dPMR™ Association dPMR Association

Transcription

dPMR
TM
Association
CommsConnect 2013
Information Handout
Melbourne, Australia
November 21~22, 2013
Contents:
1) dPMRTM
2) dPMRTM
3) dPMRTM
4) dPMRTM
Association Product Showcase
Introduction Presentation
FAQ
Whitepaper
CC Info Handout | Copyright 2013 dPMR Association – All Rights Reserved
dPMR™ Association: Product Showcase
This is a brief introduction and overview to the current products and services provided by
various members of the dPMR™ Association. The dPMR™ Association is currently a group of
17 member companies (as of November, 2013) from a diverse range of backgrounds in the
PMR two-way radio industry.
dPMR™ is recognized as one of three Business and Industry digital two-way radio protocols
available now. This Product Showcase will outline what is available now, and what can be
expected to become available in the near future.
The products and services outlined here are done so with the permission of the member
companies of the dPMR™ Association. We encourage you to visit the websites or directly
contact the member company to obtain more details about the content explained here.
dPMR™: It is a technology growing within the market day by day, and offers the most
comprehensive scope (from license-free to the ability of providing nationwide networks) and
scalability of the digital two-way protocols currently available outside of the public safety
market.
dPMR® Association Product Showcase | Copyright 2013 dPMR® Association – All Rights Reserved
2
Aeroflex Incorporated
Test and measurement equipment
dPMR™ Product/Service: 3920 Digital Radio Test Set
Product Description:
The latest software upgrade for the 3920 Digital Radio Test Set extends the versatility of the
instrument for new digital PMR technologies. The dPMR™ standard has also been enhanced
with new analog FM tests, allowing faster testing of this radio system. The all-new digital
architecture of the 3920 not only delivers faster, more accurate measurements, thereby
lowering the cost of test when compared to any of its contemporaries and predecessors, but
also ensures that future market needs can be met in a timely fashion. The future of
professional mobile radio is changing rapidly as technology advances and market needs
expand and the 3920 is a platform that will stand the test of time.
dPMR™ Product/Service: 3920 Digital Radio Test Set
The 3550 is the first truly portable touch-screen radio communication test system. The 3550
takes radio and repeater site testing to the next level with a quantum leap in an easy to use,
integrated test system for complete radio receiver and transmitter performance testing,
cable fault and antenna system analysis. With its ultra-responsive capacitive touch screen,
the 3550 brings a whole new experience to RF testing
Further Details:
3920: http://www.aeroflex.com/ats/products/product/Communications_Test/Radio_Test_Sets__PMR_Test/TETRA_Test/3920_Radio_Test_Set~171
3550: http://www.aeroflex.com/ats/products/product/Communications_Test/Radio_Test_Sets__PMR_Test/3550_Radio_Test_Set~816.html
3
CML Microcircuits
Semiconductor Solutions
dPMR™ Product/Service: CMX7141 multi-mode digital PMR/LMR processor chip
CML's CMX7141 Digital PMR (dPMR) Processor IC is ideally placed to meet the specific
requirements of both new and emerging digital PMR radio systems and dual-mode
digital/analogue two-way radio platforms. The CMX7141 digital PMR/LMR chip is an enabler
for the radio platform concept. Incorporating functionality to support the RF transceiver side
it only requires minimal control from the host microcontroller.
Built on CML’s proprietary FirmASICｮ technology the CMX7141 encompasses the elements
required for the implementation of a digital radio air interface physical and data link layers.
The vocoder is also completely managed and controlled by the CMX7141 enabling a small,
low power host microcontroller to be utilised for overall radio operation.
Further Details:
http://www.cmlmicro.com/products/CMX7131_CMX7141_Digital_PMR_Processors/
4
Etherstack Ltd.
Protocol Stacks
dPMR™ Product/Service: dPMR™ Mobile and Base Station Protocol Stack
This highly portable stack is available in two variants, Mobile Stack (MS) and Basestation
Stack (BS). Written in highly portable ANSI C, the stack can be readily hosted on a wide
range of popular microprocessors and DSPs. The dPMR stack provides a complete
implementation including the PHY (physical layer) in software.
The stack is available with Etherstack's ELITE automated test suite tools - to assist the
manufacturer with integration, testing and maintenance of the implementation during the
lifecycle of the product.
Further Details:
http://www.etherstack.com/jp/pdf/dmr.pdf
5
Fylde Micro Ltd.
Infrastructure Manufacturer
dPMR™ Product/Service: dPMR™ Mode 3 Controller
MultiLingo is the next generation Fylde trunking controller. This, our 4th generation
controller, will support MPT1327, dPMR (other digital protocols as required) and conventional
systems. More than that, MultiLingo has been designed to support these protocols within the
same radio site. This allows customers to select their protocol of choice as and when they
are ready.
Fylde has partnered with Icom Inc. to provide the world’s first dPMRTM Mode 3 trunking
systems. This partnership brings together the pioneering work undertaken by Icom in 6.25
kHz narrow band digital protocol development withthe unrivalled experience amassed by
Fylde in the development of ruged and reliable trunked radio systems over the last 25 years.
Further Details:
http://fyldemicro.com/Fylde-Micro-Multi-Lingo-Controller.htm
6
Icom Incorporated
Radio/Infrastructure Manufacturer
dPMR™ Product/Service: All tiers and modes of dPMR™ equipment
Icom is proud to be the first manufacturer to supply dPMR446 license-free products, Tier 2
Mode 1 and 2 products to the market, as well as Mode 3 products in collaboration with Fylde
Micro Ltd. The IDASTM suite of radios (portable and mobile), repeaters, IP networking cards
and virtual radio/dispatch applications is a field proven reliable platform that has seen
deployment in the 100,000’s of thousands worldwide.
