v C}Q}Ot

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uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= x@ \w@ Qt C=}@O= |UQQ@ R= TB 'j}kLD u}= QO
o= i hPL |wor= |R=UxO=}B 'TBU "OwW|t xO=O KQW Q=YDN=x@ wor= u}= 'xOwRi= VRQ=
xDiQo Q=Qk VywSB w |UQQ@ OQwt RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai
CmQW QO |R=UxO=}B p@=k w Q}o=Qi |WwQ u=wvax@ 1 ?=v C} Q}Ot s=_v |UQQ@ u}= QO "CU=
x@ =Q 2 hqD= hPL |=yVwQ R= |}xawtHt s=_v u}= "CU= xOW xO=O X}NWD RwQi=u=yH
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'CmQW Q=my=Q w R=Ov=sWJ uOWXNWt R= TB w OwW|t `wQW 3 u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi
u}rw= |=Q@ "OQ}o|t Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt CmQW QO xQwO OvJ |=Q@ 4 |OQ@y=Q Ow@y@ |xNQJ
u=wvax@ Qo}O |xaUwDO}rm xv u}@ R= 5 xaUwDO}rm wO 'RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO xr=Ul} |xQwO
Ow@y@ |xNQJ pw= |xQwO |rY= |=yC}r=ai QwLt w xOW xDN=vW |v=QL@ |xaUwDO}rm
hPL uOW ?=v CtU x@ u=tR=U OwQ|t Q=_Dv= xmu}= Q@ xwqa "OvQ}o|t Q=Qk |OQ@y=Q
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Q} Q
[email protected]
[email protected]
Ow@y@ |xNQJ 'u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi '?=v C} Q}Ot 'hqD= %|O}rm u=oS=w
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"OQ}o Q=Qk |UQQ@ w p}rLD OQwt RwQi=u=yH CmQW OwHw xm OvOw@ xH=wt |yw@v= |=[=kD =@ =yRwQ u; |O}rwD |=yCmQW "Ow@ sy |QDWt
OvDUv=wD|t =yCmQW u=QwO u; QO "OQm|t u}t[D =yv; CqwYLt |=Q@ =Q |QDWt
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*
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l} Qy xm CU= xrLQt GvB pt=W xOW?=NDv= |wor= "OwW|t u=}@ |UQQ@ OQwt
QwQt =Q =yO=yvW}B w G}=Dv C}=yv QO "OvwW|t pt=W =Q |}=ys=o R}v pL=Qt u}= R= p}t x@ Ovv=wD|tv =yCmQW Qo}O "CU= Cw=iDt ,qt=m u=QwO u; =@ RwQt= \}=QW
"OQm s}y=wN xOvvmu}}aD |QDWt 'RwQt= Q=R=@ QO =Q}R &Ovvm x[Qa Q=R=@ x@ =Q OwN CqwYLt OwN
Q_v QO =Q |QDWt xm |t}Ok |=yVwQ R= u=wD|tv Qo}O |D}a[w u}vJ =@ "CU=
xO}UQ =Qi |O}OH u=QwO "CiQo xQy@ =yCmQW h=Oy= x@ |@=}CUO |=Q@ OvDiQo|tv
"CU= u} wv |=yVwQ w =ys=_v R= xO=iDU= OvtR=}v u; QO <=k@ xm CU=
x]w@ Qt C=}@O= RwQi=u=yH CmQW u; ltmx@ xm CU= |Q=my=Q |x=Q= 'j}kLD u}= R= hOy
w 50 |xyO QO Q=@u}rw= ?=v O}rwD =} xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai hPL |xO}= x@ w xDiQo Q=m x@ xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai hPL |=Q@ ?U=vt |WwQ Ov=wD@
[1] "OW KQ]t '=Dw} wD O}rwD Q}Ot 'wvyw= |J}=D \UwD |} wor= ?=NDv= =OD@= Q=my=Q u}= uOQmXNWt |=Q@ "OwW p}O@D hqD= uwO@ |v=tR=U
