gain. Specialising in travel also provides you with the opportunity to see the world as part of your job. At the same time it offers you the freedom to be more expressive and creative when sharing your experiences of people and places around the world, or, even your own doorstep. Are you ready for your next big adventure? 3 Finding success isn’t as difficult as you might think. The business of travel journalism is not always about award-winning writing, it’s also about competent writing. Designed with the budding travel writer in mind Every freelance travel writer was once a complete beginner. Success in travel journalism and writing is very much a matter of knowing how to go about it. This is a cutting-edge course and it is a revolution in online travel journalism training. Many highly qualified and successful travel journalists, writers and photographers have contributed to this course. You can be sure you will receive the latest information on what the industry wants and what is being accepted for publication and distribution. There may be a story waiting to be written as soon as you step out your back door. The Ultimate Travel Journalism course has been designed to develop your individual travel writing skills. At the beginning of the course you are assigned a successful travel journalist as your tutor, who will work with you as you proceed through your studies There is a big secret to becoming a successful travel writer; finding success isn’t as difficult as you might think. The business of travel journalism is not always about award-winning writing, it’s also about competent writing. Newspapers and magazines are constantly on the lookout for competent material, and your articles don’t necessarily have to be literary masterpieces. So there’s no need to feel intimidated even as a beginner. There are no rules to being a travel journalist. You don’t have to be gifted, or need any specialised skills or qualifications. All you need is the desire to succeed and the willingness to work. Your success relies almost entirely on knowing how to approach the craft of travel writing. Every quality newspaper and magazine throughout the world relies on contributions from freelance writers. However, as you’ll discover, the need for your writing skills doesn’t end here. There is a also range of other lucrative freelance work to be obtained. 4 Daniel Scott is a multiaward-winning travel writer, photographer and broadcaster. Primary course writer & senior tutor: Daniel Scott Primary course writer and senior tutor Daniel Scott, is a multi-award-winning travel writer, photographer and broadcaster with over 25 years experience as a journalist. He writes about travel for prestigious publications including The Wall Street Journal, The Daily Telegraph, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Melbourne Age and The Australian among many other outlets. On the internet, Daniel was a founding member of the prestigious Travel Intelligence website, which brought together the world’s finest travel writers, including AA Gill and William Dalrymple. He spent two years blogging about travel for one of Australia’s toprating websites, Channel Nine’s ninemsn.com.au, and also contributed daily blogs to the Australian community-based website Our Patch. Daniel also contributes to the Mail on Sunday, part of the hugely successful Daily Mail group that runs the most popular travel website in the world. His guide book credits include work for Fodor’s, Time Out and the Insight Discovery series. On radio, he has been on the BBC and the ABC and he regularly speaks on top Australian commercial stations 2GB and 2UE. Born and educated in the UK and having shared his life between Europe and Australia for the past 15 years Daniel knows what it takes to be a professional travel journalist in both continents. Having penned seven produced stage plays, two screenplays and a novel, he also brings a truly creative eye to the business of writing about travel. Among the dozens of publications Daniel has contributed to are The Times, The Guardian, The South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) and The New Zealand Herald. He has also written for the airline magazines of Continental Airlines, Qantas, Air New Zealand, Thai Airways, GB Airways, Jetstar and Virgin Australia. Daniel has so far visited 104 countries, mostly for work, the last three of which were Chile (including Christmas Island), Botswana, and the remote far-north islands of Australia. His stories cover the gamut of travel from adventure through indigenous culture to luxurious hotels, although he promises that his favourite type of accommodation is under canvas in a tent or under the stars in a swag. Daniel is the winner of the Australian Society of Travel Writers’ (ASTW) “Australian Travel Writer of the Year” award (2011), and “Best International Travel Story Under 1000 Words” (2014). As well as being an experienced and renowned travel writer and journalist, Daniel is also an accomplished teacher and trainer of up-and-coming travel writers. 