C=Q_v

Original Article
10393 "X '2/2 |xQ=tW '31 1 |xQwO
1394 u=DUtR 'h} QW C} Q}Ot w `}=vY |UOvyt
C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ =yC}OwHwt |oS}w w
|m}vwQDmr= u=} QDWt
O=DU= u=}LDi OtLt
Q=}O=DU= u=}tqe =[QOtLt
OWQ= |U=vWQ |wHWv=O
u=Q}=
|}=[Q sQm =
CavYwsra x=oWv=O '`}=vY |UOvyt |xOmWv=O
|Q}os}tYD |=Q@ xwkr=@ u=} QDWt x@ |m}vwQDmr= CQ=HD |=yC}=U?w QO u=} QDWt C=Q_v
ltm |@=}Q=R=@ |=yQ=mx=Q w CqwYLt <=kDQ= |=Q@ u=oOvWwQi x@ w 'O} QN |xQ=@QO QDy@
R= =Q u=} QDWt xHwD w G}wQD =Q OwN CqwYLt 'C=Q_v paH =@ u=@rkDt wQu}= R= "Ovm|t
hWm |=Q@ |@}mQD sDU}U l} |L=Q] j}kLD u}= hOy "Ovvm|t hQLvt =@kQ CqwYLt
u}@ \@=wQ w <=}W= |=y|oS}w R= xm u=vJ 'CU= \NQ@ u}qv; |raH C=Q_v
|w=mxO=O R= hOy u}= x@ uO}UQ |=Q@ "OQ}o xQy@ u=tRsy Qw]x@ hrDNt |=yC}OwHwt
w u=Q@Q=m |]=@DQ= |xm@W "OW xO=iDU= |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W sD}Qwor= =@ |}x]@=Q
VwQ u}= "OWO=H}= lQDWt pwYLt w Q@Q=m 'OQwNR=@ 'O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= T=U=Q@ C=Q_v
G}=Dv Q_v R= xm u; Q@xwqa |O=yvW}B VwQ "OW =QH= C=Q_v |xO=O xawtHt wO |wQ
|=yxm@W `=wv= |=Q@ Q}PBh=]av= |WwQ 'OQ=O Qo}O |=yVwQ x@ |@Uv |QDQ@ xrY=L
|x]@=Q |=Q@ |OwyW C=}[Qi x@ R=}v uwO@ '|UQQ@ OQwt |xO=O xawtHt T=U=Q@ C=Q_v
"OQ=Po|t Q=}DN= QO '=yC}OwHwt
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
"|raH C=Q_v hWm '|raH C=Q_v '|m}vwQDmr= |QDWt 'Q_v %|O}rm u=oS=w
t t "1
x Ok
C=Q_v u=} QDWt R= OYQO 83 xm OyO|t u=Wv Q}N= C=k}kLD "Ovvm R=Q@= C}i}m|@
|xOy=Wt |B QO =Q OwN O} QN s}tYD u=} QDWt OYQO 80 w Ovvm|t |UQQ@ =Q u}qv;
[1] "Ov=xO=O Q}}eD |ivt C=Q_v
?} Qi Ea=@ X}NWD p@=kQ}e |raH C=Q_v OwHw
|O=tDa=|@ ?Hwt Qt= u}= &OwW|t u=v; |xv}y@ Q}e |=y?=NDv= w u=oOvvmhQYt
"OwW|t hQ]|@ u=Q@Q=m \UwD xOW p=UQ= O}it C=aq]= x@ |yHwD|@ w
u=WO}=ka uO=O u=Wv |=Q@ xm CU= u=Q@Q=m \UwD xOWO}rwD |=wDLt 'C=Q_v
[3w2] "Ovvm|t x=Q= =}W= |xQ=@QO
2
?} Qi |=Q@ |raH C=Q_v ^ir R= 'C=}@O= QO
Ow@y@ |=Q@ |oDN=U |ivt =} C@Ft O}=ka |x=Q= =@ Q=mOwN |=ysDU}U =} u=oOvv=wN
[2] "OwW|t xO=iDU= hOy pwYLt CQyW ?} QND =}
|=yC}=U QO |@rkD C=Q_v X}NWD R= CU= CQ=@a |raH C=Q_v hWm
Q_v xm |rwYLt 'xOvU} wv 'Q_v uDt 'C}=U |wQ C=Q_v xty uDW=O =@ '\NQ@
|=yVwQ QFm= QO [4] "xDi=} X=YDN= R=}Dt= w Q_v p=UQ= u=tR 'xOW xDWwv u; |=Q@
'CU= xOW C}=aQ C=Q_v uOw@ pkDUt ZQi '|raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ OwHwt
QO "OwW|t OQ K} QY w |vt[ C=]=@DQ= OwHw p}rOx@ ZQi u}= xm |r=LQO
|Ov@xk@] |}=Q=m |=kDQ= CyH QO '|}x]@=Q |Q}oO=} |=Q@ C=]=@DQ= u}= xar=]t u}=
u=wvax@ R}v \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt Tqm R= Cr=Lu}= QO "OvQ}o|t Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt
1 u}qv;
|=yO} QN |=Q@ |QDW}@ |DL=Q T=UL= O=Qi= xRwQt= xm |r}qO R= |m}
w CqwYLt |xQ=@QO C=aq]= Qwiw 'Ovvm|t |DvU |=yVwQ x@ C@Uv \NQ@
xO=O C=R=}Dt= w C=Q_v 'C=aq]= u}= `=wv= u} QD|O}rm R= |m} "CU= u=oOvWwQi
O=}R sHL R= |Q}oxQy@ Qw_vtx@ u}kkLt "CU= u=oOvWwQi w CqwYLt x@ xOW
Ov=xO=O xaUwD C=Q_v p}rLD |=Q@ |irDNt |=yVwQ 'u=Q@Q=m \UwD |O}rwD C=aq]=
|x}[Qi C=k}kLD u}= |t=tD "CU= |w=mxO=O uwvi w |a}@] u=@R VR=OQB pt=W xm
=@ `k=w QO xm 'OvQ}PB|t p}rLD OQwt C=Q_v |t=tD uOw@ jFwt Q@ |v@t =Q |v=Um}
xHwD p@=k Q}F-=D w C=Q_v u=U; |UQDUO uDiQo Q_v QO =@ "OQ=Ov |v=wNty Ck}kL
u=@rkDt \UwD C=Q_v Qw;OwU |=y|Q=mDUO |=Q@ |}xOv}=Ri |xR}ov= 'VwQi Q@ =yu;
'=yv; uOv=wN =@ =yvD R}t;?} Qi C=Q_v X}NWD |O=a Q@Q=m l} |=Q@ "OQ=O OwHw
Tv=W Ovvm C@F C@Ft C=Q_v u=@rkDt Qo= "CU= Q=wWO Q=}U@ 'OW=@v umttQ}e Qo=
u=Q@Q=m O=}R p=tDL= x@ OvU} wv@ |ivt C=Q_v Qo= &OvQ@|t q=@ =Q pwYLt VwQi
xm OwW|t QDGvQe@ |Dkw xrUt "Ovvm|t ?=NDv= O} QN |=Q@ =Q |Qo}O CqwYLt
CqwYLt |=Q@ =Q C@Ft C=Q_v w 'C}i}m =@ CqwYLt |=Q@ =Q |ivt C=Q_v u=@rkDt
pwUt xOvU} wv "1393 5 14 VQ}PB '1393 4 15 x}LqY= '1392 12 25 Ci=}QO %M}Q=D
'C=]=@DQ= Q@ xwqa 'xO=iDU= OQwt sD}Qwor= "OwW|txO=iDU= xOvvm|} woV}B |=yQ}eDt
QO xm |r=L QO "Ovm|t |rN=O |xO=iDU= R}v =yC}OwHwt |rLt |=y|oS}w R=
'Ov=xDiQo pmW Cw=iDt |=yC}OwHwt u}@ \ki x]@=Q |=yQ=Owtv u}W}B C=k}kLD
Q=}at u}OvJ |Q}oQ=mx@ =@ u=Q@Q=m w C=Q_v R= |O}OH |=yxm@W j}kLD u}= QO
Q_v OQwNR=@ w lQDWt pwYLt w Q@Q=m 'O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= pt=W C=Q_v u}@ \=@DQ=
|]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W sD}Qwor= ?r=k QO '|}x]@=Q |w=mxO=O "OW xO=O xaUwD
|=Q@ sDU}U |Q}PBh=]av= VwQ u}= C} Rt "OW xDiQo Q=mx@ sDU}U u}= QO 3 RDN
u}W}B |=yVwQ QO xm|r=LQO 'CU=yC}OwHwt R= ?}mQD Qy =@ xO=O xawtHt Qy
=Hv; R= "Ov=xDiQo pmW X=N |xO=O xawtHt l} T=U=Q@ =yxm@W 'xm@W Q@ |vD@t
|raH C=Q_v X}NWD |=ysDU}U |=Q@ |U=U= Vr=J Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O xm
"OW xO=iDU= =yxO=O |vR?UJQ@ |=Q@ |Q=mD@= VwQ l} R= j}kLD u}= QO 'CU=
C}kiwt "Ovm|t pta uDt p}rLD w u=@rkDt |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w T=U=Q@ VwQ u}=
|=yxO=O R= |kFwt |xawtHt xm Ovm|t u}t[D u}W}B C=ar=]t QO =yVwQ u}=
"s}W=@ xDW=O Q=}DN= QO Q=O?UJQ@
Q=Qk EL@ OQwt p}YiD x@ `w[wt |xQ=@QO OwHwt C=}@O= 'xr=kt u}= |xt=O= QO
|O=yvW}B VwQ 'swU VN@ j}kLD VwQ u=}@ ut[ TBU "swO VN@ OQ}o|t
G}=Dv 'xO=iDU= OQwt |=yxO=O xawtHt |iQat =@ "sQ=yJ VN@ OW Oy=wN K} QWD
|xQ=@QO EL@ R= TB "sHvB VN@ OwW|t x=Q= =yxO=O |wQ VwQ |=QH= R= pY=L
VN@ OW Oy=wN xU}=kt x@=Wt |=yVwQ Q}=U =@ |O=yvW}B VwQ 'pY=L G}=Dv
"sWW
|Q=DiQ |=ypOt ?