O}rwD s=_v ?=Dm QO =yOa@ |w
s=_v xvwoJ u=wva =@ w= |Oa@ ?=Dm [2] "OQm uwOt =Q OwN s=_v s}y=it 1980 =Dw} wD
"1387 2 1 VQ}PB '1386 9 21 |Qw=O '1386 7 24 Ci=}QO %M}Q=D
X=YDN= hqD= hPL s}y=it QDpt=m h}YwD x@ '1982 OW O=H}= =Dw} wD O}rwD
[10] "OWQ ErFt T-=Q xU "1 pmW
'u}= Q@ uwRi= "OyO|tv x=Q= hqD= R= |L[=w h} QaD wvyw= OwHw u}= =@ [2] "Ci=}
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VqD CU= 7 ?r=k |}xk}kO l} Z} waD s=_v Qo`=O@= OwN xm 6 wov}W wH}W
[3] "OQm =Dw} wD O}rwD s=_v K} QWD |=Q@ |O=}R
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|=yC}r=ai [4] "|QDWt x=oO}O R= |QDWt x@ xOW xO=O p} wLD CtON =} pwYLt
pwYLt VRQ= V}=Ri= ?Hwt xm OvDUy |}=yC}r=ai R= xDUO u; xOwRi= VRQ= =@
u=tR =} xv} Ry |xOvvmhQYt pta Qy R= CQ=@a hqD= %?}DQD u}=x@ [5] "OvwW|t
[4]
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u; |=Q@ Oy=wN|tv |QDWt xm |D}r=ai Qy R= CU= CQ=@a hqD= %CU= pt=a
|xOvvmhQYt ?re= w O}=Ri=|tv CtON =} q=m x@ |WRQ= =Q}R 'OW=@ xDW=O |DN=OQB
[6] "CU= `@=vt
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|OH xHwD R=e; R= |OQwt CU= xOW KQ]t 8 QoQ@vwW |UQQ@ QO xm O}rwD u} wv
hPL u=ty |O}rwD |=ys=_v u}= |rY= |xiUri [7] "CU=y|vB=S O}rwD x@ =y|@ Qe
CmQW QO u; OrwD x@ xHwD =@ xm Ow@ |QDWt x@ |yOCtON ^iL Q@ O}m -=D =@ hqD=
10 ?=v O}rwD u=wva 1988 p=U QO "CiQo s=v TPS 9 =Dw} wD |O}rwD s=_v '=Dw} wD
[8] "OW xO} RoQ@ O}rwD |xiUri u}= |=Q@
* vB=S |=ys=_v |xOta p=mW=
xm CU=yv; uOw@ Q}o=Qi sOa u=ty hqD= hPL |
uwUmH 'p=Ft |=Q@ [10w9] "CU= xDiQo CQwY p=mW= u}= `iQ |=Q@ |Q=}U@ VqD
u}= |t=tD QO "OQ=O xHwD hqD= Q}o=Qi hPL x@ xm Ov=xO=O x=Q= |@=v s=_v RvwH w
u}= u=oOvU} wv R= |NQ@ p}rO u}tyx@ "CU= |QwLt `w[wt hqD= hPL '=yx=oO}O
s=v TWE 11 xOwRi= VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL =Q |vB=S |xiUri
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wo
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} a t w OQ=O |OwQw OvJ =} l} C}r=ai Qy xm CU=yC}r=ai R= |ywQo pt=W
sy=Qi VRQ= |HQ=N =} |rN=O |QDWt l} |=Q@ xm Ovm|t jrN =Q =y|HwQN R=
OwHw hqD= u; QO xm CU= |Ov}=Qi ?=v Ov}=Qi OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ [11] "Ovm|t
[12] "OvW=@ ?=v u; |=yOv}=Qi |xty xm CU= |v=tR=U R}v 14 ?=v u=tR=U &OQ=Ov
[13] "Ow@ |O}rwD |=yOv}=Qi QO hqD= hPL |xOvQ}oQ@QO ?=v O}rwD |x}rw= swyit
swyit w xDiQ QD=Qi ?=v O}rwD R= u}kkLt 'hqD= hPL `w[wt |Q}o=Qi |x]U=wx@
[10] "OvOQm KQ]t =Q ?=v C} Q}Ot
QO QiY =DrO [10] "OwW|t xO}t=v 15 QiY =DrO ?=v C} Q}Ot |v=tQ; hOy
