Table of figures - Department of Computer and Information Science

Transcription

NORGES TEKNISK-NATURVITENSKAPELIGE UNIVERSITET
FAKULTET FOR INFORMASJONSTEKNOLOGI, MATEMATIKK OG
ELEKTROTEKNIKK
PROSJEKTOPPGAVE
Kandidatens navn:
Frode Walle
Emne:
TDT4735 Systemutvikling, fordypning
Oppgavens tittel:
Verdiaukande radiomodul
Oppgavens tekst:
Java-nettradio med tilleggsinfo via GPRS
Verdiaukande radiomodul (kva spelast no, kva kjem, info
om artistar, programleiarar, nyheitsticker, programinfo,
bilete av platecover, etc. her bør det være returmogelegheiter, f.eks avstemming på musikken som spelast akkurat
no). Oppgaven skal sjå på korleis ei radiosending kan
supplerast med ein bidreksjonal datakanal over GPRS eller
UMTS. Informasjon om lokasjon til mobil-brukarar kan
overførast i forbindelse med avstemmingar. Klienten kan
integrerast med chat mellom programleiarar og lyttarar i
kombinasjon med lokasjon og anna presence informasjon.
Besvares innen:
28. november 2003
Besvarelsen levert:
28. november 2003
Utført ved:
Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap
Veiledere:
Monica Divitini, NTNU
Steinar Brede, Telenor FoU
Gunnar Garfors, NRK
Radio module for increasing listener experience
Abstract
Abstract
Initially mobile phones were designed to call people to talk with them. Now a mobile
phone can do so much more. The future seems complex, mobile phones seems to be
blended with other mobile devices such as PDAs, laptops and cameras. The number of
services available and the complexity of them increase every day. The mobile phones are
more and more integrated in everyone s lives and most people who own one carries it
with them at all time. The future seems to be heading for a world where we will check the
everyday services by our mobile phone rather than from home. In addition to calling
other persons, the users will require mobile shopping, entertainment, device to device
direct communication, location services and more. Some of these services are already
available, but there s more to come. The number of services looks to increase massively.
This report presents the process of specifying a mobile service to support a radio show. It
will specify a set of requirements and a design of such a system. A prototype is developed
and presented as well. The service will use the location of the users. With respect to this
technology related to finding location of mobile users will be presented as well as the
state-of-the-art systems using location. Using mobile phones and location you can
interrupt with the personal privacy, this is an issue that will be presented in this report as
well. The prototype will be a J2ME program running on a mobile phone.
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iv
Abstract
Preface
Preface
This report presents the work done in the 9th semester specialization project Radio
module for increasing listener experience in the course TDT4735 Software
eningeering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The project has
been carried out at the Department of Computer and Information Science on the Faculty
of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering. The student
responsible of this work is Frode Walle.
I would like to thank my supervisors Steinar Brede at Telenor R&D and Monica Divitini
at NTNU for their counseling and advices. I will also specially thank Steinar Brede for
setting me up nicely with nicely with the equipment needed. Thanks also goes to Gunnar
Garfors at NRK for his assistance.
Trondheim, November 28th 2003
_________________________________
Frode Walle
v
vi
Preface
Table of contents
Table of contents
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................iii
Preface................................................................................................................................. v
Table of contents ...............................................................................................................vii
Table of figures ................................................................................................................... x
1
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Problem definition............................................................................................... 1
1.2
Objectives and research approach ....................................................................... 2
1.3
Report outline...................................................................................................... 2
2
Example scenarios....................................................................................................... 4
2.1
On the move a listener scenario ....................................................................... 4
2.2
In the studio a radio program host scenario ..................................................... 5
2.3
Promotion a management scenario .................................................................. 6
3
Location....................................................................................................................... 7
3.1
Buddylist ............................................................................................................. 7
3.2
gulesider.no ......................................................................................................... 8
3.3
UK Ambulance Service....................................................................................... 8
3.4
Standpunkt ....................................................................................................... 8
3.5
Comparable systems............................................................................................ 9
3.5.1
Svisj ......................................................................................................... 9
4
Privacy....................................................................................................................... 11
5
Techonology.............................................................................................................. 12
5.1
Mobile technology............................................................................................. 12
5.1.1
Wireless communication standards........................................................... 12
5.1.2
Mobile networks........................................................................................ 13
5.1.3
SMS Short Message Service .................................................................. 14
5.1.4
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service.................................................... 15
5.1.5
WAP Wireless Application Protocol...................................................... 15
5.1.6
J2ME Java 2 Micro Edition.................................................................... 16
5.2
Mobile devices .................................................................................................. 17
5.2.1
Mobile phone............................................................................................. 17
5.2.2
Combined device....................................................................................... 18
5.2.3
PDA Personal Digital Assistant ............................................................. 18
5.2.4
Laptop........................................................................................................ 19
5.3
Positioning specifications.................................................................................. 20
5.3.1
Latitude and longitude............................................................................... 20
5.4
Determining position......................................................................................... 21
5.4.1
GPS Global Positioning System............................................................. 21
5.4.2
GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System.................................... 21
5.4.3
Galileo ....................................................................................................... 21
5.4.4
Mobile positioning .................................................................................... 22
5.4.5
Telenor Positioning Middleware System (PMS) ...................................... 24
5.5
Java Technology................................................................................................ 25
vii
Preface
5.6
Web Service and SOAP .................................................................................... 25
Choice of technology ................................................................................................ 26
6.1
User interfaces................................................................................................... 26
6.2
Modelling language........................................................................................... 26
6.3
Programming language ..................................................................................... 26
6.4
Web server for database and web services........................................................ 27
7
Overall explanation of the system............................................................................. 28
8
System requirements ................................................................................................. 29
8.1
Functional requirements.................................................................................... 29
8.1.1
General functional requirements ............................................................... 29
8.1.2
Specific functional requirements............................................................... 30
8.2
Use cases ........................................................................................................... 33
9
Software architecture and design .............................................................................. 34
9.1
Class diagram .................................................................................................... 34
9.1.1
Class description ....................................................................................... 35
9.2
Sequence diagrams............................................................................................ 36
9.2.1
User registration ........................................................................................ 37
9.2.2
Logging in on the system .......................................................................... 38
9.2.3
Updating user profile................................................................................. 39
9.2.4
Setting availability..................................................................................... 40
9.2.5
Submitting a vote ...................................................................................... 41
9.2.6
Looking up information about the radio host............................................ 42
9.2.7
Looking up information about the radio program..................................... 43
9.2.8
Submitting message to public chat............................................................ 44
9.2.9
Initiating a private chat.............................................................................. 45
9.2.10 Initiating a call or a teleconference ........................................................... 46
9.2.11 Creating a poll ........................................................................................... 47
9.2.12 Logging an event....................................................................................... 48
9.2.13 Submitting a message to the public chat - host ......................................... 48
9.2.14 Moderating a chat...................................................................................... 49
9.2.15 Updating song title and artist .................................................................... 50
9.2.16 Updating the show information................................................................. 51
9.2.17 Displaying the locations of the logged in users......................................... 52
9.2.18 Generating statistics from backlogs .......................................................... 53
10
Results ................................................................................................................... 54
10.1
Demonstration of prototype .......................................................................... 54
10.1.1 Starting mobile client ................................................................................ 54
10.1.2 Main screen ............................................................................................... 55
10.1.3 Poll screen ................................................................................................. 56
10.1.4 Artist information screen........................................................................... 57
10.1.5 Radio host and radio program screens ...................................................... 58
10.1.6 Evaluation on the prototype ...................................................................... 58
10.2
Knowledge of technology ............................................................................. 59
11
Conclusion............................................................................................................. 60
12
Bibliography.......................................................................................................... 61
6
viii
Table of contents
13
Glossary................................................................................................................. 63
Appendix A: Java source code .......................................................................................... 65
ix
Table of figures
Table of figures
Figure 3-1: Messenger service using location..................................................................... 7
Figure 3-2: Example of opinions based on location............................................................ 9
Figure 5-1: Example of SMS received.............................................................................. 14
Figure 5-2: Example of received MMS............................................................................. 15
Figure 5-3: Example of using WAP.................................................................................. 16
Figure 5-4: A mobile phone .............................................................................................. 18
Figure 5-5: A combined device, the Nokia Communicator .............................................. 18
Figure 5-6: A Personal Digital Assistant........................................................................... 19
Figure 5-7: A laptop .......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 5-8: Latitude and Longitude .................................................................................. 20
Figure 5-9: GPS s use of satellites .................................................................................... 21
Figure 5-10: Omnidirectional cell ..................................................................................... 22
Figure 5-11: Three sector cells.......................................................................................... 22
Figure 5-12: Cell of origin ................................................................................................ 23
Figure 5-13: Timing advance ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 7-1: Physical overview of the system .................................................................... 28
Figure 8-1: Use case diagram............................................................................................ 33
Figure 9-1: Class diagram ................................................................................................. 34
Figure 9-2: Registration sequence diagram....................................................................... 37
Figure 9-3: Log in sequence diagram................................................................................ 38
Figure 9-4: Updating user profil sequence diagram.......................................................... 39
Figure 9-5: Setting availability sequence diagram ............................................................ 40
Figure 9-6: Submitting a vote sequence diagram.............................................................. 41
Figure 9-7: Looking up radio host information sequence diagram................................... 42
Figure 9-8: Looking up radio show information............................................................... 43
Figure 9-9: Submitting message to public chat sequence diagram ................................... 44
Figure 9-10: Initiating private chat sequence diagram...................................................... 45
Figure 9-11: Initiating teleconference sequence diagram ................................................. 46
Figure 9-12: Creating a new poll sequence diagram......................................................... 47
Figure 9-13: Event logging sequence diagram.................................................................. 48
Figure 9-14: Moderating a chat sequence diagram ........................................................... 49
Figure 9-15: Updating song title and artist sequence diagram.......................................... 50
Figure 9-16: Updating show information sequence diagram ............................................ 51
Figure 9-17: Displaying locations of logged in users sequence diagram.......................... 52
Figure 9-18: Generating statistics sequence diagram........................................................ 53
Figure 10-1: Starting the client.......................................................................................... 54
Figure 10-2: The main screen............................................................................................ 55
Figure 10-3: The menu options available in the main screen ........................................... 55
Figure 10-4: The poll screen ............................................................................................. 56
Figure 10-5: The poll menu where you can choose which option to vote for................... 56
Figure 10-6: The updated poll screen................................................................................ 56
Figure 10-7: The screen displaying information about the artist currently being played . 57
x
Table of figures
Figure 10-8: The radio show host information screen ...................................................... 58
Figure 10-9: The radio show information screen .............................................................. 58
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Table of figures
Chapter 1 : Introduction
1 Introduction
Mobile devices such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have over
the last few years grown massively in popularity. These devices are easy to carry around
and can communicate wirelessly. This means that the device, providing they are in range
of a transmitter or receiver, can be used for a given purpose at any place and any time.
