Minimum Personal Pilot Checklist – LCM Sekcija ULN

Transcription

Minimum Personal Pilot Checklist
Aviate–Navigate–Communicate
SEKCIJA ULTRALAHKEGA LETENJA
Aviate – Navigate – Communicate
Doma :
1) Letalska knjižica, licenca, zdravniško spričevalo
2) Veljavna VFR karta
3) Navigacijski načrt:







pazi na višine – preveri celo ruto in si označi najvišje točke
Izmeri si dolžino in čas letenja med posameznimi točkami (hitrost = 100kt)
preračun porabe goriva na ruti + rezerva
preveri in izpiši si frekvence ki jih boš potreboval na ruti
določi si vstopne in izstopne točke iz CTR-jev in FIR točke za izhode in vhode v državo
pripravi si karto odletnega in priletnega letališča
NEPREDVIDENI POSTANKI - vkjuči v svoj časovni plan možnost nepredvidenih
postankov. Pripravi si B in C varianto leta glede na napovedano vreme !
4) Slušalke
5) Plastenka za vodo
6) Set z nujnim orodjem
7) Kapa, sončna očala
8) Ura, pisalo na vrvici
9) Mobitel – napolnjen !
10) GPS, EFB (tujina)
11) Denar, EuroCard ( tujina )
Pred odhodom do hangarja :
1) Seznani vodjo letenja z nameni
2) Vpisi se v plan letenja + izpolni papirnati nalog za letneje (v primeru da
zapustiš CTR LJMB oz. na maršruti) !!!
3) Preveri veljavne NOTAM-e na ruti
4) Preglej trenutno METEO situacije na planirani ruti
METAR, TAF, GAFOR, ARSO, www.meteo.si, www.sat24.com
5) Zapiši si trenutni veter na predvideni ruti v navigacijski načrt !
6) Preglej knjižico letala
7) Najavi let na ARO
8) Napolni plastenko z vodo
Letalski Center Maribor – UL sekcija
Vse informacije so informativne narave! Uporabljate jih izključno na lastno odgovornost !
Piloti so dolžni pred vsako izvedbo poleta preveriti in pridobiti trenutno veljavne podatke iz uradnih
javno dostopnih virov.
Stran 1/11
Verzija Julij 2012
Pred letenjem :
1) Pripravi in preglej letalo v skladu z navodili o uporabi letala !
2) Preveri če so v letalu vsi potrebni dokumenti (Spričevalo o plovnosti, vpis v
register, ARC, spričevalo o hrupu in dovoljenje za uporabo radijske postaje. Zavarovalna
polica ni nujna, je pa dobrodošla, ker nekateri ponekod menijo, da mora biti)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Preveri olje (obvezno zavrti propeler da se motor odzrači !!!)
Preveri gorivo (upoštevaj vsaj 45min rezervo)!
Podpiši knjižico letala !
Pripravi in namesti karte, navigacijski načrt, opremo (slušalke, mobitel, očala,
GPS, knee-board)
7) Pospravi vse ostalo v prostor za prtljago
8) Natančno izvedi check-listo letala – odločitev GO - NO GO !
Izvedba leta :
1. Upoštevaj pravilo - Aviate – Navigate – Communicate !
2. Upoštevaj VFR PRAVILA ! Pravila veljajo in so napisana z jasnim namenom
za zagotavljanje varnosti letenja vseh udeležencev v zraku!
3. 4 koraki za pravilno in pravočano ukrepanje - Misli naprej – z glavo
bodi vedno 5min pred letalom :
1)PREDVIDEVAJ – 2)PREPOZNAJ – 3)UKREPAJ – 4)PREVERI UKREP
4. Če česar nisi razumel v komunikaciji s kontrolo letenja– zahtevaj ponovitev!
5. Ne boj se prositi ATC za pomoč – zato so tam! Prosi za pomoč takoj, ko
ugotoviš, da jo rabiš, ne šele, ko je že pozno ali prepozno!
6. Nihče ni imun na napake - lahko se zgodi tudi tebi - zato raje 2x preveri !!!
7. Ne zganjaj frajerja ali mačota z letalom in v letalu.
8. Upoštevaj pravilo - visoko&počasi ali nizko&hitro.
9. Kadar se vidljivost oz. vreme poslabšata reagiraj hitro, NE ČAKAJ, saj se
lahko vreme kvari še hitreje!
10. V vsakem primeru ostani v VMC, ne glede na FLP ali karkoli drugega!
11. Če izgubiš VMC pogoje, obrni v nasprotni kurs za 180°, zadrži
horizontalni let dokler ne prideš nazaj v VMC.
12. Sporoči kontroli, da si v slabem vremenu in bi rad izvedel pristanek zaradi
varnosti (“safety landing”) in zaprosi kontrolo letenja za pomoč in nasvet.
Stran 2/11
Verzija Julij 2012
Po letenju :
1. Preveri gorivo! Če je v rezervoarjih manj kot ½ goriva obvezno dotoči !
2. Preveri da so izključeni vsi el.porabniki, MAGNETI OFF, gorivo
zaprto, ključi letala in črpalke pa na svojem mestu.
Pospravi vse osebne stvari in osebno opremo iz letala.
3. Obvezno očisti letalo zunaj in znotraj.
Za čiščenje zunanjih površin letala uporabljaj čisto vodo ali vodo z
dodatkom blagih tekočih detergentov. Za čiščenje prozornih površin vedno
uporabljajte le čisto vodo. Vodo in/ali čistilno raztopino nanašaj z mehko krpo
ali gobo. Prepričaj se da krpa ali goba nista MASTNI. Vse površine temeljito
izperi in obvezno obriši z mehko krpo do suhega !!!
Vsa potrebna oprema, čistila in orodje so v omari UL sekcije v
hangarju.
4. Zaščiti propeler, pilotovo cev in namesti prevleko za kabino!
5. Zakleni letalo in ključe letala pospravi v torbico !
6. Pospravi letalo v hangar, ne puščaj letala na soncu !
7. Zaključi knjigo letala in vpiši kronometražo v računalnik.
8. Po potrebi obvesti Upravnika o stanju letala in opažanjih med letom
Stran 3/11
Verzija Julij 2012
Nujne VFR frekvence
EMERGENCY
121.500 MHZ
VFR general
LJ INFORMATION (FIS Ljubljana)
123.50
118.475
LJLJ TOWER/APP
118.000 / 135.275 MHZ
118.750 / 136.000 MHZ
(EN) (SLO) H24
(EN) (SLO) 0700 – 1600 (0500 - 1900)*
(EN) (SLO) H24
(Tel: +386 4 5951 447)
LJPZ TOWER/APP
124.875 MHz
(EN) (SLO)
MON - SUN: 0700 – 1500 (0630 - 1800)*
( Tel : +386 5 6175 500 )
LJMB TOWER / APP
119.20 (Tel: +386 2 62 91 169 )
134.30
(EN) (SLO)
MON - SUN: 0700 - 1900 (0600 - 1800)*
LCM klubska frekvenca
ATIS LJLJ
WIEN INFORMATION
WIEN RADAR
122.50 (v primeru ko LJMB TWR ne dela)
128.175
112.70
GRAZ RADAR
GRAZ ATIS
KLAGENFURT ATIS
124.40 MHZ
132.885 MHZ
132.600 MHZ, 128.700 MHZ
119.30 MHZ
126.125 MHZ
126.325 MHZ, 122.275 (local)
ZAGREB INFORMATION
135.050 MHZ
ATIS ZAGREB
124.375 MHZ
ZAGREB RADAR
120.70 MHZ
RIJEKA
119.00 MHZ
(EN) H24
(EN) H24
H24
(EN) H24
Če na posamezni frekvenci v SLO ne dobiš odgovora kontaktiraj:
LJ INFO : 118.475 MHZ
APP LJUBLJANA : 135.275 MHZ, 136.000 MHZ
Stran 4/11
Verzija Julij 2012
Nujne transponder (squawk) code
VFR General EU: 7000
Emergency code: 7500: Ugrabitev
Emergency code: 7600: Okvara radijske zveze
Emergency code: 7700: Splošna nevarnost – letalo v sili
Nujne telefonske številke
ARO LJUBLJANA (H24)
+386 (0)4 5951 430/431
ARO MARIBOR
+386 (0)2 6291 169
ARO PORTOROŽ
+386 (0)5 6175 500
LCM – Upravnik
LCM - inštruktor
+386 41 757 331
Policija
Splošna nujna številka (EU)
Nujne številke v tujini:
113
112
Austria
Madžarska
Hrvaška
Italia
Emergency 112
Ambulance: 144
Police: 133
Emergency call centre: 112
Ambulance: 104
Police: 107
Emergency call centre: 112
Ambulance: 94
Police: 92
(when calling from abroad or by mobile phone,
call +385 1 987)
Carabinieri's service 112
Emergency Police Help 113
Domači telefoni:
(vpiši domače številke)
Stran 5/11
Verzija Julij 2012
LETALIŠČA SLO
Opis
Letališče Maribor
Oznaka
Call SIGN
ICAO
ID
LJMB
Maribor APP
Letališče Portorož
LJLJ
LJPZ
RWY
Dimensions Elevation
of RWY
( m / ft )
14 / 32 ASPH
2500x45
267m / 876ft
14 / 32 Grass
1200x60
12 / 30 ASPH
3300x45
Open hours ( * summer)
ARO
LJ-INFO
LCM
122.50
Ljubljana APP
135.275
136.000
Ljubljana TWR
Ljubljana GND
118.000
118.750
121.625
LJ-INFO
118.475
Portoroz APP
124.875
Portoroz TWR
124.875
LJ-INFO
118.475
Ljubljana APP
05 / 23 Grass
1400x50
169m / 555ft
MON-SUN: 0700 - 1700
+386 (7) 33 22 222
15 / 33 ASPH
1200x30
MON - SUN: 0700 - 1900
(0600 - 1800)*
Tel:+386 2 6291 169
Fax:+386 2 6292 749
388m / 1273ft
2m / 6.5ft
GAC – General Aviation
Centre
MON - FRI: 0500 - 1900
(0400 - 2000)*
SAT, SUN and Holidays:
0700 - 1900 (0600 1800)*
tel: +386 4 2061 492;
MON-SUN: 0700 - 1500,
(0630 - 1800)*
Tel+386 4 2804
500
Fax: +386 4 2023 851
Fax: +386 4 2804
518
Tel:+386 5 6175 500
Tel:+386 5 6179
120
Fax:+386 5 6179
124
Fax:+386 5 6722 520
Letališče Novo
Mesto
LJNM
Novo Mesto
Letališče Celje
LJCL
Celje
128.80
11 / 29 Grass
900x100
244m / 801ft
MON-SUN: 0700 - 1700
+386 3 547 2030
Letališče Ptuj
LJPT
Ptuj
122.50
11 / 29 Grass
2300x100
214m / 701ft
MON-SUN: 0700 - 1700
+386(0) 2 74 08 302
Stran 6/11
Verzija Julij 2012
Tel:+386 2 6296
871
Fax:+386 2 6296
873
tel: +386 4 2061 609
135.275,
136.000
123.50
METEO
PHONE
119.20
134.30
119.20
134.30
118.475
Maribor TWR
Letališče Jožeta
Pučnika – Brnik
Frekvence
Letališče Murska
Sobota
Letališče Slovenj
Gradec
LJMS
LJSG
Sobota
Slovenj Gradec
123.50
123.50
09 / 27 Grass
1200x80
01 / 19 Grass
900x55
14 / 32 ASPH
1200x23
14 / 32 Grass
1200x40
184m / 604ft
MON-SUN: 0700 - 1700
+386 2 523-10-80
500m / 1640ft
MON-SUN: 0700 - 1700
+386 (2) 88 53 630
Letališče Šoštanj
LJSO
Šoštanj
128.30
15 / 33 ASPH
700x18
380m / 1247ft
Letališče Lesce
LJBL
Lesce
123.50
14 / 32 ASPH
1130x23
504m / 1657ft
Letališče Postojna
LJPO
Postojna
123.50
02 / 20 Grass
750x60
530m / 1738ft
Tel: +386 5 7264 151
Letališče Divača
LJDI
Divača
123.50
13 / 31 ASPH
800x18
431m / 1414ft
Tel: +386 41 262 726
12 / 30 Grass
800x40
07 / 25 Grass
900x40
Letališče Bovec
LJBO
Bovec
123.50
+386 041/470-340
MON-SUN: 0700 - 1700
Tel: +386 4 53 20 100
Fax:+386 1 5198 784
434m / 1424ft
+386 41 798 422
+386 41 604 854
Letališče
Ajdovščina
Letališče Cerklje
LJAJ
Ajdovščina
123.50
09 / 27 Grass
1200x60
LJCE
Cerklje
127.750
118.550
09 / 27 ASPH
09 / 27 Grass
1200x45
1200x30
131.475
Izven delovanja
AD
117m / 384ft
Tel: +386 5 7264 151
Vojaško letališče , nujno
preveri NOTAM-e
156m / 504ft
Stran 7/11
Verzija Julij 2012
VZLETIŠČA SLO
Opis
Oznaka
Call SIGN
ICAO
ID
Vzletišče Zagorje
Ruardi
Frekvence
RWY
Dimensions Elevation
of RWY
( m / ft )
Open hours ( * summer)
ARO
PHONE
Zagorje
123.50
04 / 22 Grass
450x20
332m / 1090ft
Loče
123.50
126.60
16 / 34 Grass
800x60
274m / 899ft
03 759 20 30
Vzletišče Libeliče
Libeliče
123.50
04 / 22 Grass
350+300x18
440m / 1444ft
041 469 545
Mihalovec Dobova
Dobova
123.50
15 / 33 Grass
450x20
142m / 466 ft
+386 41 478525
Imeno
Imeno
123.50
01 / 19 Grass
650x50
189m / 620 ft
Bližina državne meje !!!