} @ m OwW|t xOy=Wt '|raH C=Q_v X}NWD QO OwHwt |=yOQm}wQ |UQQ@ =@
O}m -=D C=Oy=Wt R= |W=v u=Q@Q=m lwmWt |=yQ=DiQ |R=UpOt Q@ =yKQ]
X}NWD Q@ |raH C=Q_v X}NWD |=Hx@ =yVwQ '|Q=DiQ |=ypOt u}= QO "OvQ=O
[14] "OvwW|t RmQtDt ?rkDt u=oOvyOQ_v
O@=}|t X=YDN= uOw@ ?rkDt R= |}xHQO Q@Q=m Qy x@ |Q=DiQ |=ypOt QO
|Ov@x@DQ u}= QO q=@ x=o}=H =@ u=Q@Q=m "OvwW|t |Ov@x@DQ u=Q@Q=m u; T=U=Q@ w
QDq=@ xHQO u}= xJQy `k=w QO "OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO ?rkD =yv; C=Q_v w '?rkDt
|=ypOt u}= R= 'C=ar=]t R= |NQ@ QO "CU= QDW}@ =yu; uOw@ ?rkDt p=tDL= OW=@
C=ar=]t j@] [7] "CU= xOW xO=iDU= =yxOvQ}oO=} |OwQw |=y|oS}w u=wvax@ |Q=DiQ
OQwtQO |}=DOvJ C=Q_v w C=R=}Dt= pt=W u=oOvyOQ_v Q=DiQ 'u}kkLt R= |NQ@
x@ |=Q@ =Q \UwDt R=}Dt= R= h=QLv= R}v w CqwYLt R= |ywQo =} =Dm} pwYLt l}
[14] "OvDi=} xv=@rkDt |=yQ=DiQ uDN=Ov=s=O
X}NWD CLY Ow@y@ hOy =@ u}vJty
C=Q_v Q=WDv= pt=W u=Q@Q=m R= Qo}O C}r=ai wO [14] 'Qwm Pt C=ar=]t QO xOW KQ]t
C=Q_v O=OaD x@ C@Uv =yO} QN O=OaD uOw@ QDsm ?D=Qtx@ w x=Dwm |v=tR xQwO l} QO
[15] "CU= xOQm xi=[= u=@rkDt |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w u=wvax@ =Q
C=}@O= QwQt "2
u QDW} x
=wDLt p}rLD G
H C=Q_v hWm QO Q=DWwv l@U |@=}RQ= |=Q@ |irDNt |=yxw}W R= C=}@O= QO
8
w Qw=Ht C=trm |=yxr=@vO Q}_v xO=U |wer |wLv |=ywor= "CU= xOW xO=iDU=
|Q}oO=} |=ysD}Qwor= x@ xm |}=yxOwr=W u=wvax@ 9 Q=Dio |=yVN@ |=y?UJQ@
[7w6] "Ov=xDiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt OvyO|t =Q |vDt |=yxO=O R= |Q}oO=} xR=H= u}W=t
[16] Vv=Q=mty w nvi
|}x}w=R '?} Qi X}NWD |=Q@ u=@R |wLv l@U xar=]t =@
"O}=Ri=|t |r@k C=ar=]t x@ hQ=aDtQ}e |OwOL =D
R= "CU=xDiQoQ=Qk xHwD OQwt |Q=DiQ |=ypOt QO C=Q_v C=HQOvt Cy@=Wt
|ra
w |DQ=_v pt=W hrDNt |=yx=oO}O R= |raH C=Q_v hWm |=yVwQ VN@ u}= QO
Q=Owtv Q@ |vD@t |=yVwQ w C=Q_v uDt p}rLD '|Q=DiQ |=yVwQ 'uOw@ |DQ=_vQ}e
VN@ |=yDv= QO "OwW|t u=}@ xwQo Qy X=N |=yxw}W w OQ}o|t Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt
s}y=wN |raH C=Q_v hWm QO Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O OQi x@ QYLvt Vr=J x@
"CN=OQB
|ra
H C=Q_v hWm |=yVwQ |Ov@xDUO "1"2
DQ v e w |DQ=_v |=yVwQ hr=
| =_ Q}
DQ v Y= |xDUO wO x@ u=wD|t =Q |raH C=Q_v hWm QO OwHwt |=yOQm}wQ
u=wvax@ u=wD|t =Q |raH C=Q_v X}NWD '|rm Qw]x@ "OQm s}UkD |DQ=_vQ}e w
|=yVwQ "OQm |Ov@pwtQi |raHQ}e w |raH Tqm wO =@ |Ov@xk@] |xrUt l}
u} QD|Wr=J u}=Q@=v@ "Ovvm|t xO=iDU= Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O xawtHt R= |DQ=_v
"CU= Q=O?UJQ@ |}xv}tR |=yxO=O uOQw; CUO x@ =yVwQ R= xDUO u}= VN@
u}W=t ,=DOta 'Ov=xDiQ Q=mx@ |raH C=Q_v hWm QO xm |DQ=_v |Q}oO=} |=ysD}Qwor=
|=yVwQ syt |oS}w [75'3] "OvDUy xO=U R}@ w l}DUHr uw}UQoQ 'u=@}DWB Q=OQ@
hWm QO XwYNx@ '|oS}w u}= "CU= Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O x@ R=}vsOa |DQ=_vQ}e
OvtOwU Q=}U@ 'CU= pmWt u; QO =yxO=O u}= uOQw; CUO x@ xm |raH C=Q_v
"CU=
[2]
|}=U=vW |xrUt |DQ=_vQ}e |=yVwQ u}@ R= 'xOWs=Hv= C=ar=]t R= |m} QO
|}=U=vW CQwYx@ xrUt u}= "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot u=Q@Q=m pwtatQ}e |=yQ=DiQ
OwW|t h} QaD C=Q=_Dv= R= |}xawtHt &OwW|t xrwtQi Q=_Dv= R= QwO Oa=wk R= |ywQo
| =_ |r
94
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|=yxwQo w Oa=wk "CU= xOW |iQat =yu; |=Q@ R}v \@DQt uOw@ xQ_DvtQ}e Q=}at w
R= QwO "CU= u=oOvyOQ_v |O=aQ}e w pwtatQ}e |=yQ=DiQ Qou=Wv Q=_Dv= R= QwO
Vw=m |w=mxO=O l}vmD "OwW|t h} QaD C=Q=_Dv= R= h=QLv= CQwYx@ uOw@ Q=_Dv=
[8] xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t QO |ywQo u=@rkDt uDi=} |=Q@ 4 QQmt sqk=
CU= xDiQ Q=mx@
"Ovvm|t |yOQ_v pwYLt u}OvJ |wQ =yxwQo QO u=Q@Q=m xm pqODU= u}= =@
[9] xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t R= |m} QO
|a}@] `}RwD l} xm CU= u}= |rY= ZQi
|=Q@ =Q O=Qi= xm ?rkDt |Q=HD C}OwHwt l} "OQ=O OwHw C=R=}Dt= w C=Q_v QO
QO "OQ}o|t xrY=i |a}@] `}RwD u}= R= 'Ovm|t s=ONDU= |raH C=Q_v uDWwv
"CU= xOW |UQQ@ |mD C=Q_v QO ?rkD X}NWD |xrUt [10] 'Qo}O |}xar=]t
5
xU =yv; &Ov=xOQm p}O@D |v=tR |wor= hWm |xrUt x@ =Q xrUt u}= u=oOvU} wv
l} TBU "Ovvm|t CrqO xrtL `wv u}= Q@ xm Ov=xOQm |}=U=vW |a}tHD |xQ=t;
u=oOvyOQ_v u}kkLt "Ovvm|t O=H}= |vLvt VR=Q@ T=U=Q@ 6 |Oa@OvJ |v=tR |QU
w [11] Ovvm|t pOt hwmQ=t |iO=YD u=O}t CQwYx@ =Q =yu=Qwi QO =yv; |oDU@ty w
[12] |DQ=_vQ}e pOt l} QO "Ovvm|t xO=iDU= G=DvDU= |=Q@ 7 |}xNQJ Qw=@ Q=WDv= R=
xrwtQi |Ov@xWwN |xrUt l} CQwYx@ xrUt 'u} R}@ OQm}wQ l} R= xO=iDU= =@
&CU= xDiyv u=Qo}O x@ C@Uv u=@rkDt Q=DiQ Cw=iDt O=a@= QO |rY= |xR}ov= "OwW|t
"OwW|t ?rkDtQ}e w ?rkDt |xWwN wO u}@ |a}RwD |}=Qo=w O=H}= Ea=@ Qt= u}=
Q}}eD |xOy=Wt =@ "OwW|t xWwN wO |D}atH `}RwD |Q}oO=} x@ QHvt pOt G=DvDU=
Qw]x@ C=Q_v QO |Q=mCUOsOa =} |Q=mCUO 'u=tR pw] QO Q=DWwv l@U QO
[13] "OwW|t G=DvDU= |DQ=_vQ}e
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
uOw@ |YNW u}@ RQt =yv; QO xm Ov=|vyP |D=i}YwD C=Q_v xm =QJ 'CU= Q=wWO w
CqmWt u}= |R=UxO=U |=Q@ "CU= swrat=v |raH C=Q_v w u}}=B C}i}m =@ Q_v 'Q_v
u}kkLt "CU= xOW x}yD |Q}os}tYD QO u=oQ@N x@ ltm |=Q@ |Q=mD@= |=yXN=W
|iQat sD}Qwor= \UwD xOW hWm lwmWtQ}e w lwmWt C=Q_v R= |}xawtHtQ}R
u=v; [14] "OvyO|t Q=Qk u=@=}RQ= Q=}DN= QO |UQQ@ |=Q@ 'C=Q_v Q}=U x=Qtyx@ =Q xOW
w [20w8] 'Ovvm|t |@=}RQ= 5 =} 1 R=}Dt= |va} |]=Qi= C=R=}Dt= T=U=Q@ =Q C=Q_v
Q=}DN= QO |DUO |UQR=@ |=Q@ =Q q=@ Cy@=Wt =@ C=Q_v CiH |iO=YD CQwYx@
Q=}U@ C=Q_v QO ?rkD X}NWD |=Q@ u=Uv= |}=v=wD [22w21] "OvyO|t Q=Qk XYNDt
[3]
|DUO |vR?UJQ@ |}=Q=m C=ar=]t R= |NQ@ |y=wo x@ xm |Qw]x@ 'CU= h}a[
"CU}v QDy@ |iO=YD ?=NDv= Cr=L R=
"Ovvm|t x[Qa |@ wN |=y?} QkD =yxvt=O R= |NQ@ QO |Q=mD@= |=yOQm}wQ
u=wvax@ |Q=QmDxt}v =} |Q=QmD C=Q_v '\@DQtQ}e C=Q_v R= |Y=N `=wv= hPL R= TB
[5] "OvQwN|t ?UJQ@ |raH C=Q_v
|@=}RQ= |=Q@ h=QLv= Q=}at l} |OQ=wt QO
xOW |iQat QiU xQw=Wt QO =ypDy |raH C=Q_v uDN=UQ=mW; QO =yVwQ Q}F-=D
[23] "CU=
xHwD p@=k h=QLv= ?Hwt xv=@rkDt C=Q_v xm CU= u}= |rm |xOa=k
'Ovm hPL =Q |raH C=Q_v xm |Q=mwR=U u}=Q@=v@ "OwW|t =ypDy C}@ w@Lt |Ov@x@DQ
|y@=Wt |xawtHt xm |v=tR =@ xU}=kt QO |Q}osWJ Qw]x@ =Q C}@ w@Lt ?}DQD u}=
xOW QDr}i C=Q_v u}kkLt [24] "OyO|t Q}}eD 'OvwW hPL |iO=YD Qw]x@ C=Q_v R=
C=Q_v xm u=Q@Q=m C=Q_v |v=@ R}t |=yC}=U u} QDnQR@ R= |m} yelp.com R=