Because it s become such a popular device, there are a really big range of users that have
different needs. Therefore the opportunities to explore different kinds of services which
there will be a demand for, are great. Even if only a small percentage of the possible users
will need this service, there s still a big market to promote this service to as there are so
many users. Because of the interest of finding out more applicable areas of mobile
devices and other services connected to them. One of the things that are considered is
how to use the location of the mobile devices can be used. How can the fact that some
users are in the close to one another be used for something useful?
Back to the start, the first services available on the market were the obvious ones that a
mobile device was built to do, to call people without being physically connected to a
phone line. Since text messages and multimedia message as been become popular
services provided on mobile devices, several other services have been implemented as
well, such as data transfer. The latest hot, common feature is Java-enabled mobile
devices. This, along with the fact that the performance and standards of the mobile
devices, such as colour displays on mobile phones, has opened up for a lot of new
features to be implemented.
1.1 Problem definition
Lately interactive broadcasting has flourished. The public broadcasters now want their
audience to take part in the show that s on the TV or radio. The audience is expected to
give their input to the show live. This input could be plain comments on the show or it
could be polls that will decide the content of the program. So far the most common form
for interactivity is by users submitting text messages (SMS) or multimedia messages
(MMS). The latter have only really made an impact on the TV broadcasts where it s
possible to display the message on the screen. NRK s Standpunkt and Svisj ,
TVNorge s concept is called Mess-TV . In the radio broadcasts it s not so common to
use interactivity by using mobile devices, as the only way to report the input back to the
audience is through sound. Whereas TV has the possibility to both show the input
visually and by audio. However now that the latest mobile devices are Java-enabled, a
whole lot of now opportunities arise in regard to interactivity and radio shows. Small
Java-clients can run on the mobile devices, this can become the radio show s display.
One thing that still seems unexplored with regard to interactivity is how the location of
the user can be used. As the portable devices can move around almost without any
restriction, it means that location aware services can adapt to where the user are at given
time. A mobile phone is possible to locate by the global system for mobile
communitcations (GSM). PDAs are either located by a built-in or additional device that
can receive and send global positioning system (GPS) signals to determine its physical
location. If the device has Bluetooth technology built-in, it can, if it is within range of a
1
receiver, connect to this to find its physical location. Bluetooth technology has a smaller
range than GSM, so the device will have to be close to a receiver. Close in this case
means 10 meters or less.
1.2 Objectives and research approach
This project will study how a radio program can be supplemented with a bidirectional
data channel to increase the radio listener experience. It will consider what information
could be interesting for the listener to know about the content of the program currently
broadcasting. On the other hand, what kind of input from the listeners are hosts of the
program and the producing side interested in retrieving from the listeners. The people on
the broadcasting side can post information to the users logged on with a mobile device.
And users have the possibility to send information back to the hosts of the program. The
information sent back could possibly be broadcasted to other users logged in with a
mobile device; an example of this would be a chat.
This project will also consider how we can use the location of the users can be used in
combination with the services provided. Also, we will look at how presence information
can be integrated.
In short this report will present the following things:
Describe scenarios to how the system could work
Present an overview on systems using location and issues of privacy in an
ubiquitous environment
Specify the requirements for such a system
Provide an design for the system
Develop a prototype of a user client
The approach to the problem is scenario driven. This means the work will be carried out
based on the scenarios created. The scenarios will highlight issues concerning location,
presence and privacy. For the prototype created only some parts of the scenarios will be
realised. This specialization project will also be used to get to know the technology
better.
1.3 Report outline
This project is a collaboration between Telenor Research & Development, Norsk
Rikskringkasting (NRK, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation) and Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU). NRK is Norway s biggest broadcaster
both in television and radio with 2 TV channels and 9 radio stations. Telenor R&D is
Norway s largest research establishment within ICT (Information and Communication
Technology). Their research is to comprise future communication networks and services
together with applications in various market arenas. Hence, the field of mobile
technology is among the areas of research they do. They are a part of The Program for
Advanced Telecom Services (PATS).
2
Chapter 1 : Introduction
This report is structured as follows: In the next chapter we will present a few scenarios
which will describe how this system can work in practice. Chapter three will give a
presentation of state of the art within location based service. The following chapter
presents issues concerning privacy. Chapter five will discuss relevant technology. The
chapter will cover mobile technology and technology for determining location. Chapter
six will describe the choices of technology, whereas chapter seven will give a general
overview the components of the system. Chapter eight and nine will go in depth on the
design of the system. The former will describe the functional requirements of the system,
and the latter how the different parts will interact with one another. Chapter ten will show
the prototype of the mobile client. It will also evaluate how the process has been so far
and the results. Chapter eleven will explain what s still to be implemented. Chapter
twelve is the bibliography. Chapter thirteen contains glossary. Appendix A is the Java
code produced so far on the mobile client.
3
2 Example scenarios
The following section will present to the reader how it this service will be employed.
2.1 On the move
a listener scenario
Roger is 21 years old and is from Voss, Norway. He s had a summer job this summer and
has managed to save up some money. As his old mobile phone was rather old, he s
decided to buy a new mobile phone. Like many men his age, he decided to buy a top of
the range, Java-enabled phone. This means a mobile phone that can run J2ME1
applications. At the place where he worked during the summer he had to work with
hearing protection, and modern hearing protection has built-in radio receivers. During his
summer job he used this most of the time and he has now a few favourite programs on a
NRK Petre, the channel aiming at a young audience. Whilst listening to the radio he s
heard that they offer this client for Java-enabled mobile phones, where you can follow the
show currently on the station more closely. They announce that you can retrieve
information about what goes on in the program, what will happen later, what music is
being played and more. So Roger logs on to the show s webpage, signs up for the service,
creates his user profile and receives the instructions as of how to download and install the
client. He follows them and just briefly checks that program starts up and it connects
properly to the server.
Roger is going to move to Trondheim to study at NTNU. He has already sorted out a flat
with the student organization. So a few days before his first semester starts, Roger and his
father will drive to Trondheim with all the things he s going to bring to his new flat.
While driving the distance from Voss to Trondheim they listen to the radio. When all the
newspapers have been read and looking out the window gets a bit boring, Roger pulls his
mobile phone out of his pocket and starts up the client that connects him with the radio
show. As he logged on, there s a song being played that he really likes. He s heard it
before, and uses his mobile to look up the artist and song title, Tom McRae
Bloodless . He also sees that he can look up more information about the artist
performing this particular song. To top it all off he can have an image of the cover of the
album from which the song is from.
The program s time slot runs out, and a different one comes on air. This new program,
Roger s never heard of before. Luckily with this client he s got installed on his mobile
phone he can find some information about what happens in this program. He can also
check out who s the host of the program. He s not heard of the host before, but the
content of the show seems promising, so he goes on to listen to it. A few minutes into the
program there s a poll on the screen where the listeners can vote for which song they
want to be played next. One of the options is Bloodless by Tom McRae, so he decides
to vote for that song. As it s early in the voting stage he can see that his vote made an
impact on the poll. Roger can see the song appear as the next song in the main window.
1
Java 2 Micro Edition, see also section 4.1.6.
4
Chapter 2 : Example scenarios
After the song has been played he logs off.
The following day he s settling in at his flat. But at the time his favourite radio program
comes on, he decides to follow it using the interactive service as well. He participates in
the public chat between the different listeners and the people in the studio. Then he
realises that there is an option to chat privately with other users, so will try this feature.
Roger then gets the options of asking a user to chat with him by either typing in the user s
username, or select from a list of either people that are in his proximity or from some
given criteria that Roger will chose. He will try to find someone that is fairly close to
him, who might give him an idea of things to do the few days before his studies start, as
he doesn t know anyone that studies in Trondheim. He gets in touch with a girl,
Christina, who s studied here for three years already and gets a few ideas of what to do to
kill some time.
Later he goes to shop some groceries, but doesn t log out from the client. When he
returns he sees that there are an unanswered call and two persons have been trying to
initiate a private chat with him. He then realise two things, he can set an availability
status. It s available by default when you log in, however you can change it to a few other
settings as well, such as away , busy and be right back . If one of these alternative
settings is set, he can avoid people contacting him when he s not available. The other
thing he discovered is that he need to update his user profile, he doesn t want other
people to call him. So Roger opens his user profile and un-ticks the checkbox saying that
he accepts that people can call him. He will still allow people to contact him sending
private messages, and he will also allow the service provider to pick up his location for
whatever purpose they require it. So when he takes a shower before going in to town to
do some of the things Christina suggested, he sets his availability status to away . When
returning to his mobile phone, he can see that setting his status to away worked. No
messages nor calls has been received.
While Roger s in town he seems to be a bit lost, he checks if Christina is still logged in.
She is and he tries to call her so that she can put him in the right direction.
2.2 In the studio
a radio program host scenario
In the NRK Petre studio are Marit and Therese preparing for their radio program. Marit is
the host of the show, it s her voice you ll be mostly listening to throughout the show.