Nazarje –
Zg.Pobrežje
Nazarje
123.50
09 / 27 Grass
370x30
372m / 1220 ft
O41/624 771 – g. Stanko
Kopušar
Veržej
Veržej
123.50
04 / 22 Grass
1000x30
179m / 578 ft
V smeri 04 pazi na
daljnovod !
Priložje
Priložje
123.50
04 / 22 Grass
520x30
168m / 551 ft
Šolski krog je vedno
severozahodni¸. Nikoli ne
preleti reke Kolpe !!!
Šentvid
Šentvid
123.50
14 / 32 Grass
560x30
314m / 1030 ft
Vzletišče se nahaja v TMA
Ljubljana! Preveri NOTAM!
Mostje – Lendava
Lendava
123.50
14 / 32 Grass
450x30
161m / 528 ft
Cerkvenjak
Cerkvenjak
123.50
16 / 32 Grass
700x15m
227m / 745 ft
Vzletišče
Sl.Konjice - LOČE
LJSK
Obvezna najava na
mobitel !!!
Stran 8/11
Verzija Julij 2012
041-341-464
METEO
VFR SLO GAFOR
Vir: VFR pomočnik 31MAY2012.pdf http://www.sloveniacontrol.si/informacije/vfr‐pomocnik_2
Stran 9/11
Verzija Julij 2012
AVTOMATSKE METEOROLOŠKE POSTAJE - ODZIVNIKI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Ambrož pod Krvavcem (AS 85)
Donacka gora pri Rogatcu (AS 94)
Gajševsko jezero pri Ljutomeru (AS 46)
Kobala pri Tolminu (AS 101)
Kobariški Stol nad Breginjem (AS 76)
Konjiška gora pri Slovenskih Konjicah (AS 91)
Kope nad Slovenj Gradcem (AS 38)
Kovk nad Ajdovščino (AS 142)
Krim nad Ljubljanskim barjem (AS 146)
Kriška gora nad Tržicem (AS 83)
Kuk pri Livku nad Kobaridom (AS 99)
Lisca nad Sevnico (AS 133)
Malic nad Laškim (AS 112)
Mariborsko Pohorje (AS 41)
Mrzlica nad Trbovljami (AS 111)
Porezen nad Cerknim (AS 102)
Ratitovec nad Sorico (AS 103)
Ravna gora pri Halozah - Hrvaška (AS 96)
Slivnica nad Cerknico (AS 165)
Srednji vrh nad Ilirsko Bistrico(AS 198)
Uršlja gora (Plešivec) nad Slovenj Gradcem (AS 62)
Vogel nad Bohinjem (AS 79)
Žužem
031 712 318
031 712 309
031 787 795
041 646 319
041 646 324
031 558 334
041 646 318
031 599 306
031 411 480
051 215 914
031 704 901
031 704 903
031 704 906
031 712 308
031 428 911
041 646 342
031 712 306
00385 917 660 879
031 787 798
031 704 908
041 646 344
041 684 202
031 264 955
Vir: http://www.sffa.org/index.php/meteo‐postaje Letalski Center Maribor – UL sekcija
Stran 10/11
Verzija Julij 2012
Pretvorbe enot
1 NM
1 km
1m
1 ft
1 ft/s
1 Knot (NM/h)
1 NM
1 SM
1 m/s
1 km/h
Celzija
Fahrenheit
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.852 km
0.54 NM
3.281 ft
0.3048m
0.3048 m/s
1.852 km/h
1.151 SM
0.87 NM
=
3,6 km/h
=
0.278 m/s
Fahrenheit Tc = (5/9)*(Tf-32)
Celzija
Tf = (9/5)*Tc+32
Na karti :
1 : 500.000
1 cm = 5 km / 2.7NM
1 : 250.000
1 cm= 2.5km / 1.35NM
1 min (90 KT)= 5.5mm
1 min (100 KT)= 6.17mm
1 min (90 KT)= 11.11mm
1 min (100 KT)= 12.35mm
5 min (90 KT)=
5 min ( 100 KT)=
5 min (90 KT)=
5 min ( 100 KT)=
27.8mm
30.9mm
55.6mm
61.7mm
TAS – IAS = Increase your indicated airspeed (IAS) by 2% per thousand feet of altitude to obtain the true airspeed (TAS).
Cu Baza (m)= (T-Tdew)*123
Stran 11/11
Verzija Julij 2012
STRAN JE NAMENOMA PRAZNA www.lcm.si EKSPLOATACIJA LETALA
»VIRUS 912«
Kandidat : ___________________________________
1. MOTOR
Moč motorja: 80 KM
Max. obrati / priporočeni obrati:
Kapaciteta rezervoarjev: 60 litrov
5800 / 5500 RPM
Neuporabno gorivo v rezervoarjih:
Min. pritisk olja: 0,2 bar CHT normalna: 110
3 litre
EGT normalna: 650 - 800
2. HITROSTI IN VIŠINE
Hitrost najboljšega planiranja: 59 Knt
Maneverska hitrost pri polni teži 73 Knt
Hitrost najboljšega vzpenjanja: 70 Knt
Max. Hitrost z II. Stopnjo flapov 59 Knt
Najboljši kot vzpenjanja pri 48 Knt
Max. hitrost bočne komp. Vetra: 15 kts
Višina, nad katero moramo upoštevati omejitev hitrosti glede na TAS? 3000 ft
Minim. Hitrost z izvleč. Flapi (II.stop.): 34 Knt
Max. hitrost: 130 Knt
Minim. Hitrost (brez flapov): 39 Knt
Max. dviganje:
Max. hitrost za izvlačenje zrač. zavor: 86 Knt
Max. finesa:
6,2 m/s
24
3. OPREMA ZA LETENJE IN POGOJI
Minimalna oprema potrebna za letenje: brzinomer, višinomer, kompas, obratomer
Poraba goriva:
10 litrov / uro
Vrsta goriva: 95 okt.
Dolžina vzletne steze (500 metrov QNH): 120 m
Pod kakšnimi pogoji lahko leti UL Virus 912?
Dnevno VFR letenje
Datum: _________________________
Opravil :
Pregledal:
DA
NE
EKSPLOATACIJA LETALA
»TL 2000 STING«
1. MOTOR
Moč motorja: 100 KM
Temperatura olja:
Max. obrati v zraku/na zemlji: 5800 / 5500 RPM
– max: 130 ºC
min 50ºC
Temp. glav cilindrov (CHT): min: 80 ºC
- max: 150 ºC
2. GORIVO
Vrsta goriva: 95 okt Kapaciteta rezervoarja: 110 l, od tega neuporabno gorivo: 3 l
Poraba goriva v horiz. letu pribl.: 18 litrov / uro
3. HITROSTI IN ZMOGLJIVOSTI
Min. hitrost brez flapov: 45 kts
Min. hitrost z 2. Stopnjo flapov: 34 kts
Max. hitrost: 165 kts
Max. hitrost v turbulentni atmosferi: 119 kts
Max. hitrost s I. stopnjo flapov: 75 kts
Max. Hitrost z II. stopnjo flapov 65 kts
Max. hitrost bočne komp. vetra: 6 kts
Hitrost vzpenjanja po poletanju: 65 kts
Hitrost v finalu: s 1.stopnjo flapov: 65 kts, z 2. stopnjo flapov: 55 kts
Najboljša finesa: 1 : 15
Hitrost najboljše finese: 70 kts
4. TEŽA
Max. skupna teža letala: 475 kg
Min. teža posadke: 70 kg
Max. obremenitev enega sedeža: 110 kg
5. OPREMA ZA LETENJE IN POGOJI
Minimalna oprema potrebna za letenje:
brzinomer, višinomer, obratomer, kompas
SPLOŠNI PRISILNI POSTOPKI
ZA ULTRALAHKA LETALA
Jurčičeva 8I, 2000 Maribor
Športno društvo
1.)
Prevlečen let – postopek izravnavanja!
- zmanjšati vpadni kot s potiskom kontrolne palice naprej
- dodati polno moč motorja
- vzpostaviti horizontalni let
2.)
Izravnavanje letala iz kovita (zvrt, vrij)!
- Odvzemite popolnoma moč motorja.
- Zaustavite vrtenje z nasprotnim pedalom.
- Palico popustite naravnost naprej (ne je potisniti).
- Ko se vrtenje ustavi, postavite pedala v nevtralni položaj.
- Izravnati v vodoravni let.
3.)
Odpoved motorja na poletanju!
- Zagotoviti hitrost (palica naprej)
- pristajati v osi steze ob izogibanju morebitnim oviram.
- zapreti ventile dotoka goriva.
- Kontakt ključ na pozicijo “OFF”.
- zavijamo max. 45 stopinj levo ali desno
4.)
Odpoved motorja na varni višini!
- zagotovite hitrost plovilu.
- izberite najboljši teren za pristajanje.
Če imate dovolj višine preverite:
- kontakt ključavnica v položaju II.
- stikali magnetov v položaju ON.
- nivo goriva.
- ventili dovodov goriva odprti.
- poskusimo ponovno zagnati motor.
- če motor še vedno ne deluje izvedemo izvenletališki pristanek
5.)
Izvenletališki pristanek!
- Zaprite dovode goriva
- Ključ v kontaktni ključavnici zavrtite v pozicijo OFF
- Previdno pristanite in pri tem vzdržujte parametre hitrosti
- Po pristanku zapustite letalo
6.)
Požar motorja na zemlji!
- Zapreti oba ventila dovodov goriva
- Zavreti letalo in dodati poln plin motorja
- Odklopiti akumulator iz tokokroga (potegniti obroček pri stikalih na inst. plošči)
- Kontakt ključ v poziciji “OFF” takoj po zaustavitvi motorja
- Zapustiti letalo in začeti z gašenjem
7.) Požar motorja med letom!
- zapreti dovod goriva in izključiti magnete
- dodati poln plin
- Odklopiti akumulator iz tokokroga (potegniti obroček pri stikalih na inst. plošči)
- ventilacija zaprta
- bočno drsenje stran od ognja
- pripraviti se za izvenletališki pristanek
8.)
Dim v kabini!
- ključ glavnega stikala na srednjo pozicijo
- odklopiti akumulator iz tokokroga (potegniti obroček pri stikalih na inst. plošči)
- čimprej pristati.
V primeru, da je dihanje oteženo in vidijivost iz kabine zelo poslabšana zaradi
dima, odprite vrata kabine in jih pustite naj valovijo v zračnem toku.
9.)
Zaledenitev vplinjačev!
- zmanjšamo višino
- izvedemo postopek izvenletališkega pristanka.
10.) Pomen kod transponderja – 7500, 7600 in 7700!
7500 – Ugrabitev
7600 – Odpoved radijske postaje
7700 – Letalo v sili
11.) Odpoved radijske postaje izven CTR!
Ne vstopamo v CTR, temveč izvedemo pristanek na drugem letališču.