?=UL x@ |raHQ}e =Q xOW QDr}iQ}e C=Q_v w |raH =Q Ovm|t QDr}i =Q lwmWt
Qw]x@ xOWO}rwD C=Q_v X}NWD |=Q@ |@ wJQ=J |Oa@ C=ar=]t QO [25w7] "OvQw;|t
[16] Ci=} xaUwD Q=mOwN
|raH ?UJQ@ =@ |=yxO=O |=Q@ |oDN=U |=yxO=O R= w
QO xrtH u} QDx@=Wt =@ Q_v l} QO xrtH Qy |v} Ro}=H =@ =yxO=O u}= "OW xO=iDU=
C=Q_v X}NWD |DQ=_vQ}e pOt G}=Dv |@=}RQ= |=Q@ "OvwW|t O}rwD C=Q_v uRNt
|=Q@ [12] "OW |iQat O}OH x=Q l} '|DUO |vR?UJQ@ xvwoQy x@ R=}v uwO@ |raH
xawtHt =@ |DQ=_v pOt VRwt; |=yxO=O |=Q@ |DQ=_vQ}e pOt G}=Dv R= Qw_vt u}=
=yVwQ Q}F-=D |@=}RQ= |=Q@ "CU= xOW xO=iDU= pw= pOt QO xOWvxO=iDU= |=y|oS}w
[23] "OW |iQat h=QLv= Q=}at l} R}v =ypDy |raH C=Q_v |R=UQ=mW; QO
'=yxO}= 'R=}v OQwt C=tON uOQw; CUO x@ R= CU= CQ=@a |Q=BU`tH OQm}wQ
`=tDH= l} R= XwYNx@ O=Qi= nQR@ xwQo l} R= |Q=mty CU=wNQO =@ =wDLt =}
xO=iDU= =@ w \NQ@ C=Q_v OQwt QO "|DvU u=oOvvmu}t-=D =} u=vmQ=m |=H x@ \NQ@
Q=}U@ |OQ=Ov=DU= |xv=@rkDt |=wDLt u=wD|t 10 |vi lQwD uwJty |}=yx=o}=B R=
s=Hv= C=k}kLD R= |NQ@ QO "OQm O}rwD CU= xOW xOy=Wt pta QO xJv; x@ x}@W
[3] CU= xOW xO=iDU= =yxO=O u}= O}rwD |=Q@ |vi lQwD R= xOW
Qo}O |D=ar=]t QO w
R= |ywQo [26] "CU= xOW O}rwD |ivt Cq}=tD =@ x@=Wt C=Q_v R= |}xO=O xawtHt
[17w16] "Ov=xOQm xO=iDU= xOW O}rwD |=yxO=O u}= R= R}v C=ar=]t
j}kL
D VwQ "3
|=yVqD"CU= |raHC=Q_v hWm|=Q@Q=mOwN |tDU}U|xaUwD'j}kLD u}=hOy
R=e; 2008 p=U QO Vv=Q=mty w p=Ov}H |xr=kt =@ xRwL u}= QO xDiQoCQwY
|rLt |=y|oS}w Q@ OQm}wQ l} C=}@O= QO OwHwt |=yVwQ u=}t R= "CU= xOW
R}v w 'pwYLt w Q_v |xOvU} wv |=y|oS}w 'uDt |=y|oS}w xrtHR= =yC}OwHwt
|=yxO=O Q@ |vD@t |Ov@xk@] pOt w CU= Q=wDU= u=oOvyOQ_v |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w
95
u=tR O}OH ,qt=m Q_v l} uDWwv |=Q@ |vwv=k u=Q@Q=m |xR=Ov=x@ u=@rkDt xm|}=Hv;
[14w8] "OW=@ u=Um} ,qt=m =} x}@W CU= umtt C=Q_v u}= uDt 'Ovvm|tv hQY
|U=UL= p}rLD w C}@]k '|}=v=wN '|}=vat s=HUv= pt=W uDt R= |irDNt |=yx@vH
CQwYx@ =Q xrUt [3] `HQt [18w17'16'13] "Ov=xOW xDiQoQ=mx@ |D=k}kLD xRwL u}= QO
|D=@U=Lt |q=@ |=yxv} Ry "Ov}@|t u=@R |U=vWv=wQ R= xO=iDU= =@ ?} Qi X}NWD
u=kkLt xm OvDUy |r}qO xrtH R= uDt K}LY=v |=yp}rLD p}rO x@ |}=Q=m |=yxrD w
"Ovvm|t ?=vDH= C=Q_v uDt p}rLD R=
Q=Owtv Q@ |vD@t |=yp}rLD O
xOvyOQ_v l} =} Q_v l} p}rLD |wQ |raH C=Q_v X}NWD QO OwHwt |=yQ=mQDW}@
=Q xOvyOQ_v =} Q_v OvJ u}@ xwkr=@ C=]=@DQ= xm u}= uwO@ Ov=xOW RmQtDt u=tR l} QO
CqwYLt w u=oOvyOQ_v 'C=Q_v |xm@W xm |}=yVwQ Qo}O |wU R= "OvQw; ?=ULx@
|=wDLt R= QD=Qi xm =Q |Q=DN=U sqa |QDV}@ Ci=Q_ =@ Ovv=wD|t OvQ}o|t Q=mx@ =Q
[4] "Ovvm |R=UxYqN =Q Ov=xO=U C=Q=mD@= w Q_v
X}NWD |=Q@ |WwQ u}kkLt
[
8
]
xOW |iQat VwQ QO "Ovvm|t |iQat hOy CqwYLt |wQ ?rkDt |=yxwQo
|=yxwQo u=wvax@ O}Ov=m |=yxwQo R= |}xawtHt uDi=} |=Q@ QQmt sqk= Vw=m =OD@=
R= xDiQoQ@ |Q=DiQ pOt u}OvJ R= TBU w &OwW|t xDiQo Q=mx@ Q=O?UJQ@ ?rkDt
"OQ}o|t xQy@ CqwYLt w O=Qi= '=yxwQo u}@ \@=wQ
xQo `wv xU pt=W Tv=HDtQ}e Q=Owtv O}OH swyit [19] |Oa@ C=ar=]t QO
|=Q@ xOvwWQ=QmD |D=@U=Lt pOt l} w xOW O=yvW}B x=oWwQi w Q_v 'xOvyOQ_v
=@ C=]=@DQ= 'C=Q_v Q=Owtv QO "CU= xDi=} xaUwD lwmWt u=oOvyOQ_v |}=U=vW
Q=@Da= w C=Q_v |DUQO 'u=oOvyOQ_v O=tDa= C}r@=k |U=U= swyit xU |iQat
"OvwW|t KQ]t =yv; Cqt=aD w =yx=oWwQi
[
19
] xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t R= |NQ@ QO
C}OwHwt xU u}@ C=]=@DQ= |xrUt
Q_v QO u=oOvyOQ_v OwN u}@ =} C=Q_v OwN u}@ C=]=@DQ= =t= 'CU= xOW ^=Lr
uO=O Ovw}B j} Q] R= [19] u}W}B C=ar=]t QO C=]=@DQ= `wv u}= "CU= xOWv xDiQo
Q}F-=D Ovv=wD@ xmv; |=Q@ u=@rkDt "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot u=Qwi l} QO u=oOvyOQ_v
Qo}Om} =@ 'OvQ=Po@ |UQQ@ OQwt pwYLt C}i}m R= u=Q@Q=m \=@vDU= Q@ |}xOta
w 'Q=Owtv Q=WDv= VwQ 'Q=Owtv l} j}kLD u}= QO "Ovvm|t Q=m |ywQo CQwY x@
u}@ |Q=mty `wkw &CU= xOW |iQat u=@rkDt |}=U=vW |=Q@ |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W
|iNt |=yxQo u}@ xOvyOp=YD= p=} l} =@ lQDWt VyH l} QO xOvyOQ_v wO
R= xar=]t u}= QO "OwW|t xO=O u=Wv hwmQ=t |iO=YD u=O}t QO =yv; x@ \w@ Qt
|=yQ=Owtv |wQ |@} QkD G=DvDU= p=Ut pL |=Q@ xm |}xNQJ s=}B Q=WDv= sD}Qwor=
"CU= xOW xO=iDU= OQ=O OQ@Q=m Q=OCyHQ}e
|WN@wO |xm@W l} CQwYx@ =Q C=Q_v |xO=O xawtHt u}kkLt R= |NQ@
COWx@ xO=O xawtHt QO <=}W= ?UJQ@ [4] "Ov=xO=O u=Wv CqwYLt w u=Q@Q=m u}@
"CU= xOW h} QaD |Qo}O T=U=Q@ s=Om Qy xm =QJ Ov=xDU@ty
xO=O |vR?UJQ@ "2"2
|=Q@ |@UJQ@ OwHwsOa QO |raH C=Q_v X}NWD QO OQi x@ QYLvt Vr=J
|}=yVwQ u}=Q@=v@ "CU= u=oOvyOQ_v uOw@ lwmWt =} C=Q_v uOw@ |raH u}}aD
xU x@ C=}@O= QO xO=iDU= OQwt |=yOQm}wQ "Ov=xOW O=yvW}B xO=O u}= O}rwD |=Q@
OQwt OwHwt C=ar=]t QDW}@ QO xm |WwQ &|DUO OQm}wQ "1 %OwW|t s}UkD xwQo
xQ@N |v=Uv= pt=a OvJ =} l} \UwD C=Q_v Q}UiD u; QO w xDiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU=
xv} RyQB Q=}U@ xO=O nQR@ |=yT=}kt QO XwYNx@ |DUO OQm}wQ "OQ}o|t s=Hv=
u
Q_ uD
| xm@
=a =]
u
OvDU
wt Q |vD@
=
=
Qw_vtu}O@"OwW|t|R=UxO=t; =yC}OwHwtR=}vOQwt |rLt|=y|oS}w xrLQt u}=QO =yC}OwHwt p@=kDt C=Q}F-=D T=U=Q@ w xOQm h} QaD =Q x=oWwQi w pwYLt 'xOvyOQ_v
R= xO=iDU= =@ u; R= jDWt |=y|oS}w w xOW hPL =yxO=O R= O}itQ}e |=y|oS}w
[19w4] "Ovm|t u}}aD =Q =yC}OwHwt R= l} Qy ?UJQ@ |Q=QmD Ov}=Qi l} QO
|=y|oS}w "OwW|t xOwRi= u; x@ uDt x@ \w@ Qt |=y|oS}w u}vJty w |a}tHD `@=wD |}=yvDx@ s=OmQy =yu; u}@ |}xm@W C=Q}F-=D w =yC}OwHwt |rLt |=y|oS}w
"Ovvm|t Q=mW; =Q ?rkD |=yxv=Wv R= |WN@ =yC}OwHwt |rLt =yu; R= |Q}oxQy@ xm 'OvQ=Po|t Q=}DN= QO =Q ?rkD R=UQ=mW; |=yxv=Wv R= |WN@
u}W}B C=ar=]t QO |@rkD C=Q_v X}NWD sDU}U |xaUwD |=Q@ u=tRty Qw]x@
\=@DQ= |xm@W p}mWD %swU |xrLQt "3"4 |D=ar=]t Qw_vt u}tyx@ "CU= VywSB u}= |rY= hOy w CU= xDiQov CQwY
|xaUwD |=Q@ |WwQ w CiQo CQwY xOW KQ]t |xrUt pL VwQ XwYNQO
|@ wNx@ |@=}Q=R=@ |xRwL QO O=Qi= C=t}tYD |yOpmW QO |a=tDH= C=Q}F-=D Pwiv
Q@Q=m w Q_v Q_v `wv R= |}=yxm@W xm OW |iQat Q_v OQwt sDU}U
|xm@W Q@ |vD@t Qox}YwD |=ysDU}U Q@ xOW s=Hv= C=ar=]t QO "CU= xOW xDN=vW =QQ@QQ=@Qm ='Om =tD a=s
Oa 'O=tDa= pt=W C=Q_v u}@ \=@DQ= Q=}at u}OvJ |Q}oQ=mx@ =@
[4] "CU= xOW xO=iDU= u=DUwO C=L}HQD |Q}oO=} |=Q@ \@=wQ u}= R= '|a=tDH=
u}=
@=Q |w=mxO=O R= TBU "OyO|t xaUwD Q_v OQwNR=@ w lQDWt pwYLt w
"OwW xDiQo Q_v QO |raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ O}=@ u=oOvyOQ_v u}@ |vt[ C=]=@DQ= |C=}x]