|xty uOQmQiY |=vatx@ QiY =DrO "OQ=O xQ=W= QiY OL =D hqD= Vy=m x@ swyit
'Q}N-=D 'pkvwptL '|OwHwt '|i=[= O}rwD %R= Ov=CQ=@a xm CU= xv=oxv hqD= `@=vt
jqN |xO}= 'xO}=i|@ C=aq]= '?w}at CqwYLt '|iqD= CmQL '|i=[= VR=OQB
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12
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|yOu=tR=U pt=WQ=DN=U'|Q@yQw |}=Qo|QDWt pt=WQ=my=Q %OvwW|t|Ov@xk@]
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}R pt=wa 'RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO %s=a hOy |R=UxO=t; w Ow@y@ |xw}W ?=NDv=
%Ov=xOW |}=U=vW OwU Q@ |Q=PoQF= |=Q@ syt pt=wa u=wvax@
&VwQi u=R}t =} Q=R=@ syU V}=Ri= &O}rwD |=yxv} Ry Vy=m &O}rwD pta CaQU V}=Ri= "C}i}m Ow@y@ xOW xO=iDU= CmQW OWQ= u=Q}Ot C=Q_v R= Qo}O Q=@ 'Ow@y@ |xw}W u}}aD |=Q@
Ow@y@ |xw}W C}ty= %R= CU= CQ=@a Ow@y@ |xw}W u}}aD QO syt Q=}at wO "CU=
\w@ Qt Ow@y@ |xw}W |=v@tQ@ xOWu}}aD hOy x@ |@=}CUO |}=v=wD w CmQW |=Q@
u=wvax@ xv} Ry Vy=m OQwt xm OW O=yvW}B xOW s=Hv= |=y|UQQ@ x@ xHwD =@ "u; x@
"OwW xDiQo Q_v QO xv=}r=U Ow@y@ |xw}W
wO |v=QL@ |=yO}rm ?=NDv= QO %l} Qy h=Oy= w |v=QL@ |xaUwD |=yO}rm h} QaD
|=yO}rm uOQmXNWt |=Q@ "CU= xOw@ Q_v OQwt =yO}rm |}=Q=m w |WN@ QF= Q=}at
xO=iDU= hOy Q=Owtv R= xOW u}}aD |rm h=Oy= w xOW?=NDv= Ow@y@ |xw}W w |v=QL@
xaUwD pw= p=U |=Q@ |v=QL@ |xaUwD |=yO}rm 'Q=Owtv u}= QO "2 pmW s}vm|t
w |Q@yQ O}rm wO xOW s=Hv= |=y|UQQ@ "OwW|t K} QWD Q_v OQwt h=Oy= x=Qtyx@
"Ovvm|t O=yvW}B wQ V}B *p=U |v=QL@ |=yO}rm u=wvax@ =Q C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov
h=Oy= Q=Owtv CU= sRq |v=QL@ |=yO}rm R= l} Qy |=Q@ %|v=QL@ pQDvm \=kv u}}aD
QO xOWx}yD h=Oy= Q=Owtv x@=Wt '|v=QL@ |=yO}rm |=Q@ =yQ=Owtv u}= "OwW xO=t;
pQDvm \=kv |O=OaD Q=Owtv Qy |=Q@ CU= sRq T=U= u}=Q@ "Ov=xOW x}yD p@k CtUk
"OwW XNWt |v=QL@
pQDvm |x]kv GvB Qy |Q@yQ |=Q@ xm OW O=yvW}B xOW s=Hv= |=y|UQQ@ j@]
'C=R}yHD/Ov}=QiOw@y@pQDvm|x]kv xU syC=R}yHD?=v|Q=Oxov|=Q@wOwW?=NDv=
"2 pwOH OvwW ?=NDv= Q=mOwN pkDUt |Q=Oxov w xOW |R}Qxt=vQ@ |Q=Oxov
'|v=QL@ pQDvm \=kv uOWXNWt R= TB %|O=yvW}B |R=UxO=}B |=yxt=vQ@ uDWwv
|=yO}rm h=Oy= =D OwW u}wOD pQDvm \=kv u}= R= l} Qy |=Q@ |}xt=vQ@ CU= sRq
xOW x=Q= xt=vQ@ u}= |xYqN 6 pwOH QO "OvwW xOQw;Q@ R=}v OQwt |v=QL@ pQDvm
"CU=
Q
RwQi=u=yH CmQW QO ?=v C} Q}Ot |R=UxO=}B
RwQi=u=yH CmQW |rai C}a[w
uOW?=v |wU x@ CmQL Ov}=Qi sHvB K]U QO '|UQQ@ u=tR QO RwQi=u=yH CmQW
X}NWD |=yVUQB |=v@tQ@ xOWs=Hv= K]U u}}aD "OQ=O Q=Qk xw@v= O}rwD K]U
u=tR=U u=Q}Ot =@ wowCio w x@L=Yt w RvwH w uwUmH \UwD xOWQmP xrUt