The dPMRTM variants of IDASTM are also deployed worldwide and are creating a solid
reputation as a reliable digital solution in many market segments. The market’s anticiaption
and expectations for Mode 3 are also very high, and Icom looks forward to providing further
communications solutions to meet the varying needs of system operators both large and
small.
Further Details:
http://www.icom.co.jp/world/idas/dpmr/
7
JVC Kenwood Corporation
Radio/Infrastructure Manufacturer
dPMR™ Product/Service: Mode 2 dPMR™ equipment
Kenwood NEXEDGE® mid tier hand portable, mobile radios and repeaters can be adapted to
operate as dPMR units meeting with ETSI Standards TS 102 658 Modes 1 & 2.
Kenwood NEXEDGE® dPMR equipment offers many of the features and benefits of
NEXEDGE® including outstanding voice quality, extended range, spectrum efficiency and
increased security, in an open standard, ETSI compliant multi-vendor format. In addition
NEXEDGE® dPMR capabilities can be further extended to include multiple user groups by
employing the following repeaters:
EU: NXR-710E, NXR-810E / Non-EU: NXR-710K, NXR-810K2
Further Details:
http://www.kenwoodcommunications.co.uk/nexedge-dpmr/
8
Sicomm Communications
Baseband and RF PA chips
dPMR™ Product/Service: SCT3252 Digital Radio Baseband Signal Processor
The SCT3252 is a highly integrated digital radio baseband signal processor designed by
Sicomm. Its features include:









Specialized Digital Radio IC:
4FSK Modem
Multiple Vocoders
Multiple Protocols
Embedded large capacity FLASH/SRAM
High performance, low power consumption
Analog compatible・auto switch
Embedded firmware
Package 14x14mm LQFP100
It supports the following standards:
 dPMR™ (TS102490) with firmware upgrade to support Europe dPMR™ (TS102658)

NXDN™
 DCR (ARIB standard for Japan)
 A recent new Chinese standard
Further Details:
http://www.sicommtech.com/product.html
9
Wireless Pacific
Applications/Solutions Provider
dPMR™ Product/Service: PDX3522 Onsite Repeater
Wireless Pacific’s PDX3522™ onsite repeater is designed to provide a simple, yet fully selfcontained, digital or analog, single channel, radio repeater system. The PDX can be ordered
as a standard repeater for digital: 6.25 kHz dPMR™ (NXDN™) or, 12.5/25kHz analog
operation. With rugged waterproof construction, internal battery for power backup and
compact design, the PDX3522™ is a flexible solution when instant communications are
required in the field.
Further Details:
To be added
10
DISCLAIMER
This document has been prepared by the dPMR™ Association as a reference document.
The information in this document has been carefully checked, and is believed to be correct
and accurate. However, the dPMR™ Association assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies or
mistakes.
Document Revisions
The dPMR™ Association reserves the right to make changes to the content of this document
at any time without notice or obligation.
Document Copyrights
No duplication or distribution of this document or any portion thereof shall take place
without the express permission of the dPMR™ Association. Reproduction, distribution, or
transmission for any purpose in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, shall
only be allowed with the express permission of the dPMR™ Association.
Trademarks
dPMR and the dPMR logo are registered trademarks of the dPMR Association in Europe, the
United States, Japan, China and/or other countries.
All other products or brands are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective
holders.
11
dPMR™ Introduction
November,
o e be , 2013
0 3
Copyright 2013 dPMR™ Association.
What is dPMR™?
CONFUSED?
Capacity Plus
MOTOTRBO™
What is dPMR™?
An Introduction
−An open ETSI technical standard
Tier 1: TS 102 490 dPMR446 License-free
Tier 2: TS 102 658 Licensed conventional/Trunked
−Narrowband digital protocol/6.25kHz FDMA technology
Low complexity
complexity, low cost and spectrum efficient
A digital alternative for analogue FDMA systems
−Encourages
g
a Multi-vendor environment
Radio products from 11 manufacturers to date
Test equipment, silicon chips and protocol stacks
−Interoperability
I t
bilit
Supported by ETSI IOP/Conformance standards
Established IOP test process within dPMR™ Association
What is dPMR™?
Tier 1
Tier 2
(TS 102 490)
(TS 102 658)
dPMR446
M d 1
Mode
License-free
Licensed peer to peer
Mode 2
Licensed Repeater Mode
Mode 3
Licensed single site trunking
Licensed multisite trunking
IOP Tests
(TS 102 587 Parts 1
1-6)
6)
IOP/Conformance Test
Procedures for dPMR™
(TS 102 726 Parts 1-3)
PICS (Protocol Implementation
Conformance)
(TS 102 795 Part 1)
dPMR™ Requirements
Catalogue
What is dPMR™?
dPMR™ Mode 1
Conventional peer to peer operation
What is dPMR™?
dPMR™ Mode 2
Conventional communication via repeater and/or IP linked sites
What is dPMR™?
dPMR™ Mode 3
Full single and/or multi-site
multi site wide area trunking networks
The Basic Technology
−General specifications:
Access Method
Transmission Rate
Modulation
Vocoder
d
Codec Rate
Channel Spacing
O
Occupied
i d bandwidth
b d idth
Applicable bands
: FDMA
: 4800 bps
: 4-level FSK
: AMBE+2™
: 3600 (Voice 2,450 + Error Correction 1,150 bps)
: 6.25kHz
: 4kH
4kHz
: 30MHz to 1 GHz
What is good about dPMR™?