5 Content from the pulse of the industry The British College of Journalism has recruited an impressive team of award-winning journalists, photographers and travel writers to contribute to this course. They will provide you with a wealth of knowledge about writing for local and international media markets. Between them, our contributors reveal all the secrets of the ultimate ‘dream job’, giving you the best chance of carving a successful career in travel journalism. SARAH BARRELL. Sarah is the London-based Associate Editor for National Geographic Traveller (UK) magazine. She is a successful travel writer who frequently writes for The Independent and Independent on Sunday, The Telegraph, The Guardian, The Scotsman and The Evening Standard. She writes for magazines including Wanderlust, Marie Claire and Telegraph Ultra Travel. Sarah has recently published a new destination cookbook, Lonely Planet : From the Source - Italy. DAVID WHITLEY. David is a UK based freelance travel writer and blogger, regularly contributing to The Guardian and National Geographic’s Traveller as well as several other papers and publications in the UK and Australia. Posts from his hugely successful blog, The Grumpy Traveller have since been published into a book, Hardly Paradise: Anti-Postcards From A Grumpy Traveller. KRIS MADDEN. Kris is an award-winning travel journalist whose work appears in many British and international print and online publications. She has also a contributor to a number of books, including Lonely Planet’s Code Green – Trips of a lifetime that won’t cost the Earth; the National Geographic Adventure Atlas of Australia; and Insight Guides. In 2012, Kris won the ATSW’s Travel Writer of the Year Trade/Industry. KERRY VAN DER JAGT. Kerry is a frequent contributor to titles such as The Sun-Herald, Get Lost, Vacations & Travel, Australian Traveller and many more. She has also won a number of international awards, including the ATSW’s Best Responsible Travel Story and Best International Story awards. ROBERT UPE. Robert was the founding co-editor and former editor of Traveller in The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald. He is currently National Travel and Tourism Writer for the Fairfax newspaper group in Australia. 6 SUSAN GOUGH HENLY. Susan is the author of the best-selling app Australia’s Best Places. She is an award-winning photojournalist and travel writer whose byline has appeared in The New York Times, The Guardian, Travel & Leisure, The Toronto Star, Wine Enthusiast, The Sun Herald and many more. MARC LLEWELLYN. Marc was the former President of the ASTW and is now a Life Member. During his 15-year career as a travel writer he has written several hundred travel articles and two travel books: Riders to the Midnight Sun, and Finding Nino: A Sea Change in Italy, that won ASTW’s Travel Book of the Year Award. Marc is a writer for the hugely popular website Skyscanner, and is the director of a copywriting and content company for online and print media. TIM RICHARDS. Tim has been a freelance travel writer since 2004. His work has appeared in newspapers, magazines and on websites around the world. As a Lonely Planet author, he has researched several editions of the publisher’s Poland and Eastern Europe guidebooks, along with trade and reference books such as Lonely Planet’s annual Best in Travel guide. JOHN BORTHWICK. John has been a full-time freelance writer/ photographer for 25 years, and has published several thousand illustrated articles in both UK and international publications, including Australia’s Weekend Australian, The Sun-Herald (Sydney) and the Sunday Herald-Sun (Melbourne). He has been named both Travel Writer and Travel Photographer of the Year in the ASTW awards on several occasions. BRIAN THACKER. Brian is an acclaimed travel author and has written nine books. These include the hilarious Rule No. 5: No Sex on the Bus, about his experiences as a guide on a tour bus in Europe. His books have been translated into several languages and sold internationally. You will have a highly marketable skill which you can use to ensure your success in writing about your travels. What you’ll achieve From the beginning of the course, you will be learning how to analyse what makes good travel pieces. You will develop your own story ideas, editing them from first draft to finished copy. Further to this you will work up to submitting them to newspapers, magazines and the many other lucrative markets for travel writing pieces. The course is structured to teach you the techniques of successful travel journalists and writers, and to get you published for your efforts. You will learn how to write and sell your work to the thousands of newspapers, magazines, websites and other businesses that have an interest in freelance travel material. Further, you’ll know how to profit from little-known but highly lucrative areas of freelance travel writing. For example, you’ll learn how to develop and write material for newsletters and publicity material. You will be able to write for PR companies and tourist organisations, or create content for new markets, such as smart phone apps. You will also learn the latest digital journalism