[10] "CU= xOW s=Hv=
uOW?=v |wU x@ CmQL QO CmQW u=Q}Ot |Wt \N
|Ovtxkqa u; Ovts=_v VwQ w ?=v C} Q}Ot h=Oy= R= uOWx=o; =@ u=tR=U C} Q}Ot
?=v C} Q}Ot QO xJv; "CU= xOQm sqa= u=tR=U QO s=_v u}= |R=UxO=}B x@ =Q OwN
hPL |xiUri u=ty CU= xOQm ?rH OwN x@ =Q u=tR=U C} Q}Ot xty R= V}@
|Q=}U@ CqmWt |}xv} Ry Qy =@ O}rwD |xt=vQ@ s=Hv= |xiUri =Q}R 'CU= hqD=
"CU= xOQm O=H}= CmQW |=Q@
|R=UxO=}B |xwLv
|=QH= |=Q@ u=tR=U |rY= u=Q}Ot C@Ft Q_v sqa= w CmQW C} Q}Ot s}tYD R= TB
Q}Ot Q_v |Qw;`tH w j}kLD =@ u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi '?=v C} Q}Ot Q@ |vD@t |t=_v
"OW R=e; Q}R KQW x@ xv=NQ=m Q}Ot w pt=a Q}Ot s=kts=k 'pt=a
u=tR=U O}OHD Ov}=Qi
C=mv uDiQo Q_v QO w xOW s=Hv= |=ywowCio x@ xHwD =@ %RwQi=u=yH CmQW R=Ov=sWJ
%OW O=yvW}B u}vJ RwQi=u=yH CmQW R=Ov=sWJ 'R=Ov=sWJ u}}aD QO xHwD p@=k
u=} QDWt C}=[Q ?Um w |rrtr=u}@ K]U QO CqwYLt C}i}m <=kDQ=
OQmrta w CqwYLt C}i}m '|rY= |=yC}r@=k u}}aD QO %|rY= |=yC}r@=k p}rLD
C}r@=k u=wvax@ OQmrta w C}i}m x@ \w@ Qt |xk@=U w =yv; x@ \w@ Qt Q=@Da= R}v w '=yv;
QO |v=Uv= |x}=tQU OwHw u}vJty "CU= xOW |}=U=vW CmQW |rY= C} Rt w
xU}=kt QO OwW|t Ea=@ u}= xm 'CU= Qo}O C}r@=k l} |R=U?r=k Ovv=t |OQ=wt
"OwW s=Hv= QD`} QU xR=D pwYLt l} O}rwD =yCmQW |xOta =@
"OwW dq@= O=Qi= |xty x@ R=Ov=sWJ O}=@ s=o u}= QO %R=Ov=sWJ |R=UxO=}B
|rw=OH R= 'xaUwD |=yO}rm C}a[w uOWXNWt |=Q@ %CmQW p=Ut X}NWD
\=kv |O=OaD xaUwDO}rm Qy |=Q@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= s}v}@|t 2 pwOH QO xJv; x@=Wt
RvwH w uwUmH |O=yvW}B |wor= T=U=Q@ pQDvm \=kv u}= "Ov=xOW h} QaD pQDvm
[10] "Ov=xOW x}yD
Q=R=@/pwYLt T} QD=tR=Q=R=@QO CmQW C}akwtQwQt|=Q@%|OQ@y=Q C=aq]=QwQt
hrDNt |=yVN@ C}ty= u=R}t |xOvyOu=Wv xm 3 pwOH QO "CU= xOW xO=iDU=
xO=O u=Wv T} QD=t u}= CU= |}=}i=QeH |xOwOLt w pwYLt `wv l}miDx@ Q=R=@
"CU= xOW
QO "CU=@kQ p}rLD OQ}o Q=Qk xHwD OQwt O}=@ VN@ u}= QO xm |Qo}O OQwt
Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt u; CqwYLt T=U=Q@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW OwN 'xaUwDO}rm 9 OQwt
xOW|}=U=vW |xOta CqwYLt Q=R=@ |rY= |=@kQ =@ xU}=kt |=Q@ =Hv}= QO "CiQo
|}xvwtv "CU= xOW xO=iDU= |O}rm pt=wa T} QD=t R= |R=o |Q=N@ w |R=o Qrwm
"s}v}@|t 4 pwOH QO =Q T} QD=t u}= R=
X}NWD w xOW |Qw;`tH |OQ@y=Q C=aq]= x@ xHwD =@ %|OQ@y=Q |=yO}rm h} QaD
14
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
|=yQ=}at '`k=w QO "Ov=xOW XNWt |OQ@y=Q |xaUwD |=yO}rm 'CmQW p=Ut
w Q=R=@ QO xaUwD |=yO}rm |xOv}; C}ty= |OQ@y=Q |xaUwD |=yO}rm u}}aD |rY=