Advantages
g
−The use of FDMA technology provides a “low complex,
low cost” development platform
Basic design technology maintained from analogue FM
Low complexity does not mean simple capability. dPMR™
can be scalable from 1 repeater to a 1000 site system
−Two-way radio fundamentals “built-in”
Peer to peer standard (No “reinvention of the wheel”)
No reduction in coverage
g vs analogue
g
FM
Technical advantages in analogue apply equally to digital
−A like for like natural transition from analogue to digital
S t
System
d
design
i
fundamentals
f d
t l do
d nott change
h
What is good about dPMR™?
Advantages
−Flexibility in vocoder choice
AMBE+2™ agreed on as standard vocoder for Tier 2 dPMR™
Tier 1 dPMR446 allows a choice of AMBE+2™ (standard),
RALCWI or other yet to be defined choices
−dPMR™ is spectrum efficient
−dPMR
True 6.25kHz channels, no “equivalent” caveats needed
Will be a viable technology when 12.5kHz spectrum is full
Future proofed investment for the near and mid-term
mid term
−No known IPR applicable to the dPMR™ standards
Current IPR claims not substantiated
No added costs resulting from IPR licenses or royalties
dPMR™ Features
Note 1: List below is a general guide of available features
Note 2: Implementation of features may differ between manufacturers
dPMR™ Features
dPMR™ Features
dPMR™ Features
dPMR™ Features
dPMR™ and other technologies
NXDN™
(12.5kHz/6.25kHz
(12
5kHz/6 25kHz FDMA)
Tier 1
(TS 102 490)
Tier 1 (TS 102 361)
License free digital PMR446
(12.5kHz FDMA)
Tier 2
(TS 102 658)
(12.5kHz/6.25kHz
(12 5kHz/6 25kHz FDMA)
dPMR446
License-free
Tier 2 (TS 102 361)
(12.5kHz/2 slot TDMA)
Mode 1
Type-C
NXDN™ Trunking
yp
g
(Control Channel Type trunking)
Mode 2
(12.5kHz/6.25kHz FDMA)
Mode 3
Type-D NXDN™ Trunking
(No Control Channel Type trunking)
(6.25kHz FDMA)
Tier 3 (TS 102 361)
g
(12.5kHz/2 slot TDMA)
FDMA or TDMA?
TDMA
FDMA
FDMA or TDMA?
The Facts
−FDMA is still the most common two-way radio
technology (65% of estimated 40 million radios in use)
−Thus FDMA in both analogue and digital still consist the
majority of nearly all radio manufactures’ revenue
−The fallback mode for a TDMA system has typically
been analogue FDMA, so FDMA is still a savior of
last resort
−TDMA claims battery life improvement over analogue.
In reality,
y, there is no distinct advantage
g versus digital
g
FDMA (Most manufacturers guarantee 12~20 hours operating time)
−More FDMA based digital standards are in use than
f
for
TDMA at this
hi time.
i
F
For example,,,
l
FDMA or TDMA?
FDMA Digital Protocols
Japanese
Domestic
6.25kHz
FDMA
standards
TDMA Digital Protocols
dPMR™
DMR
NXDN™
PDT
Chinese
Domestic
12.5kHz
TDMA
standard
ARIB T-98
ARIB T-102
APCO P25 Ph.I
Tetrapol
APCO P25 Ph.II
TETRA
FDMA or TDMA?
The comparisons could continue with,,,
The conclusion that dPMR™ provides:
•All the fundamental requirements of a radio system
•Is
Is a technology backed up by decades of technical knowhow
both in radio development and system design
•Any known weaknesses, and thus improvements made in
analogue FM are directly inherited by dPMR™
TDMA (DMR), while a viable alternative:
•Still lacks the total proven history of FDMA technology
•Has not proven the “potential interference issues” of 6.25kHz
FDMA exist as originally claimed
•Does
Does not yet have a solution beyond 12.5kHz channel spacing
•Claimed feature advantages often not even implemented by
the TDMA (DMR) manufacturers (e.g. full-duplex)
FDMA or TDMA?
The market will continue to evolve and
adopt solutions that work best
The market is and will continue to
accommodate FDMA and TDMA
digital solutions in all their flavours
Customer’s p

perceived value will
define where the future lies
And dPMR™ is one of those choices
The dPMR™ Association
−Founded in 2007
Many members involved in the “DIIS Project” even before
dPMR™/DMR work began
−Currently 17 member companies
Support a broad range of core competences in the industry
−Established to follow up
p TG-DMR dPMR™ standards work
Direct liaison with TG-DMR and ETSI where required
−Mandated the standard vocoder (AMBE+2™)
Flexibility of alternative vocoders allowed for Tier 1 dPMR446
−Promote dPMR™ and a Multi-vendor environment
−Create and support interoperability testing regime
Three successful IOP sessions completed to date
−Obtain/register
Obt i /
i t
trademarks
t d
k for
f
dPMR™
Structure of the Association
dPMR™ Association
dPMR
CHAIRMAN
dPMR™ Association
dPMR
SECRETARY
Technical WG
Marketing WG
(Chairman + Members)
(Chairman + Members)
TG-DMR
dPMR™ Association
MEMBERS
Current Members
More details at: http://www.dpmr-mou.org/
Member’s Core Competences
Radio/Infrastructure
Manufacturers
Protocol
Stacks
Semiconductor
Solutions
Application
Solutions
Test Sets
Standards Administration/
IOP Testing
Interoperability Testing
dPMR™ Compatible
Manufacturer A
dPMR™ Compatible
Manufacturer B
How is it done?