VIRUS 912
14 VIRUS
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Limitations
www.pipistrel.si
Introduction
This chapter provides information about operational restrictions, instrument markings and basic
knowledge on safe operation of aircraft, engine and on-board appliances.
Operational velocities
Speed limits
Velocity
TAS
[km/h (kts)]
Vmax
Maximum permitted
horizontal speed
240 (130)
VNE
Velocity never to be
exceeded
249 (134)
VRA
Maximum safe velocity
in rough air
141 (76)
VA
Manoeuvering velocity
141 (76)
VFE
Max. velocity flaps
extended
Max. velocity of airbrake extention
130 (70)
VAE
160 (86)
Remarks
Never exceed this speed in horizontal flight.
When flying close to the Vmax never use more
than one third of controls' deflecions.
Never exceed this speed. Should the VNE be
exceeded, land as soon as possible and have the
aircraft verified for airworthiness by authorised
service personnel.
Exceed this speed in calm air only and even
then with great caution.
Do not use rough or full stick and
rudder deflecions above this speed.
Do not exceed this speed with flaps
extended.
Do not extend spoilers above this
speed.
Airspeed indicator markings
MARKING
TAS [km/h (kts)]
Definition
white arc
64 -130
green arc
66 -141
Speed range where flaps may be extended. Lower end is defined
as 110% of VS (stall speed in landing configuration at MTOM),
upper end of speed range is limited by VFE (see above).
Speed range of normal operation. Lower end is defined as 110%
of VS1 (stall speed at MTOM with flaps in neutral position), upper
end is limited by VRA (see above).
yellow arc
141 - 240
Manouvre the aircraft with great caution in calm air only.
red line
240 - 249
Maximum speed allowed.
blue line
130 (70)
Best climb rate speed (VY )
(34 - 70)
(36 - 76)
(76-130)
(130 - 134)
Indicated airspeed (IAS) to true airspeed (TAS) relation
Airspeed indicator measures the difference between total and static pressure (also called dynamic pressure),
which does not only change as speed increases, but is also linked with altitude. Flying at high altitudes, where
the air is getting thinner, results in misinterpreting airspeed which is being indicated. The indicated airspeed
value is actually lower than the true airspeed to which the aircraft is exposed. The higher you fly, the bigger the
46 VIRUS
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Performance
www.pipistrel.si
Additional technical data
Virus
stall speed (flaps extended)
stall speed (flaps retracted)
cruise speed (75% power)
max. speed with spoilers extended
max. speed with flaps in 1st position
max. speed with flaps in 2nd position
manoeuvring velocity Va
max. permitted horizontal speed (Vmax)
VNE
best climb-over-distance ratio speed Vx
best climb rate speed Vy
max. climb rate at MTOM
climb rate at 140 km/h
minimum sink speed
minimum sink rate (BAM 2 prop.)
minimum sink rate (VARIO prop.)
max. sink rate with spoilers extended
best lift-over-drag ratio speed
best lift-over-drag ratio (BAM 2 prop.)
best lift-over-drag ratio (VARIO prop.)
lift-over-drag ratio at 150 km/h (VARIO prop.)
takeoff runway length at MTOM (VARIO prop.)
takeoff runway length at MTOM over 15 m obst.
service ceiling at MTOM
45° left to 45° right - bank to bank time
endurance (incl. 10% reserve)
fuel flow at cruise speed
range at cruise speed
max. wing load factors
Model 912
64 km/h (34,5 kts)
72 km/h (39 kts)
225 km/h (122 kts)
160 km/h (86 kts)
130 km/h (70 kts)
110 km/h (59 kts)
141 km/h (76 kts)
240 km/h (130 kts)
249 km/h (134 kts)
90 km/h (48 kts)
130 km/h (70 kts)
6,2 m/s (1240 fpm)
5,9 m/s (1180 fpm)
96 km/h (52 kts)
2,24 m/s (450 fpm)
1,85 m/s (370 fpm)
5,8 m/s (1160 fpm)
110 km/h (59 kts)
1:21
1:24
1:14
95 m (310 ft)
172 m (565 ft)
8100 m (26.500 ft)
3,1 s
5,7h
9,5 l/h
1100 km
+4 G -2 G
WARNING! Wing and propeller surfaces must be immaculately clean, dry and undamaged at
all times. As all airfoils are laminar any impact spots, bumps and even a dirty (incl. water, snow...)
surface may significantly lower flight performance. Stall speed, takeoff and landing runway
length, sink rates and fuel consumption increase, while climb rates, ceiling, lift-over-drag ratio
and endurance decrease. Some of the these are effected by as much as 30%!
Noise levels
Noise levels are measured from the ground. The aircraft at MTOM must fly over the microphone at a
height of 150 meters (500 feet), exactly at VNE, with engine power needed to maintain horizontally
rightened flight. All versions of Virus 912’ noise levels measured in such manner have been officially
assessed to be below 65 dB.
VIRUS 15
Limitations REV. 0
www.pipistrel.si
difference between IAS and TAS. Be aware of this effect especially when flying at high altitude at high
speeds, not to exceed VNE unawarely. Bear in mind this can happen even with the indicator still pointing
within the yellow arc! However, for flight planning purposes TAS is the most accurate speed, which then
can be corrected by eventual tail/head wind component to obtain the aircraft’s ground speed (GS).
IAS & TAS graphs (standard ICAO atmosphere)
The graph below shows how TAS changes in relation to pressure altitude. Note that the indicated airspeed (IAS) is constant along the entire servicable altitude range!
(Vmax for Virus is 240 km/h (130 kts) TAS)
400 216
390 211
380 205
True AirSpeed (TAS)
370 200
360 194
350 189
340 184
330 178
kts)
30
1
(
/h
ts)
km
19 k
40
1
(
2
=
m/h
IAS
20 k
2
=
IAS
320 173
310 167
300 162
290 156
280 151
270 146
260 140
250 135
240 130
230 124
220 119
210 113
200 108
km/h kts 0
1000
3000
2000
6000
3000
9000
4000
7000
5000
6000
12000
15000
18000
21000
24000
8000
27000
9000
30000
m
ft
pressure altitude
The graph below shows which indicated airspeed (IAS) must be maintained to keep the true airspeed (TAS) constant Note that true airspeed (TAS) is constant along the entire servicable altitude
range! (VNE for Virus is 249 km/h (134 kts) TAS. Note how VNE decreases at higher altitudes!)
280 151
270 146
Indicated AirSpeed (IAS)
260 140
250 135
240 130
230 124
220 119
TAS=
250 k
m/h (
TAS=
135 k
225 k
ts)
m/h (
122 k
ts)
210 113
200 108
190 103
180 97
170 92
160 86
150 81
140 76
130 70
120 65
110 59
100 54
km/h kts 0
1000
3000
2000
6000
3000
9000
4000
7000
5000
6000
12000
15000
18000
21000
24000
8000
27000
9000
30000
m
ft
pressure altitude
WARNING! Above pressure altitude of 1000 meters (3300 ft) all speed limits (see
previous page) MUST be treated as True AirSpeed (TAS).
Indicated AirSpeed (IAS) MUST be reduced accordingly (see graphs above)!!!
Hint: You can draw your own lines for other speeds on these graphs. At 0 meters (0 feet) start at the desired
IAS (1st graph) or TAS (2nd graph) and follow the same line curvature.
16 VIRUS
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Limitations
www.pipistrel.si
Engine, fuel, oil
Engine manufacturer: ROTAX
Engine type: ROTAX 912 UL
The engine
TEMPERATURE °C / ROTAX ENGINE
cylinder head temp. (CHT); minimum, working, highest
max. CHT difference
exhaust gas tempetarure (EGT); normal, max.
max. EGT difference
air intake temperature (AIR); highest
cooling fluids temperature (WATER); minimum, highest
oils temperature (OIL TEMP); minimum, normal, highest
912 UL
80; 110; 150
/
650-800; 900
30
40
50; 110
50; 90-110; 140
RPM, PRESSURE
912 UL
oil pressure (OIL PRESS); lowest, highest
engine revolutions (RPM); on ground recommended
RPM on ground; max. allowable
magneto check at (RPM)
max. single magneto drop (RPM)
0,2; 6,0
5500
5800
4000
300
Fuel and oil
ROTAX ENGINE
recommended fuel
fuel to be discouraged from using
recommended oil
912 UL
unleaded super
leaded* or
100LL*
API SJ SAE
10W-50
*Engine life is reduced. Should you be forced to used this kind of fuel, change of engine oil every
50 flight hours is crucial. Please consult the manufacturer on which type of oil to use.
IMPORTANT!
Four-stroke engines should only be powered by unleaded fuel, for lead sedimentation inside the engine shortens its life. Provided you are unable to use unleaded fuel, make sure engine oil and the oil
filter are replaced every 50 flight hours.
TL-2000 STING S3
Operating restrictions
•
T L - 2000 Sting Carbon
s/n 07 ST 233
Measure the distance of axle of the main undercarriage from the axle of the front wheel Lb in millimeters
•
Measure the distance of leading edge of the wing with a plum bob from the axle of the main undercarriage La in
millimeters
•
Measure the vertical distance of the point of balance from the axle of main undercarriage Lt by the formula:
Lt=Go*Lb/Gvzl
•
Measure the distance of the point of balance from the leading edge of the wing Xt by the formula: Xt=La-Lt
•
Calculate the front center of gravity in percents by the formula X%=Xt/SAT*100
1.4.2. Weighing the airplane for the backmost center of gravity
Pilot’s seat and the seat next to the pilot must be occupied with maximum weight of the crew, also the fuel tank must be full
and the useful load must have the maximum weight.
The procedure of measuring and weighing is the same as detecting the front center of gravity
2. Operating restrictions
2.1. Flight operation speeds and position fault of the Air Speed Indicator
Presented speeds of the flight apply to the maximum take off weight of 450kg and at the conditions of the sea level by the
MSA. The speeds are presented in kilometers per hour and Knots.
Km/h
Knots
Take off speed
75
40
Climb speed
120
65
120-260
65-140
Accession landing (approach)
120
65
The speed of bearing the surface (landing)
62
34
Maximum speed of horizontal flight
270
145
Never never-exceed speed Vne
305
165
Maximum speed at turbulence
220
119
Stalling speed with no flaps
85
45
Stalling speed with flaps 35degrees - 2nd grade flap
70
38
Maximum speed for extending the 1st grade flaps Vfe
140
76
Maximum speed for extending the 2nd grade flaps Vfe
120
65
Travel
Vne is the never-exceed speed, which the airplane cannot be flown over
Vfe is the maximum speed for extending the flaps; there are the same speed restrictions for the flight with extended flaps
as for their extension.
Page 11 of 45
LJMB - levi (vzhodni) šolski krog
za stezo 15
LJMB - levi ŠK RWY 14
N
VIRUS 912
B
32
L: SDG ready for departure
T: SDG, cleared for take off RWY 15,
wind…, after departure turn left,
altitude 1000 feet, report down wind
L: Cleared for take off, after
departure turn left, wilco, SDG
APRON
CONCRETE (MAIN) TRIP (RWY)
A
Po vzletu rahlo popusti palico,
plin 27 inch, 60 kts, zakrilca 0
L: final for 15, SDG
T: SDG, cleared
for touch and go,
RWY 15, wind...
L: cleared for touch
and go, RWY 15, SDG
palica naprej,
14 60Zavore,
kts, zračne zavore
Zakrilca 1, v 3-4
sek. poln plin, vzlet
1
4
GRASS TRIP (RWY)
FINAL
D
L: Maribor approach, S5-PDG, dober dan
T: SDG, dober dan, go ahead
L: SDG on delta, request taxi for traffic patterns
T: SDG, QNH…, line up for 15, wind…,
(requested altitude…), report ready for departure
L: QNH…, lining up 15, wilco, SDG
Hangar
CROSS
WIND
BASE
LEG
Stari
hangar
Horizont. let,
plin 22 inch.,
zakrilca -1,
trimaj
2
L: SDG left down wind for 15, request touch and go
T: SDG continue, report before left base
ali: SDG, extend down wind, report before left base
L: continue down wind, wilco, SDG
ali: extending down wind, wilco, SDG
DOWN
WIND
Odvzemi plin, zmanjšaj hitrost pod
73 kts, zakrilca 0, hitrost 60 kts
L: SDG before left base for 15
T: SDG, cleared for touch and go, wind...
ali: SDG, continue, report final
ali: extend down wind, due to...