skills, how to use social media to market yourself, and so much more. There is an insatiable demand for freelance travel material. An estimated 99% of magazines and newspapers have a regular travel section or supplement and some even rely heavily, if not exclusively, on freelance travel contributions. When you know what the craft requires, you will have a highly marketable skill that you can use to ensure your success in writing about your travels. As you’ll discover, freelance travel writing offers a unique opportunity for work independence and, at the same time, the chance to flex your creativity and indulge your passion. Travel writing is undoubtedly a lot of fun and it can also bring you widespread recognition, perhaps even fame and fortune. You don’t require a university degree or other academic qualifications. Once you complete the course you will have a highly profitable and enjoyable skill. The very nature of working as a travel journalist and writer puts you in contact with endless people of interest and can take you to some of the most amazing places around the world. There is also the quiet but undeniable pleasure of seeing your name and material in print. You’ll also discover that being a freelance writer gives you flexibility. Freelance travel writing is an adventure limited only by your own ambition and level of interest - qualities which will be further developed through the course. 7 Hand in hand with your tutor When you enrol you are assigned a travel writing professional to be your tutor. They will act as your mentor and adviser as you progress through the course. You and your tutor will work together to develop story ideas and writing approaches. Whatever your level of experience and no matter how far afield you plan to travel, your tutor will be there to guide you through the course and you will draw their wealth of knowledge and experience. The friendly College staff are also available via email to assist you further with your questions and queries. Do you have what it takes? Apart from a command of the English language and a love of the world around you, the requirements are simple and straightforward: 1. An interest in writing 2. Enthusiasm, imagination, curiosity and passion 3. The willingness to learn If you have these qualities, the British College of Journalism will provide you with the professional skills required to be a successful travel writer. You need not have any previous experience as a journalist or a travel writer. The course is specifically structured for students with no experience in the field at all. In fact the College, along with most editors and publishers, welcome writers just starting out . The world is constantly in need of new material and new talent. course time frame The Ultimate Travel Journalism course is delivered and completed entirely online, by email. There are 12 course tutorials, ten of which have assignments that you are required to complete and return to the College for your tutor’s feedback. The course tutorials are emailed over a 12 or 24 week time frame, depending on your wishes. However, there are no due dates for assignments and you may take as long as two years to complete the course. You proceed through the course at your own pace and at the times that best suit you. Simply email your assignments when you are ready. It’s our promise to work with students to successfully complete their course and obtain their Diploma. So should you experience difficulties during the course, simply contact us and we will happily assist you. 8 Success relies on knowing how to go about it... We’ll show you how. 9 course outline 1. The Ultimate Travel Journalism course. The thrill of seeing your name in print; tutorial one lays the foundation to chase that feeling. You will learn about the highlights of being a travel journalist, as well as bridging the gap from being unpublished to getting paid to travel. You will be introduced to the steps of how to break into travel writing, along with tips on setting-up a functional and productive work space and ethic. In this tutorial you will explore the British travel journalism market, as well as learning how to choose the right angle for your work. Tutorial one concludes with assignment one: critique a travel story. 2. What Makes a Travel Journalist? Tutorial two explores what it takes to be a travel journalist. You will learn to tap into your interests, as well as learning how to quickly understand a place. You will begin to think and travel like travel writer, as well as developing your practice in terms of multimedia and dialogue with locals. With a contribution from travel journalist Kerry van der Jagt, you will learn her top five tips for breaking into the industry. This tutorial ends with assignment two: creating a travel article for an audience. 3. Standing Out from the Crowd. Tutorial three is all about finding your niche. You will discover the opportunities within action and adventure travel, as well as family, food, wildlife, wine and indigenous tourism. You will also look at the opportunities in travel and trade industry magazines and websites, along with business, transport and hotel writing. This is framed by an exploration into the chains of command, publishing structures and production cycles, and how to tap into this world in the most productive ways. This tutorial ends with assignment three: developing story ideas. 