RmQtD O}rm wO xm OW O=yvW}B C}=yv QO "OvDUy =@kQ Q@=Q@ QO =yO}rm u}= |QDQ@ u=R}t
|=Q=O ,qw= =Q}R &OwW ?=NDv= CmQW COtR=QO Q=my=Q |=Q@ ?=v |UOvyt w |QDWt Q@
|D@=kQ C} Rt w CQOk \=kv xm u; swO w CU= u=} QDWt |=Q@ C}ty= u} QDW}@
"CU= CmQW
xOv}; p=U 5 =D 3 |=Q@ RwQi=u=yH CmQW |xaUwD |xt=vQ@ %xaUwD |xt=vQ@ l} O=H}=
|UOvyt w |QDWt Q@ RmQtD xOWu}}aD |OQ@y=Q |=yO}rm "s}v}@|t 5 pwOH QO =Q
"OUQ@ swO K]U x@ =yv; QO xOv}; p=U 5 QO O}=@ CmQW xm OvDUy |}=yO}rm ?=v
C}kiwt K]U xm '3 K]U x@ =D CU= xOW |R}Qxt=vQ@ |}xvwox@ Qo}O |=yO}rm |=Q@
`wQW u=tR QO u=tR=U K]U |xOvyOu=Wv QiY OOa 5 pwOH QO "s}UQ@ 'CU=
|v=}=B p=U hQat sy 5 OOa "CU= xt=vQ@ `wQW R= swU p=U Qou=}@ 3 OOa "CU=
"CU= |R}Qxt=vQ@ COtR=QO |xQwO w Ow@y@ Ov}=Qi
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
"?=v C} Q}Ot C=R=}Dt= pwOH "2 pwOH
|v=tR=U |Q}oO=} K]U 5
u}ov=}t
pQDvm \=kv
5 K]U 4 K]U 3 K]U 2 K]U 1 K]U
Qi =}
13 34
20 54
21 54
17 44
19 45
14 44
33 75
32 75
10 25
15
U D |=yO}rm
xa w
|QDWt C=H=}DL= 11
|QDWt Q@ RmQtD "1
|QDWt =@ \@=wQ 21
p} wLD =D VQ=iU Ov}=Qi 31
u=tR=U O}OHD 12
RmQtD 22
|Q@yQ "2
|R=UOQ=Ov=DU= 32
|Q}o}B 42
OQwNR=@ 52
|Q=m |=yxwQo 13
|}xm@W Q=DN=U =@ u=tR=U 23
?=v u=tR=U "3
|}=U=vWV=O=B 33
u=Q@H|@=}RQ= 43
?=v uOQm xQ=O= 53
Q=m |wQ}v VRQ= 14
xOvR=U |Q=mty 24
CmQ=Wt "4
\}Lt =@ OQwNQ@ xwLv 34
xat=H =@ |oJQ=Bm} 44
|Q=O}O pQDvm w |Q=m \}Lt 15
`} QU OQwNR=@ |=ys=_v 25
C=aq]= |Q=tat "5
OQmrta |Q}oxR=Ov= 35
uR}=m |yOVQ=Ro 45
|R=U OQ=Ov=DU= 16
hqD= uwO@ Q=my=Q 26
Ow@y@ nvyQi "6
|Qw=vi VQDUo 36
VRwt; 46
u=wQ O}rwD 17
Ov}=Qi u}OvJ C}=Oy 27
\rDNt w xOW K}]UD O}rwD 37
?=v O}rwD "7
|R=UxO=t; u=tR 47
=yX}NWD uw}U=twD= 57
xDUw}B O}rwD |WWm s=_v 67
O}rwD |Ov@v=tR77
C=R}yHD Ov}=Qi Ow@y@ 18
Q=mOwN pkDUt |Q=Oxov 28
xOW |R}Q xt=vQ@ |Q=Oxov 38
C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot "8
C}i}m |Q=Oxov 48
C=R}yHD `} QU C} Q}Ot 58
xv=Q}oW}B |Q=Oxov |L=Q] 78
|L=Q] Ov}=Qi 19
?=v |UOvyt "9
QCD |=Q@ |L=Q] 29
WQ ErFt
O
Q=my=Q
Q=DN=U
y @k
= C}r =
C=QO=Y QwWm x}k@ p=tW ?wvH ?Qe u=yiY= u=H}=@QP; u=QyD u=U=QN Q=R=@
M
M
L
L
M
L
L
L
H
L
L
L
H
L
L
L
p=}Q 1'500'000'000
p=}Q 5'000'000''000
p=}Q 15'000'000'000
L
L
H
L
L
M
L
L
L
L
H
L
L
M
H
m
\UwDt
O=}R
s
M
H
M
L
M
H
H
M
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
"pwYLt/Q=R=@ T} QD=t "3 pwOH
pwYLt`wv
|R=o Qrwm
|@; Qrwm
|R=o |Q=N@
umtQo@;
Q=R=@ C}ty=
"|O}rm pt=wa T} QD=t "4 pwOH
I
G
E C A ?
5
3
2
3
3
5
5
4
2
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
r= RwQi=u=yH
h
3
4
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