Step 1:
IOP test
t t session
i
announced
Candidates
C
did t apply
l
to participate
Candidates supply:
•EN300 166 compliance proof
•Completed PICS document
•Applicable test profiles
IOP test
t t plan
l
drawn up
IOP test carried out
under Tech WG
supervision
Step 2:
IOP test log file
published
IOP test report
published & issued
IOP test certificate
published
bli h d & issued
i
d
Step 3:
More details at:
http://www.dpmrmou.org/Interoperability.htm
Certified equipment
list updated
IOP test
t t session
i
confirmed
IOP Test Events
Held regularly under the guidance of the Technical WG
2nd IOP Test Event
Wuxi, China 2012
3rd IOP Test Event
Yokohama, Japan 2013
Current IOP Results
(As of April 2013)
IOP Tested
Product/Service
dPMR446
dPMR™
Mode 1
dPMR™
Mode 2
dPMR™
Mode 3
Icom Incorporated
p
Terminals &
Infrastructure
YES
YES
YES
---
Maldon, UK 2011
Wuxi,, China 2012
JVC Kenwood Corporation
Terminals &
Infrastructure
---
YES
YES
---
CML Microcircuits
p
Baseband chip
YES
YES
YES
---
Maldon,, UK 2011
Sicomm Technologies
Baseband chip
---
YES
YES
---
Maldon, UK 2011
Wuxi, China 2012
Kirisun
Terminals
---
YES
YES
---
Tianjin 712 Communication Ltd.
Terminals
---
YES
YES
---
Wuxi, China 2012
Quanzhou Feijie Electronics Co., Ltd
Terminals
---
YES
YES
---
Wuxi, China 2012
Xiamen Puxing Electronics
Science & Technology Co., Ltd
T
Terminals
i l
---
YES
YES
---
W i China
Wuxi,
Chi 2012
Fujian Nanan Quansheng
Electronics Co., Ltd
Terminals
---
YES
YES
---
Wuxi, China 2012
Quanzhou Xinwei Electronics Co., Ltd
Terminals
---
YES
YES
---
Wuxi, China 2012
Fujian Wanhua Electronic
Technology Co., Ltd
Terminals
---
YES
YES
---
Wuxi, China 2012
Company
IOP Test Event
dPMR™ in the Market
Market Segment/Tier
High tier
High-tier
Public Safety/
Professional
Vertical Markets
Emergency
g
y
Services/Police/Military
Professional Utilities (Airports
etc.)/Government/Private Systems
Mid-high tier
B&I/Light
C
i l
Commercial
Transportation/Local
Govt./Utilities/Large Industry
(Manufacturing
(
g etc.)/
)/
Small-mid sized Systems/Security
Low-tier B&I/
License-free
Construction/Security/Retail/
/
y/
/
Hotels/Restaurants/Warehouses/
Theme Parks/Private Security/
Rental
Technology
APCO P25/Tetra, but
dPMR™ does suit
certain user needs
dPMR™
main
target
markets
Analogue
Examples of Actual dPMR
dPMR™ Users
− French prisons
− Belgian prisons
− United
U i d Nations-Geneva
N i
G
(UNHCR HQ
HQ, Pl
Place d
de N
Nations,
i
WIPO
WIPO, Human
H
Rights)
Ri h )
− UN installed systems in South Sudan and Afghanistan
− ITU HQ-Geneva
− French
F
h Red
R d Cross
C
− French Presidential guard services
− French Ministry of Defense/French Home Office
− City of Cannes
− DANONE and LEGRAND
− Russian regional Police
− European Diplomatic service armored vehicles
− Docklands Light Railway in London
− Sharjarh Airport (UAE)
Migration
Migration
The Basic Migration Alternatives:
−“Big Bang” Migration
Throw away the existing system and completely start anew
Obvious cost and system down time risk considerations need
to be analyzed
−Infrastructure migration
g
Initially replace older infrastructure with digital infrastructure
Allows an orderly switchover of the system with no down time
Can set up
p and monitor IP links and RF coverage
g for maximum
smoothness of the eventual transition to digital mode
−Infrastructure/Terminals mixed migration
Replace
R
l
sites
it
and
d radios
di
as required
i d
Mixed analogue/digital mode terminals allow continuous
communications with existing radios
Advantages in cost outlays and system planning requirements
Migration
The dPMR™ Advantage:
−FDMA offers a like for like migration
Use of existing site equipment possible
RF propagation and coverage characteristics would be similar
to analogue FM
−Cross p
protocol communications
Some dPMR™ solutions offer the ability to call between dPMR™
and MPT radios for example
This reduces the need and cost of running
g two p
parallel
systems
Radio users can continue to call analogue or digital radios
without any change in learned operation
−Natural system integrity
Failsafe peer to peer if system fails
Only one channel lost if repeater fails
In Summary
dPMR™ is:
−An open standard backed by a world standards body
−A
A continuously evolving standard
−Supported by multiple leading industry players
−Supported via a dedicated industry group
−A multi-vendor selection of products/services
p
/
−Has a legitimate interoperability qualification system
−Spectrum efficient
−Used in the field with proven success
−A viable solution beyond 12.5kHz channel spacing
Trademarks:
•dPMR and the dPMR logo
g are registered
g
trademarks of the dPMR MoU Association
•NXDN is a trademark of Icom Incorporated and JVC KENWOOD Corporation
•All other logos and/or trademarks are the properties of their respective owners
•Images used with the permission of dPMR MoU Association members
FAQ about Narrowband Technologies
This is an information paper regarding the latest information about the respective
narrowband two-way radio technologies in the market at present. It is intended to present a
neutral and balanced view of the respective technologies, and also correct
misrepresentations and misunderstandings seen in various media publications of
presentation materials in circulation in the public domain.