4. How to Write Winning Stories (Part One). Tutorial four is back to basics of writing a winning story, where in part one of this two part series, you will learn travel writing techniques, the process of writing, and the art of editing. You will learn how to use photography within your stories, and how to use story boards to develop a winning story. This tutorial also explores international and domestic regional airline magazines, as well as other magazine demographics, content and editorial guidelines to give you a taste of what is required in your future career. This tutorial concludes with assignment four: writing a travel article. 5. How to Write Winning Stories (Part Two). In the second part of this two part series, you will review the types and traits of an article. You will learn the differences and advantages of the feature article, the profile, the ‘howto’ piece, the ‘as-told-to’ story, the review, column, blog, and other online formats. You will learn how to master short articles, as well as the postcard story and fact box. You will have an in-depth look at the hotel review and the airline flight test, and how to master these sought-after articles. Tutorial five ends with assignment five: developing a list story. 6. Writing For Travel Books and the Secrets of Online Travel Journalism. Tutorial six focuses on writing for travel books, and the secrets of online travel journalism. This tutorial features contributions from industry greats, such as Brian Thacker, Julietta Jameson, and Julie Miller, who all have made it as (or have helped make) successful travel authors. You will learn how the process of writing a book, from getting the book out, promotion, to working with a publisher. You will also learn professional tips for travel authors, as well as recommended reading to inspire your sense of adventure. There is no assignment for this tutorial. 10 7. From Guidebooks to Apps – Other Travel Writing Building on from tutorial three, you will learn of more exciting travel writing opportunities, such as writing for guidebooks and travel apps. Veteran writer Tim Richards will take you through the steps of guidebook writing, Susan Gough Henley explores travel app writing and Kris Madden presents travel trade writing. This is then followed by writing advertorial and press releases for tourism organisations and you will also be presented with a handy resource for a successful interview. Tutorial seven concludes with assignment six: developing material for guidebooks and apps. 8. Travel Photography, Video, Documentaries and Travel Shows A picture is worth a thousand words, and this will be the focus of tutorial eight. You are provided with a comprehensive introduction to travel photography, video, documentaries and travel shows, and how each of these offers new and exciting challenges in the world of travel journalism. You will learn how to compose good photographs, as well as the art of travel photography as offered by John Borthwick. You will learn about the opportunities in radio travel journalism, podcasts and travel documentaries. You will explore the small screen, in making and working on television travel documentaries and creating your own travel videos. Assignment seven rounds off tutorial eight: mastering photography. 9. Working with PR. This tutorial helps you understand the role of Public Relations (PR) within the journalism industry. You will learn how to get the best out of the PR industry, as well as other potential avenues to build your career as a freelance travel writer. You will explore the do’s and don’ts of PR, along with the etiquette of organised media visits and damage control. This tutorial concludes with assignment eight: write an approach email to PR. 10. The business of being a travel journalist. Tutorial ten explores the business end of being a travel journalist, where you will learn what sort of income you can expect as a travel writer. You will also learn practical tips on what to take on your adventures, as well as how to travel both lightly and safely. You will explore the ins and outs of making travel writing a business, and be provided with a valuable list of professional organisations to help you begin your career. 11. Marketing your work. Creating a profitable business involves marketing your work; the focus of tutorial eleven. You you will begin to learn the basics of marketing. You will learn about targeting the right media outlets, as well as thinking of yourself as a brand. This tutorial will help you explore the wealth of social media avenues to promote your brand, along with developing your professional contacts for your business. You will learn how to pitch to editors and be given a valuable step-by-step guide to pitching, as well as examples of pitch letters to set you on your way. Assignment nine rounds off this tutorial: building your portfolio. 