Before the show starts, she will be update the program profile so that the listeners can log
in to see what will be on the program today. There will also be room for a general
description of the program, such as comedy, debate, hit music show and a possibly a
description the type of music they focus on playing. And finally, she updates some info
on her personal profile that will be displayed when someone will look up the program
host information on their mobile phone. On the contrary to the listeners, the people in the
studio will have a web interface which they can access through their computers give their
input to the program. Therese, who won t be the main speaker on air, will be in charge of
moderating the public chat. When a message is sent from a user, it will be added to the
queue of incoming messages, which Therese will go through to decide which will be
broadcasted to all the listeners and which has such a content that they won t be published.
All messages, accepted to be published or not, will be logged and saved in a database
5
together with some corresponding information, such as time, date and location of the user
who submitted the message.
During the show, Marit can create new polls. The polls are generic. They can be used for
the listeners to decide which song to be played next or which subject should be discussed
next. So Marit posts a poll where the listeners will decide which song should be played
next and she can follow the voting live on her display. At any event, such as a new poll
being posted or they have a (celebrity) guest in the studio, Marit or Therese should be
able to post an event to the database for purposes the management could use, discussed in
the next section.
On Marit s monitor in the studio can bring up the location of the users that are currently
logged in for purposes she would find it useful to the show.
Some time during the program the system that feeds the our application with information
about the song current song, crashes and therefore the automatic feed won t update
anything, Marit and Therese will have the option to type the name of the artist and song
title in manually.
2.3 Promotion
a management scenario
When the service has been running for a while, there will be a big database which will
store a whole lot of information that the management can use for their purpose. The
management logs onto a website and then they will able to look at the location of the
users, where is it surprisingly few users and where are there many? How does the fact
that a new poll has been posted affect the numbers of messages submitted for the show?
What does a celebrity guest appearance in the program do to the activity in the chat?
6
Chapter 3 : Location
3 Location
This section will present related work which focus on location.
3.1 Buddylist
Buddylist [Her02] is a mobile version of message services like ICQ, MSN Messenger and
Yahoo! Messenger developed by Telenor R&D. The user will define a list or more of
contacts, being friends, colleagues, family or a combination.
Figure 3-1: Messenger service using location
Because it is mobile, it allows just about an infinite number of locations of the users. This
means that the users can use the client anywhere and anytime.
What separates this messaging service from the other ones mentioned earlier is that it is
enhanced by using location of the user and buddies . A user can have location of the
buddies displayed on a map. An additional feature is that you can choose which contact
to centre the map around.
The service also offers notification when buddies move close to you.
7
3.2 gulesider.no
gulesider.no [gulesider] is the website the Norwegian Gule Sider. Gule Sider is the
Norwegian equivalent of a service that you will find in many countries, the yellow pages.
This site contains the addresses and phone numbers of all businesses who are registered
to be in the. In addition to this it service, it also provides search function within Norway.
You enter an address, typically where you are at the moment. From this starting point you
have a few choices. It can generate an instruction to a specified location. But the thing
important in connection with location is that after you ve specified an address, you can
search the yellow pages. You can type in the kind of branch you want to look for. It will
then find stores or similar in the proximity of the location you initially submitted. This is
very similar to the first scenario described. But instead of finding a shop, it will find
people that are in the proximity.
3.3 UK Ambulance Service
The idea for this service came up after a survey in the beginning of 2002 showing that
73% of the adult population in the UK either owned a mobile phone or had access to one.
Almost 30% of the calls to the emergency numbers in year 2000 came from mobile
devices. This had lead to a new situation compared to before the mobile phone became
common property. Before when people called the emergency numbers, they would
always call from a fixed line. This would mean that they were usually at a place they
knew where was located, i.e. at home, at work or a phone booth. The new problem that
arose was when people called from their mobile phones and were some place where they
weren t familiar or there was no landmark that the location could be identified by.
Another issue was the fact that there could sometimes be lack of information and
therefore miscommunication which led to time being wasted trying to clear up the
information. Sometimes the lack of information was down the person who took the call.
But more often it was due to the called being in such an emotional state it wasn t possible
to give a description of where he or she was.
Therefore taking the location from the device calling would save time as you can avoid
having to clear up or even find out vital information. In this field time is needless to say a
very important factor. One minute can make a huge difference.
This system is still under implementation. [sesi]
3.4 St a n dpu n k t
Standpunkt is a TV debate program on NRK which discusses current affairs. In the TV
studio there are guests which have different views on the subject being debated. In
addition to this it invites the viewers to share their views. The debate where it s the users
contributing you can follow live on teletext. The program has two hosts, one that s
controlling the discussion between those who have been invited to the studio to join the
debate and one that is responsible for the input from the viewers. The latter person is also
8
Chapter 3 : Location
the viewers voice in the debate, he or her can ask questions from the viewers or give
their point of view.
What s interesting with regard to location is that the location of the listeners is logged.
Doing this enables NRK create statistics on how the views are different from various
parts of the country. [standpunkt]
Figure 3-2: Example of opinions based on location
3.5 Comparable systems
There are currently no systems that are identical to the projected in this report. However
there are bits and pieces from several systems that each does a part of what this system as
a whole will do. Most of the location related things have been presented in sections 3.13.4.
3.5.1
Svisj
Svisj is an interactive TV program on NRK that runs outside of the normal schedule, this
means after the last program has been showed and before the next starts the following
day. It therefore broadcasts at less convenient hours of the day. This program offers the
viewers to send SMS to chat and vote on which music video that will be showed next. It
also offers the viewers to have their pictures displayed on the TV screen if they submit a
MMS. The chat messages and the effects of a vote will be available on the TV screen.
[svisj] Considering the off-peak broadcast hours, it s rather popular. The record is over
4000 thousand SMSs in two hours. This can be compared to planned system of this
9
project, in that you will have the users having input on the program. You will also have a
display showing the input to the users. [NRKI03]
10
Chapter 4 : Privacy
4 Privacy
Using a mobile phone can interfere with what you would call your private sphere. In
addition your whereabouts can also be tracked. This are issues related to the use of the
client described in the scenarios in Chapter 2.
Privacy can be defined as
the interest that individuals have in sustaining a personal
space , free from interference by other people and organisations . [Cla99]
It is possible to divide in to several categories; privacy of the person, privacy of personal
behaviour, privacy of personal communications and privacy of personal data.
Privacy of personal data relates to that a person has some data about him- or herself.
Some of which he wants to protect from being available to other people or organizations.
The person wants to be the one in charge of who gets to know what about him or herself.
Every person will have his or her own view on what s accepted to share and what s not.
Information about sexual preference, personal economy, religion, medical records,
criminal records etc. are examples of sensitive information. In the scenario described
above the users who have agreed to give up their location will be used by the system.
They have accepted to give up information about where they are. Some people would not
be comfortable knowing that their movement could be logged, provided that they are
logged in. [MFD03]
In the 70s the introduction of the first computerized services this became an issue.
Therefore there was developed some guidelines addressing this issue. The following
guidelines was developed by the US, it covers four areas [ADW01]:
Notice:
Choice:
Access:
Security:
The individual should have clear notice of the type of information
being collected, its use, and an indication of third parties other
than the original collector who will have access to the data.
The ability to not have the data collected
The ability for the data subjects to see what personal information is
held about him, to correct errors and delete information if desired.
Reasonable measure taken to secure the data from unauthorized
access.
A form for privacy which is not considered is one that probably has just arose through the
increasing use of mobile phones, and it is when can people contact you? Even though
your mobile phone is switched on it doesn t necessarily mean that you want to be called
up. Same goes for instant messengers, if you re logged, you might not want to be
contacted. However something that goes for instant messengers is that you have a status,
which will tell your contacts if you available to be contacted or not.
The scenario in Section 2.1 explains how this work in practice. An availability status set
to away will limit the methods of communication. Also having preferences settings to
avoid being contacted is a way to protect this personal space. A phone call is much more
disturbing than a discrete message.
This section has provided a few guidelines as how to protect the users privacy.
11
5 Techonology
This chapter will present different technologies that were studied at the start of this
project. This study happened before any design or implementation of the system had
started. The aim was to gather knowledge of the field of technology which will apply to
this project.
5.1 Mobile technology
Mobile technology will play a major part in this project as its set in a mobile
environment. Among the goals of this project is to look at how a radio program can be
supported by listeners interacting using mobile devices. This section will provide an
overview of the relevant mobile technology.
5.1.1
Wireless communication standards
The mobile technology has evolved through the last few decades. The wireless
communication standards have been classified into several generations as the technology
has evolved. When the demand for wireless communication and services increased, a
need to create better standards emerged to adapt to the new demands. The result of this
was new generations of wireless communication standards.
1G First Generation
The first generation s wireless networks were analogue, meaning the information was
sent as a continuously varying waveform. This meant that it could only be used for
transmitting voice. The quality of the transmission could vary as a result of interference
from other radio waves. There is a severe security issue in 1G, people with a simple radio
tuner could listen to other people s conversation and it was even possible to charge other
users account. In Norway, Telenor has closed down most of their 1G network, the
NMT900-network, but the NMT450-network is still running.
2G Second Generation
In the second generation the information is sent digitally, this means that speech is
converted into digital code before being transmitted. This can be used to increase security
as it can encrypt the signals, which also will be clearer as there won t be the radio wave
interference which reduced the quality of the signal in 1G. Most 2G networks include
some additional services, such as the possibility to send text messages to other mobile
phones, voice mail and caller ID. GSM (Global System for Mobil Communication) is the
most popular 2G network, but other exists. These networks can also transmit data,
however at a very slow rate. Usually the speed will be lower than 10 kilo bits per second.
2½G Second and a half Generation
This is a term used for enhanced 2G networks, they have been enhanced to handle higher
data speeds.
12
Chapter 5 : Techonology
3G Third Generation
Since the first commercial opening of a third generation network in Japan 2001, only a
few other countries have opened commercial 3G networks. In Norway it s not yet
commercially available, but it does exist for testing and research purposes. The 3G
networks will provide various advanced services, among them 2 megabits per second data
transfer and video conferencing. This generation network is so powerful that the mobile
phones will become more of a small computer or a PDA. 3G will in addition to being a
connection between a mobile device and its base station (WAN Wide Area Network), it
will also cover connections in a LAN (Local Area Network). This means that your mobile
device can detect and communicate with equipment in your immediate proximity such as
a printer, PC or TV. The possibilities to this are endless.