L: cleared for touch and go, SDG
ali: continuing down wind, wilco, SDG
ali: extending down wind, traffic in sight, SDG
Popusti
palico,
zakrilca 1,
60 kts
3
LJMB - levi (vzhodni) šolski krog
za stezo 15
LJMB - levi ŠK RWY 14
N
TL-2000 STING
B
A
Po vzletu rahlo popusti palico, 65 Zakrilca 1, v 3-4 sek.
poln plin, dvigni
sprednje kolo pri 40 kt
zakrilca 0, 4900 rpm,
P: SEC final for 15
T: SEC, cleared
for touch and go,
RWY 15, wind...
P: cleared for touch
and go, RWY 15, S-EC
Zakrilca II. stopnja,
hitrost 62 kts, odvzemi
plin, pazi na zavore!
15
33
32
P: SEC ready for departure
T: SEC, cleared for take off RWY 15,
after departure turn left,
report before left base
P: Cleared for take off, after
departure turn left, willco, SEC
APRON
14
CONCRETE (MAIN) TRIP (RWY) kts, zmanjšaj plin na 26 inch,,
1
4
GRASS TRIP (RWY)
FINAL
LEG
D
P: Maribor approach, S5-PEC, dober dan
T: S-EC, dober dan, go ahead
P: S-EC on delta, request taxi for traffic patterns
T: S-EC, QNH…, line up RWY 15, SQ 3331,
report ready for departure
P: QNH…, lining up 15, wilco, S-EC
Hangar
CROSS
WIND
P: S-EC left down wind for 15, request touch and go
T: S-EC continue, report before left base
ali: S-EC, extend down wind, report before left base
P: continue down wind, wilco, S-EC
ali: extending down wind, wilco, S-EC
2
BASE
LEG
P: S-EC before left base for 15
T: S-EC, cleared for touch and go, wind...
Hitrost - zakrilca,
ali: S-EC, continue, report final
I. stopnja
ali: extend down wind, due to...
P: cleared for touch and go, S-EC
ali: continuing down wind, wilco, S-EC
ali: extending down wind, traffic in sight, S-EC
Stari
hangar
3
DOWN
WIND
Horizont. let, plin 25
inch, korak 4600
obratov, trimaj
Zmanjšaj polnjenje 15 inch,
zmanjšuj hitrost na 85 kt, nastavi
mali korak, proračun, plin po potrebi
METAR and TAF decoding
http://stoivane.iki.fi/metar/
METAR and TAF are concise textual formats used for transmitting weather reports and forecasts for aviation purposes. The codes are not very complex, but
they contain elements which may be hard to decipher for a layman. The following is intended as an unofficial reference for reading the codes. I initially wrote
this page for myself as an aid for learning METAR decoding. The information has been collected from various web sites around the Internet.
METAR is a report describing the current weather conditions at a location. A METAR message consists of several space-separated groups of alphanumerical
characters, describing various aspects of the present weather: wind, visibility, temperature etc. Here is what a METAR looks like:
UEEE 072000Z 00000MPS 0150 R23L/0500 FG VV003 M50/M53 Q1028
This rather extreme example is an actual observation made at the airport of the Siberian city of Yakutsk on 2004-12-07 at 20:00 UTC. After having learned
how to decode METARs, you will probably agree that Yakutsk is one of the coldest cities on Earth! See Wx-Now for current extreme temperatures around
the world.
The following table describes the components of a METAR message, group by group. A minimal METAR contains information about wind, visibility, clouds,
temperature and pressure in addition to observing location and issuing time. Other phenomena are reported when needed.
Group
Station
Identifier
Format
CCCC
Explanation
CCCC:
the four-letter ICAO code for the observing location
EFHK
YY:
Date and Time YYGGggZ
Report
Modifier
AUTO
or
COR
dddffKT
Wind
or
dddffGfmfmKT
1 of 6
day of month
GGgg: hours (00–23) and minutes (00–59), in UTC
Z: Denotes UTC time.
AUTO: The report was made automatically without human intervention or
supervision.
COR: The report was corrected.
ddd: Wind direction (true heading), rounded to nearest ten degrees and always
expressed as three digits. Direction can be given as VRB if wind direction is
variable and wind speed is at most 3 knots.
ff: Average wind speed of last 10 minutes in knots.
fmfm: Maximum gust wind speed in knots.
Example
101450Z
COR
03004KT
21.7.2009 13:38
Group
Format
Explanation
Example
If it is calm, the wind is given as 00000KT.
In addition to knots, wind speed may also be indicated in meters per second or kilometers
per hour. In that case, MPS or KMH will be used instead of KT.
dndndn:
The left extreme of wind direction.
dxdxdx: The right extreme of wind direction.
Variable Wind
dndndnVdxdxdx
Direction
This field is used if the total variation of wind direction during the last 10 minutes is 60° or 360V080
more and wind speed is more than 3 knots. The direction extrema are given in clockwise
order.
VVVV:
VVVV
Horizontal
Visibility
or
VVVVDv
or
VVVVDv VxVxVxVxDv
The minimum horizontal visibility in meters. If the visibility is better than
10 km, 9999 is used. 9999 means a minimum visibility of 50 m or less.
VxVxVxVx: The maximum horizontal visibility in meters.
Dv: In case of marked directional variation in visibility, the approximate direction
of minimum and maximum visibility is given as one of eight compass points (N,
SW, …)
Usually, only the minimum visibility is reported. If the minimum is less than 1500 m and
the maximum is over 5000 m, the maximum visibility and its direction are indicated by a
second visibility group following the minimum visibility.
5000NW
In the United States, visibility is given in statutes miles and fractions. In that case, format
VVVVVSM is used.
DRDR:
RDRDR/VRVRVRVRi
Runway Visual
or
Range
RDRDR/VRVRVRVRVVRVRVRVRi
Present
Weather
2 of 6
w′w′
Runway designator. Parallel runways are distinguished by appending L, C
or R to runway designator.
VRVRVRVR: Runway visibility in meters. If the visibility varies significantly, both
minimum and maximum values are specified, separated by V. Prefixes P (plus)
R10/1000VP1800D
and M (minus) indicate the actual value being greater or smaller than the
maximum or minimum measurable value.
i: The tendency of visibility change can be indicated by D (down), U (up) or N
(no change).
w′w′: Description of a weather phenomenon, consisting of following components:
Qualifier, either - (light), + (heavy) or VC (in vicinity, i.e. not on
-RA BCFG BR
location but within 8000 m)
21.7.2009 13:38
Group
Format
Explanation
Example
Descriptor
MI:
BC:
Clouds
3 of 6
NsNsNshshshs
or
Shallow
Patches
PR: Partial
DR: Drifting
BL: Blowing
SH: Showers
TS: Thunderstorm
FZ: Freezing
Precipitation
DZ: Drizzle
RA: Rain
SN: Snow
SG: Snow grains
IC: Ice crystals
PL: Ice pellets
GR: Hail
GS: Small hail / snow pellets
UP: Unknown
Obscuration
BR: Mist (visibility > 1000 m)
FG: Fog (visibility < 1000 m)
FU: Smoke
VA: Volcanic ash
DU: Widespread dust
SA: Sand
HZ: Haze
PY: Spray
Other
PO: Well developed dust/sand whirls
SQ: Squall
FC: Funnel cloud
+FC: Tornado / water spout
SS: Sandstorm
DS: Dust storm
NsNsNs: Cloud amount. One of the following:
FEW: Few (1/8–2/8)
FEW010 SCT020CB
BKN070
21.7.2009 13:38
Group
Format
VVhshshs
or
SKC
or
NSC
or
CLR
Explanation
SCT: Scattered (3/8–4/8)
BKN: Broken (5/8–7/8)
OVC: Overcast (8/8)
VV: The sky is obscured.
hshshs: Height of cloud base or the extent of vertical visibility (VV) in hundreds
of feet above field elevation. If height was not measured, /// is used instead.
SKC: Sky clear.
NSC: No significant clouds. There are no clouds below 1500 m and no
Cumulonimbus at any height.
CLR: No clouds below 3600 m (used in automatic observations).
Example
If a cloud layer consists of Cumulonimbus or towering Cumulus, CB or TCU is appended
after cloud base height.
Short for “Ceiling and visibility OK”. The visibility, weather and cloud groups can be
replaced by CAVOK if the following conditions are fulfilled:
CAVOK
CAVOK
Temperature
T′T′/T′dT′d
and Dew Point
Visibility is 10 km or better
No clouds below 5000 ft
No Cumulonimbus at any altitude
No significant weather phenomena (see Present Weather above).
T′T′: The temperature rounded to nearest whole degree Celsius.
T′dT′d: The dew point rounded to nearest whole degree Celsius.
CAVOK
04/M02
Negative temperature or dew point is indicated by prefix M.
Pressure
QPHPHPHPH
PHPHPHPH:
The mean sea level pressure (“QNH”) in hectopascals (hPa). In some
Q0996
countries like United States and Canada, pressure is given in inches and
hundredths. In such reports, prefix Q is replaced by A.
Recent
Weather
REw′w′
w′w′:
Weather phenomenon code (see Present Weather above)
RETSRA
DRDR:
Runway designator, see Runway Visual Range.
WS RWY11L
WS RWYDRDR
Wind Shear
or
WS ALL RWY
Trend
4 of 6
Consists of following keywords and
other METAR components.
BECMG:
TEMPO:
Becoming
Temporarily
BECMG -SHRA SCT030CB
TEMPO 4000 RADZ
21.7.2009 13:38
Group
Format
Explanation
NOSIG: No significant change expected in 2 hours
AT: At
FM: From
TL: Until
Example
BKN010
followed by METAR
components and miscellaneous
abbreviations.
RMK
Remarks
RMK WIND 850 FT
29015 KT
METAR Runway Report
METAR reports may include runway reports which contain information about snow/water coverage and friction coefficient. A runway report consists of
eight digits in five groups (RRRRERCReReRBRBR) with the following interpretation:
RRRR
ER
CR
eReR
BRBR
Friction coefficient or braking
action
Type of deposit on runway.
Runway designator. The
numerical identifier of the
0: Clear and dry
runway in question. 88 means all
1: Damp
runways, 99 indicates repetition
2: Wet or puddles
of previous report.
3: Frost
4: Dry snow
If there are two parallel runways,
5: Wet snow
the right one is indicated by
6: Slush
adding 50 to its number. For
example, runway 04L (or 04) is
7: Ice
denoted by 04, whereas 54 means
8: Compacted snow
runway 04R.
9: Frozen ridges
/: Not reported
5 of 6
Depth of deposit.
00:
Extent of deposit.
1:
1–10 %
2: 11–25 %
5: 26–50 %
9: 51–100 %
Less than 1 mm
The depth in
millimeters
92: 10 cm
93: 15 cm
94: 20 cm
95: 25 cm
96: 30 cm
97: 35 cm
98: 40 cm
99: Runway not in use
01…90:
01…90: Friction
coefficient times 100.
For example, 37
indicates a friction
coefficient of 0.37.
91: Poor braking
action
92: Poor/medium
braking action
93: Medium braking
action
94: Medium/good
braking action
95: Good braking
action
99: Unreliable
measurement
//: Not given
21.7.2009 13:38
Note: CLRD may replace elements t, e and dd if the runway has been cleared of deposits. For example, 54CLRD95 means runway 04R cleared, braking action
good.
Whereas METAR describes the current weather conditions, a TAF message contains forecast information. Many of the elements are similar to those used in
METARs. An example of a (short) TAF message:
EFHK 171627Z 180018 33004KT 9999 FEW040 TX22/12Z TN10/02Z
The first two groups (EFHK 171627Z) are identical to METAR groups: location identifier and issuing day & time.
The third group (180018) tells the period for which the forecast is given. The first two numbers denote day of month. The next four numbers give the validity
hours. In this example, the forecast is valid from midnight to 18:00. After these code groups, a description of the forecast weather phenomena follows.
The following table contains keywords characteristic for TAF messages. Remember that in TAFs and METARs all times are given in UTC.
Group
Explanation
BECMG aabb A gradual change in weather between aa and bb hours.
TEMPO aabb Temporary (less than 60 min) changes in weather between aa and bb hours.
FMhhmm
A quick (in less than 60 min) change in weather occurring at hh hours and mm minutes.
TLhhmm
A change in weather by hh hours and mm minutes.
AThhmm
A change in weather occurring at hh hours and mm minutes.