12. What it takes to stay ahead of the game. Tutorial twelve begins with a recap of the course. Continuing on from tutorial eleven, this tutorial offers more practical information on the art of communication and keeping editors and content managers happy. You will be given advice on which assignments to take and which ones to let go, along with staying fresh and making the most of opportunities within the industry. And finally, contributor Brian Johnston offers some timely words on staying ahead of the game. Tutorial twelve concludes with your final assignment for the course: a total travel feature. *course contents may vary from time to time at the discretion of the British College of Journalism. 11 Your new credentials YOUR DIPLOMA The Diploma of Freelance Travel Journalism is awarded to successful graduates of this course. Your diploma officially recognises your qualifications as a travel writer and your successful completion of this course. The practical knowledge and experience you will have acquired throughout this course is also of enormous importance. At the end of your course, you will have acquired a level of skill where you can take on any freelance assignment you choose. 12 MEDIA PASS Upon completion, you are automatically accredited with our parent organisation, International News Syndicate (INS). This accreditation places you on our register of freelance writers. In addition, you can apply to receive the INS ‘Media Pass’. You may find this pass can open many doors for you. It clearly states your credentials as a qualified travel writer and can prove to be a useful and important form of identification. Your pass is free. Travel writing is an adventure limited only by your own ambition and interest. 13 Reasons why the grass is greener as a travel writer studying with the BCJ 1. At the outset, you receive the benefit of literally hundreds of years of knowledge and experience from current industry professionals. Their inside secrets will immediately place you years ahead of any other new writer. 2. At the successful completion of your course, you are entitled to accreditation with our parent company, International News Syndicate. 3. Once you complete the course, you can earn money doing what you love by being involved in the travel industry. Editors are hungry for competent material to fill their pages and will pay for it. This course shows you how to go about helping to fill this need. 4. You will learn the fundamentals of good writing, and how to apply them in both print, and digital mediums. 5. You’ll find the course loads of fun. Still apprehensive? Here are some other reasons to consider taking the exciting step of becoming a freelance travel writer: 14 • YOUR PASSION: if you have a deep interest in travel, why not turn this into profit? You can indulge your passion and get paid for doing what you enjoy, so why not? • SELF-ESTEEM: as a travel journalist and writer, you’ll discover you enjoy a special standing within the community. People are interested in what you do and wish they knew how to do it themselves. • INDEPENDENCE: you can work for yourself, you can usually determine your own working schedule and you can also choose the type of work that most interests you. • PROFIT: freelance travel writers can be very well paid. At the same time, their trips will often be funded, their overheads are minuscule and they can work from anywhere in the world. All you need is the desire to succeed. And, success relies on knowing how to go about it. Our guarantees Our first guarantee is simple and straightforward. Based off the information gained from the Tutor Information questions, we do not accept students in this course unless we have a reasonable expectation that they are capable of obtaining their diploma. However, if at the end of the course the Examining Board feels the diploma should be withheld, the course will be extended at no cost. If, after a further period of tuition determined by your tutor, you have still not reached a stage where the College will award your diploma, your course fees will be refunded in full*. We are also proud to offer you these other guarantees: • 7-day refund period. You may examine the first tutorial for seven days to ensure the course is for you. If you decide for any reason not to proceed within this period, simply email the College and we will provide you with a full refund of any fees paid • We guarantee we’ll work with you to get your work published. If you are serious about seeing your work in the public domain; we’re serious about assisting you to achieve success. • We’ll also continue working with you until you see your first payment. Certainly, you can expect to be well on the way towards being published by the end of this course but we’ll also continue to work with you until you receive your first payment, even if it takes a year! In constructing this course, the British College of Journalism has created one of the few opportunities for those not currently involved in the travel writing industry to achieve success with a range of opportunities at their fingertips. This course takes you through every aspect of the profession - from developing story ideas and turning them into the finished product, through to the business of selling what you have created. Remember, you need no specialised skill or qualification to become a successful freelancer. All you need is the desire to succeed and success relies on knowing how to go about it. We’ll show you how! *Please refer to the enrolment terms & conditions. 