You can find out more about these networks on [telenormobil], [gsm-world] and [umtsforum]
5.1.2
Mobile networks
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
GSM is a 2G network and by far the most popular and widespread wireless
communication system with a market share of over 70% in wireless communication. It s
used in most countries in Europe, USA, Canada and several countries in Asia. It became
popular early on because of its high quality voice, but also due to standardisation by
European governments early on. It was also easy to upgrade to higher data transfer rates,
although it was a deliberate decision by the designers, it wasn t appreciated at first by its
adopters. It was opened for commercial use in Norway in January 1993.
In Norway and Europe GSM is divided into two collaborating networks, GSM 900 and
GSM 1800. GSM 900 was the original network, but in places with higher concentration
of people such as airports and cities, there is a strengthened GSM network, the GSM
1800. This is done to ensure a satisfactory capacity and quality of the GSM network
services. The switch from one network to the other is not noticeable it happens without
the users knowing. A dual band phone is required to take advantage of both networks,
most, if not all, new mobile phones sold today are dual band phones.
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GPRS is an extension of the GSM network and belong to the 2½G. GSM is circuit
switched, whereas GPRS is packet switched and therefore suits data transmission. With
circuit switching a user will have an open connection the whole time he s online, even
when no data is sent. So the connection is idle while he for instance reads a webpage and
there s close to no data exchanged. This is a waste to both the customer and the operator.
The customer is paying for an inactive connection, the operator could possibly user the
bandwidth for something more useful. Packet switching will only use bandwidth when
needed, which allows the bandwidth to be used by other people when you re not
receiving any data. Therefore under GPRS a time slot can be shared by hundreds of
people if they don t try to download something at the same time. Each user will have a
continuous connection a very low data rate, but it will burst when clicking a hyperlink or
receiving emails. GPRS aim at transferring voice as packets as well, using a variable-rate
13
codec, so data can be transferred during gaps in the conversation. But this is yet not
implemented, so GPRS co-exists with GSM and mobile phones support both networks.
An advantage of GPRS is that you only pay for the amount of data you transfer, not the
time you re connected.
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UMTS is the description of the next generation mobile network and is a 3G network. The
system will support advanced multimedia terminals and. Its bandwidth can reach 1
megabit per second. As a result of this advance telecommunication services will be
available. With this technology you will always be connected to the network.
UMTS is still not commercially in use in Norway, but it s considered to be the successor
of GSM. The network is currently available in Japan, UK, Sweden, Spain and some other
countries.
5.1.3
SMS
Short Message Service
SMS is service to send short alphanumeric messages to other users with a mobile device.
It s a very popular service today. The messages can only be up to 160 characters long,
because of the way the SMS is transmitted. SMS was originally part of the GSM
specification, but due to its popularity, it s spread to other digital mobile systems.
SMS is a store-and-forward-service, meaning that messages may be stored at a Short
Message Service Centre (SMSC) before they are passed on to the receiver. Someone
sends an SMS from either a mobile phone or another device such as over the internet
using a PC. The SMSC will receive the message and check if the receiver is ready to
receive the message. If the receiver is ready, the message is passed on.
There are now a many companies providing value-adding services by SMS. Among the
popular services is news updates, sports results and jokes.
Figure 5-1: Example of SMS received
14
5.1.4 MMS
Multimedia Messaging Service
MMS is an expansion of SMS. In addition to the plain old text message, you can also
include audio, images and video to your message. An MMS is multimedia presentation in
one package. As it s an expansion of SMS it s easy to handle MMS messages, if you re
familiar to SMS, even though MMS provides a broader range of content. The speed of
transmitting an MMS will vary, depending on the size of the message. But the speed of
transmitting an MMS is not really an issue, as, unless the receiver is waiting for the
message, he won t know there s a message waiting for him.
MMS offers more than only mobile-to-mobile messaging, in addition it also provides the
opportunity to send messages as emails. It will also soon offer email-to-mobile
messaging.
The telecommunication companies are confident that MMS will be a great success and
follow up SMS success. Therefore there s spent a lot of resources on developing and
realising MMS.
Figure 5-2: Example of received MMS
5.1.5
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol
The WAP protocol was specified and developed by a group called the WAP Forum. This
group consisted of companies who are in the wireless communication industry. The
companies involved ware Unwired Planet, Nokia, Motorola and Ericsson. This forum still
exists and has now over 250 members. [w3-schools]
The purpose of the WAP specification was to provide a standard method for small,
limited resource devices such as mobile phones. It was necessary to introduce a new
special protocol optimized for low-resource devices, this protocol was WAP. The WAP
standard is based on Internet-standards (HTML, XML and TCP/IP).
Between the WAP enabled device and the Internet there is a WAP gateway proxy which
connects the wireless terminal to the Internet. It s this that forwards the requests to the
web server and replies to the device requesting a page in the correct format.
To use WAP you will obviously need a device that s WAP enabled, the most common
are mobile phones and PDAs. Most phones sold today do support WAP, but still the
WAP service has not become as successful as and the creators had expected. The most
15
common explanation is that there are no WAP Killer Apps , an application or a service
you just have to get.
Figure 5-3: Example of using WAP
On the WAP device there is a Micro Browser that displays information written in
Wireless Mark-up Language (WML). The Micro Browser is created particularly for
devices with little resources, and requires very little from the hardware, CPU and
memory. It can also run downsized JavaScripts, called WMLScripts.
WML Wireless Mark-up Language
WML is defined by WAP and WAP sites are developed using this language. It basically
works like HTML does for websites, however WML is based on the eXtensible Mark-up
Language (XML). WML files can be stored on any web server.
5.1.6
J2ME
Java 2 Micro Edition
J2ME is a part of the Java 2 platform. [sun-j2me] It is a family of specifications that
defines various downsized versions of standard Java. These downsized versions are
developed to be used on devices with less resources than for instance a desktop computer.
They are therefore suitable devices such as mobile phones, PDAs, smartphones and settop boxes.
A configuration in J2ME is a specification that defines the software environment for a
range of devices that defined by a set of characteristics that the specification relies on, for
example type and amount of memory available, processor type and speed, and type of
network connection available to the device. J2ME currently supports two configurations:
16
CLDC Connected Limited Device Configuration
CLDC addresses the low end of devices. A device running the CLDC platform
would typically be a mobile phone or a PDA, which have about 512KB of memory
available.
CDC Connected Device Configuration
CDC aims at the devices that lie between those addressed by CLDC and normal
desktop computers who can run the standard Java. These devices have typically
more memory (2MB and more) and better processors. CDC is deployed at smart
phones and high-end PDAs.
MIDP Mobile Information Device Profile
The MIDP is a set of Java APIs that along with CLDC provides a complete J2ME
runtime environment targeted at mobile devices. Currently, it s the only profile specified
for the CLDC. A MIDlet is a third-party application developed for a mobile device under
CLDC and MIDP. To run a MIDlet application you will need to create a package of all
the files required to run the application into a JAR-file and create a Java Application
Descriptor (JAD) file. [Hel02]
5.2 Mobile devices
On the market today there are a lot of mobile device available. The different devices will
support different technology. Some of the technologies are more common than others and
are popular due to their maturity. All mobile phones sold today support SMS. MMS,
J2ME and WAP are pretty much standard on newer mobile phones, the use of MMS and
J2ME applications has flourished lately. Many companies now offer various services
using these technologies. Newer mobile phones have digital cameras, using MMS to send
them to friends and such is very popular. Java games for the mobile phone have become
popular. Some mobile phones are extended, almost becoming small pocket computers,
which has regular internet access and as software for word processing and similar. PDAs
are small handheld computers that usually do not offer phone capabilities, but are used as
a personal almanac, keeping order in the addresses, meeting appointments and such.
These three types of devices seem to move towards a merging in to one device.
The following section will present each main category of devices briefly.
5.2.1
Mobile phone
Mobile phones are the most common portable device today. They allow you to call other
people who also have a mobile phone or a fixed line phone. Mobile phones are highly
portable as they usually fit in a pocket and you can call from anywhere, provided that the
mobile phone can receive signal from the network. All phones today support SMS and
most new phones have MMS and WAP support as well. Java enabled phones are getting
more common as well. Phones that support Java allow you to download programs and run
them on you mobile phone.
17
Figure 5-4: A mobile phone
5.2.2
Combined device
Combined devices are devices that have more resources than the mobile phones. These
devices combine mobile technology with regular computer technology. This means that
you can browse the Internet, use word processors and spreadsheets and other regular PC
programs. These combined devices have a small colour screen and a complete keyboard,
as well as the standard mobile display and keys.
Figure 5-5: A combined device, the Nokia Communicator
5.2.3
PDA
Personal Digital Assistant
PDAs are small handheld computers that can communicate with a computer or a mobile
phone. This way you can download files to the PDA when you for instance have to leave
the office and need the files. PDAs also offer personal almanac services like notes,
calendar, meeting appointments and Internet browsers and word processors.
18
Figure 5-6: A Personal Digital Assistant
5.2.4
Laptop
Laptops are basically desktop computers only made smaller to make them more mobile
and possible to carry around with you. Laptops normally have less memory, storage
capacity, processing power and screens than a desktop computer.
Figure 5-7: A laptop
19
5.3 Positioning specifications
To express location it is important to have a uniform way of doing it. This to make sure
you re on the same map, so to speak. There exist several methods and specifications to
express location. In the next section the most common will be described.
5.3.1
Latitude and longitude
The most convenient way to identify points on the surface of the Earth is using it with a
system of reference lines called parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.
Latitude and longitude lines form a grid on the earth s surface. Latitude lines run from
east to west, with longitude lines running from north to south. The latitude lines run
parallel to the equator and measure the distance north and south of the equator. The
values range from 0 degrees at the equator, to 90 degrees north at the North Pole or 90
degrees at South Pole. Longitude runs parallel to the Prime Meridian and measure the
distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Values range from 0 degrees at the Prime
Meridian and 180 degrees west or 180 degrees east.