This document has been prepared by the dPMR™ Association Marketing Group with the full
consensus and approval of the member companies. The dPMR™ Association hopes this
document will provide clarification to the myriad of information currently available. The
dPMR™ Association has checked the content for accuracy but reserves the right to amend
and/or correct any part of this document without notice or obligation.
***************************************************************************
Q1: What does “narrowband” really mean?
A1: This should probably be clarified before anything else. To keep things simple,
narrowband in its current form would refer to the use of 12.5 kHz channels for two-way
PMR/LMR radio communication. However, as 6.25 kHz technologies exist, these would be
considered “ultra-narrowband” or “very narrowband”.
Q2: 6.25 kHz “equivalent” versus real 6.25 kHz capability.
A2: Historically, professional two-way radio has dealt with the problem of congested
spectrum/channels by narrowing the channel spacing. I.e. 50 kHz  25 kHz  12.5 kHz 
6.25 kHz. The DMR system is often quoted as being 6.25 kHz “equivalent”, and dPMR™ or
NXDN™ are true 6.25 kHz. Basically what this means is that the 2-slot TDMA architecture of
DMR provides the equivalent of two 6.25 kHz voice or data paths in a 12.5 kHz channel and
the FDMA systems’ channel spacing is 6.25 kHz. For a more detailed explanation of the
technical difference of TDMA and FDMA, please see the “What is dPMR™?” tab on the
dPMR™ Association website (http://www.dpmr-mou.org/what-is-dpmr-30-minutes.htm).
Q3: Just what kind of narrowband technologies/systems are there?
A3: Notice we have not used “digital” with narrowband. This is because analogue FM is
considered narrowband technology based on the explanation in A1 above, and thus the first
type of narrowband technology available. Diagrams are provided for the systems relevant to
the discussion in this document with references to other systems as required.
Analogue Narrowband:
Good old reliable FM:
As mentioned above, analogue FM 12.5 kHz products have been available for many years
now, and fit the description of the current narrowband channel spacing standard of 12.5 kHz.
FAQ about Narrowband Technologies | Copyright 2013 dPMR Association – All Rights Reserved
Digital Narrowband:
dPMR™:
dPMR™ is a digital 6.25 kHz FDMA based protocol described in the ETSI technical standards
TS 102 490 and TS 102 658. Details of what dPMR™ is and can do, can be found on the
dPMR™ Association website, but the basic structure of the dPMR™ standards suite is shown
in the graphic below.
As the diagram shows, dPMR™ is a full featured system capable of providing
communications solutions ranging from license-free all the way up to multi-site trunking
networks.
2
NXDN™:
NXDN™ is an open digital 12.5 kHz or 6.25 kHz FDMA based protocol described in the
NXDN™ suite of standards. Details of what NXDN™ is and can do, can be found on the
NXDN™ Forum website, (http://www.nxdn-forum.com/) but the basic structure of the
NXDN™ standards suite is shown in the graphic below.
As the diagram shows, NXDN™ is a full featured system capable of providing flexible
trunking solutions for small to medium sized networks.
3
DMR:
DMR is a digital 12.5 kHz 2-slot TDMA based protocol described in the ETSI technical
standard TS 102 361. Details of what DMR is and can do, can be found on the DMR
Association website (http://dmrassociation.org/), but the basic structure of the DMR
standards suite is shown in the graphic below.
As the diagram shows, DMR is a full featured system capable of providing communications
solutions ranging from license-free all the way up to multi-site trunking networks.
Other Digital Systems:
APCO Project 25:
APCO P25 is still an evolving digital standard targeted mainly for the United States public
safety market. The current Phase 1 part of the standard is a digital 12.5 kHz FDMA based
protocol described in the TIA APCO P25 standards. A Phase 2 standard which is a 2-slot
TDMA 12.5 kHz protocol has also been completed.
Tetrapol:
This is a 12.5 kHz FDMA digital standard that is also targeted for the public safety market as
well as high-end commercial markets.
4
Tetra:
This is a digital 25 kHz 4-slot TDMA based protocol described in the ETSI EN 300 392 suite
of standards. Tetra is also targeted for the public safety market as well as high-end
commercial markets.
Japanese and Chinese standards:
ARIB standards T-98 and T-102 are NXDN™ based 6.25 kHz FDMA standards that are
available in the Japanese domestic market. China has also developing a digital standard
called Police Digital Trunking (PDT), which is a 12.5 kHz TDMA based standard. They are
also looking at creating a separate Business and Industry digital standard, and discussions
on proposed candidate protocols has begun.
As the content above indicates, there are also movements to adapt base standards as
country specific standards.
Q4: Which is better, 6.25 kHz FDMA or 12.5 kHz TDMA?
A4: This is the million dollar question. The answer is that both technologies have been
accepted in the market based on the features and advantages provided respectfully. This
basically says there is room for both. Below are some facts and statistics of interest.
Fact 1: At least 65% if not more of EVERY two-way manufacturer’s business (including
supporters of TDMA technology) is analogue FDMA based, and will continue to be so for the
foreseeable future. FDMA has served the PMR/LMR industry as a reliable and proven radio
technology for more than 70 years. Therefore, it is hard to believe that now the PMR/LMR
world is going digital, FDMA is suddenly an “inferior” technology. It is still the most efficient
method of achieving spectrum efficiency.
Fact 2: The number of 6.25 kHz FDMA radios in the market is estimated to be over
1,300,000 units. Based on information in the public domain, the number of TDMA units in
the market is estimated to be over 2,500,000 units where the majority of this number is
claimed by one manufacturer.