5
4
5
5
5
32 41 39 24 24 24 40
|@Uv R=}Dt=
40
|R=o Qrwm %pwYLt
QwWm ?wvH %Q=R=@
|QDWt Q@ RmQtD "1
|Q@yQ "2
?=v u=tR=U "3
CmQ=Wt "4
C=aq]= |Q=tat "5
Ow@y@ nvyQi "6
?=v O}rwD "7
C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot "8
?=v |UOvyt "9
H
`t
"RwQi= u=yH CmQW xaUwD xt=vQ@ "5 pwOH
|v=tR=U |Q}oO=} K]U 5
1 K]U 2 K]U 3 K]U 4 K]U 5 K]U
xaUwD |=yO}rm
s=_v p}tmD s=_v dwr@ s=_v xaUwD s=_v `wQW xw@v= O}rwD
5
3
3
5
5
5
3
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
0
|QDWt Q@ RmQtD "1
0
|Q@yQ "2
0
3
?=v u=tR=U "3
0
3
mQ t "4
WQ TwQ
Q=my=Q
Q=DN=U
C =W
0
0
3
3
0
O
C=aq]= |Q=tat "5
Ow@y@ nvyQi "6
0
0
?=v O}rwD "7
C=R}yHD ?=v C} Q}Ot "8
?=v |UOvyt "9
y @k
= C}r =
16
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
Qi =}
"h=Oy= Q=Owtv "2 pmW
"CiQo Q=Qk O}}-=D w |UQQ@ OQwt xHOw@ s=o u}= QO %xHOw@ uDN=U |}=yv
"CU= xOW xOQw; xOW Q_v O}OHD |xt=vQ@ |xYqN 6 pwOH QO %|R=UxYqN
T=U=Q@|R=UOQ=Ov=DU=|xrLQtQOxwQo u}=|=yC}r=ai%|R=UxO=}BxwQo|=yC}r=ai
%OwW|t s=Hv= p}P |=ys=o
|R=UxO=}B |=yxt=vQ@ T=U=Q@ CtUk u}= QO "=yxO=O |@=}RQ= w p}rLD '|Qw;`tH "1
Qy |=Q@ =Q h=Oy= |=yQ=Owtv |R=UxO=}B xwQo 'RmQtD xwQo \UwD xOWO=yvW}B
x@=Wt |v=QL@ pQDvm \=kv |=Q@ h=Oy= Q=Owtv "OyO|t X}YND pQDvm |x]kv
QmP p@=k Cw=iD =yvD "s}O}O ,q@k xm CU= CmQW |xr=Ul} h=Oy= Q=Owtv u=ty
\=kv h=Oy= Q=Owtv QO w 'RmQtD xwQo O=Qi= xr=Ul} h=Oy= Q=Owtv QO xm CU= u;
"OvwW|t QmP x]w@ Qt |R=UxO=}B xwQo |=[a= '|v=QL@ pQDvm
pQDvm \=kv |=Q@ |v=QL@ |UQQ@ \=kv s=o u}= QO "|v=QL@ |UQQ@ \=kv u}}aD "2
h=Oy= =@ \@DQt pt=wa |xOvyOu=Wv |UQQ@ \=kv u}= "OwW|t h} QaD |v=QL@
"Ov=|rY=
"OW Q=RoQ@ ji=wD ?Um |=Q@ C=UrH "=yO=yvW}B pO=@D w |Qw;`tH "3
17
OQw;Q@ Ow@y@ \=kv R= l} Qy |=Q@ =yxv} Ry CU= sRq s=o u}= QO %|r=t C=QF= u}tND
u}= "OvwW x@U=Lt KQ] s=Hv= R= xOWO=H}= |=y|} wHxiQY O}=@ ut[ QO "OvwW
X T} QD=t QO xOWx@U=Lt Q}O=kt w xDiQo Q=Qk x@U=Lt OQwt KQ] |=Q@ C=@U=Lt
"CU= xOt; 3 pmW xv=}r=U pmW
|R=UOQ=Ov=DU=
xOt; p}P QO RmQtD |xrLQt QO Q[=L O=Qi= |=yC}r=ai %RmQtD xwQo |=yC}r=ai
"CU=
xwQo l} |=Q=O pk=OL O}=@ |v=QL@ O}rm Qy %|R=UxO=}B |=yxwQo |yOu=tR=U
[10] "OW=@ |R=UxO=}B
l} 'C=R}yHD ?=v |Q=Oxov w |Q@yQ |=yO}rm R= l} Qy |=Q@
"OW xDiQo Q_v QO |R=UxO=}B xwQo
|R=UxO=}BxwQoO=Qi= =@xOWs=Hv=|=ywowCiow EL@QO%=yO=yvW}BpO=@Dw|Qw;`tH
xOW s=Hv= |R=UxO=}B |=yxt=vQ@ QO |mOv= C=Q}}eD RmQtD xwQo O=Qi= |=yC@LY w
"CU=
"pmW X T} QD=t "3 pmW
18
"""VRQ= uwO@ |=yC}r=ai Q}o=Qi hPL |wor= |Q}oQ=mx@
83 1 15
83 1 15
83 3 1
83 4 3
83 5 16
84 1 5
84 2 1
Qi =}
v m uwO} Qi w =Wwm =[QO}tL