Q_v hWm |=Q@ |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W sD}Qwor= |x}=B Q@ '=yxm@W u}= QO
Q_v l} Q=@Da= VHvU |=Q@ u=wD|t |a=tDH= C=]=@DQ= u}vJ R= xm s}OkDat =t
u}@ |oDU@=w R= xO=iDU= Q@ |vD@t sD}Qwor= u}= "OW xO=iDU= |raH
"OQm xO=iDU= |xO=yy=WQ}eDt t\VRQ=
NQ@ C=Q_v |=yxO=O xawtHt QO xm CU= \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt QO x@=Wt
hr= XNW u; T=U=Q@ xm CU= |vyP p=tDL= l} O=tDa= %O=tDa= |xm@W |xrLQt QO xO=O |xawtHt wO R= xO=iDU= =@ VwQ u}= G}=Dv p}rLD w |@=}RQ= "OwW|t
[24] "OW=@ |w x=iQ |xOvvmu}t-=D ? XNW |=yC}r=ai OQ=O Q=_Dv=
Q}@aD x@
"CU= xDiQ}PB s=Hv= j}kLD u}= |}=yv
Q=DiQ =} O=O}wQ l} |xH}Dv |xQ=@QO OQi l} |xv=v}@VwN Q=_Dv= O=tDa= Qo}O
[27] "CU= XNW l}
xJv=vJ |O=a u=Q@Q=m OwQ|t Q=_Dv= h}Q=aD u}= T=U=Q@
w O=tDa= w= x@ 'Ovvm |@=}RQ= xv=kO=Y w O=tDa= p@=k =Q |YNW l} ?wDmt C=Q_v
|O=yvW}B VwQ |iQat "4
XwYNx@ ?rkDt u=Q@Q=m u}@ |]@=wQ u}vJ "Ovvm hPL =Q w= CQwYu}= Q}e QO
|O=Qi= C=Q_v R= xwkr=@ u=} QDWt xm =QJ "OwW|t xOy=Wt |ywQo |=yC}r=ai QO j@=]t 'u=} QDWt |raH C=Q_v hWm |=Q@ |}xrLQt GvB VwQ l} VN@ u}= QO
"OwW|t xO=O KQW xt=O= QO VwQ u}= hrDNt pL=Qt "OwW|t O=yvW}B '1 pmW
'OvO=tDa=|@ u; x@ Q@Q=m |OwOat O=OaD w Ov=xOQm O=tDa= u; x@ |O=}R u=Q@Q=m xm
|=v@tQ@ \@DQt C=Q_v xm Cio u=wD|t |OwyW Qw]x@ "OvQ=O |QDW}@ |Q}PB Q}F-=D
w |@rkD ^=Lr R= |QDW}@ p=tDL= =@ 'Qo}Om} x@ O=tDa=sOa w O=tDa= |xm@W
=yxO=O |Qw;`tH %pw= |xrLQt "1"4
|=Q@ =Q \=@DQ= `wv u}= CyH u}= R= "OvQ}o|tQ=Qk xDUO l} QO uOw@ K}LY R= pwYLt w Q@Q=m Q}_v '\@DQt <=}W= w C=Q_v |=y|oS}w pt=W =yxO=O u}=
"s}v=O|t O}it |raH C=Q_v hWm "OwW|t |@=}R=@ u=} QDWt C=Q_v |=yC}=U?w =} |DvQDv}= |=yx=oWwQi C}=U?w
sDU}U QO R}v |Qo}O |xm@W 'O=tDa= |xm@W Q@ xwqa %Q_v OQwNR=@ |xm@W sy=Qi O=Qi= \UwD C=Q_v |@=}RQ= |=Q@ |QDy@ u=mt= xm OQ=O OwHw \NQ@ C=Q_v
u=WC=Q_v xawtHt T=U=Q@ =Q X=NW= O=tDa= |xm@W QO xJQo= "OQw;|t
C=Q_v lDlD |@=}RQ= |=Q@ u=mt= u}= OQwNR=@ |xm@W QO 's}vm|t |@=}RQ=
OQwNR=@ =} xv=@rkDt Q_v l} |=Q@ C@Ft OQwNR=@ C@F s}Q=O Q=_Dv= "OwW|t sy=Qi
xOvyO OQwNR=@ uOw@ ?rkDt |xv=Wv 'Q@Q=m l} \UwD K}LY Q_v l} |=Q@ |ivt
uO=OQ=Qk =@ Ovv=wD|t u=Q@Q=m "Ot=Hv}@ w= C=Q_v uOw@ xv=@rkDt G=DvDU= x@ w OW=@
QDW}@ |=yOQwNR=@ Q@Dat C=Q_v "OvQw; OwHw x@ =Q |D=]=@DQ= 'C=Q_v |wQ OQwNR=@
"Ovvm|t Ci=}QO =Q |QDC@Ft w
C}r=ai |ywQo CQwYx@ ,qwtat u=@rkDt %lQDWt pwYLtw Q@Q=m Q@ |vD@t xm@W C}=Oy lQDWt `@vt l} j} Q] R= |rw OvU=vWv =Q Qo}Om} Qo= |DL 'Ovvm|t
xR=@ l} QO XwYNx@ 'hOy pwYLt |wQ =Q OwN C=Q_v ?rkDt xwQo "OvwW|t
'pwYLt |rm R=}Dt= uDN=U hQLvt =@ =yxwQo u}= "Ovm|t p=UQ= 'x=Dwm |v=tR
C=Q_v R= |Q=OQ@xNUv =@ ?rkDt |=yxwQo "OvyO|t Q}}eD =Q CqwYLt x@ p}=tD
Qo}O |wU R= "Ovvm|t O=H}= x@=Wt |rLt |=y|oS}w =@ \@DQt C=Q_v 'O=Qi= Q}=U
w Q_v uDt Cy@=Wt Q_v R= OvwW|t \@DQt sy =@ lQDWt Q@Q=m =@ xm |D=Q_v
|=yxv=Wv OQivt Cr=L x@ C@Uv 'xQ}e w RwQ l} QO ,qFt p=UQ= u=tR Cy@=Wt
"|raH C=Q_v X}NWD |=Q@ |O=yvW}B VwQ "1 pmW
96
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
}= p@=kt QO [2w1] "Ov=xOW |vR?UJQ@ Q=mOwNxt}v CQwYx@ xm CU= |WRwt;
yxO=O |R=UxO=t; %swO |xrLQt "2"4 ' v t R= } W C r t }= " y Q=O v @ t | yVwQ ' yVwQ
=
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
Q_v Qy Tqm 'Q_v Qy |=y|oS}w Q@ xwqa 'T=U= u}=Q@ "Ovvm|t Q=mW; |QDW}@
D @ R=}Dt= u} QDsm w u} QDW}@ hqDN= x]@=Q u}= QO "OwW|t h} QaD 1
"CU=yu; |Ov@xk@] w lQDWt pwYLt w Q@Q=m =@ C=Q_v |=y|oS}w Q}F-=D CLD
U t @ t u=R}t '1 R= uOW sm =@ w xOW p=tQv 'umtt hqDN= QFm=OL
Q@Q=m l} |=yR=}Dt= O=OaD w Cy@=Wt u=R}t xJQy jwi Q=}at T=U=Q@ "OwW|t
pwYLt l} |=Q@ =} Q@Q=m l} \UwD Qo= CU= \@DQt B Q_v =@ A Q_v {
T=U= Q@ "CU= QDsm C=Q_v u; x@ O=tDa= u=R}t 'OW=@ QDW}@ pwYLt l} |=Q@
"OW=@ xOW C@F lQDWt
[12] "OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO |@rkD xv=oOvJ C=Q_v XN=W u}=
xOvvmO=tDa= Q@Q=m B Q_v |xOvvmC@F Q@Q=m Qo= CU= \@DQt B Q_v =@ A Q_v {
Ou;p
1
u;p
u;p
u;p
"OW=@ A Q_v |xOvvmC@F Q@Q=m |xOvvmhPL =}
S1
= n(R ) (1
4 (max(R ) min(R ))) (1)
pwYLt l} |=Q@ |O=a Q@Q=m l} R=}Dt= OwQ|t Q=_Dv= "\UwDt R=}Dt= R= h=QLv= "2 |=Q@ |OQwNR=@ B Q_v |xOvvmC@F Q@Q=m Qo= CU= \@DQt B Q_v =@ A Q_v {
"OW=@ xOQmC@F A Q_v
QO |aU ?rkDt xm =Hv; R= "OW=@ pwYLt u; x@ u=Q@Q=m Q}=U R=}Dt= x@ l}ORv
Cw=iDt ,qt=m pwYLt l} x@ VvO=OR=}Dt= 'OQ=O pwYLt l} p} RvD =} `}iQD
=yxO=O |vR?UJQ@ %sQ=yJ |xrLQt "4"4
Q=}at u}= "OwW|t h} QaD Cw=iD u}= VHvU |=Q@ 2 |x]@=Q "CU= u} Q}=U R=
|xty |=Q@ u} Q}=U C=R=}Dt= u}ov=}t x@ C@Uv Q@Q=m R=}Dt= h=QLv= u}ov=}t
C=Q_v hWm |=ypOt |@=}RQ= w xaUwD QO R}ov=Q@Vr=J w |U=U= pL=Qt R= |m}
[12] "CU= xO=O R=}Dt= =yu; x@ Q@Q=m xm CU= |DqwYLt
QO xOW xO=iDU= OQm}wQ "CU= Q=O?UJQ@ xO=O xawtHt l} x@ |@=}CUO '|raH
|=yVwQ R= =Hv}= QO "O=O Q=Qk |Q=mD@= |=yOQm}wQ xwQo QO u=wD|t =Q j}kLD u}=
S2u = Avgu jru;p Avg(Rp )j
(2)
p2P
=yVwQ u}= "s} Q@|t xQy@ CU= xOW x=Q= |r@k C=ar=]t QO xm |raH C=Q_v hWm
QO =Q C=Q_v R= |O=}R sHL u=@rkDt QDW}@ "RwQ l} QO C=Q_v O=OaD u} QDW}@ "3 p}rOx@ xm CU= u; VwQ u}= C} Rt "Ov=xOW ?=NDv= xv}tR u}= QO jiwt |=yQ=m R=
Q=O?UJQ@ |=yxO=O R= |O=tDa= p@=k |xawtHt u=wD|t jiwt |=y|@=}RQ= s=Hv=
l} QO Q@Q=m \UwD xOW x=Q= C=Q_v O=OaD u} QDW}@ "Ovvm|t p=UQ= RwQ l}
"CW=O Q=}DN= QO
[12] %CU= u}@rkDt X}NWD |=Q@ |@ wN XN=W 3 |x]@=Q j@] 'RwQ
|=ysDU}U R= |O=}R VN@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w R= pw= OQ@y=Q QO
S3u =
max
n(Otu )
(
3
)
|
xar=]t w u=@rkDt |=Q@ OOaDt |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w |iQat x@ 'C=}@O= QO OwHwt
t:every one day
R= |NQ@ uOw@ VN@O}t= Qou=Wv C=ar=]t u}= [12] "CU= xDi=} X=YDN= u; G}=Dv
C=Q_v ,qwtat =yu; &OvDU}v |DOtOvr@ u=Q@Q=m ,qwtat u=@rkDt "C}r=ai |xQHvB "4 |Q=DiQ |=ywor= u}= |Ov@xrwtQi =@ "CU= u=@rkDt hWm |=Q@ xOW |iQat |=y|oS}w
xm |r=LQO "Ovvm|t C@F O=}R O=OaD x@ w x=Dwm |v=tR |xQHvB l} QO =Q OwN
\UwD ?re= |raH C=Q_v "O@=}|t X=YDN= Q@Q=m Qy x@ O=tDa= C}r@=k R= |}xHQO
x=Q= COtOvr@ |v=tR |=yxR=@ QO w |y=o OvJ R= Qy =Q OwN C=Q_v |O=a u=Q@Q=m
CiQo xH}Dv u=wD|t "OwW|t xDWwv Ovvm|t Ci=}QO V=O=B Q=m u}= |=Q@ xm |O=Qi=
u} QN; w u}rw= |v=tR hqDN= |x@U=Lt =@ Q=DiQ u}= Qou=Wv XN=W "Ovvm|t