PROB pp
Following weather will take place with a probability of pp percent.
NSW
No significant weather.
Ttt/hhZ
The temperature is predicted to be tt degrees Celsius at hh hours.
TXtt/hhZ
The maximum temperature is predicted to be tt degrees Celsius at hh hours.
TNtt/hhZ
The minimum temperature is predicted to be tt degrees Celsius at hh hours.
Other TAF groups are similar to those found in METARs.
The U.S. National Weather Service provides access to METAR and TAF reports at their Aviation Digital Data Service site.
6 of 6
21.7.2009 13:38
METEO SIMBOLI
90 VIRUS SW
REV. 0
www.pipistrel.si
Appendix
Conversion tables
kilometers per hour (km/h) - knots (kts) - metres per sec. (m/s)
km/h
kts
m/s
km/h
kts
m/s
km/h
kts
m/s
1,853
1
0,37
63,00
34
18,34
124,16
67
36,15
3,706
2
1,07
64,86
35
18,88
126,01
68
36,69
5,560
3
1,61
66,71
36
19,42
127,87
69
37,23
7,413
4
2,15
68,56
37
19,96
129,72
70
37,77
9,266
5
2,69
70,42
38
20,50
131,57
71
38,31
11,11
6
3,23
72,27
39
21,04
133,43
72
38,86
12,97
7
3,77
74,12
40
21,58
135,28
73
39,39
14,82
8
4,31
75,98
41
22,12
137,13
74
39,93
16,67
9
4,85
77,83
42
22,66
198,99
75
40,47
18,53
10
5,39
79,68
43
23,20
140,84
76
41,01
20,38
11
5,93
81,54
44
23,74
142,69
77
41,54
22,23
12
6,47
83,39
45
24,28
144,55
78
42,08
24,09
13
7,01
85,24
46
24,82
146,40
79
42,62
25,94
14
7,55
87,10
47
25,36
148,25
80
43,16
27,79
15
8,09
88,95
48
25,90
150,10
51
43,70
29,65
16
8,63
90,80
49
26,44
151,96
82
44,24
31,50
17
9,17
92,66
50
26,98
153,81
83
44,78
33,35
18
9,71
94,51
51
27,52
155,66
84
45,32
35,21
19
10,25
96,36
52
28,05
157,52
85
45,86
37,06
20
10,79
98,22
53
28,59
159,37
86
46,40
38,91
21
11,33
100,07
54
29,13
161,22
87
46,94
40,77
22
11,81
101,92
55
29,67
163.08
88
47,48
42,62
23
12,41
103,77
56
30,21
164,93
89
48,02
44,47
24
12,95
105,63
57
30,75
166,78
90
48,56
46,33
25
13,49
107,48
58
31,29
168,64
91
49,10
48,18
26
14,03
109,33
59
31,83
170,49
92
49,64
50,03
27
14,56
111,19
60
32,37
172,34
93
50,18
51,80
28
15,10
113,04
61
32,91
174,20
94
50,12
53,74
29
15,64
114,89
62
33,45
176,05
95
51,26
55,59
30
16,18
116,75
63
33,99
177,90
96
51,80
57,44
31
16,72
118,60
64
34,53
179,76
97
52,34
59,30
32
17,26
120,45
65
35,07
181,61
98
52,88
61,15
33
17,80
122,31
66
35,61
183,46
99
53,42
VIRUS SW 91
Appendix REV. 0
www.pipistrel.si
knots (kts) - metres per second (m/s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0
0,51
10,28
25,43
20,57
25,72
30,86
36,00
41,15
46,30
1
0,51
5,65
10,80
15,94
21,09
26,23
31,38
36,52
41,67
46,81
2
1,02
6,17
11,31
16,46
21,60
26,75
31,89
37,04
42,18
47,32
3
1,54
6,66
11,83
16,97
22,12
27,26
32,41
37,55
42,69
47,84
4
2,05
7,20
12,34
17,49
22,63
27,76
32,92
38,06
43,21
48,35
5
2,57
7,71
12,86
18,00
23,15
28,29
33,43
38,58
43,72
48,87
6
3.08
8,23
13,37
18,52
23,66
28,80
33,95
39,09
44,24
49,38
7
3,60
8,74
13,89
19,03
24,17
29,32
34,46
39,61
44,75
49,90
8
4,11
9,26
14,40
19,54
24,69
29,83
34,98
40,12
45,27
50,41
9
4,63
9,77
14,91
20,06
25,20
30,35
35,49
40,64
45,78
50,90
metres per second (m/s) - feet per minute (100 ft/min)
m/sec.
100
ft/min
m/sec.
100
ft/min
m/sec.
100
ft/min
0,50
1
1,96
10,66
21
41,33
20,82
41
80,70
1,01
2
3,93
11,17
22
43,30
21,33
42
82,67
1,52
3
5,90
11,68
23
45,27
21,84
43
84,64
2,03
4
7,87
12,19
24
47,24
22,35
44
86,61
2,54
5
9,84
12,75
25
49,21
22,86
45
88,58
3,04
6
11,81
13,20
26
51,18
23,36
46
90,53
3,55
7
13,78
13,71
27
53,15
23,87
47
92,52
4,06
8
15,74
14,22
28
55,11
24,38
48
94,48
4,57
9
17,71
14,73
29
57,08
24,89
49
96,45
5,08
10
19,68
15,24
30
59,05
25,45
50
98,42
5,58
11
21,65
15,74
31
61,02
25,90
51
100,4
6.09
12
23,62
16,25
32
62,92
26,41
52
102,3
6,60
13
25,51
16.76
33
64,96
26,92
53
104,3
7,11
14
27,55
17,27
34
66,92
27,43
54
106,2
7,62
15
29,52
17,78
35
68,89
27,94
55
108,2
8,12
16
31,49
18,28
36
70,86
28,44
56
110,2
8,63
17
33,46
18,79
37
72,83
28,95
57
112,2
9,14
18
35,43
19,30
38
74,80
29,46
58
114,1
9,65
19
37,40
19,81
39
76,77
29,97
59
116,1
10,16
20
39,37
20,32
40
78,74
30,48
60
118,1
92 VIRUS SW
REV. 0
www.pipistrel.si
Appendix
ICAN (international comitee for air navigation)
temperatures, relative pressure, relative density and
CAS to TAS correction factors as related to altitude
Altitude
feet
metres
Temperature
°C
°F
Relative
pressure
Relative
density
Cor.
factors
-2.000
-610
18,96
66,13
1,074
1,059
0,971
-1
-305
16,98
62,56
1,036
1,029
0,985
0
0
15
59
1
1
1
1.000
305
13,01
55,43
0,964
0,971
1,014
2.000
610
11,03
51,86
0,929
0,942
1,029
3.000
914
9,056
48,30
0,896
0,915
1,045
4.000
1219
7,075
44,73
0,863
0,888
1,061
5.000
1524
5,094
41,16
0,832
0,861
1,077
6.000
1829
3,113
37,60
0,801
0,835
1,090
1.000
2134
1,132
34,03
0,771
0,810
1,110
8.000
2438
-0,850
30,47
0,742
0,785
1,128
9.000
2743
-2,831
26,90
0,714
0,761
1,145
10.000
3090
-4,812
23,33
0,687
0,738
1,163
11.000
3353
-6,793
19,77
0,661
0,715
1,182
12.000
3658
-8,774
16,20
0,635
0,693
1,201
13.000
3916
-10,75
12,64
0,611
0,671
1,220
14.000
4267
-12,73
9,074
0,587
0,649
1,240
15.000
4572
-14,71
5,507
0,564
0,629
1,260
16.000
4877
-16,69
1,941
0,541
0,608
1,281
17.000
5182
-18,68
-1,625
0,520
0,589
1,302
VIRUS SW 93
Appendix REV. 0
www.pipistrel.si
metres (m) to feet (ft) conversion table
metres
(m)
feet
(ft)
metres
(m)
feet
(ft)
metres
(m)
feet
(ft)
0,304
1
3,280
10,36
34
111,5
20,42
67
219,81
0,609
2
6,562
10,66
35
114,8
20,72
68
223,09
0,914
3
9,843
10,97
36
118,1
21,03
69
226,37
1,219
4
13,12
11,27
37
121,3
21,33
70
229,65
1,524
5
16,40
11,58
38
124,6
21,64
71
232,94
1,828
6
19,68
11,88
39
127,9
21,91
72
236,22
2,133
7
22,96
12,19
40
131,2
22,25
73
239,50
2,438
8
26,24
12,49
41
134,5
22,55
74
242,78
2,743
9
29,52
12,80
42
137,7
22,86
75
246,06
3,048
10
32,80
13,10
43
141,1
23,16
76
249,34
3,352
11
36,08
13,41
44
144,3
23,46
77
252,62
3,657
12
39,37
13,71
45
147,6
23,77
78
255,90
3,962
13
42,65
14,02
46
150,9
24,07
79
259,18
4,267
14
45,93
14,32
47
154,1
24,38
80
262,46
4,572
15
49,21
14,63
48
157,4
24,68
81
265,74
4,876
16
52,49
14,93
49
160,7
24,99
82
269,02
5,181
17
55,77
15,24
50
164,1
25,29
83
272,31
5,48
18
59,05
15,54
51
167,3
25,60
84
275,59
5,791
19
62,33
15,84
52
170,6
25,90
85
278,87
6,096
20
65,61
16,15
53
173,8
26,21
86
282,15
6,400
21
68,89
16,45
54
177,1
26,51
87
285,43
6,705
22
72,17
16,76
55
180,4
26,82
88
288,71
7,010
23
75,45
17,06
56
183,7
27,12
89
291,99
7,310
24
78,74
17,37
57
187,0
27,43
90
295,27
7,620
25
82,02
17,67
58
190,2
27,73
91
298,55
7,948
26
85,30
17,98
59
193,5
28,04
92
301,83
8,220
27
88,58
18,28
60
196,8
28,34
93
305,11
8,530
28
91,86
18,59
61
200,1
28,65
94
308,39
8,830
29
95,14
18,89
62
203,4
28,90
95
311,68
9,144
30
98,42
19,20
63
206,6
29,26
96
314,96
9,448
31
101,7
19,50
64
209,9
29,56
97
318,24
9,750
32
104,9
19,81
65
213,2
29,87
98
321,52
10,05
33
108,2
20,12
66
216,5
30,17
99
324,80
94 VIRUS SW
REV. 0
www.pipistrel.si
Appendix
air pressure as related to altitude
altitude (m)
pressure
(hPa)
pressure
(inch Hg)
altitude (m)
pressure
(hPa)
pressure
(inch Hg)
-1000
1139,3
33,6
1300
866,5
25,6
-950
1132,8
33,5
1350
861,2
25,4
-900
1126,2
33,3
1400
855,9
25,3
-850
1119,7
33,1
1450
850,7
25,1
-800
1113,2
32,9
1500
845,5
25,0
-750
1106,7
32,7
1550
840,3
24,8
-700
1100,3
32,5
1600
835,2
24,7
-650
1093,8
32,3
1650
830
24,5
-600
1087,5
32,1
1700
824,9
24,4
-550
1081,1
31,9
1750
819,9
24,2
-500
1074,3
31,7
1800
814,8
24,1
-450
1068,5
31,6
1850
809,8
23,9
-400
1062,3
31,4
1900
804,8
23,8
-350
1056,0
31,2
1950
799,8
23,6
-300
1049,8
31,0
2000
794,9
23,5
-250
1043,7
30,8
2050
790,0
23,3
-200
1037,5
30,6
2100
785,1
23,2
-150
1031,4
30,5
2150
780,2
23,0
-100
1025,3
30,3
2200
775,3
22,9
-50
1019,3
30,1
2250
770,5
22,8
0
1013,3
29,9
2300
165,7
22,6
50
1007,3
29,7
2350
760,9
22,5
100
1001,3
29,6
2400
756,2
22,3
150
995,4
29,4
2450
751,4
22,2
200
989,4
29,2
2500
746,7
22,1
250
983,6
29,0
2550
742,1
21,9
300
977,7
28,9
2600
737,4
21,8
350
971,9
28,7
2650
732,8
21,6
400
966,1
28,5
2700
728,2
21,5
450
960,3
28,4
2750
723,6
21,4
500
954,6
28,2
2800
719
21,2
550
948,9
28,0
2850
714,5
21,1
600
943,2
27,9
2900
709,9
21,0
650
937,5
27,7
2950
705,5
20,8
700
931,9
27,5
3000
701,0
20,7
750
926,3
27,4
3050
696,5
20,6
800
920,0
27,2
3100
692,1
20,4
850
915,2
27,0
3150
687,7
20,3
900
909,0
26,9
3200
683,3
20,2
950
904,2
26,7
3250
679,0
20,1
1000
898,7
26,5
3300
674,6
19,9
1050
893,3
26,4
3350
670,3
19,8
VIRUS SW 95
Appendix REV. 0
www.pipistrel.si
ICAO standard atmosphere
h
h
T
T
g
(kgs2/m4)
(kg/m4)
d
1/S d
Vs
(m2/s)
1,124
0,137
1,347
1,099
0,957
344,2
13,4
11484
1,111
0,136
1,335
1,089
0,958
343,9
13,5
835
11351
1,098
0,134
1,322
1,079
0,962
343,5
13,6
1,015
825,3
11220
1,085
0,133
1,310
1,069
0,967
343,1
13,7
291,9
1,013
815,7
11090
1,073
0,132
1,297
1,058
0,971
342,7
13,8
18,2
291,2
1,011
806,2
10960
1,060
0,131
1,285
1,048
0,976
342,4
13,9
-1312
17,6
290,6
1,009
796,8
10832
1,048
0,129
1,273
1,039
0,981
342
14,0
300
-984
16,9
289,9
1,006
787,4
10705
1,036
0,128
1,261
1,029
0,985
341,6
14,1
200
-656
16,3
289,3
1,004
779,2
10580
1,024
0,127
1,249
1,019
0,990
341,2
14,3
100
-328
15,6
288,6
1,002
769,1
10455
1,011
0,126
1,237
1,009
0,995
340,9
14,4
0
0
15
288
1
760
10332
1
0,125
1,225
1
1
340,5
14,5
100
328
14,3
287,3
0,997
751,0
10210
0,988
0,123
1,213
0,990
1,004
340,1
14,6
200
656
13,7
286,7
0,995
742,2
10089
0,976
0,122
1,202
0,980
1,009
339,7
14,7
300
984
13,0
286,0
0,993
133,4
9970
0,964
0,121
-1,191
0,971
1,014
339,3
14,8
400
1312
12,4
285,4
0,991
724,6
9852
0,953
0,120
1,179
0,962
1,019
338,9