W=OO=} p}tmD `wQW
C
k=w Q=Okt
"xOW Q_v O}OHD xt=vQ@ xYqN "6 pwOH
hOy
Q=my=Q
pwUt
|a
%p}P OQ=wt `kwtx@ s=Hv=
83 2 31
83 4 2
83 5 15
84 6 15
84 1 31
84 3 1
OEE= 65
?=v |D} Q}Ot s=_v
xaUwD xt=vQ@
xv=}r=U |Wt \N
|}=QH= xt=vQ@
|yO VQ=Ro
p=Ut X}NWD
p}rLD xYqN
pOt C=R}yHD
OEE= 65
83 4 3
A90
pOt C=R}yHD
22 u=R}t x@ Vy=m
pOt C=R}yHD
kO 30
pOt C=R}yHD
E80
pOt C=R}yHD
xk}
83 4 3
83 4 3
|OYQO 20 V}=Ri=
C=R}yHD =@ O}rwD
|UQDUO u=tR QO
Q90
pOt C=R}yHD
y m 50
pOt C=R}yHD
V =
83 4 3
xOWQmP OQwt xU
83 4 3
yQO s=Hv=
|O}rwD \w]N
83 12 1
xt
\w]N QO s=Hv=
|rY=
TQB \N QO s=Hv=
pOt \w]N |=Q@
83 4 3
83 4 3
83 4 3
83 4 3
83 10 1
19
Y= |=yur=U
|rY= C=R}yHD
|rY= C=R}yHD
w =yur=U
|rY= C=R}yHD
|rY= |=yur=U
|r
pOt C=R}yHD
y m 50
V =
83 8 1
pOt C=R}yHD
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VRwt;-|}=OD@=
1 s =o
2 s =o
3 s =o
t a Q}Ots=kts=k
|R}Qxt=vQ@ Q}Ot
|R}Q xt=vQ@ Q}Ot
xv=NQ=m Q}Ot
xv=NQ=m Q}Ot
pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
|vi Q}Ot/
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
TQB CUQB QU/
/|vi Q}Ot
/|R}Qxt=vQ@ Q}Ot
TQB CUQB QU
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
/|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
TQB ur=U CUQB QU
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
/pt=a Q}Ot s=kt s=k
TQB ur=U CUQB QU
/Q}Ot s=kt s=k
/TQB CUQB QU
|vi Qwt= Q}Ot
OQwt
p =
pQDvm \=kv
2
12
22
32
42
52
62
8
u=tR=U O}OHD
RmQtD
|R=U OQ=Ov=DU=
|Q}o}B
|Q}o}B
OQwNR=@
18
C=R}yHD Ov}=Qi Ow@y@
118
a1
1 8
b1
1 8
U UO C}r@=k
| QD
@= N Vy=m
| Q
|R=UxO=t; u=tR Vy=m
218
a2
1 8
b218
}=Q m
 H C=ikwD Vy=m
|R
k=w CaQU V}=Ri=
C}i}m C@Uv
|a
318
a3
1 8
b3
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v
| = C@U
C}i}
m C=a}=[ Vy=m
r D R=e; C=a}=[ Vy=m
O} w
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x@ uO}UQ |Ov@u=tR w |R}Qxt=vQ@ |xQ=@QO xm Ow@ xOWxDU=wN |R=UxO=}B xwQo
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
lean management
waste
business renewal process
strategic improvement cycle
development key
Shigeo Shingo
single minute exchange of die
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8. Schonberger
9. Toyota production system
10. lean production
11. total waste elimination
12. lean
13. lean process
14. lean enterprise
15. delta zero
16. customer focus
17. leadership
24
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18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
lean organization
partnership
information architecture