Fact 3: The number of countries where 6.25 kHz FDMA and TDMA digital systems are used
worldwide is virtually the same. The majority of countries worldwide now have regulations
and/or band plans in place that allow the use of 6.25 kHz in one way or another.
Q5: “Professional” versus “Simple, low cost”
A5: There have been comments in various media articles that dPMR™ is a low cost “nonprofessional” orientated system. This should not to be confused with the original intention of
dPMR™ being conceived as a “low cost, low complexity” protocol. This means that the
technology can be achieved by largely using existing FM hardware engineering architecture.
Also, as explained with the diagrams in previous pages, each system offers basically the
same level of functions, trunking and networking capability. As with the “Which is better?”
question, the answer is “the system that best suits the end user’s needs”.
Q6: What about IPR?
A6: dPMR™ was also developed to avoid IPR and again reduce the total cost for both the
manufacturer and ultimately the end user. A statement about dPMR™ and IPR can be found
on the dPMR™ Association website. At this time, no IPR has been determined to be essential
to the dPMR™ standards and thus no licenses* are required for developing dPMR™.
* No licenses for the CAI, but a vocoder license may be required depending on implementation
5
Q7: What kind of products are available for dPMR™?
A7: At this time, the following products and services are available from a number of dPMR™
Association member companies. Further details can be found in a Product Showcase
document recently made by the Association (website link).







Tier 1 dPMR446 license-free radios
Tier 2 dPMR™ Mode 1, 2 and 3 radios, infrastructure and controllers
Tier 1 baseband IC chips (for radio development)
Tier 2 Mode 1 and 2 baseband IC chips (for radio development)
Tier 2 Mode 1, 2 and 3 protocol stacks (for radio development)
Test and Measuring equipment supporting dPMR™ (for radio development and
maintenance)
Various applications tailored for dPMR™ products
6
DISCLAIMER
This document has been prepared by the dPMR™ Association as a reference document.
mistakes.
Document Revisions
Document Copyrights
Trademarks
dPMR and the dPMR logo are registered trademarks of the dPMR Association in Europe, the
United States, Japan, China and/or other countries.
NXDN is a trademark of Icom Inc. and JVC KENWOOD Corporation.
holders.
7
Whitepaper
4 Level FSK/FDMA 6.25 kHz Technology
dPMR Whitepaper Issue 1.3 | Copyright 2013 dPMR Association – All Rights Reserved
dPMR™ digital Private Mobile Radio 6.25 kHz Technology
Since the beginning of PMR radio, there has been a constant juggling act between available
spectrum and channel size. As filter and modulation technology has advanced the channel
size has progressively reduced, 100 kHz, then 50, followed by 25 and then the 12.5 kHz we
have known for the last twenty or so years. Add to that the current policy of spectrum
pricing and it becomes clear that a new advance was needed to make the most efficient and
economical use of this scarce resource.
Traditionally PMR has always operated with FDMA (Frequency Divided Multiple Access)
technology as that has offered the best flexibility to users. The initial plan for European
standardisation was based on 2-slot TDMA (Time Divided Multiple Access) technology as
several of the major PMR players have proffered that 6.25 kHz FDMA was simply not
possible. Research by Icom and Kenwood however showed that 6.25 kHz FDMA was a
practical proposition and they entered into a joint agreement to develop the technology
further.
This new digital 6.25 kHz FDMA idea was taken up by ETSI (the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute) and developed into a European Standard.
dPMR™ became an open, non-proprietary EU standard and was published under the
reference TS 102 490 (License-free) and TS 102 658 (Licensed).
History
Achieving 6.25 kHz channeling was impossible to do using analog technology, so it became
necessary to develop a new digital protocol. Availability of high quality low bit rate voice
codecs meant that 6.25 kHz was a practical plan if a suitable modulation scheme could be
identified. Several methods were considered, including ACSB and the proposed APCO Project
25 Phase II CQPSK. However, both required a more expensive linear amplifier in the
transmitter and neither is compatible with existing analog FM hardware.
Instead, 4-Level FSK (4FSK) modulation was selected using FDMA for the access method.
This method has a number of advantages:
 better communication range
 simpler design
 easy to maintain and service
 lower cost for business and industry customers
 compatible with existing FM radio hardware
The first 6.25 kHz capable radios were introduced to the market in 2006. There are now 13
manufacturers that have 6.25 kHz FDMA products (dPMR™, NXDN™ and Japan ARIB
standards based products) with more manufacturers still to develop products. These
products operate in both digital conventional and digital trunking modes. To enable
backwards compatibility, they also operate in 25 kHz and 12.5 kHz channel bandwidths.
2
Backwards compatibility to analogue only radios enables a planned migration path to
“digital” with existing radios operating analogue only and new radios operating analogue and
digital.
How the Technology Works
General specifications:





Access Method: FDMA
Transmission Rate: 4800 bps
Modulation: 4-level FSK
Vocoder: AMBE+2™
Codec Rate: 3600 (Voice 2,450 + Error Correction 1,150 bps)
Modulation with 4LFSK uses a symbol mapping scheme. When the radio receives a binary
number, that number is mapped to a symbol, which is interpreted as a 1050Hz frequency
deviation.
During demodulation, that deviation is detected, filtered and “unmapped” as a binary signal
for transmission.
3
Signal Quality
The FDMA signal BER performance exceeds that of APCO Project 25 Phase 1 radios, which
have already been accepted by the market as quality digital radios.
Audio Quality
The 6.25 kHz dPMR™ technology also offers improved audio quality compared to P25 audio.