14,9
500
1640
11,1
284,7
0,988
716,0
9734
0,942
0,119
1,167
0,952
1,024
338,5
15,1
600
1969
11,1
284,1
0,986
707,4
9617
0,930
0,117
1,156
0,943
1,029
338,1
15,2
700
2297
10,4
283,4
0,984
699,0
9503
0,919
0,116
1,145
0,934
1,034
337,8
15,3
800
2625
9,8
282,8
0,981
690,6
9389
0,908
0,115
1,134
0,925
1,039
337,4
15,4
900
2953
9,1
282,1
0,979
682,3
9276
0,897
0,114
1,123
0,916
1,044
337
15,5
1000
3281
8,5
281,5
0,977
674,1
9165
0,887
0,113
1,112
0,907
1,049
336,6
15,7
1100
3609
7,8
280,8
0,975
665,9
9053
0,876
0,112
1,101
0,898
1,055
336,2
15,8
1200
3937
7,2
280,2
0,972
657,9
8944
0,865
0,111
1,090
0,889
1,060
335,8
15,9
1300
4265
6,5
279,5
0,970
649,9
8835
0,855
0,110
1,079
0,880
1,065
335,4
16,0
1400
4593
5,9
278,9
0,968
642,0
8728
0,844
0,109
1,069
0,872
1,070
335
16,2
1500
4921
5,2
278,2
0,966
634,2
8621
0,834
0,107
1,058
0,863
1,076
334,7
16,3
1600
5249
4,6
277,6
0,963
626,4
8516
0,824
0,106
1,048
0,855
1,081
334,3
16,4
1700
5577
3,9
276,9
0,961
618,7
8412
0,814
0,106
1,037
0,846
1,086
333,9
16,6
1800
5905
3,3
276,3
0,959
611,2
8309
0,804
0,104
1,027
0,838
1,092
333,5
16,7
1900
6234
2,6
275,6
0,957
603,7
8207
0,794
0,103
1,017
0,829
1,097
333,1
16,9
2000
6562
2
275
0,954
596,2
8106
0,784
0,102
1,006
0,821
1,103
332,7
17,0
2100
6890
1,3
274,3
0,952
588,8
8005
0,774
0,101
0,996
0,813
1,108
332,3
17,1
2200
7218
0,7
273,7
0,950
581,5
7906
0,765
0,100
0,986
0,805
1,114
331,9
17,3
2300
7546
0,0
273,0
0,948
574,3
7808
0,755
0,099
0,976
0,797
1,120
331,5
17,4
2400
7874
-0,6
272,4
0,945
576,2
7710
0,746
0,098
0,967
0,789
1,125
331,1
17,6
2500
8202
-1,2
271,7
0,943
560,1
7614
0,736
0,097
0,957
0,781
1,131
330,7
17,7
2600
8530
-1,9
271,1
0,941
553,1
7519
0,727
0,096
0,947
0,773
1,137
330,3
17,9
2700
8858
-2,5
270,4
0,939
546,1
7425
0,718
0,095
0,937
0,765
1,143
329,9
18,0
2800
9186
-3,2
269,8
0,936
539,3
7332
0,709
0,094
0,928
0,757
1,149
329,6
18,2
2900
9514
-3,8
269,1
0,934
532,5
7239
0,700
0,093
0,918
0,749
1,154
329,2
18,3
(m)
(ft)
(°C)
(°K)
-1000
-3281
21,5
294,5
-900
-2953
20,8
-800
-2625
-700
T/T0
p
p
(mmHg)
(kg/m2)
1,022
854,6
11619
293,8
1,020
844,7
20,2
293,2
1,018
-2297
19,5
292,5
-600
-1969
18,9
-500
-1640
400
p/p0
r
n*106
STRAN JE NAMENOMA PRAZNA www.lcm.si GARMIN SL40
Getting Started
Getting Started
Display
This guide describes the operation of the SL40 VHF Communication Transceiver.
Display
The 1-line by 16-character display is composed of 5x7 dot matrix alphanumeric high
intensity LEDs. A photocell is located in the top left corner of the front panel display. The
photocell automatically controls the intensity of the display from low brightness at night
to high brightness during daylight operation. Brightness levels may also be controlled
manually.
SL40 Display and Control Description
1
GARMIN SL40
System Functions
Detailed Operation
System Functions
The SL40 includes a number of System Functions that give you more information about your communication equipment. Press and hold the MON button for about three seconds to reach the System
Function. Turn the Large, outer knob to display the available functions. Adjustments are made with the
Small, inner knob. Press the MON button again to exit the System Functions.
System Function Summary
Software Version
The Software version is available for reference when you contact Technical Support.
SW VER
x.xx
Software Version
9
Detailed
GettingOperation
Started
System Functions
RFLvl
123
RF Level
10
GARMIN SL40
RF Level
The RF Level function shows the relative signal strength of the frequency you are listening to. The
range displayed is between 0 and 255. The value will constantly change as you are viewing it as signal
conditions change.
GARMIN SL40
Detailed Operation
System Functions
Noise Level
The Noise Level function shows the relative received noise level of the frequency you are listening
to. The range displayed is between 0 and 255. The value will constantly change as you are viewing it as
signal conditions change.
NOISE
Headphone Level
The Headphone Level function allows you to adjust the headphone audio level. Turn the Small knob
to change the value. Setting the value to 0 slaves the headphone audio level to the volume control knob.
The range is from 0 to 255.
Hdphone Lvl
Mic Squelch 1 and 2
The input level required to break squelch by the microphone is set from this page. Lower numbers
indicate a higher input level necessary to break squelch. Turn the Small knob to change the value. The
range is from 0 to 127.
Mic1 Sqlch
Transmit Mic
The Transmit Microphone page allows you to control which microphone is permitted to transmit. You
may choose Mic 1, 2, or both. To adjust the Transmit Mic control:
1. Press and hold the MON button for about two seconds. This will access the System Functions mode.
2. Rotate the Large knob to display the Transmit Mic page.
3. Rotate the Small knob to select MIC1, MIC2, or MIC1+MIC2.
4. Press any key to exit the Setup Functions mode.
5. Select an appropriate frequency, key the transmitter, and talk into the microphones to check for the
intended operation.
017
Noise Level
100
Noise Level
100
Mic Squelch Level
Transmit Mic 1
Transmit Mic Selection
11
Appendix
GARMIN SL40
System Functions
Intcom Lvl
100
Intercom Level
Sidton Lvl
100
Sidetone Level
Lo Dsp Lvl
0
Hi Dsp Lvl
50
Low and High Display Levels
12
Intercom Level
This function adjusts the Intercom Audio Level. Turn the Small knob to change the value. The range
is from 0 to 255. Setting the value to 0 slaves the sidetone level to the volume control knob.
Sidetone Level
This function displays and adjusts the sidetone audio level. Turn the Small knob to change the value.
The range is from 0 to 255. Setting the value to 0 slaves the sidetone level to the volume control knob.
Display Brightness
As it arrives from the factory, the SL40 automatically adjusts its display brightness for the current
lighting conditions. A small sensor at the upper left of the display is used for this function. There are
two adjustments available for controlling the brightness level of the display. The first controls the lower
brightness level in the automatic adjustment range (Lo Dsp Lvl). This is the brightness used when in total
darkness. The second adjusts the upper limit of this range (Hi Dsp Lvl). This is used when bright light is
shining on the display.
The factory settings for these are at the limits of the range, 0 (Lo Dsp Lvl) and 50 (Hi Dsp Lvl). The
range can be  reduced if desired using the inner knob to adjust the two values.
Some users may wish to disable the automatic dimming function. This can be accomplished by setting the high display level to zero. Now the low level adjustment will set the brightness of the display
directly with no automatic adjustment made based on ambient light.
STRAN JE NAMENOMA PRAZNA www.lcm.si GARMIN GTX327 TRANSPONDER
The GTX 327 transponder is powered on by pressing the STBY, ALT, or ON keys, or by a remote avionics master switch
(if applicable). After power on, a start-up page is displayed while the unit performs a self test. If the unit detects an
internal failure, the screen displays SELF TEST FAILED.
Mode Selection Keys
OFF  Powers off the GTX 327. Pressing STBY, ON, or
ALT key powers on the transponder displaying the last active
identification code.
STBY  Selects the standby mode. When in standby mode,
the transponder will not reply to any interrogations.
ON  Selects Mode A. In this mode, the transponder replies
to interrogations, as indicated by the Reply Symbol ( ).
Replies do not include altitude information.
ALT  Selects Mode A and Mode C. In ALT mode, the transponder replies to
identification and altitude interrogations as indicated by the Reply Symbol ( ). Replies
to altitude interrogations include the standard pressure altitude received from an external
altitude source, which is not adjusted for barometric pressure. The ALT mode may be
selected in aircraft not equipped with an optional altitude encoder; however, the reply
signal will not include altitude information.
Any time the function ON or ALT is selected the transponder becomes an active part of
the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS). The transponder also responds to
interrogations from TCAS equipped aircraft.
Code Selection
Code selection is done with eight keys (0 – 7) providing 4,096 active identification codes.
Pushing one of these keys begins the code selection sequence. Digits that are not yet entered
appear as dashes. The new code is activated when the fourth digit is entered. Pressing the CLR
key moves the cursor back to the previous digit. Pressing the CLR key when the cursor is on
the first digit of the code, or pressing the CRSR key during code entry, removes the cursor and
cancels data entry, restoring the previous code. The CLR key may be pressed up to five seconds
after code entry is complete to return the cursor to the fourth digit. The numbers 8 and 9 are not
used for code entry, only for entering a Count Down time and for adjusting contrast and display
brightness.
GARMIN GTX327 TRANSPONDER
Keys for Other GTX 327 Functions
IDENT Pressing the IDENT key activates the Special Position
Identification (SPI) Pulse for 18 seconds, identifying your transponder
return from others on the air traffic controller’s screen. The word IDENT
will appear in the upper left corner of the display during this time.