Figure 5-8: Latitude and Longitude
The degree (°) is the basic unit of latitude and longitude. But this unit is rather large and
it won t give you a very precise location. Therefore it s divided into smaller units. It can
either be represented using decimal degrees such as 22.75°E. On printed maps however
they use minutes and seconds to express the location more precisely. Each degree is
divided into 60 minutes (´) and each minute is divided into 60 seconds (´´). This way of
subdividing degrees works well because of it s similarity to the units of time. [raider]
20
5.4 Determining position
An aspect of this project is finding the location of the mobile device that a user is logged
on. This section will describe some of the techniques available.
5.4.1
GPS
Global Positioning System
GPS is a well-known positioning system that s existed for about 30 years. It is produced
by the American Department of Defence and is owned by the United States of America.
GPS uses satellites in a geosynchronous orbit around the earth to determine the location
of a GPS enabled device. GPS is popular for hiking and sailing as GPS can determine
your position down to 10 meters and works well in open landscape.
Figure 5-9: GPS s use of satellites
A drawback with the GPS system is that it will need a fix from at least three satellites to
determine an accurate position. The GPS system is very not suitable for built-up areas
and indoor environments. There is quite a bit of latency using GPS, it can take as much as
30 seconds to retrieve the location. To use GPS on a mobile device, it will have to have a
GPS receiver chip.
5.4.2
GLONASS
Global Navigation Satellite System
GLONASS [spaceandtech] is a Russian satellite system and is based on a constellation of
active satellites which continuously transmit coded signals in two frequency bands. These
signals can be received by users anywhere in the world to determine their position. This
system is the counterpart to USA s GPS and both systems share the same principles in
data transmission and positioning methods. GLONASS is managed for the Russian
Federation Government by the Russian Space Forces.
5.4.3
Galileo
Galileo will be Europe s own global navigation satellite system. It will provide a highly
accurate, guaranteed global positioning system under civilian control. This system will be
inter-operable with GPS and GLONASS. A user will be able to find out his position with
21
his receiver from any combination of the three systems satellites. Galileo will deliver
real-time position accuracy down to the meter range, which is unprecedented by any
publicly available system. It will guarantee availability of service under all but the most
extreme circumstances and will inform the users within seconds if a satellite should fail.
This makes it suitable for safety crucial applications, such as airplane landing systems
and driving computers for cars.
Galileo is a global network of 30 satellites evolved by the European Space Agency
(ESA). The first satellite will be sent into space end of 2004 and the whole system will be
operational by 2007. This system is expected to get better accuracy, covering and
performance than GPS. [spaceandtech], [esa].
5.4.4
Mobile positioning
Wireless networks have a cell-based structure. This means that a given geographical area
is divided into a number of smaller cells. In each of these cells there is a stationary unit
called the base station. This base station serves all the mobile devices with in the border
of the cell it covers. There are two types of cells, omnidirectional cell and sector cell. The
omindirectional covers an area of 360 degrees around its position and covers the biggest
geographical area.
Figure 5-10: Omnidirectional cell
In sector cells, the base station is placed in the intersection of two or more cells. This
makes the base station cover one sector cell within a limited arc. A high number of small
cells provide a higher capacity than fewer, bigger cells.
The cells vary in size and type. The cell radius may vary from 100 metres to 35
kilometres. Sector cells are in general smaller than omnidirectional cells.
Figure 5-11: Three sector cells
22
There are several ways of locating a mobile device in the network:
COO Cell of origin
This technique is based on locating the cell in the network where the mobile device is at a
given time. If it s in a sector cell, the sector of which the mobile device is in will return
an identification of the sector as well. This solution requires no upgrades neither of the
existing network nor the mobile devices. The accuracy can be very variable, from 100
meters up to several kilometres. It will be more precise where there is a concentration of
people, as the base stations will be closer to one another and therefore covering smaller
cells compared to areas with more sparsely populated.
Figure 5-12: Cell of origin
TA Timing advance
Timing advance is not a solution on its own, but a supporting technique to COO. TA is a
parameter that is based on the delay between the base station and the mobile device.
Since the distance between the mobile device and the base station can vary, the delay of
the signals is therefore dependant of the distance between them.
Figure 5-13: Timing advance
The accuracy of TA is 550 meters, this means that if the mobile terminal is less than 550
meters away from the base station it won t improve accuracy. However combining the
two presented techniques, TA and COO, will improve the accuracy.
The two methods presented so far are supported by Telenor s positioning system. It will
be described briefly in section 5.4.5.
AOA Angle of arrival
AOA uses an array of special antennas to decide the signal direction of the incoming
signal. Two base-stations equipped with the special antennas are required to determine
the mobile user s position. The further away the user is from the base stations the more
inaccurate the determination of location becomes.
RSS Received signal strength
RSS uses relative differences in signal strength to determine position. The accuracy of the
measurement decreases as the distance between the mobile device and base station
increases. This technique is hardly implemented as it s difficult to predict signal
variations caused by various radio frequency effects.
23
TOA Time of arrival
This method is based on measurement of the arrival time of a well-known signal sent
from a mobile device and is received by at least three units of measurement placed in
connection with the base station. The time measured is stored according to absolute GPS
clocks. The time delay for the actual measurements is calculated and a position is set out
from this. This technique demands supplementary devices and software changes in the
network, but no upgrades are necessary on the mobile devices. The accuracy is 50-150
meters.
TDOA Time difference of arrival
TDOA uses range differences and does not require synchronisation from the mobile node
to the received signal. The clocks at the sites, however, need to be synchronised. The
method requires at least three base stations for location in two dimensions.
MF Multipath fingerprinting
MF requires only one base station to locate a mobile device. The equipment captures the
radio fingerprint of a mobile device for comparison to at database of fingerprints. The
position of the mobile device is provided once a match is made. If no match is found, an
estimate of the location will be returned.
Several of the positioning methods presented above can be used together and form hybrid
solutions.
The information above is collected from [hia] and [telenormobil]
5.4.5
Telenor Positioning Middleware System (PMS)
Positioning Middleware System is a gateway to Telenor s positioning platform. The
system is used to find the position of mobile terminals in Telenor s network. Telenor
PMS uses several of the techniques described above in the Mobile positioning section, for
mobile positioning. Cell of origin, sector cells and timing advance is implemented. It may
vary to what extent each technique is being used, it depends on cell density and network
configurations.
PMS will return the position of the mobile terminal in latitude and longitude, outer and
inner radius of the cell the mobile device is in and some less interesting information.
Communication with the PMS is implemented using a SOAP protocol.
The time it takes to get a response to a request for the location of a mobile device may
vary, 1 to 5 seconds response time is however normal. Getting the location does not
require any updates on the SIM card or the mobile phone. The PMS will return error
codes if it can t retrieve the position, there are different error codes for events as the
phone is switched off, or out of range or if the phone for some reason is blocked from
being allowed to get the position of.
24
5.5 Java Technology
The Java technology consists of two elements, a programming language and an
environment where programs written in Java are executed. The Java language has a
syntax that is very similar to the syntax of C++. The biggest difference between Java and
C++ is that C++ has to compile the source code to a machine specific code. The resulting
binary code will only work on the type of machine it s compiled on. Java source code is
also compiled to a binary code as well. The binary code produced will be the same for
any for a Java compiler on any platform. However to run this, you will need the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) which interprets the binary code. The JVM is machine specific,
but because of this mechanism it makes the Java programs portable, you can bring the
binary code to any platform and it will run without modifying the code and recompiling
the program.
The Java 2 platform is divided into three editions, this to tailor functionality to the
different types of use and avoiding problems trying to develop for all types of terminals.
The three editions are Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE)
and finally Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME). J2EE is developed for demanding server
solutions, J2SE for ordinary desktop computers and finally J2ME is specialized for small
electronic devices, such as mobile phones. [sun]
5.6 Web Service and SOAP
The idea behind Web Services is to offer services of a web application available to a
variety of clients, not only a browser. Instead of supplying information via a dynamically
generated user interface such as HTML which is fairly fixed and can only be consumed
by a browser, the server makes available a set of function calls over HTTP and uses XML
as message transfer format which any user client can consume. This gives more freedom
for the clients to use the services how they want to, as XML is a universal format for
structuring documents and data, it is platform and language independent. As long as you
are connected to the Internet, you can call functions available from any location.
While a web service is a powerful concept for calling available functions as for how to do
the calls, a protocol or an XML messaging specification is needed and agreed upon.
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is such a protocol. It combines XML and HTTP.
Where SOAP is the XML messaging specification, web services enables developers to
target a range of clients and build services from both local and remote resources. SOAP
codifies existing practice of using XML and HTTP together as a protocol. [axis]
25
6 Choice of technology
The pre-study was used to get background information on relevant technology that relates
to this project. Some of the choices are limited by the technology itself. The choice of
technology was in the end decided by reputation, functionality, existing knowledge of the
technology and more.
6.1 User interfaces
The interface for the users connecting to the system will be a J2ME-client developed for
mobile phones. This gives a lot of opportunities compared to older kinds of technology
when it comes to interaction between listener and the radio program hosts. Javaapplications are very popular currently on the newer phones, with Java games probably
being the most popular application. This project will only be creating a prototype of a
client.
As for the interface of the people on the production side of the radio show there will be a
web interface, this due to the fact that they have a job to do and will have to do it
efficiently. So web interface on their monitor and a keyboard to type their messages is far
more efficient than using a mobile phone. This will however not be implemented in this
project.
The interface for the management will also have a web interface to access the database.
This will not be implemented in this project either.
6.2 Modelling language
Creating models of the software system before starting the implementation is essential.
Good models are very important to display and communicate your thoughts in a given
way so that there won t be misunderstandings due to different interpretations. As the size
of a system increase, it becomes even more important to have a well modelled system.
Having a modelling language standard, can contribute to the success of a project.
The modelling language selected was UML due to its extended use. The writer s
knowledge of UML is very good compared to other modelling languages. UML is also
well-known at Telenor R&D.
6.3 Programming language
There would of course be a need for a programming language to implement the system.
The language partly chosen and partly imposed was Java. The author of this report was
rather familiar with the language, it s object-oriented and it has a good reputation.