culture of improvement
lean production
lean equipment management
lean engineering
enterprise renewal process
strategic improvement cycle
Deming cycle
plan, do, check, act
analysis sheet
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32. 1H & 5W (Who?, What?, When?, Where?,[16] Why?, How?)
33. mean time between failures(MTBF)
34. poka-yoke
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information technology
quality, cost, delivery
hospital corporation of America
nd, organize, clarify, understand, select
integrated management system
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3. Kenichi, K., and Arai, Keisuke. Zero dandori kaizen
tejun, translated by Bruce Talbot, Kaizen For Quick
Changeover: Going Beyond SMED. Portland: productivity Press (1992).
25
4. Productivity Press Development Team; Kaizen for the
Shopoor, Portland: Productivity Press (2002).
5. Arora, K.C. Total Quality Management, New Delhi: S.K.
Katari & Sons. (2002).
6. Lucansky, P.; Bruke, R., and Ducharme, L. Value Imoration Directory [HomePage] (January 2003), [on-line]
<http://www.b5srl.com> [11 January 2004].
7. Schonberger; R.J. Japanese Manufacturing Techniques,
The Free Press New York (1982).
8. Womack, J.P.; Jones. D.T., and Roos, D. The Machine
That Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production,
New York: Harper Perennial (1996).
9. Koskela, L. Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction, Technical Report, Stanford University (1992).
10. Jackson, T.L., and Jones, Karen R. Implementing a
Lean Management System, Portland: Productivity Press
(1996).
11. Cappels, T.M. Financially Focused Quality, United
States of America: St. Luice Press (1999).
12. Richards, C.W. Lean Enterprise, V2R Consulting Group
(2001).
13. McGiven, M., and Stiber, Alex. Lean Manufacturing Techniques, Development Dimensions International,
(October 2002), [On-line]. <http://www.ddiworld.com>
[14 January 2004].
14. Xia, Jie, M.S., Redesign of complaint processing procedures in Kaiser Permanente Tri-Central Service Area,
California State University, MSc Thesis, Long Beach
(2001).
15. Organized Change Consultancy, <www.organizedchan
ge.com>. [20 January 2004].
16. Shingo, Shigeo. A Study of the Toyota Production System From an Industrial Engineering Viewpoint, Revised
Edition, Portland: Productivity Press (1989).
17. Shina, Sammy G., Six sigma for electronics design and
manaufacturing, McGraw-Hill (2002).