VFR Sets the transponder code to the pre-programmed VFR code selected
during installation configuration (this is set to 1200 at the factory). Pressing
the VFR key again restores the previous identification code. If the VFR key
is pressed when disabled (dependent upon installation configuration) a VFR
Key Disabled message appears, to indicate that no operation took place.
FUNC Changes the page shown on the right side of the display. Display
includes Pressure Altitude, Flight Time, Count Up, and Count Down timers.
START/STOP Starts and stops the Count Up, Count Down, and Flight
timers.
CRSR Initiates starting time entry for the Count Down timer and cancels
transponder code entry.
CLR Resets the Count Up, Count Down, and Flight timers. Cancels the
previous keypress during code selection and Count Down entry. Returns
cursor to the fourth code digit within five seconds after entry.
8 Reduces Contrast and Display Brightness when the respective fields
are displayed (dependent upon installation configuration) and enters the
number eight into the Count Down timer.
9 Increases Contrast and Display Brightness when the respective fields
are displayed (dependent upon installation configuration) and enters the
number nine into the Count Down timer.
Function Display
NOTE: Transponder options are normally set at time of installation. For
changes to the GTX 327 parameters, contact your Garmin authorized
service center.
PRESSURE ALT: Displays the altitude data supplied to the GTX 327 in feet,
hundreds of feet (i.e., flight level), or meters, dependent upon installation
configuration.
FLIGHT TIME: Displays the Flight Time, configured during installation
as MANUAL, CLEAR, or ACCUMULATE (see Timer Operation for details).
Timer is controlled by the START/STOP and CLR keys when configured as
Manual.
COUNT UP TIMER: Controlled by START/STOP and CLR keys.
COUNT DOWN TIMER: Controlled by START/STOP, CLR, and CRSR
keys. The initial Count Down time is entered with the 0 – 9 keys.
CONTRAST: This page is only displayed if manual contrast mode is
selected during installation configuration. Contrast is controlled by the 8
and 9 keys.
DISPLAY: This page is only displayed if manual backlighting mode is
selected.during installation configuration. Backlighting is controlled by the 8
and 9 keys.
Altitude Trend Indicator
When the PRESSURE ALT page is displayed, an arrow may be displayed to the right of
the altitude, indicating that the altitude is increasing or decreasing. One of two sizes of arrows
may be displayed depending on the vertical speed rate. The sensitivity of these arrows is set
during transponder installation.
Automatic ALT/STBY Mode Switching
If the GTX 327 is configured with Automated Airborne Determination, ALT mode
selection occurs when lift-off is sensed. When the aircraft is on the ground, the transponder
automatically selects and displays STBY. The transponder does not respond to ATCRBS
interrogations when STBY is annunciated. When a delay time is set (dependent upon
installation configuration), the GTX 327 waits the specified length of time after landing before
changing to STBY mode.
ADS-B Control (GDL 90)
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) technology improves situational
awareness and flight safety. With ADS-B capabilities, position, velocity, and heading
information are automatically transmitted to other aircraft and ground stations. The GTX 327
provides mode control for the optional GDL 90 Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) datalink.
The GDL 90 provides ADS-B capabilities.
Timer Operation
To operate the Flight Timer:
1. Press the FUNC key until FLIGHT TIME is displayed.
2. If the GTX 327 Flight Timer is configured as ACCUMULATE or CLEAR, the timer will
begin automatically when the unit senses that the aircraft has become airborne. The
timer may be reset to zero at every liftoff (CLEAR), continue accumulating time at liftoff
(ACCUMULATE), or may be controlled manually (MANUAL).
3. If desired, press START/STOP to pause or restart the timer.
4. Press CLR to reset the timer to zero.
5. If the timer is configured to start automatically it will pause when the Automated Airborne
Determination senses that the aircraft is on the ground.
To operate the Count Up timer:
1. Press the FUNC key until COUNT UP is displayed.
2. If necessary, press CLR to reset the Count Up timer to zero.
3. Press START/STOP to begin counting up.
4. Press START/STOP again to pause the timer.
5. Press CLR to reset the timer to zero.
To operate the Count Down timer:
1. Press the FUNC key until COUNT DOWN is displayed.
2. Press CRSR and use the 0 - 9 keys to set the initial time. All digits must be entered (use
the 0 key to enter leading zeros).
3. Press START/STOP begin to counting down.
4. Press START/STOP again to pause the timer.
5. When the Count Down timer expires, the COUNT DOWN banner is replaced with a
flashing EXPIRED, and the time begins counting up.
6. Press CLR to reset the timer to the initial time value.
Kratka navodila
Uporaba Dynon D100 in D120 instrumentov
© R. Jelen 2011
1
1. Izhodišča
Dynon D100 (EFIS) je digitalni instrument za prikaz letalnih informacij.
Prikazuje lahko:
Airspeed (IAS, TAS), Attitude, Altitude, Turn Coordinator, Gyro Stabilized Compass
(DG+), Vertical Speed, Voltmeter, Altitude Encoder, Remote Compass, G-meter,
HSI, Checklists, Data Logging, Heading and Altitude Bugs, Clock, Timers, OAT, TAS
(Density Altitude), Altitude Alerts, Multi Pages (via EMS)
Opcijsko: GPS Derived Data (Ground track, wind vector), Angle of Attack ,
Autopilot, Glide Slope (with appropriate radio), Battery Backup
Dynon D120 (EMS) je digitalni instrument za prikaz informacij o stanju motorja in
ostalih tipal.
Prikazuje lahko informacije iz naslednjih senzorjev: 6xEGT, 6xCHT, 4xFuel Level,
RPM, MAP, Oil TEMP, OIL Pres, Fuel Pres, Fuel Flow, Amps, Volts, OAT, Coolant
TEMP, Coolant PRES, Carburetor TEMP, 2xContact Input, Flaps Indicator, Trim
Indicator
Vsebujeta še računalnik porabe goriva, snemanje parametrov leta in motorja (Data
Logging) in sistem alarmov.
Vsak zase ima svoje senzorje (EFIS:tlačne,giro ter EMS:motorne), obdelavo podatkov in prikaz na svojem zaslonu.
V kolikor sta med sabo povezana preko DSAB (Dynon Smart Avionics Bus) vodila
imasta možno prikazati svoje informacije na drugem zaslonu in obratno.
2. Vklop & izklop
Vklop:
a) Prižgite motor po predpisani proceduri
b) S stiklom AVIONICS vključite oba instrumenta
c) Takoj preverite pritisk olja
d) Potrdite morebitne alarme
Izklop:
a) S stiklom AVIONICS izključite oba instrumenta
b) Ugasnite motor po predpisani proceduri
c) V kolikor je še (opcija) vgrajena BACKUP baterija, dokončno potrdite izklop
instrumenta
Opozorilo:
- nastavitev instrumentov pustite za sabo v stanju, ki je predpisan s strani LCM
(osnovne dogovorjene nastavitve) in
- nikakor se ne »igrajte« z instrumenti ob neprižganem motorju, ker se vam
zna zgoditi, da boste nehote izpraznili skromen Virusov akumulator .
© R. Jelen 2011
2
3. Standardni, prvi zaslon, navigiranje med zasloni
Prvi zaslon, po vključitvi instrumenta:
LEVI:EFIS D100 – 2/3 prikazuje EFIS podatke, 1/3 EMS podatke
DESNI:EMS D120 – prikazuje le EMS podatke
S tipkami (1) in (6) na vsakem
instrumenti nastavljamo vnaprej
nastavljene zaslone.
© R. Jelen 2011
3
V naprej nastavljeni zasloni (obstaja možnost spremembe):
D100-EFIS:
a) 2/3 EFIS informacije, 1/3 EMS
b) Le EFIS informacije
c) Le EMS informacije
d) 2/3 EFIS informacije, 1/3 HSI
D120-EMS:
a) Le EMS informacije
b) 1/3 EFIS informacije, 2/3 EMS
c) Le EFIS informacije
d) 2/3 EMS informacije, 1/3 Časi ali FUEL computer
Primer ostalih zaslonov:
Ob pritisku tipk (2) do (5) vsaka tipka pridobi na izbran MENU svoj pomen:
Izhod iz menija je tipka EXIT.
© R. Jelen 2011
4
4. Nastavitev tlaka
Z eno izmed tipk (2) in (5) pridete do EFIS menija. Nato:
- izberete tipko BARO
- na zaslonu se prikaže trenutno nastavljen tlak
-
s
s
s
s
tipko UNITS izberite enoto med IN HG ter mb (milibari)
tipkama DEC– in INC+ zmanjšujete ali povečujete nastavitev tlaka
tipko 29.92 (ali 1013) lahko izberete takojšnjo nastavitev za standardni tlak
tipko BACK izberete izhod iz menija (in potrdite nastavitev)
5. Pomembne informacije D100 EFIS
5.1 LEVI STOLPIČ: Airspeed tape, digital readout, and trend
The airspeed tape scrolls beneath the airspeed digital readout and arrow.
The digital readout’s digits scroll up and down, simulating an analog
airspeed indicator and giving a sense of the increase or decrease in
speed. The EFIS-D100 is factory-calibrated to be accurate for airspeeds
between 15 and 325 knots (17 to 374 mph). As airspeed increases from 0
knots, the indicator becomes active at 20 knots. The indicator remains
active until airspeed drops below 15 knots. The EFIS-D100 may display
airspeeds above 325 knots, but it is not guato be accurate.
5.2 SREDINA zaslona: Horizon line, pitch and roll indicators
Bounded on the top by blue, and on the bottom by brown, the
horizon line behaves in much the same way as a traditional gyrobased artificial horizon. Unlike a mechanical artificial horizon, the
EFIS-D100’s horizon has no roll or pitch limitation. The roll scale
has tic marks at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees of roll.
© R. Jelen 2011
5
5.3 DESNO: Altitude tape & VSI
Thousands of feet are displayed using large numbers while hundreds of
feet are displayed in smaller numbers. The EFISD100 accurately displays
altitudes from -1200 to 30,000 ft (-365 to 9144 m). The graphical Vertical
Speed Indicator is located next to the altitude tape. The numbers on the
scale represent thousands of feet per minute.
5.4 ZGORAJ: Stabilized heading tape , Turn rate indicator
Located at the top of the EFIS page, the
heading indicator functions much like a
standard slaved directional gyro.
Roza kurs: GPS ground track indicator
Zelen kurz: kurz iz drugega NAV vira (npr. SL30)
5.5. SPODAJ DESNO: Winds aloft arrow
Located in the lower right corner of the EFIS page, the winds aloft arrow
indicates the wind direction relative to your current direction of flight. The
number indicates the current absolute wind speed in the current airspeed
units. If the EFIS-D100 cannot make an accurate winds aloft calculation,
the arrow is not displayed and the numbers are replaced by dashes. The
display of winds aloft requires an active GPS connection and an OAT
probe.
5.6 CDI/Glideslope Indicators
When the EFIS-D100 is receiving CDI or glideslope
information from a GPS or NAV radio, they can be displayed
on the main EFIS display as well as the on the full HSI page
5.7 Bugs (markerji)
Bugs may be set to mark a desired heading, airspeed, or altitude.
5.8 Slip/skid ball (kroglica)
© R. Jelen 2011
6
5.9 Dodatne informacije na zaslonu
Nastavitev v meniju INFO:
Nastavitve za LEVO:
Na zaslonu izgleda:
Voltmeter:
The voltmeter displays 3 rows of information corresponding to the three
power inputs on the EFIS-D100. The first row, labeled M, displays the
Master Switch voltage. The second row, labeled E, displays your
optional external backup voltage. The third row, labeled I, displays the
EFIS-D100 internal battery voltage. If any of the 3 voltage inputs are
not present, 00.0V is displayed for the respective voltage values. The letter V
follows all three values, denotin being displayed. The EFIS-D100 alerts you when
the internal battery is low by displaying a low battery alert.
OAT in TAS:
The OAT info item displays 3 lines of text, containing outside air
temperature, density altitude, and true airspeed. To use the TAS/DA
calculator without an OAT installed, manually enter the outside air
temperature in the EFIS > OATSET menu. When a temperature is
manually input via the OATSET menu, a box is displayed around the
temperature in the info item, as shown in the image above.