K} QWD R= p@k "Ov=|raH C=Q_v 'sm O=tDa= C}r@=k =@ u=Q@Q=m x@ ?UDvt C=Q_v xm
[12] %OwW|t x@U=Lt 4 |x]@=Q QO Q@Q=m Qy |=Q@ xOW C@F Q_v
%s}vm|t |iQat =Q xO=iDU= OQwt |=yO=tv |Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w
&u=Q@Q=m R= xvwtv l} %u
S4u = Last(Ru ) First(Ru )
( 4)
&C=Q_v |xty |xawtHt %O
&C=Q_v R= xvwtv l} %o
OW=@ QDq=@ xv=DU; OL l} R= =yu; |=Q@ jwi |=yXN=W R= l} Qy xm |v=Q@Q=m
&u Q@Q=m C=Q_v |xawtHt %ou
|raH C=Q_v u=wvax@ u=@rkDt x@ \w@ Qt C=Q_v "OvQ}o|t ?UJQ@ ?rkDt u=wvax@
&p pwYLt |=Q@ u Q@Q=m Q_v %ou;p
"OwW|t xDN=vW
&CqwYLt xty |xawtHt %P
C=trm |xr=@vO |=y|oS}w xawtHt w C=Q_v uDt R= xO=iDU= =@ swO OQ@y=Q QO
&CqwYLt R= xvwtv l} %p
"OvwW|t |Ov@xk@] C=Q_v 'SVM |Ov@xk@] sD}Qwor= R= xO=iDU= =@ |}xtrmwO Qw=Ht
[3] "CU= |raH C=Q_v X}NWD l}vmD R= xDiQoQ@ VwQ u}=
&u \UwD xOW |yOQ_v CqwYLt |xawtHt %P u
&p pwYLt x@ xOW xO=O 5 =D 1 C=R=}Dt= |xawtHt %Rp
&p pwYLt x@ u Q@Q=m R=}Dt= %ru;p
sD}Qwor= R= xO=iDU= =@ G=DvDU= w |Q}oO=} %sHvB |xrLQt "5"4
&p pwYLt x@ u Q@Q=m C=R=}Dt= xawtHt %Ru;p
|]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W
"s=i |Q=DiQ XN=W %Siu
u=WC}y=t =yu=tR=U \UwD xOW |Qw;`tH |=yxO=O xawtHt R= |Q=}U@ OvJQy
?rkD |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W "1"4"4
|}xQ=Ro |=yxO=O |wQ u}W=t |Q}oO=} C=ar=]t R= |Q=}U@ Rwvy 'CU= |}x]@=Q
w Tv=HDt <=}W= |=y|oS}w =yxvwtv '|}xQ=Ro |=yxO=O QO "Ov=xOQm RmQtD K]Ut %R= Ov=CQ=@a Ovm|t |}=U=vW =Q u=Q@Q=mQO lwmWt |=yQ=DiQ xm |YN=W Q=yJ
=yxvwtv |}x]@=Q |=yxO=O QO xm |r=L QO 'Ovvm|t ^iL =Q |Q=t; ^=Lrx@ pkDUt
C=Q_v Vw=m |=ysDU}U G}=Dv uDN=U hQLvt |=Q@ u=@rkDt "|}=DOvJ R=}Dt= "1
[28] "OvDUy =yu; u}@ \@=wQ w Tv=HDt=v |=}W= |=y|oS}w ^i=L w CU= pwYLt R= u=Q@Q=m |rm |@=}RQ= =} pwYLt |Ov@x@DQ =yu; |HwQN xm
|}x]@=Q |=yl}vmD R= xO=iDU= |=Q@ sRq |xR}ov= ?Hwt |oDU@tyOwN OwHw
R= |y@=Wt |xawtHt j}QRD x@ s=Ok= C=Q_v u=oOvv=wN C=U=UL= Q}}eD |=Q@
x@=Wt |=yQ}eDt VRQ= u}@ |oDU@=w '|oDU@tyOwN "CU= G=DvDU= w |Q}oO=} QO
|x]@=Q CQwYx@ C=Q_v |=Q@ xv=oOvJ R=}Dt= XN=W "Ovvm|t C=Q_v w C=R=}Dt=
@
Q s}Uk =
x@ =L Cy =W
97
xOW |iQat VwQ |@=}RQ= w =QH= "5
@ 11 |D}t}Um=QB R=@uDt Q=Ri=sQv R= xO=iDU= =@ xar=]t u}= QO xOW |iQat VwQ
RAM 4 00 GB w Core(TM) i5, 1 73 GHz |xOvR=OQB l} R= xO=iDU=
"OW =QH= 13 epinions w [6] 12 uwR=t; |=yxO=O xawtHt |wQ
=
uwR=t; |xO=O xawtHt "1"5
w u} QDnQR@ R= |m} 'uwR=t; |=yxO=O xawtHt x@ \w@ Qt C=}RH 1 pwOH QO
2000 =yxO=O u}= R= "CU= xOt; '|m}vwQDmr= CQ=HD |=yC}=U?w u} QDjiwt
CqwYLt u}= x@ \w@ Qt u=Q@Q=m w C=Q_v w '?=NDv= |iO=YD Qw]x@ pwYLt
"OW G=QNDU=
|rY= |=y|oS}w xawtHt w OW |R=UxO=t; =yxO=O 'VwQ pw= |xrLQt j@=]t
pt=W Q@Q=m |=y|oS}w %OW G=QNDU= uwR=t; xO=O xawtHt |=Q@ xOW jDWt w
x=Q= C=Q_v pw] u}ov=}t w 'Q@Q=m \UwD xOW xO=O C=R=}Dt= u}ov=}t 'Q@Q=m |x@DQ
u}ov=}t T=U= Q@ pwYLt C}i}m pt=W pwYLt |=y|oS}w 'Q@Q=m \UwD xOW
'pwYLt Qy C=Q_v O=OaD T=U= Q@ pwYLt C}@ w@Lt 'pwYLt x@ xOW xO=O R=}Dt=
O=OaD '=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD 'C=Q_v ?}DQD QO C}akwt pt=W C=Q_v |=y|oS}w 'Ct}k
uDt pw] 'Q_v u=wva pw] 'R=}Dt= 'C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@ OYQO 'C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@
R=}Dt= =}; OyO|t u=Wv xm |}wOwO |oS}w l} 'uOw@ Q_v =yvD 'uOw@ Q_v u}rw= 'Q_v
|}=v=wN XN=W T=U= Q@ xm Q_v uDt |oO}J}B w Q}N =} CUy 5 =} 1 xOW xO=O
XNWt =Q uDt uOw@ lQO p@=k u=R}t w OwW|t x@U=Lt 5 pwtQi j@] Q=mOwN
[13] %CU= uDt CqtH O=OaD S w C=trm O=OaD W 'hwQL O=OaD C "Ovm|t
ARI = 4 71(C=W ) + 0 5(W=S ) = 21 43
( 5)
OQ@Q=m uwR=t; |=yxO=O |vR?UJQ@ |=Q@ 'p@k VN@ QO xOW xO=O KQW pw= OQ@y=Q
|=Q@ xv=DU; Q}O=kt "OwW|t x@U=Lt =yxO=O xawtHt |wQ |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W "OQ=O
} @=Q |=yxO=O xawtHt |xty |oS}w ,=@} QkD u}= w CU= \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt QO
CU= |DYQi 'OvyO|t u=Wv |oDU@tyOwN |}x]@=Q |=yxO=O xm |v=tR "CU=
Ov=wD|t <|W l} |xQ=@QO G=DvDU= xm =QJ 'pOt |}=Q=m <=kDQ= R= |OvtxQy@ |=Q@
u=} QDWt C=Q_v xO=O xawtHt [28] "Ovm ltm \@DQt <=}W= |xQ=@QO G=DvDU= x@
p}rOx@ "CU= Tv=HDt=v <=}W= =@ |}x]@=Q |xO=O xawtHt l} R= |}xvwtv \NQ@
|xm@W sD}Qwor= ltmx@ |}x]@=Q |w=mxO=O R= 'C=Q_v xO=O xawtHt |}x]@=Q C}y=t
OQ@Q=m |ovwoJ lQO Qw_vtx@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= xar=]t u}= QO |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w
|iQat VN@ u}= QO '=yC}OwHwt \@=wQ w |rLt |=y|oS}w ?}mQD QO sD}Qwor= u}=
"OwW|t x=Q= sD}Qwor= u}= R= |y=Dwm
pOt 'xO=O Q=Owtv xU '|m}i=Qo pOt l} =@ |}x]@=Q |=yxO=O |R=UpOt s=ovy
l} \UwD |}x]@=Q |xO=O xawtHt |=tW "OQ=O OwHw pOt =@ \@DQt G=DvDU= w
u}@ \@=wQ =yp=} w '<=}W= |xOv}=tv =yxQo u; QO xm GD = (VD ; ED ) Q=Owtv
sqk= R= `wv Qy &OQ=O `wv l} p=} Qy w xQo Qy "OwW|t xO=O u=Wv CU= <=}W=
l} =@ =yxQo =} =yp=} R= xvwtv Qy u}=Q@=v@ "OQ=O \@DQt |oS}w |O=OaD p=} w xQo pt=W
|=y|oDU@=w "OwW|t \@DQt 'OwW|t u}}aD u; `wv =@ xm |oS}w VRQ= R= xawtHt
|=y|oS}w "OvwW|t xO=O u=Wv GM = (VM ; EM ) pOt Q=Owtv QO =y|oS}w u}@
x@ u}vJty <|W u=ty Qo}O |=y|oS}w x@ |r=tDL= CQwYx@ Ov=wD|t <|W l}
GD QO C=]=@DQ= "OW=@ xDU@=w GD QO \@DQt |=yOvw}B w =}W= Q}=U |=y|oS}w
xawtHt xH}DvQO w umtt |Q=t; |=y|oDU@=w |=Q@ wHwCUH uOQmOwOLt |=Q@
QO <|W wO u}@ x]@=Q l} "OwW|t xO=iDU= OvwW|t Qy=_ GM QO xm |}=yp=}
|=Hx@ "CU}v GM QO =yu; |=y|oS}w u}@ |Dq=tDL= |oDU@=w OHwt ,=twRr GD
|]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W 'X=N |=}W= |=y|oS}w |wQ |oDU@=w Q=DN=U O=H}=
`}RwD l} x@ xQo Qy "Ovm|t h} QaD <|W `wv K]U QO |rm |oDU@=w Q=DN=U l}
R= |oS}w u}t=k |va} 'Xkt u}Or=w "CU= \@DQt =yQ}eDt Q}=U x@ \wQWt p=tDL=
QO xm OvDUy tj `wv R= |}=ysD}; |=y|oS}w =} tk `wv sqk= |=y|oS}w Q}=U 't `wv
[28] "CU= \@DQt G Q=Owtv QO t sD}; =@ t sD}; u;
D
j
k
\@DQt |vwQO |=y|oS}w R= |D@=F |xawtHt =yxOvQ}oO=} '|}xQ=Ro |=yxO=O QO
s}tYD O}=@ =yxOvQ}oO=} '|}x]@=Q |=yxO=O QO p@=kt QO "Ovvm|t pOt =Q <|WQy x@
l} h=Q]= |}x]@=Q |o}=Uty R= u=R}t xJ |va} "Ovvm pOt =Q |O=OaD xJ xm OvQ}o@
[28] "OQ=Po@ Q}F-=D sD}; l} |=y|oS}w p=tDL= `}RwD Q@ Ov=wD|t sD};
Q=Owtv l} w pOt Q=Owtv l} R= |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W 'G=DvDU= pw] QO
xOQDUo xm |Ov}=Qi QO GI = (VI ; EI ) G=DvDU= Q=Owtv l} |R=Uxvwtv |=Q@ xO=O