However developing for mobile phones didn t give much of a choice, as the most
common mobile phones on the market today only support Java third party applications.
Therefore the mobile client would be programmed in Java.
26
Chapter 6 : Choice of technology
In sum, using only one programming language is easier. Not only is it easier, but the
knowledge of it is also fairly good.
6.4 Web server for database and web services
It will be necessary to set up a web server for the clients to connect to. The one chose was
Apache web server as it s a well-known, free and has a good reputation. The author had
also some previous knowledge of it.
It will also run Tomcat which is a servlet container for running Java Servlets and Java
Servlet Pages (JSP). This was chosen due to the fact that it is developed by the Apache
group, who makes the Apache web server. It was also familiar to the author.
Apache eXtensible Interaction System (Axis) will be needed to run web services and for
handling SOAP requests.
The system will also need a database to store data, such as user profiles, chat logs, poll
history and event logs. mySQL is a popular database system with a good reputation.
All these last few choices of technology were chosen in cooperation with and by the
recommendation of Telenor R&D.
27
7 Overall explanation of the system
One can look at the system from two angles. The listener s angle and the production side
of it. The users will access the system through a Java client on their mobile phones. The
radio show host will get access through a web interface. This project will only produce a
very limited prototype.
Figure 7-1: Physical overview of the system
The figure above shows the general physical overview of the system. There will be a web
server running a web service to which all the users will connect. The listeners through
using the client they ve downloaded to their mobile phones. The mobile phones will
connect to the Internet using either GPRS or UMTS. SOAP calls to the server will
connect the client to the application running. The people in the studio will connect to the
application through a web interface on a regular computer connected to the internet. The
application running on the server will automatically receive data which updates the song
currently being played, next song to be played, artist information and album covers. This
is done through an XML interface. The application will also have access to the Telenor
Positioning Middleware System through an XML/SOAP interface which will enable the
program to retrieve the location of the users. On the server there will also be a database
which will log events on the radio show, the public chat and poll history.
28
Chapter 8 : System requirements
8 System requirements
This chapter will describe the functional requirements of such a system described above.
A part of this project has been to determine functional requirements for a full working
application and as how these can use presence information and location of the users. The
results are presented in the following sections. There would normally be a section of nonfunctional, but it has been neglected so far. There hasn t been enough time to experiment
with some of the features that will appear to give reasonable estimates to define numbers
on the non-functional requirements. This will have to be done prior to start development
on a fully functional system.
8.1 Functional requirements
The functional requirements relate to the functionality that the system will contain. A
functional requirement is often implemented as a subsystem or a group of components,
and is traceable in the system architecture. There are general and specific functional
requirements. The general requirements are something that affects the system as a whole.
The specific requirements are on the other hand directly related to a certain part of the
system as to how it will perform a task.
8.1.1
General functional requirements
F1
Offer a system for interaction between a radio listener and the radio host
The system shall provide a way for a listener to interact with the host(s) of a radio
show and have the possibility to influence show he s listening to.
F2
The system shall take advantage of the location
The location of the users shall be looked up when it required.
F3
Users must be registered to download and use the system
Only registered users shall have access to down load the client for their mobile
phone. Registering for the service will happen through a website and it will create
a personal user profile.
F4
Users must be logged in to use the system
The users shall have to provide a user identification to use the system.
F5
Users shall have a user profile which includes some preferences settings
The user s profile should contain some information about the user. Some
information may be required to put in, some not. The profile shall also contain
some preferences settings which will affect the use of the system.
of
the
users
29
F6
Users shall be able to update their personal user profile
As users might want to change their user profile as they want to change some
setting or want to edit information about themselves, it shall be possible to edit
their user profile.
8.1.2
Specific functional requirements
There are three actors in this system. There are the listener, the radio show host and the
management. The following section will describe each of the actors requirements in this
system.
Listener s requirements
Listener is a user who s downloaded and installed the client to his or her mobile phone
and is now logged in during a radio broadcast.
F7
The listener shall have an availability status, which they can change
The listener shall have a status saying if they are available (meaning that they can
be contacted) or unavailable. The status shall be able to be changed by the user as
their availability changes.
F8
The listener shall be able to cast a vote in the currently open poll
If there s a poll open to be voted on, the listener shall, provided that he hasn t
voted before in the same poll, have the possibility to submit his vote on the
subject currently in the poll.
F9
The listener shall be able to look up further information about the artist who
performs the song currently being played
On request by the listener information about the artist whose song is currently
being played shall appear on the listeners screen.
F10
The listener shall be able to look up and have an image of the album cover
from which the song currently being played is picked from
On request by the listener his or her mobile phone client should have an image of
the album cover where the song currently being played appears.
F11
The listener shall be able to look up information about the radio show host
If the listener requests to get more information about the host of the program he or
she is currently listening to it shall appear on the listeners screen.
F12
The listener shall be able to look up information about the radio program
On listener request, the information about the show shall be looked up and
displayed on the listener s screen.
30
F13
The listener shall be able to submit and receive messages between the
listeners and the hosts from the show s public chat
Listeners shall be able to contribute to the public chat of the show by submitting
their own messages. Receiving messages submitted to the chat by other users
should happen automatically so the listener won t have to do anything specifically
to receive messages from the public chat.
F14
The listener shall have the possibility to create a private chat with other
listeners, who have agreed to that they can be contacted by other listeners.
A listener can try to initiate a private chat by requesting a list of other listeners
that are open for listeners to contact them. Such a list can be compiled from
various criteria, such as location or common interests.
F15
The listener shall be able to make a call or set up a teleconference by
selecting from a set of listeners
A listener can call one or more persons logged in listening to the show. Only
persons who have agreed that other listeners can call them will appear in a list of
possible targets for a call.
Radio show host s requirements
The radio host is a person on the broadcasting side of a radio show. This host is the one
managing the program and doing most of the talking.
F16
The host shall be able to create a new poll
The host can create a new topic to which the users can vote on. The options that
will be possible to vote on will also be specified by the host.
F17
The host shall be able log an event
An event could be for instance the hosts of the show ask the listeners opinions
about an issue, asking a question for a competition or want the listeners to make
questions for a guest they have visiting in the studio. Therefore such an even
should be logged for purposes of the management.
F18
The host shall be able to submit and receive messages between the listeners
and the hosts from the show s public chat
Hosts shall be able to contribute to the public chat of the show by submitting their
own messages. Receiving messages submitted to the chat by other users should
happen automatically so the user won t have to do anything specifically to receive
messages from the public chat.
F19
The host shall be able to moderate the incoming messages to the public chat
To any chat available there will be a number of messages that are not suitable to
send to all the listeners. This could be foul language or racism for instance.
Submitting very personal information should not appear in the listener s client.
Therefore the host will remove the messages that are not acceptable and accept
the messages that are fine.
31
F20
The host shall be able to update the current song and artist information
manually, if needed
In case the automatic song title and artist name feed should fail, the host can type
in the data.
F21
The host shall be able to update the next song and artist information
manually, if needed
In case the automatic song title and artist name feed should fail, the host can type
in the data of the next song to be played.
F22
The host shall be able to update the radio show information
The host will have the opportunity to update information about the show and what
will be on today s show.
F23
The host shall be able to have the location of the users displayed
This host can have the location of the users that have agreed to allow polling for
their location displayed. It could possibly be displayed on a map
Management s requirements
The management is the management of the owner of the system. The management can
include people that are responsible for marketing.
F24
32
The management shall be able to run through the back logs of the system
The management will through a web interface have the possibility to run through
the backlogs of chats, polls and events. Using particular searching criteria the
management will have statistics and such from the logs available
8.2 Use cases
The functional requirements presented in the previous section have been mapped into use
cases in the system. They are displayed graphically in the figure below.
Figure 8-1: Use case diagram
33
9 Software architecture and design
This chapter presents a first draft of the architecture and design of the application.
9.1 Class diagram
The ServiceController class is the main application class. This is running on the web
server and handles listener requests, the database and connection to PMS.
Figure 9-1: Class diagram
34
Chapter 9 : Software architecture and design
9.1.1
Class description
This section briefly describes the different classes are.
ServiceController
This class contains the main method and is considered to be the controlling class of the
system. It will create and handle responses to messages that the system receives. Other
classes and objects will be used to perform the tasks.
Client
This class represents the client that will be run on a mobile phone. This will create the
graphical interface towards the user and handle requests from the users in the appropriate
way.
WebInterface
This class represents the web interface through which the hosts will communicate with
the system when they are in the studio.
Poll
This is a class to represent the polls. It will consist of methods for updating the poll count,
and retrieve the poll count.
DatabaseManager
This class handles requests towards the database. It will execute and handle queries to the
database.
PositionLocator
This class will handle requests about the location of the mobile users.
User
This class represent a general user of the application. It contains common methods and
variables of the actors in this system; listener, host and management. The user-class is a
super class of these three actors.
Listener
This is a class to represent the methods and variables that are specific to the listeners.
Host
This class represents a host, and the methods and variables that are specific to the hosts.
ManagementUser
This class represents a user with management privileges, and the methods and variables
that are specific to the people in the management.
35
9.2 Sequence diagrams
Sequence diagrams are used to graphically show how the different objects collaborate
during an operation. The sequence diagrams represent each use case more specifically.
The following diagrams show the flow of control.
They are a bit simplified in the drawings, attribute and return types are not displayed in
the drawings.
36
9.2.1
User registration
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user registers for this
service.
Figure 9-2: Registration sequence diagram
The diagram shows a user registering for the service, after the user s supplied the
required information and preferences it will be stored in the database.
37
9.2.2
Logging in on the system
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user logs into on the
system using his mobile phone.
Figure 9-3: Log in sequence diagram
This will create a connection between the client on the mobile and the system. User will
identify him- or herself typically by typing a password. The system will verify the
identification with the data stored in the database, if it s ok. A user object will be created
and the location of the user will be determined, if the user as agreed to let the system find
his or her location
38
9.2.3
Updating user profile
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user updates his
profile using the client on his mobile device.