Test engineers using a Mean Opinion Sample (MOS) found the audio quality was uniformly
better, ranging from clean conditions to 5% BER. Using the AMBE+2™ vocoder makes this
possible.
4
Range
Audio quality over distance is also greatly improved with 6.25 kHz dPMR™ technology.
Instead of the early degradation of audio that you see in an analog signal, the 6.25 kHz
dPMR™ digital audio quality remains higher over a comparable distance. This has been
seconded in real life use from end users.
Spectrum Efficiency
A channel is defined by the deviation either side of the carrier frequency. Migrating from a
25 kHz channel to a 12.5 kHz channel on the same carrier frequency is a 1-for-1 move.
There is no increase in the capacity to load radio users.
Some administrations have allocated 6.25 kHz frequencies/channels in their band plans, but
most went unused because no 6.25 kHz radios were available. With dPMR™ FDMA
technology, spectrum coordinators have total flexibility to either assign one 6.25 kHz channel
within an existing 25 kHz or 12.5 kHz channel or as a stand-alone frequency somewhere else
on the band.
5
The emission mask above left is established for 12.5 kHz channels. The signal must operate
within the mask.
The emission mask on the right shows that the dPMR™ FDMA signal clearly operates within
the mask (In this case 2 x 6.25 kHz signals in a 12.5 kHz channel). Accordingly,
administrations around the world have certified 6.25 kHz capable radios for use and there
are in excess of 900,000 units already in operation worldwide. Radios are approved in
Europe under EN 301 166, again the first ever 6.25 kHz radios for this region.
Channeling Considerations
A number of frequency allocation options for 6.25 kHz are available in for each country. It is
advised that you check with your local administration on the conditions for licensing and use
of 6.25 kHz FDMA equipment, as not all regulations are uniform at this point.
Expand an Existing System
In most cases spectrum license holders or site owners/operators will have licenses to use
12.5 kHz channels. While it is recommended that consultation with your administration on
how you can use/apply 6.25 kHz equipment in your system, current 6.25 kHz FDMA systems
offered in the market can already be used ‘as is’, and thus let you begin the migration to a
digital system now. As the basic architecture of the equipment is based on existing FM
hardware, assimilating components into an existing analogue system is relatively easy. The
same antennas, power supplies, duplexors, isolators and combiners etc. can be used, so only
the cost of adding a digital channel (s) with the accompanying terminals is required upfront.
This is not much different to replacing old analogue equipment.
Depending on local regulations, it may also be possible to increase the capacity of the
system because of the narrower channel spacing of dPMR™. Applications for new additional
6.25 kHz channels and combine them with their current 25 or 12.5 kHz channels, or new
frequencies could occupy the existing 25 kHz or 12.5 kHz bandwidth. Additional stand-alone
6.25 kHz channels could also be used.
Split a 25 kHz or 12.5 kHz Shared or Exclusive Channel
Because the emission mask is so tight, two 6.25 kHz dPMR™ signals can be used next to
each other within a 12.5 kHz channel without causing interference to each other or adjacent
channels. Compliance with EN 301 166 at 6.25 kHz for current equipment is one measure of
guarantee that interference issues are no different than at 12.5 kHz or 25 kHz. Frequency
co-coordinators in the U.S.A. have even made recommendations to the FCC that are
expected to be approved soon, about setting up new 6.25 kHz systems adjacent to existing
systems, outlining parameters to avoid harmful interference.
2-for-1 efficiencies may be realized by splitting existing 12.5 kHz channels. Using
6.25 kHz channels offset from the carrier frequency of a 12.5 kHz channel, it is
possible to fit two 6.25 kHz channels into the 12.5 kHz bandwidth.
6
Again, we recommend that you contact the spectrum management service of your
administration for details on how to modify your shared or exclusive 12.5 kHz license for
operation of two 6.25 kHz signals.
Current and Future Applications for 6.25 kHz Technology
The new digital land mobile technology can be a platform for future integration of IT and IP
technologies. To this end, dPMR™ manufacturers have developed a new generation of digital
networking systems. The goal is to allow seamless migration from analog systems to new
digital technologies.
Multi-site IP Networks
In-building and Intra-building Networks
7
Trunking Networks
Handheld battery operated equipment
As already explained, dPMR™ technology offers better audio quality at the extreme fringes
of radio coverage. In addition to this, the fact of using narrower 6.25 kHz channels means
that receiver filters are narrower too and that the RF sensitivity can be increased. This allows
users the choice of reducing the RF power used to extend the possible battery life.
Whilst this is possible, is it actually what is needed in real life?
Handheld radios usually are employed in two scenarios:
- integrated into a mobile network
- in a dedicated portable only network
Using handhelds in a network that is designed around mobile operation demands that the
handhelds are operated for maximum possible range so that they come somewhere near the
performance of the mobile units. In these cases the RF power is the first concern not the
battery life.
When the handheld application is a portable only type of system, i.e. in-house or localised
area, the typical requirements for coverage normally mean that the radios are operated at
reduced power anyway. In such cases the battery life considerably exceeds the operational
requirements.
dPMR™ offers a third option to add to these typical scenarios by integrating the localised
area system into the full mobile network by means of a local repeater connected to the main
network via an internet gateway.
By exploiting the full flexibility of the dPMR™ protocol, system planners can ensure the
maximum potential of such mixed systems.
8
6.25 kHz and ‘equivalence’
Many published comments and adverts use the term ‘6.25 kHz equivalent’. This is simply
down to offering 2 voice channels in a 12.5 kHz bandwidth and thereby permit two separate
radio systems.
dPMR™ being based on a 6.25 kHz FDMA format is by definition always 6.25 kHz. There is
no need to hedge the definition with - quote equivalent unquote.