|xty u}@ |Dq=tDL= |=y|oDU@=w GI "Ovm|t xO=iDU= 'OwW|t xO}t=v uOW
Q=Owtv wO Qy \UwD GI Q=DN=U "OyO|t u=Wv =Q uwtR; xawtHt l} QO =yQ}eDt
xO=iDU= OQwt |xO=O Q=Owtv R= Cw=iDt GD '=Hv}= QO "OwW|t u}}aD GM w GD
=@ GM Q=OCyH pOt Q=Owtv l} R= |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W "CU= VRwt; |=Q@
VM w[a vi xQo Qy "Ovm|t xO=iDU= P |]QW |=yp=tDL= `}RwD R= |}xawtHt
t
`}RwD l} =@ w CU= =y`wv |xawtHt T w[a t u; QO xm Xk l} =@ CU= Q@=Q@
[28] "CU= \@DQt P (xt jP A t ) |]QW
k
xk
w R |]QW |}x]@=Q |xOvQ}oO=} l} 'xO=O Q=Owtv l} pt=W sD}Qwor= |OwQw
Qy |=Q@ R QO xOW xDiQoQ_v QO |o}=Uty xm Qt s=vx@ =ywHwTQB R= xawtHt l}
R= sD}Qwor= '(Xkt ) `wv Qy R= |oS}w Qy w t *`wv Qy |=Q@ "Ovm|t XNWt =Q t *`wv
t
xawtHt uDW=O =@ Xk |=Q@ CPDs |]QW p=tDL= `}RwD l} |Q}oO=} |=Q@ R
"OwW|t XNWt Q \UwD |o}=Uty u}= &Ovm|t xO=iDU= u; |o}=Uty |=y|oS}w
"OwW|t xO=iDU= GM x@ uO=O pmW |=Q@ 'pY=L |]QW p=tDL= |=y`}RwD R=
| x]
98
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|=yxm@W QO Q=DN=U |Q}oO=} w =yQDt=Q=B OQw;Q@ |=Q@ R |]QW |}x]@=Q |xOvQ}oO=}
GM |=yp=} QO R \UwD xOW ?=NDv= |=yQ}eDt "OQ=O OQ@Q=m |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w
|oDU@=w |xm@W 'Ovm ?=NDv= =Q OwHwt |=y|oS}w |xty R Qo= "Ovm|t =O}B ?=DR=@
[28] "Ow@ Oy=wN pt=m pYDt |]=@DQ=
|rY= |xO=O Q=Owtv R= QDnQR@ Q=}U@ |]=@DQ= |oDU@=w |xm@W G=DvDU= Q=Owtv
xO=O Q=Owtv |wQ wor= |]QW p=tDL= |=y`}RwD xawtHt GI CN=U |=Q@ "CU=
|oDU@=w |xm@W QO G=DvDU= |=Q@ R@}o |Q}oxvwtv R= "OwW|t xOQDUo uwtR; xawtHt
?}DQD l} u; QO xm Ovm|t xQ=W= |}x}wQ x@ R@}o |Q}oxvwtv "OwW|t xO=iDU= |]=@DQ=
|yOQ=Okt x=wNrO Q=Okt l} x@ Q}eDt Qy w OwW|t ?=NDv= =yQ}eDt R= |iO=YD
`}RwD T=U=Q@ u; Q=Okt w OwW|t C=kqt ?}DQDx@ ,=QQmt Q}eDt Qy TBU "OwW|t
|wQ GM pOt VQDUo =@ s-=wD `}RwD l} OQw;Q@ "OwW|t OOHt |yOQ=Okt u; |]QW
|xty |=yVRQ= "OwW|t `wQW GI Q=Owtv |yOpmW w GD hOy |xO=O xawtHt
|@ QHD Qw]x@ xm u}W}B |=y`}RwD R= xDiQoQ@ |=yVRQ= x@ xOWv xOy=Wt |=yQ}eDt
|Q}oxvwtv TBU "OvwW|t x}rw= |yOQ=Okt 'Ov=xOW |Q}oO=} VRwt; |=yxO=O R=
=@ 'u; |rLt |]QW `}RwD T=U=Q@ =Q xOWv xOy=Wt Q}eDt Qy xOvwWQ=QmD Qw]x@ R@}o
O=OaD R= TB "Ovm|t |vR?UJQ@ ,=OOHt 'Q=Owtv xOv=t|k=@ |rai C}a[w uDW=O
=Q =yxvwtv u=wD|t w OwW|t G=QNDU= Q=O}=B `}RwD l} R= =yVRQ= '?U=vt Q=QmD
[29] "OQm xO=iDU= Cq=tDL= OQw;Q@ |=Q@
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
"uwR=t; |xO=O xawtHt C=YNWt "1 pwOH
=y|oS}w
O=OaD
v t 'Q_v u=wva 'R=}Dt= 'C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD '=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD 'M}Q=D 'pwYLt xU=vW 'Q@Q=m xU=vW 5838923 C=Q_v
|v=mt C}akwt 'OrwD M}Q=D 'x@DQ 's=v '|Q@Q=m s=v 'xU=vW
2237765 u=Q@Q=m
q=m KQW 'Ct}k 'OvQ@ '`wv 's=v 'xU=vW
6726649 =yq=m
Q_ uD
"|vR ?UJQ@ |=Q@ xv=DU; Q}O=kt "2 pwOH
C=Q_v O=OaD R=}Dt= R= h=QLv= |yOR=}Dt=
C}r=ai xQHvB
RwQ l} QO
\UwDt
|}=DOvJ
RwQ 28 R= QDtm
"uwR=t; xO=O |wQ |rY= |xm@W "2 pmW
Q=}at
v 5 R= QDW}@ R=}Dt= 2 5 R= QDW}@ 2 01 R= QDW}@ xv=DU; Q=Okt
Q_
" U= xOW |Q}oO=} OwHwt Q=O?UJQ@ xawtHt l} |wQ '|Q=DiQ |=y|oS}w
"OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO 2 pwOH j@=]t |Q=DiQ |=yXN=W |=Q@ xv=DU; Q=Okt
u}= "OwW|t |iQat uwR=t; xawtHt |=Q@ C=Q_v R= |}xm@W 'swO |xrLQt QO
j@=]D Q=}at wHwTQB "OQ}o|t s=Hv= wHwTQB l} h} QaD =@ RDN sD}Qwor= QO Q=m
u}= T=U= Q@ "Ovm|t XNWt u; |]=@DQ= |o}=Uty w |RmQt <|W l} |=Q@ =Q
xm@W u}= QO "2 pmW OwW|t O=H}= xO=O Q=Owtv pm R= Q=OwtvQ}R l} wHwTQB
QO ,=L} QY pwYLt w Q@Q=m C}OwHwt wO =@ xm CU= |RmQt <|W |rY= Q_v
Q@Q=m |vt[ Q=}at T=U=Q@ C=Q_v u}@ \=@DQ= 'jwi C=]=@DQ= Q@ xwqa "CU= \=@DQ=
"OwW|t xDiQo Q=mx@ R}v lQDWt pwYLt w
p}mWD C=Q_v \=@DQ= uwO@ |}xm@W 'xOW |iQat |xm@W |}=Q=m |UQQ@ |=Q@
Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt Q_v Qy |o}=Uty |=Q@ =Q Q@Q=m w pwYLt \ki Cr=L u}= "OW
xO=iDU= C=Q_v \=@DQ= xm@W |@=}RQ= |=Q@ |}=v@t u=wvax@ xm xm@W u}= "OyO|t
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 3 pmW QO 'OwW|t
|=Q@ pY=L RDN 4 pmW QO "OwW|t =QH= xm@W wO |=Q@ RDN sD}Qwor=
xOW xO=O u=Wv =v@t |xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN 5 pmW QO w '|rY= |xm@W
"CU=
|=yu=tm "Ovm|t ?=NDv= pOt QO pwtW |=Q@ =Q =y|oDU@=w RDN sD}Qwor=
Qw]x@ "Ovm|t u=}@ =Q OL=w <|}W l} |=y|oS}w u}@ |=y|oDU@=w ?=k pN=O
|=yRQt R= xm |}=yu=tm "CU= Q=PoQ}F-=D Q_v uOw@ |@rkD |oS}w Q@ Q_v l} R=}Dt= p=Ft
"OvyO|t u=Wv =Q \@DQt <=}W= |=y|oS}w u}@ |=y|oDU@=w 'Ovvm|t Qw@a ?=k
[12] C
[12]
"uwR=t; xO=O |wQ =v@t xm@W "3 pmW
"uwR=t; |rY= xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "4 pmW
Epinions |xO=O xawtHt "2"5
"=v@t xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "5 pmW
C=}RH "OQ=Po|t Q=}DN= QO =Q C=]=@DQ= R= |QD|ve C=aq]= =yxO=O R= xawtHt u}=
Q_v 2000 O=OaD xawtHt u}= R= "CU=xOt; 3 pwOH QO xO=O xawtHt x@ \w@ Qt
"OW ?=NDv= |iO=YD Qw] x@ \@DQt |=yC}OwHwt Q}=U x=Qty x@
l} R= VwQ u}= QO "CU= xOW s=Hv= C=Q_v uDt R= xO=iDU= =@ |vR ?UJQ@
"Epinions xO=O xawtHt C=YNWt "3 pwOH
=y|oS}w
O=OaD
v t 'pwYLt xU=vW 'Q@Q=m xU=vW 'Q_v xU=vW
102378
'very helpful "4 'helpful "3 'somwhat helpful "2 'not helpful "1 %OQwNR=@ 'Q@Q=m xU=vW 'Q_v xU=vW 13668320
V}=Q}w M}Q=D 'O=H}= M}Q=D 'xOW x=Q= OQwNR=@ V}=tvsOa =} V}=tv x@ Q@Q=m p}=tD C}a[w 'most helpfull "5
O=tDa= M}Q=D 'O=tDa= VRQ= 'xOvwW OwOUt O=tDa= Q@Q=m xU=vW 'xOvvm OwOUt O=tDa= Q@Q=m xU=vW
841372
}O H t
C w w
C=Q_v
Q_ uD
99
=
yQwNR=@
O=tDa=
"|rY= |xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "8 pmW
"=v@t |xm@W |=Q@ pY=L RDN "9 pmW
xOQm |Q}oO=} |xm@W R= |Q=DN=U |oS}w l} u=wvax@ =Q u; sD}Qwor= 'xOw@v C=Q_v
"CU=
|Q}oxH}Dv "6
Q=Owtv CQwYx@ xO=O xawtHt wO QO AUC w ACC |=yQ=}at |=Q@ pY=L G}=Dv
R= xm CU= |m}i=Qo Q=Owtv l} ROC |vLvt "CU= xOt; 11 w 10 |=ypmW QO
"O};|t CUO x@ hrDNt |=yxv=DU; QO FPR Q@=Q@ QO TPR C@Uv sUQ j} Q]
OOa l} x@ =Q |vLvt u}= 'ROC |vLvt Q}R CL=Ut |x@U=Lt =@ AUC Q=}at
"O};|t CUO x@ 6 |x]@=Q =@ ACC Q=}at "Ovm|t xYqN
Accuracy (Acc) =
TP + TN
TP + FP + TN + FN
"epinions |xO=O |=Q@ |rY= |xm@W "6 pmW
( 6)
|Q}oxQy@ =@ uwR=t; |=yxO=OQO 'OwW|t xOy=Wt11 w 10 |=ypmW QO xm u=vJ