Figure 9-4: Updating user profile sequence diagram
The user will ask to update his profile, the client will then ask for the system to retrieve
the user profile from the database. Then the user will edit the profile and save it to the
database if there are any changes.
39
9.2.4
Setting availability
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user changes his
availability.
Figure 9-5: Setting availability sequence diagram
The user will request his status to be changed, which will make the system update the
user s availability.
40
9.2.5
Submitting a vote
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user submits a vote to
the currently open poll.
Figure 9-6: Submitting a vote sequence diagram
The user will cast his vote and the vote count on the option he chose will accordingly be
updated. If the user has agreed to allow his location to be used, it will be determined and
then it will along with the vote be logged.
41
9.2.6
Looking up information about the radio host
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user requests the
host s public information, which the host has entered.
Figure 9-7: Looking up radio host information sequence diagram
The system will return the information available.
42
9.2.7
Looking up information about the radio program
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user requests
information about the radio program currently on.
Figure 9-8: Looking up radio show information
The system will return the information available.
43
9.2.8
Submitting message to public chat
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user submits a
message to the public chat.
Figure 9-9: Submitting message to public chat sequence diagram
The user will send his or her message to the system and then it will be moderated. If it s
accepted, it will be published so that anyone can read it. Whether the message is accepted
or not, it will be logged in the database with the location as well.
44
9.2.9
Initiating a private chat
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user wants to create a
private chat.
Figure 9-10: Initiating private chat sequence diagram
The system will retrieve a list of users logged in and matches some search criteria, such
as hobbies or location. From those logged in, the listeners who don t want to be contacted
will be removed. Then there will be created a private chat.
45
9.2.10
Initiating a call or a teleconference
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a user wants to create a
teleconference or make a call to one of the listeners who are logged in.
Figure 9-11: Initiating teleconference sequence diagram
The system will retrieve a list of users logged in and matches some search criteria, such
as hobbies or location. From those logged in, the listeners who don t want to be contacted
46
will be removed. Then the call or teleconference will be set up. The turn of action is very
similar to the private chat.
9.2.11
Creating a poll
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a host creates a new
poll.
Figure 9-12: Creating a new poll sequence diagram
The system will close the currently open poll and store it and its results in the database.
Then a new poll will be created with the new subject to be voted over and the
alternatives.
47
9.2.12
Logging an event
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a host logs an event.
Figure 9-13: Event logging sequence diagram
The system will add an event to the logs in the database.
9.2.13
Submitting a message to the public chat - host
This is very similar to the diagram for the listeners described in section 4.2.8., apart from
that it will be through a web interface rather than a mobile client.
48
9.2.14
Moderating a chat
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a host moderates the
incoming messages to the public chat.
Figure 9-14: Moderating a chat sequence diagram
When a message is received, it will be placed in a queue waiting to be accepted or
rejected before being sent to all the users. If a message is rejected it will follow the same
sequence as an accepted message, only it won t be published, but deleted instead. It will
still be logged in the database.
49
9.2.15
Updating song title and artist
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a host will have to
manually type in the title of the song and name of the artist.
Figure 9-15: Updating song title and artist sequence diagram
The input will be stored in the system.
This is identical for updating the title and name of the artist of the next song, only that a
different variable will be set.
50
9.2.16
Updating the show information
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a host updates the
information about the radio program.
Figure 9-16: Updating show information sequence diagram
The input will be stored in the system.
51
9.2.17
Displaying the locations of the logged in users
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a host request to have
the locations of the logged in listeners displayed.
Figure 9-17: Displaying locations of logged in users sequence diagram
The system will poll for every logged in users location and then display them on the
screen. Having them displayed on a map would be a possibility.
52
9.2.18
Generating statistics from backlogs
This diagram visualises the interaction between the objects when a member of the
management request some statistics to be generated from a give set of criteria.
Figure 9-18: Generating statistics sequence diagram
The person will through the web interface select the criteria that he or she wants to be
matched. The system will then go through the backlogs and return the results to the user.
Results will be presented to the user requesting the data.
53
10 Results
10.1 Demonstration of prototype
The implementation of a small prototype was the goal of this project. Towards the end of
the project two weeks were set to do this.
10.1.1
Starting mobile client
There can be more than one application in the downloaded package, therefore one will
have to choose which to start.
Figure 10-1: Starting the client
54
Chapter 10: Results
10.1.2
Main screen
When the clients loaded it will open the main screen. In a full working version it will
connect to the server and gather some information before the main screen will be
displayed. Each screen will have a set of actions that can be performed. Some of these
actions may send requests to the server.
Figure 10-2: The main screen
Figure 10-3: The menu options available in the
main screen
In this prototype the actions on the menu will bring you to another screen which will
display some other information.
55
10.1.3
Poll screen
The poll screen will display the poll currently open to votes. On the menu of the poll
screen you will be able to choose the option you want to vote for. When the vote s been
submitted the screen will update with the current distribution of votes.
Figure 10-4: The poll screen
Figure 10-5: The poll menu
where you can choose which
option to vote for
This prototype does not contact or post votes to a server.
56
Figure 10-6: The updated poll
screen
Chapter 10: Results
10.1.4
Artist information screen
The screen where the users can look up information about the artist whose song is
currently being played.
Figure 10-7: The screen displaying information about the artist currently being played
This is how it would look for a user requesting about an artist, but again this doesn t
access a server to gather the information.
57
10.1.5
Radio host and radio program screens
These screens will display the public information about the radio program host and about
the radio program itself. Again, these screens will not access a server to retrieve this
information.
Figure 10-8: The radio show host information
screen
10.1.6
Figure 10-9: The radio show information screen
Evaluation on the prototype
One goal of this project was to create a prototype of the system. The prototype should
provide a graphical display of how some of the requirements would be implemented. It
does fulfil that in some ways. However it was a goal to establish a connection between
the client and a web server to look at how information was exchanged. Some technical
issues made the time spent and wasted, as it didn t work, increase a whole lot. The web
server seemed to be working fine. The problem was however Tomcat and Axis for
58
Chapter 10: Results
running the server-side service. The Tomcat engine only sometimes starts up. Therefore
there were some problems installing web service in Axis, as the test pages to see if the
installation of test versions of the web service had been installed correctly only
sometimes worked. As the development happened towards the end of the project, and
there was still plenty to do on the report, installing this successfully seemed cost more,
time-wise, than it would contribute to make a good prototype.
As you can see from the screenshots, the user interface is rather boring. In addition, to
access some of the most common actions, such as voting in the poll, you will have a new
screen displayed with all the possible actions. This is by using the Java Wireless Toolkit
simulator provided by Sun. However, running on a rather new mobile phone with a
colour display and a different implementation of displaying commands it will look
different and better. I ve seen the BuddyList, which also is an application developed for
mobile phones, running both in the simulator and on a Sony Ericsson P800. Using the
P800 mobile phone gives a much better user interface and the commands are represented
as buttons on the normal screen.
10.2 Knowledge of technology
As the name of the subject of which this project is a part of suggest, it s called Software
Engineering, Specialization . This is meant to give an even deeper knowledge of
software engineering with respect a certain aspect of it. This project considers some
issues related to cooperation technology. In this project context it would therefore be
obvious that privacy and use of location domains to be explored.
This project has given an introduction to location based systems and services. And also
systems taking advantage of the user s location. It has also influenced the functionality of
the first design of a system aimed a client, as the use of location has given inspiration to
the functionality of this system.
During this project it s been shed some light on privacy issues which arise when doing
design for the system. It s provided me with knowledge on what s legal and what s not.
And even it things are legal, it may not be morally correct so some guidance as to how to
do this properly has been needed. This has been valuable input which will be kept in the
back of my mind for the full implementation.
59
11 Conclusion
There is a lot to do on this project still. This is just a first version of design and the very
first version of a prototype. It is very difficult to foresee everything that will have to be
considered when doing a first design of a type of system that one s not very familiar with.
So I m sure there will be changes before a fully working system will be implemented. It
will also be necessary to do some testing on how the system will work before doing more.
These tests will also give some information as to how the performance of the system is
and can be expected of it. This will be essential for doing the non-functional
requirements.
As for what the implementation goes there is a lot to do, both on the client and on the
server side. An important thing is setting up the web server correctly so that web services
can run without any problems and be accessed. Obviously, as the current version is only a
prototype, on the client more of the functional requirements will have to be implemented.
It s essential to implement the procedures for contacting the server to retrieve information
stored on it.
On the server side, the controller which will handle the requests will have to be
developed. There s basically no implementation done so far. The various functionalities
for the system are yet to be implemented. Then the interfaces to the database and the
PMS will have to be created.