15 course fees The British College of Journalism is an affordable and accessible way to pursue your travel writing career. With flexible payment options and course guarantees, this course allows you to study with ease and peace of mind. Because the course is provided entirely online, you can study from anywhere in the world. The total investment of this course is £410.00 We offer a generous discount if paid in full. Discover the payment options below. For your assurance, we offer a 7-day refund period. This allows you to examine the first tutorial for seven days to determine if the course is for you. If you decide for any reason not to proceed within this period, notify the College by email and the you will be provided with a full refund of any fees paid. FULL PAYMENT OPTION £395 course investment paid in full. Normally £410 - £15 off the original price. BASIC PAYMENT PLAN - SPLIT OVER 2 PAYMENTS £150 deposit to reserve your position in the course. £260 seven working days after the commencement of the course. 3 MONTH PAYMENT PLAN £110 deposit to secure your position in the course. £100.00 per month for three months. 4 MONTH EASY PAYMENT PLAN £110 deposit to secure your position in the course. £75.00 per month for four months. 6 MONTH SUPER EASY PAYMENT PLAN £110 deposit to secure your position in the course. £50.00 per month for six months. We accept MasterCard and Visa (both credit and debit cards). If you would like to discuss an alternative payment plan, please email the College at [email protected] 16 Start your next adventure Positions are strictly limited and fill quickly. Secure your position today. Simply click the ‘enrol now’ button below to let your ideas write your future. Please ensure you also complete the ‘Tutor Information’ section of your application. This allows the College to assess your application more quickly and also provides us with valuable background information about yourself and what you want to achieve. Your course material will be emailed to you weekly or fortnightly depending on your choice, at time of enrolment. You can change the delivery pace of the course at any time, and a fully flexible time frame means there are no due dates so you set your own pace. You may take as long as two years to complete all course work. Tutorials are sent in a simple PDF format. As the course progresses, we will forward your assignments to your personal tutor. Your tutor will provide a comprehensive response to your assignment material within three to five working days (sooner, where possible). Start your next adventure. 17 About the British College of Journalism The British College of Journalism is a division of International News Syndicate Limited. Our directors and principals have been involved in all aspects of media work for some 30 years. We are an international media-training company with students in more than 80 countries and territories. The principles of freelance journalism are similar the world over, however our course has been individually revised and designed to suit the needs of students living and working in the United Kingdom. Your Diploma of Freelance Travel Journalism and your International News Syndicate Media Pass are posted to you when you successfully complete your course. Through online course delivery and email communication, the College is able to assist you every step of the way. The College also offers The Professional Freelance Journalism Course. To find out more, visit our Professional Freelance Journalism Course website, click here. The Ultimate Travel Journalism course is designed as a structured training program. International News Syndicate Limited Registered and incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. (Est.1994). Registered address: 2503 Bank of America Tower, 12 Harcourt Road, Central. Hong Kong Our administration offices are located: British College of Journalism International News Syndicate 7200 The Quorom, Oxford Business Park Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2JZ United Kingdom [email protected] www.britishcollegeofjournalism.com 607 Eastpoint Tower 180 Ocean Street Edgecliff, NSW, 2027 Australia www.internationalnewssyndicate.com Director Jan Morris Primary course Writer Daniel Scott Senior course Tutor Daniel Scott Our sister Colleges include: The British College of Interior Design www.britishcollegeofinteriordesign.com The British College of Professional Styling www.britishcollegeofprofessionalstyling.com Copyright. 2016. All course material and material contained herein is subject to international copyright under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and under United States Copyright Law and United Kingdom Copyright Law. 18