Cr=L x@ C@Uv |rY= |xm@W QO pOt |}=Q=m '\@DQt C=Q_v |}xm@W C=Q}F-=D R=
l} C=Q_v u}@ x]@=Q OwHw Qou=Wv xH}Dv u}= "OQ=O |}x_Lqt p@=k |QDQ@ =v@t
xm =QJ "CU= pwYLt l} C=Q_v |wQ hrDNt u=Q@Q=m C=Q_v R}v w lQDWt Q@Q=m
C=Q_v ?re= 'Ovm|t Ci=}QO V=O=B |raH C=Q_v |x=Q= |=Q@ xm |@rkDt Q@Q=m
|iQ] R= "OW=@ K}LY =yu; C=Q_v |NQ@ CU= umtt OvJQy 'Ovm|t C@F |raH
"epinions |xO=O |=Q@ =v@t |xm@W "7 pmW
100
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
|Q=BU`tH OQm}wQ R= xO=iDU= =@ xawtHt u}= "OwW|t xO=iDU= Q=O?UJQ@ xawtHt
OwHwt Q=O?UJQ@ |xawtHt =yvD w CU= xOW x}yD Vv=Q=mty w C)=p}=t \UwD
[26w3] "CU= \NQ@ C=Q_v |xv}tR QO
xm CU= Q_v uDt 1600 |w=L =yxO=O u}=
VRwt; |=yxO=O u=wvax@ xawtHt u}= R= "CU= |raH Q_v 800 w |ak=w Q_v 800
Qw=Ht C=trm xr=@vO |oS}w xawtHt w SVM sD}Qwor= =@ =Q |rOt w xOW xO=iDU=
[3]
?Um |=Q@ epinions |xO=O xawtHt |wQ pOt u}= "OW xO=O VRwt; |}xtrmwO
"OW p=ta= =y?UJQ@
"CU= xOW xO=O V}=tv 6 pmW QO xar=]t u}= QO xOW |iQat xm@W u}twO
O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= |vt[ |=yQ=}at =@ Q@Q=m Q@Q=m w Q_v Q_v C=]=@DQ= R= `wv xU
w Q@Q=m Q_v K} QY C=]=@DQ= R= u}= Q@ uwRi= "OQ=O OwHw xm@W u}= QO OQwNR=@ w
`tDHt CQwYx@ jwi C=]=@DQ= |t=tD u}=Q@=v@ "OwW|t xO=iDU= R}v OQwNR=@ Q_v
"OQ=O OQ@Q=m
\=@DQ= =yvD xm xm@W R= |Dr=L 'VwQ |}=Q=m Q@ C=]=@DQ= Q}F-=D |xU}=kt |=Q@
=v@t u=wvax@ 'CU= xOQw; ?=ULx@ OQwNR=@ w O=tDa=sOa 'O=tDa= T=U=Q@ =Q u=Q@Q=m
'CU}v xO=iDU= OQwt u; QO Q_v Q_v `wv R= |]=@DQ= I}y xm xm@W u}= "OW O=H}=
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv xm@W 7 pmW QO
hrDNt |=yCr=L |=Q@ =Q xOW |Q}oO=} |=yRDN '9 w 8 |=ypmW
xO=O u=Wv xv=o=OH ?=k l} QO <=}W= R= s=OmQy "OvWm|t Q} wYD x@ xm@W
xm |v=tm 8 pmW QO "CU= |oDU@=w l} |xOvyOu=Wv u=tm Qy "CU= xOW
uOw@ |raH |oS}w x@ xOvyOOQwNR=@ Q@Q=m Q_v C}OwHwt QO QB wD |xQ}=O R=
Q@Q=m C=Q_v O=OaD x@ Q_v uOw@|raH ?UJQ@ |oDU@=w |vatx@ 'CU= xDiQ Q_v
|=y|oS}w R= xOvyOOQwNR=@ Q@Q=m C=Q_v O=OaD xm u}= =@ "CU= Q_v |xOvyOOQwNR=@
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
"=yxO=O QO C=Oy=Wt "4 pwOH
|raHQ}e C=Q_v QO xOy=Wt
|raH C=Q_v QO xOy=Wt
\UwD xOW xO=O X}NWD
\UwD xOW xO=O X}NWD
Q=}at
|O=yvW}B VwQ
|O=yvW}B VwQ
67
17
9
91
2
4 124
41
36
13
60
12
2 45
xO=O xawtHt
t |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD OYQO u}ov=}t
C=Q_v u}rw= OYQO
|mD C=Q_v OYQO
C@Ft |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD OYQO u}ov=}t
|ivt |=yOQwNR=@ O=OaD OYQO u}ov=}t
C=Q_v OQwNR=@ R=}Dt= u}ov=}t
C@F
uwR=t;
epinions
"u}W}B C=ar=]t =@ |O=yvW}B VwQ R= pY=L G}=Dv |xU}=kt "5 pwOH
Cr=L u} QDy@
|vR?UJQ@
xO=O xawtHt `HQt xQ=tW
AUC
78
95
80
78
ACC
74 4
86 5
89 8
91 2
77 4
89 3
76 3
77 6
84
91 4
C=Q_v Q=QmD
|DUO
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=mD@=
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=BU`tH
|DUO
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=BU`tH
|Q=mD@=
|Q=mD@=
|Q=mD@=
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
[5]
[8]
TripAdvisor
[9]
Yelp.com
[7]
uwR=t;
TripAdvisor
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
uwR=t;
Epinions
[3]
[16]
"uwR=t; xO=O G}=Dv "10 pmW
[12]
[26]
[17]
[11]
|O=yvW}B VwQ
|O=yvW}B VwQ
D C=Q_v xm OyO|t u=Wv G}=Dv "CU= xOt; 4 pwOH QO C=Oy=Wt u}=
C@Ft OQwNR=@ |raHQ}e C=Q_v R= QDsm '|O=yvW}B VwQ \UwD |raH u=wvax@
pwYLt l} OQwtQO xm} =} u}DUNv C=Q_v xm OyO|t u=Wv G}=Dv "Ov=xOQm Ci=}QO
l} uOW xO=t; ZLt x@ u=@rkDt xm =QJ 'OvDUy ?rkD x@ lwmWt |QDW}@ p=tDL= =@
"OvW=@ xDW=O |Oa@ u=Q@Q=m Q@ =Q Q}F-=D u} QDW}@ =D OvyO|t x=Q= =Q OwN C=Q_v pwYLt
QO K}LY OQ=wt x@ C@Uv |raH C=Q_v u}@ C=Q_v `wv u}= R= |QDq=@ OYQO OwHw
xm C=Q_v OQwNR=@ R=}Dt= "CU= G}=Dv CLY |xOvyOu=Wv |O=yvW}B VwQ G}=Dv
QDu}}=B |Q}osWJ Qw]x@ |raH C=Q_v |=Q@ \UwDt Qw]x@ 'CU= 5 =D 1 u}@ |OOa
"CU= |ak=w C=Q_v R=
|=Q@ ACC w AUC Q=}at xm u}W}B C=ar=]t R= pY=L G}=Dv 5 pwOH QO
QO |O=yvW}B VwQ xm CU= u; |=} wo G}=Dv u}= "CU= xOW x=Q= xOW x@U=Lt =yu;
QO xOW |iQat VwQ xJQo= "OQ=O u} Q}=U x@ C@Uv |yHwD p@=k Ow@y@ ACC Q=}at
'xOQw; CUO x@ |O=yvW}B VwQ R= |QDy@ G}=Dv AUC Q=}at QO [8] C=ar=]t Qo}O
"Ovm|t |UQQ@ xO=O MQ |ywQo CQwYx@ xm =Q |Y=N |xv=@rkDt C}r=ai VwQ u}=
|=y?rkDt hWm |=Q@ xm |r=LQO OQ=O RmQtD ?rkDt |=yxwQo hWm Q@ VwQ u}=
"CU}v |OQ@Q=m |raH C=Q_v X}NWD u}vJty w |mD
|Y}NW
101
"epinions xO=O G}=Dv "11 pmW
@ J y |Q=PoQ}F-=D |=Q@ u=@rkDt "CU= u=@rkDt |ywQo C}r=ai O} w-t G}=Dv u}=
l} |wQ COtx=Dwm CqtL QO w |ywQo CQwYx@ ,qwtat 'pwYLt |rm R=}Dt= Q@
"Ovvm|t s=Ok= hOy pwYLt
xm OQ}o|t Q=Qk 0 89 |q=@ ACC Q=}at QO epinions |xm@W wO Qy G}=Dv
|xU}=kt |=Q@ |QDy@ Q=}at xm AUC Q=}at QO "CU= VwQ |rm |}=Q=m |xOvyOu=Wv
|QDy@ |xH}Dv 'OQ}o|t xQy@ C=]=@DQ= |xty R= xm |rY= |xm@W [30] 'CU=ypOt
|xOW |iQat |xm@W u}@ pY=L G}=Dv QO Q}osWJ Cw=iD "CU= xOQw; CUO x@
R= |Q}oxQy@ uOw@ O}it R}v epinions |xO=O xawtHt QO =v@t |=yxm@W w |rY=
"Ovm|t |@=}RQ= OvtOwU =Q \@DQt C=Q_v
"s}vm|t |UQQ@ =Q G}=Dv QO C=Oy=Wt |NQ@ |v}@V}B |}=Q=m uO=Ou=Wv |=Q@
QDW} x Q
|R=UxYqN R= p@k |m}vwQDmr= u=} QDWt C=Q_v 'j}kLD u}= G}=Dv R= xO=iDU= =@
PN= |=Q@ u=} QDWt x@ ltm =@ xm OwW|t V}q=B C=Q_v uDt R= |Q}oxH}Dv w
hPL =@ |m}vwQDmr= u=} QDWt O=tDa= ^iL w ?rH x@ QHvt 'QDy@ C=t}tYD
u=} QDWt C=Q_v Vw=m |=ysDU}U G}=Dv 'Qo}O |wU R= "OwW|t |raH C=Q_v
|=yCQ=UN w CqtL =@ xr@=kt w |}=U=vW "CU= QDQFw-t |raH C=Q_v hPL =@
j}kLD u}= |=yOQ@Q=m Qo}O R= \NQ@ u=oOvWwQi |=Q@ =@kQ ?v=H R= |r=tDL=
"CU=
14 nv}mDU=uwJty |atH|Ov@xk@]|=yVwQR=u=wD|t xar=]t u}=|xt=O=QO
y W vB
6. Li, F., Huang, M.Y. and Zhu, X. \Learning to identify
review spam", in Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Articial Intelligence,
3, pp.2488-2493 (2011).
7. Mukherjee, A., Venkataraman, V., Liu, B. and Glance,
N. \Fake review detection: Classication and analysis of
real and pseudo reviews", Technical Report, Department
of computer Scierce (UIC-CS-2013-3) University of Illinois Chicago (2013).
8. Mukherjee, A., Liu, B. and Glance, N. \Spotting fake
reviewer groups in consumer reviews", in Proceedings of
the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web
(2012).