G-meter:
VSI (feet/min):
Primer osnovne uporabe EFISa D100 in EMSa D120:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNMCRj0jbs8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxEbvKqxGf8&feature=related
© R. Jelen 2011
7
STRAN JE NAMENOMA PRAZNA www.lcm.si Integra Operation
Screen description of complete EFIS
EFIS INTEGRA TL-6524
Description of EFIS screen
OBS
Roll indicator
Bore Sight
Heading
Tape
Turn Rate Indicator
Digital Speed
Indicator
Roll scale
Digital Altitude Indicator
Accelerometer
0.1G
Vertical Speed Indicator
(VSI)
Pitch ladder
The Water Line
Airspeed Strip
Altitude Strip
HITS
Reference
Pressure
Navigation
Source
Indicator
AOA
Slip Indicator
Page 27
Integra Operation
Description of Function - EFIS
Description of function – EFIS
Bore Sight
The position of the Arrow indicator or Bore Sight Indicator can be controlled
by turning the left knob. If the Arrow turns yellow for few seconds, that
indicates the Arrow is in the centre position.
Digital speed indicator
Shows you actual speed.
Accelerometer
Vertical Acceleration Indicator.
Pitch ladder
Is shown by white horizontal lines with a 10 degree scale.
HITS
Highway in the sky or Path-In-The-Sky provides situation awareness. The
projected path of the aircraft is depicted in a perspective view. The Center point
of the HITS display is determined by set altitude and heading bugs in GPS
mode. If a navigation source is selected from the GARMIN SL30 the
INTEGRA switches to this source of either APR or VOR/LOC as the HITS
center point.
Navigation Source Indicator
Shows you actual source of navigation.
AOA
Angle of Attack Indicator.
Page 28
Integra Operation
Airspeed strip
Indicates the airspeed
To define the airspeed limits, see Setup Menu
The lower green-white border – indicates VS = Stall Speed
The upper green-white border – indicates maximum speed for flaps
extension VFE
The yellow-green border – indicates maximum structural cruising speed
VNO
The red-yellow border – indicates never exceed speed VNE
The speed is also displayed numerically in the numerical airspeed indicator.
The units display knots, kilometres, miles – as determined by the user.
Slip Indicator
The slip/skid ball works much like a standard mechanical gauge. It is a visual
representation of lateral acceleration. If the ball is within the two vertical lines,
then you are in coordinated flight.
Reference pressure
There is the reference pressure box underneath the altitude strip in milibar, torr
or inHg. Rotate the Right Knob to set the value then confirm by pressing the
Knob to Set Press.
The Water Line
Is indicated by two silver oblong bars.
Page 29
Integra Operation
Indicates the aircraft altitude based on static air pressure. There are three
colours on the altitude strip these colours match the colours displayed by 3D
terrain.
Green - parallel to the barrel pointer indicates that the aircraft is 100 meters or
more over terrain.
Altitude Strip
Yellow - indicates that within a 5km range there is terrain within 100m below
the aircraft.
Red -
indicates that within a 5km range there is terrain that is higher than
the aircraft’s flight level. The pilot must alter aircraft altitude to avoid
collision.
The altitude strip scrolls beside the numerical readout and arrow. The digital simulation of an numerical altimeter scroll up and down giving an
indication of of direction and movement. Thousands of feet/meters are displayed using large numbers to the left while hundreds of ft/m are shown in
smaller numbers to the right.
NOTE:
The altitude strip only has a 5km range in front of the aircraft.
Page 30
Integra Operation
3D Terrain Colour display
This picture is a logical scheme of the colour configuration
of the 3D terrain map in comparison to aircraft altitude.
NOTE:
This information will only be shown with the installation of 3D Terrain.
Vertical Speed Indicator
The VSI scale is at the right hand side of the screen next to the altimeter strip
Vertical speed in m/s or ft/min (as determined by user). – and is indicated by a
Grey Vertical Flag.
Digital Altitude Indicator
Shows you actual altitude.
Page 31
Integra Operation
Roll scale
120 degrees of roll, each line indicates 15 degrees variation
Turn Rate Indicator
OBS
Omni-Bearing Selector. When using VOR/LOC as source navigation the OBS
Omni-bearing selector is shown as a gray ball on the Heading Tape
corresponding with the color of the Navigation Source. The OBS indicator
appears green when using APR (Approach) as a Navigation Source. When GPS
is used as a source the ball is blue and indicates BTW (BEARING TO
WAYPOINT). This BTW also determines the centre of the HITS (Highway In
The Sky) displayed on the EFIS screen.
Heading
Stabilized heading tape and digital readout. Located at the top of the EFIS page,
the heading indicator functions much like a standard slaved directional gyro.
North, East, South, and West directions are labelled on the tape, “N,” “E,” “S,”
and “W,” respectively. The digital readout displays your current heading, while
the surrounding tape scrolls beneath its arrow. You may set a magenta bug on
this tape as a heading reminder. Like a conventional gyro-stabilized magnetic
compass, magnetic heading reacts immediately to turn rate so that heading
changes are reflected immediately.
Roll indicator
Two little arrows in the middle of the Roll Scale.
Page 32
Navigation Section
Description of GPS
Waypoint identifier
Description of GPS
This field shows the
value for the Heading
bug set by the pilot
Bearing To Waypoint
(BTW) indicator
Distance to waypoint
this can be expressed
in Knots, miles or
kilometers –see Set Up
Mode
Course Deviation Indicator (CDI).
When a flight plan is active in the
GPS, the CDI indicates how far to
the left or right of your selected
ground course you are.).
Altitude
Direction marker
Ground speed
Track indicator. This
indicates your
direction over the
ground as reported by
the GPS
Indicator TO - FROM
Page 37
Menu NAV/HDG
BUGS
BUGS
Bugs are a little helping signpost, which indicated parameters of ALT, IAS and HDG as you wish. You can look that the label “TWR” in default menu
is changed at “OFF”. If you press this button, you get the default menu without any changes. The value of ALT and SPEED you destine of rotary of
left knob.
HDG in this menu you can only turn on or turn off, because value of heading is set in default menu. (Described below).
BUGS
ALT
•
Altitude indicator - the bug setting box will appear in the bottom right hand corner of the display. Set the altitude bug by rotating the
right knob. To set ALT bug push the right knob. To hide the bug indicator depress button with exit/off prompt.
The magenta bug indicator will appear on the altitude strip.
MENU BUGS
• ALT
• IAS
• HDG
Figure 8 - BUGS settings
Page 43
Menu NAV/HDG
HDG
HDG
Set headings is doing in default menu. Just twist with left knob and a Heading table is displayed on screen.
BUG is set on 250 deg
BUG is set
on 1300 m
BUG is set
on 180 km/h
Figure 9 - EFIS screen with BUGS
Page 44
STRAN JE NAMENOMA PRAZNA www.lcm.si BELEŽKE
BELEŽKE
BELEŽKE
BELEŽKE
AIRAC AMDT 009/10 APR 2008
CTR MARIBOR lateral limits changed
Športno letališče LC Maribor
Letališka cesta 30, 2204 Skoke
Tel.: 02 629 62 06, faks: 02 629 62 07
e-pošta: [email protected]
Osnovni podatki:
Pomembne tel. številke na športnem letališču:
Pozicija: 46 28 47.50 N; 015 41 10.07 E
Referenčna višina: 267m / 876ft
Upravnik LC Maribor: GSM 041 757 331
Vodja servisa LC Maribor: 041 782 598
Frekvenca LJMB TWR (APP): 119.2 MHz
Klubska frekvenca LC Maribor: 122.50 MHz
ARO LJMB: +386 2 6291 169
( izven operativnih ur LJMB TWR ! )
Asfaltna steza RWY 14/32 2500x45m
Travnata steza RWY 14/32 1200x60m
METEO LJMB: +386 2 6296 871
Vsi podatki so sami informativni ! Piloti so dolžni pred poletom podatke o letališču preveriti v Zborniku letalskih
informacij ki ga izdaja Kontrola zračnega prometa Slovenije !
128.800
STRAN JE NAMENOMA PRAZNA www.lcm.si G8
G3
G7
G2
G6
G1
G5
New Apron layout; PSN P coordinates; PAPI; Anemograph, Note 1, ARP
G4
1. When PSN A is occupied with ACFT wing span over 12M, PSN G1
and G4 are not available and PSN G8 is used as taxilane
AIRAC AMDT 011/25 SEP 2008
122.50
STRAN JE NAMENOMA PRAZNA www.lcm.si VZLETIŠČE / AIRSTRIP
ZAGORJE – RUARDI
NASLOV / ADRESS
AEROKLUB ZAGORJE, Cesta 9. Avgusta 108, 1430 Zagorje
INFO
PODATKI SO INFORMATIVNI IN NEURADNI
tel: 041-341-464 (0386-41-341-464)
Vzletišče je namenjeno za športna in
turistična letala (skupne mase do 2000kg).
Letala iz tujine morajo najprej pristati na
enem od mednarodnih letališč in po
carinjenju in z najavo in dovoljenjem
nadaljujejo proti ZAGORJU.
DATA IS INFORMATIVE AND UNOFFICIAL
Landing on airstrip permitted for sport and
tourist ACFT only (weight up to 2000 kg).
Pilot flying to ZAGORJE from abroad are
obliged to land first on an international AD
for customs and permission before they
continue the flight to ZAGORJE.
NI V MERILU – NOT TO SCALE
POZICIJA
POSITION
46008'32'' N
15000'20'' E
VPS
RWY
0400-2200
VPS
RWY
450 m X 30 m
TODA
450 m
LDA
450 m
POVRŠINA
SURFACE
Trava
Grass
NADM. VIŠINA
332 m
1090 ft
ELEVATION
FREKVENCA
FREQUENCY
123,500 MHz
NAJAVA
FIO
FIO LJLJ
04-206-16-09
METEO
METEO LJLJ
04-280-45-00
LUČI
LIGHTS
/
LOKALNE TOČKE JAVLJANJA
LOCAL REPORTING POINTS
TROJANE
46011'11'' N
14051'58'' E
RAVIŠKOVEC
46007'33'' N
14054'37'' E
RENKE
46005'38'' N
14057'29'' E
PODKUM
Prelaz
TROJANE
Pass
Hrib
RAVIŠKOVEC
Hill
Vas
RENKE
Village
Vas
46004'18'' N
15002'13'' E
PODKUM
TRBOVLJE
Mesto
46009'19'' N
15003'07'' E
PODMEJA
46011'02'' N
15003'48'' E
Village
TRBOVLJE
City
Prelaz
PODMEJA
Pass
ŠOLSKI KROG – AIRSTRIP TRAFFIC CIRCUIT
PODATKI SO INFORMATIVNI IN NEURADNI
DATA IS INFORMATIVE AND UNOFFICIAL
NI V MERILU – NOT TO SCALE
OVIRE:
V finalu 04 je 250 m pred
pragom daljnovod, ki se
nahaja pod ravnino steze. 10
m pred pragom steze je cesta.
V finalu 22 je 115m pred
pragom smrekov gozdiček,
katerega vrhovi segajo do
ravnine steze.
10m pred pragom je
industrijska tovorna cesta, ki
vodi do odlagališča na desni
strani.
OBSTACLES:
250m before threshold in final
for 04 there are high tension
lines, which are situated
below the plane of the airstrip.
115m before the 22 threshold
there is a small forest. Peaks
of the trees are as high as the
surface of the airstrip.
10m before the 22 threshold
there is a industrial road
which trucks use when offloading material in the
construction site on the right.
GORIVO
FUEL
/
/
MAZIVO
OIL
/
/
VZDRŽEVANJE
MAINTENANCE
/
/
ODPIRALNI ČAS glede na predhodni dogovor
OPENING HOURS according to advance agreement
BELEŽKE / NOTES
• Po deževju se nabirajo luže v prvih petdesetih metrih VPS 04. Informacije o stanji steze bodo posredovane
med telefonsko najavo.
• Zaradi naklona steze, ki proti pragu steze 22 pada (povprečni naklon 1,35%) se za pristajanje navadno
uporablja steza 22, kjer je tudi označena točka dotika T (na kateri je pristanek obvezen!) in vizuelne oznake
pragu steze, saj je steza višje od terena pred pragom. Za vzletanje se uporablja steza 04. (Uporaba steze 22
za vzletanje je smiselna le pri čelnem vetru nad 10 vozlov).
• Brez predhodne najave uporaba vzletišča STROGO PREPOVEDNA!
Karte risane po predlogah Interaktivnega Naravovarstvenega atlasa v skladu z navedenimi Pogoji uporabe. Fotografije: © Zlatko Rizvič

Minimum Personal Pilot Checklist – LCM Sekcija ULN

Transcription

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