Where 6.25 kHz ‘equivalence’ is achieved by other means, such as a TDMA solution we can
see why the definition ceases to be black and white.
The very nature of TDMA ‘equivalence’ is such that the advantages offered leads to
compromises in other areas. A TDMA repeater may well offer a lower installation cost as a
single repeater will not require a duplexer. But where the common requirement of direct
mode operations is added we see that the operation reverts to 12.5 kHz FDMA and any idea
of 6.25 kHz ‘equivalence’ is lost.
Similarly, the TDMA solution can offer the possibility of emergency break-in where another
user can pre-empt a call in progress. However, this requires the use of two time slots to
achieve, so again the possibility of two separate systems in 12.5 kHz has been lost.
With dPMR™ the fundamental issue of true 6.25 kHz operation is never compromised. It can
also be said that when the day comes where 12.5 kHz spectrum is full, a dPMR™ system will
still be a viable solution, thus potentially a longer-term, future proof technology and
investment.
9
Appendix A: Adjacent Channel Power
Adjacent channel power is of primary interest to spectrum planners and coordinators. This is
the measurement of how clean the modulation of the transmitter is and directly influences
the possibility of using the channels either side of the user.
For older technologies using 12.5 kHz channels the requirements are specified in EN 300 086
or EN 300 113.
These standards both require a protection level of 60dB for 12.5 kHz channels. It should also
be noted that older 25 kHz channels require a protection level of 70dB.
European standards have allowed for the reduction of channel size by permitting 10dB
degradation in adjacent channel power. It would therefore be totally reasonable to expect a
similar 10dB relaxation when channel size is halved again to 6.25 kHz.
However, such a relaxation was not required.
For 6.25 kHz equipment it is the EN 301 166 standard that applies for radio approval
purposes.
EN 301 166 has requirements for not only the adjacent channel power but also for the
unwanted power that could be detected two channels away from the user. These are known
in the standard as ‘adjacent’ and ‘alternate’ respectively:
fc
Lower
Alternate
Lower
Adjacent
Wanted
Channel
Upper
Adjacent
Upper
Alternate
The requirements of EN 301 166 call for 60dB protection for the next 6.25 kHz channel and
70dB protection for the next channel.
The simple fact that dPMR™ 6.25 kHz technology meets the same level of adjacent channel
power protection as current 12.5 kHz equipment is a significant achievement that will no
doubt reassure spectrum managers that dPMR™ technology can co-exist with older 12.5 kHz
technologies. As mentioned above, frequency co-coordinators in the U.S.A. already have
recommendations about setting up new 6.25 kHz systems adjacent to existing systems,
outlining parameters to avoid harmful interference that could serve as reference to
administrations contemplating regulatory changes or advice to system operators.
10
Here is an illustrative example of the Busy Channel Lockout feature operation.
VHF Test Results
Freq Steps of Radio 157.000000 (0 offset)
"A" in kHz
157.007500 (7.5 offset)
Weak Signal
Sig Strength
No Modulation / Full Dead
Fully
Voice Modulation
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
Radio "B" Bandwidth
Strong Signal
Dead
Fully
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
Weak Signal
Dead
Fully
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
Strong Signal
Dead
Fully
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
25 kHz
12.5 kHz
6.25 kHz
AB
AB
AB
-------
A
A
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
-------
A
A
AB
A = "A" radio "busys" out
B = "B" radio "busys" out
Weak Signal: 2 Radios 3 Meters apart without antenna, 1Watt
Strong Signal: 2 Radios 3 Meters apart with antenna, 1Watt
"B" Radio ALWAYS at 157.00000
"A" Radio Starts at 157.00000 moves to 157.007500
"A" Radio always in 6.25 mode
UHF Test Results
Freq Steps of Radio 460.000000 (0 offset)
"A" in kHz
460.00625 (6.25 offset)
Sig Strength
Weak Signal
No Modulation / Full Dead
Fully
Voice Modulation
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
Radio "B" Bandwidth
Strong Signal
Dead
Fully
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
Weak Signal
Dead
Fully
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
Strong Signal
Dead
Fully
Carrier
Modulated
Carrier
25 kHz
12.5 kHz
6.25 kHz
AB
AB
AB
-------
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
-------
AB
AB
AB
A = "A" radio "busys" out
B = "B" radio "busys" out
Weak Signal: 2 Radios 3 Meters apart without antenna
Strong Signal: 2 Radios 3 Meters apart with antenna
"B" Radio ALWAYS at 460.00000
"A" Radio Starts at 460.00000 moves up to 460.00625 (6.25 kHz offset)
"A" Radio always in 6.25 mode
No interference when radio "A" is more than 12.5 kHz away from radio "B" under any conditions
11
DISCLAIMER
This document has been prepared by the dPMR™ Association as a reference document
about dPMR™.
mistakes.
Document Revisions
IPR and Copyrights
Any products or technologies described in this document may include Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR) and/or copyrighted content. Such IPR and copyrighted content are protected by
laws in Europe, the United States and other countries. Any IPR and/or copyrighted content
contained herein may not be copied, reproduced, modified, reverse-engineered, or
distributed in any way.
Document Copyrights
Some of the content of this document has been taken from the marketing material and used
with the permission of dPMR™ Association members.
Trademarks
dPMR and the dPMR logo are registered trademarks of the dPMR™ Association in Europe,
the United States, Japan, China and/or other countries.
AMBE is the trademark and property of Digital Voice Systems, Inc.
holders.
12
NOTES
| Copyright 2013 dPMR Association – All Rights Reserved
2
NOTES
3
NOTES
4

dPMR™ Association dPMR Association

Transcription

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