60
Chapter 12: Bibliography
12 Bibliography
[AWD01]
Mark S. Ackerman, Trevor Darrell and Daniel J. Weitzner, Privacy in
Context, Human-Computer Interaction, 2001
[axis]
http://ws.apache.org/axis/, Accessed October 2003
[Cla99]
http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/Intro.html, Accessed
October 2003
[esa]
http://www.esa.int/export/esaSA/GGGMX650NDC_navigation_0.html,
Accessed October 2003
[gsm-world]
http://www.gsmworld.com, Accessed October 2003
[gulesider]
http://www.gulesider.no, Accessed November 2003
[Hel02]
Sumi Helal, Pervasive Java, Pervasive Computing 2002
[Her02]
Arild Herstad, Telenor R&D, Buddylist 2002
[hia]
http://siving.hia.no/ikt02/ikt6400/g03/PROSJEKTRAPPORT.htm,
[MFD03]
Ginger Myles, Adrian Friday and Nigel Davies, Preserving Privacy in
Environments with Location-Based Applications, Pervasive Computer
2003
[NRKI03]
NRK Internal News Paper, 2003
[raider]
http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/latitude_and
_longitude.html, Accessed October 2003
[pats]
http://www.pats.no, Accessed October 2003
[sesi]
http://www.sesi.co.uk/kb/papers/0102_ambulance.html,
[spaceandtech]
http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml
[standpunkt] http://www.nrk.no/programmer/tv/standpunkt/, Accessed November 2003
[sun]
http://java.sun.com, Accessed October 2003
61
[sun-j2me]
http://java.sun.com/j2me, Accessed October 2003
[svisj]
http://www.nrk.no/programmer/tv/svisj/, Accessed November 2003
[telenormobil] http://www.telenormobil.no, Accessed October 2003
[umts-forum]
http://www.umts-forum.org/servlet/dycon/ztumts/umts/Live/en/umts/Home
[w3-schools] http://www.w3schools.com/wap/default.asp, Accessed October 2003
62
Chapter 13: Glossary
13 Glossary
A
B
C
CDC
CLDC
D
E
F
G
GLONASS
GPRS
GPS
GSM
H
HTML
HTTP
I
ICT
J
J2ME
JAD
JVM
K
L
LAN
M
MMS
N
NRK
O
P
PATS
PDA
PMS
Q
R
S
SMS
SMSC
SOAP
T
Telenor R&D
Connected Device Configuration
Connected Limited Device Configuration
Global Navigation Satellite System
General Packet Radio Service
Global Positioning System
Global System for Mobile communications
Hyper Text Markup Language
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Information and Communication Technology
Java 2 Micro Edition
Java Application Description
Java Virtual Machine
Local Area Network
Multimedia Messaging Service
the Norwegian Broadcasting Company
Program for Advanced Telecom Services
Personal Digital Assistant
Telenor Positioning Middleware System
Short Message Service
Short Message Service Centre
Simple Object Access Protocol
Telenor Reserch and Development
63
U
UML
UMTS
V
W
WAN
WAP
WML
X
XML
Y
Z
64
Unified Modelling Language
Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
Wide Area Network
Wireless Application Protocol
Wireless Markup Language
eXtensible Markup Language
Appendix A: Java source code
This appendix is the Java code for the client prototype. Radio.java is the class which
creates the client on the mobile phone.
Radio.java
import
import
import
import
import
import
javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet;
javax.microedition.lcdui.Display;
javax.microedition.lcdui.Command;
javax.microedition.lcdui.CommandListener;
javax.microedition.lcdui.Displayable;
javax.microedition.lcdui.Form;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
/**
*Radio mobile client MIDlet.
**/
public class Radio extends MIDlet implements CommandListener {
private CommandListener listener;
private Display display;
private
private
private
private
private
private
Form
Form
Form
Form
Form
Form
mainscreenForm;
pollForm;
editPreferencesForm;
artistInfoForm;
albumCoverForm;
hostInfoForm;
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
standard radio screen
poll screen
edit preferences screen
artist information screen
album cover screen
programhost
information
screen
program information screen
//
//
//
//
//
voteBCommand;
//
//
artistInfoCommand; //
//
albumCoverCommand; //
//
hostInfoCommand;
//
//
programInfoCommand; //
//
exits program
goes to the mainscreen
goes to the poll screen
votes for option A in the
poll
votes for option B in the
poll
goes
to
the
artist
information screen
goes to the album cover
screen
goes
to
the
host
information screen
goes
to
the
program
information screen
private Form programInfoForm;
private
private
private
private
Command
Command
Command
Command
private Command
private Command
private Command
private Command
private Command
exitCommand;
mainscreenCommand;
pollCommand;
voteACommand;
65
public Radio() {
// Initialize the display.
display = Display.getDisplay(this);
listener = this;
}
// initiate all the commands being used in this program
private void createCommands(){
exitCommand = new Command( Exit , Command.EXIT, 1);
mainscreenCommand = new Command( Hovedskjerm ,
Command.SCREEN, 1);
pollCommand = new Command( Avstemning , Command.SCREEN, 1);
voteACommand = new Command( Stem A , Command.SCREEN, 1);
voteBCommand = new Command( Stem B , Command.SCREEN, 1);
artistInfoCommand = new Command( Artistinfo ,
Command.SCREEN, 1);
albumCoverCommand = new Command( Albumcover ,
Command.SCREEN, 1);
hostInfoCommand = new Command( Programlederinfo ,
Command.SCREEN, 1);
programInfoCommand = new Command( Programinfo ,
Command.SCREEN, 1);
}
// create the default radio screen (
private void createMainscreenForm(){
mainscreenForm = new Form( Nettradio );
mainscreenForm.append( Velkommen til Nettradio\n\n );
mainscreenForm.append( Spilles
nå:\nTom
McRae
\ Bloodless\ \n );
mainscreenForm.append( Neste sang:\nU2 - \ One\ );
mainscreenForm.addCommand(exitCommand);
mainscreenForm.addCommand(pollCommand);
mainscreenForm.addCommand(artistInfoCommand);
mainscreenForm.addCommand(albumCoverCommand);
mainscreenForm.addCommand(hostInfoCommand);
mainscreenForm.addCommand(programInfoCommand);
mainscreenForm.setCommandListener(this);
}
// create the poll screen
private void createPollForm(){
pollForm = new Form( Nettradio - Poll );
pollForm.append( Spørsmål:\n );
pollForm.append( Slår Norge Spania i EMkvalifiseringen?\n );
pollForm.append( JA! : 60%\n );
pollForm.append( NEI!: 40% );
pollForm.addCommand(exitCommand);
pollForm.addCommand(voteACommand);
pollForm.addCommand(voteBCommand);
pollForm.addCommand(mainscreenCommand);
pollForm.addCommand(artistInfoCommand);
pollForm.addCommand(albumCoverCommand);
pollForm.addCommand(hostInfoCommand);
pollForm.addCommand(programInfoCommand);
66
pollForm.setCommandListener(this);
}
// create artist information screen
private void createArtistInfoForm(){
artistInfoForm = new Form( Nettradio - Artist );
artistInfoForm.append( Tom McRae\nFødt: 1974 i Suffolk,
England\n );
artistInfoForm.append( Utgivelser: \ Tom McRae\ (2001) &
\ Just Like Blood\ (2003) );
artistInfoForm.addCommand(exitCommand);
artistInfoForm.addCommand(mainscreenCommand);
artistInfoForm.addCommand(pollCommand);
artistInfoForm.addCommand(albumCoverCommand);
artistInfoForm.addCommand(hostInfoCommand);
artistInfoForm.addCommand(programInfoCommand);
artistInfoForm.setCommandListener(this);
}
// create album cover screen
private void createAlbumCoverForm(){
albumCoverForm = new Form( Nettradio - Album cover );
albumCoverForm.append( Her skal bilde av albumcovere bli
vist! );
albumCoverForm.addCommand(exitCommand);
albumCoverForm.addCommand(mainscreenCommand);
albumCoverForm.addCommand(pollCommand);
albumCoverForm.addCommand(artistInfoCommand);
albumCoverForm.addCommand(hostInfoCommand);
albumCoverForm.addCommand(programInfoCommand);
albumCoverForm.setCommandListener(this);
}
// create programhost information screen
private void createHostInfoForm(){
hostInfoForm = new Form( Nettradio - Programlederinfo );
hostInfoForm.append( Din programleder er: Jørgen Bakke.\n );
hostInfoForm.append( Om meg: blablabla );
hostInfoForm.addCommand(exitCommand);
hostInfoForm.addCommand(mainscreenCommand);
hostInfoForm.addCommand(pollCommand);
hostInfoForm.addCommand(artistInfoCommand);
hostInfoForm.addCommand(albumCoverCommand);
hostInfoForm.addCommand(programInfoCommand);
hostInfoForm.setCommandListener(this);
}
// create program information screen
private void createProgramInfoForm(){
programInfoForm = new Form( Nettradio - Programinfo );
programInfoForm.append( Du hører på Det Fantastiske
Radioeventyret.\n );
programInfoForm.append( Her tar vi opp de siste nyhetene og
kommentere dem. );
programInfoForm.addCommand(exitCommand);
programInfoForm.addCommand(mainscreenCommand);
67
programInfoForm.addCommand(pollCommand);
programInfoForm.addCommand(artistInfoCommand);
programInfoForm.addCommand(albumCoverCommand);
programInfoForm.addCommand(hostInfoCommand);
programInfoForm.setCommandListener(this);
}
// -------------------// startApp
starts application
// -------------------protected void startApp() {
Form splash = new Form( Nettradio );
splash.append( Nettradio\n\nStarter... );
display.setCurrent(splash);
//create Commands
createCommands();
//create Forms
createMainscreenForm();
createPollForm();
createArtistInfoForm();
createAlbumCoverForm();
createHostInfoForm();
createProgramInfoForm();
//viser hovedskjermen
display.setCurrent(mainscreenForm);
}
// -------------------// pauseApp
pauses application
// -------------------protected void pauseApp() {
}
// -------------------// destroyApp
exits application
// -------------------protected void destroyApp(boolean u) {
notifyDestroyed();
} // destroyApp
// -------------------// commandAction
responds to when a command is selected
// -------------------public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable d) {
if(c == exitCommand) {
destroyApp(false);
}
else if(c == mainscreenCommand){
handleMainscreenCommand();
68
}
else if(c == pollCommand){
handlePollCommand();
}
else if(c == voteACommand){
handleVoteACommand();
}
else if(c == voteBCommand){
handleVoteBCommand();
}
else if(c == artistInfoCommand){
handleArtistInfoCommand();
}
else if(c == albumCoverCommand){
handleAlbumCoverCommand();
}
else if(c == hostInfoCommand){
handleHostInfoCommand();
}
else if(c == programInfoCommand){
handleProgramInfoCommand();
}
} // commandAction
private void handleMainscreenCommand(){
display.setCurrent(mainscreenForm);
}
private void handlePollCommand(){
display.setCurrent(pollForm);
}
private void handleVoteACommand(){
// sends vote to server
}
private void handleVoteBCommand(){
// sends vote to server
}
private void handleArtistInfoCommand(){
display.setCurrent(artistInfoForm);
}
private void handleAlbumCoverCommand(){
display.setCurrent(albumCoverForm);
}
69
private void handleHostInfoCommand(){
display.setCurrent(hostInfoForm);
}
private void handleProgramInfoCommand(){
display.setCurrent(programInfoForm);
}
} // Radio-class
70

Table of figures - Department of Computer and Information Science

Transcription

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