9. Feng, S., Xing, L., Gogar, A. and Choi, Y. \Distributional footprints of deceptive product reviews", in
ICWSM, The 6th International AAAI Conference on weblogs and Social media (2012).
10. Xie, S., Wang, G., Lin, S. and Yu, P.S. \Review spam detection via temporal pattern discovery", in Proceedings
of the 18th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (2012).
11. Fei, G., Mukherjee, A., Liu, B., Hsu, M., Castellanos,
M. and Ghosh, R. \Exploiting burstiness in reviews
for review spammer detection", in Seventh International
AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (2013).
12. Mukherjee, A., Kumar, A., Liu, B., Wang, J., Hsu,
M., Castellanos, M. and Ghosh, R. \Spotting opinion
spammers using behavioral footprints", in Proceedings
of the 19th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (2013).
13. Hu, N., Bose, I., Koh, N.S. and Liu, L. \Manipulation
of online reviews: An analysis of ratings, readability, and
sentiments", Decision Support Systems, 52(3), pp. 674684 (2012).
14. Lim, E.-P. Nguyen, V.-A. Jindal, N. Liu B. and Lauw,
H.W. \Detecting product review spammers using rating behaviors", in Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (2010).
15. Jiang, B. and Chen, B. \Detecting product review spammers using activity model", in International Conference
on Advanced Computer Science and Electronics Information (2013).
= C w=
1. online
2. review spam
3. relational dependency network (RDN)
4. frequent itemset mining (FIM)
5. temporal pattern discovery
6. multi dimensional time series
7. loopy belief propagation (LBP)
8. n-gram
9. part of speech (POS)
10. Mechanical Turk
11. available at https://kdl.cs.umass.edu/display/public/
Proximity
12. available at www.cs.uic.edu/ liub/FBS/fake-reviews.html
13. available at http://www.sfu.ca/ sam39/Datasets/
EpinionsReviews/
14. Stacking
15. Bagging
References `@=vt
1. Ma, Y. and Li, F. \Detecting review spam: Challenges
and opportunities", in Collaborative Computing, 8th International Conference on Networking, Applications and
Worksharing (2012)
2. Jindal, N., Liu, B. and Lim, E.-P. \Finding unusual review patterns using unexpected rules", in Proceedings of
the 19th ACM International Conference on Information
and Knowledge Management (2010).
3. Ott, M., Choi, Y., Cardie, C. and Hancock, J.T. \Finding deceptive opinion spam by any stretch of the imagination", in Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of
the Association for Computational Linguistics (2011).
4. Akoglu, L., Chandy, R. and Faloutsos, C. \Opinion fraud
detection in online reviews by network eects", In proceeding of seventh International AAAI Conference on
weblogs and Social Media (2013).
5. Jindal, N. and Liu, B. \Opinion spam and analysis",
in Proceedings of the International Conference on Web
Search and Web Data Mining (2008).
102
"""C=Q_v |xm@W T=U= Q@ |@}mQD OQm}wQ l} |x=Q=
xO=iDU= x]@=Q u}OvJ ?}mQD R}v w \@=wQ w =y|oS}w ?}mQD |=Q@ 15 nv}o@ w
|raH C=Q_v X}NWD sDU}U |xaUwD QO =yOQwNR=@ uDt p}rLD u}vJty "OQm
p=@vOx@ 'X}NWD OQ@y=Q =@ ?rkD O[ |=ysDU}U "OW=@ VN@O}t= Q=}U@ Ov=wD|t
|Q}oV}B OQ@y=Q xm |r=LQO "OvDUy u; `wkw R= TB =yxO=O QO ?rkD |=ywor=
"Ovm|t Cav=tt xv=@rkDt |=wDLt Q=WDv= R= p@k sDU}U x@ u=@rkDt OwQw R=
O=H}= \NQ@ C=Q_v |=ysDU}U QO |r qDN= xm |Q}oV}B |=yVwQ |xaUwD
|D; C=k}kLD `w[wt Ov=wD|t w CU= xOw@ u}W}B C=ar=]t EL@ OQwt QDsm 'Ovmv
"OW=@
"""w u=}tqe =[QOtLt 'u=}LDi OtLt
16. Feng, S., Banerjee, R. and Choi, Y. \Syntactic stylometry for deception detection", in Proceedings of the 50th
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics, Short Papers, 2, pp.171-175 (2012).
17. Harris, C. \Detecting deceptive opinion spam using human computation", in Workshops at AAAI on Articial
Intelligence (2012).
18. Xi, Y. \Chinese review spam classication using machine
learning method", in Control Engineering and Communication Technology, 2012 International Conference on
(2012).
19. Wang, G., Xie, S., Liu, B. and Yu, P.S. \Identify online store review spammers via social review graph",
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST), 3(4), pp. 61 (2012).
20. Duan, H. and Zirn, C. \Can we identify manipulative
behavior and the corresponding suspects on review websites using supervised learning?", Secure IT Systems, pp.
215-230 (2012).
21. Lai, C., Xu, K., Lau, R.Y., Li, Y. and Song, D. \Highorder concept associations mining and inferential language modeling for online review spam detection", in
Data Mining Workshops, 2010 IEEE International Conference on (2010).
22. Liu L. and Wang, Y. \A method for sorting out the spam
from Chinese product reviews", in Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks, 2012 2nd International Conference on (2012).
103
23. Wu, G., Greene, D., Smyth, B. and Cunningham, P.
\Distortion as a validation criterion in the identication of suspicious reviews", in Proceedings of the First
Workshop on Social Media Analytics (2010).
24. Gambetta, D. \Can we trust trust?", in Trust: Making
and Breaking Cooperative Relations, pp. 213-237 (1988).
25. Molavi Kakhki, A., Kliman-Silver, C. and Mislove, A.
\Iolaus: Securing online content rating systems", in Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World
Wide Web (2013).
26. Ott, M., Cardie, C. and Hancock, J.T. \Negative deceptive opinion spam", in Proceedings of NAACL-HLT
(2013).
27. Larue, T.H. \Trust: The connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics", Academy of
Management Review, 20(2), pp. 379-403 (1995).
28. Neville J. and Jensen, D. \Relational dependency networks", The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 8,
pp. 653-692 (2007).
29. Neville, J. and Jensen, D. \Dependency networks for relational data", in Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (2004).
30. Huang, J. and Ling, C.X. \Using AUC and accuracy
in evaluating learning algorithms", IEEE Transactions
on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 17(3), pp. 299-310
(2005).