Characteristics of Weeds for Weed ID

Characteristics of
Weeds
2010 NCSPA and TCNC
Conference
Today’s Topics
• What is a weed?
• Why are they here?
• Which weed do I have?
•
•
•
•
Classes of weeds
Lifecycles
Physical characteristics
Distinguishing traits of common/troublesome turf weeds in
N.C.
• Where can I find information for identification?
What is a Weed?
• A plant out of place
• Any plant that is objectionable or
interferes with the activities or welfare of
man (WSSA)
• Plants that are competitive, persistent,
and are undesirable because they
interfere with human activities
Weeds Compete with Desired
Turfgrass Species
Weeds compete for:
•Light
•Space
•Water
•Nutrients
Why are weeds present in
turfgrass?
Poorly managed turf
Properly managed turf requires
•Appropriate turf species
•Correct mowing height and frequency
•Correct fertilization rates, timing and
technique
•Well drained, non-compacted site
•Proper irrigation management
•Active scouting for pest presence
What are weeds telling us?
• All plant species have a desirable range
of environmental conditions for healthy
growth
• As conditions become unfavorable for a
desirable plant species, opportunistic
unfavorable (weed) species are able to
proliferate
– Weeds act as indicators of poor growth
conditions
Indicator species
• Compacted soil
– Annual bluegrass
– Goosegrass
– Chickweed species
• Poorly drained soil
–
–
–
–
Sedges
Crabgrasses
Violets
Yellow nutsedge
• Poor light
– Ground ivy
– Nimblewill
• Moist, infertile soil
– Clover species
• Low mowing height
– Annual bluegrass
– Crabgrasses
– Bermudagrass
Ten Most Common Weeds in North
Carolina Turf
1. Bluegrass species
2. Crabgrass species (smooth, large)
3. Chickweed species (common, mouseear)
4. Henbit
5. Goosegrass
6. Dallisgrass
7. Clover species (hop, white)
8. Dandelion
9. Wild garlic
10. Cudweed species
2008 Proceedings - SWSS
Ten Most Troublesome Weeds in North
Carolina Turf
1. Dallisgrass
2. Bluegrass species
3. Bermudagrass
4. Kyllinga species (green, false-green)
5. Bahiagrass
6. Crabgrass species (smooth, large)
7. Goosegrass
8. Nutsedge species (purple, yellow)
9. Violet species (common blue, field pansy)
10. Henbit
2008 Proceedings - SWSS
Why are Weeds Successful?
•
•
•
•
Very high seed production
Seed dispersal mechanisms
Vegetative reproductive structures
Rapid growth
Lifecycles
• Summer annuals
– germinate in spring; grow in summer; die in fall
• Winter annuals
– germinate in fall; grow in spring; die in summer
• Biennials ( 2 years from seed to seed)
– vegetative structure grows the first year - rosette
– reproductive structure grows in the second year bolting
• Perennials ( simple and complex)
– ability to overwinter; resume growth year to year
Annual
An annual can complete
life cycle in one year
large crabgrass
Summer annual
Winter annual
Biennial
A biennial requires all or
part of 2 years to
complete its life cycle
common mullein
1st year - rosette
2nd year - bolting
Biennial
Perennial
Perennial plants live more than 2
years and are grouped into two
categories: simple and complex
dallisgrass
Perennial
Simple perennials
Simple perennials – spread by
seed; large taproot.
dandelion seedhead
Dandelion taproot
Complex perennials
Complex perennials –
reproduce by rhizomes,
stolons, etc. Some
reproduction by seed.
dallisgrass
seedhead
dallisgrass rhizome
Classes of Weeds
• Grasses
• Sedges
• Broadleafs
Monocots vs. Dicots
Grasses
• Monocots,
one cotyledon
• Parallel veins
• Round, Oval,
or Flat stems
• Hollow
internodes
Sedges
• Monocots
• Triangular
stems
• Solid stems
Broadleafs
• Dicots, two
cotyledons
• Wider leaves
than grasses or
sedges
• Netted or
branched veins
• Branched stem
Growth habits
• bunch-type
• rhizomatous
• stoloniferous
Bunch-type
tiller
annual bluegrass
Rhizomatous
rhizome
common bermudagrass
Stoloniferous
stolon
buffalograss
Identifying Vegetative
Structures
•
•
•
•
•
vernation
leaf blade tips
ligules
auricles
seedhead
Vernation
rolled
folded
Leaf Blade Tips
blunt
boat shaped
pointed
Ligules
membranous
hairy
absent
Auricles
claw-like
rudimentary
absent
Seedhead
open panicle
compact spike
divided spike
Poa annua L.
Annual Bluegrass
Poa annua L.
Annual Bluegrass
• Monocot
• Winter Annual and Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: ssp. annua is an upright,
clump-forming, winter annual; ssp.
reptans is a prostrate, clump-forming,
perennial
- leaves: light green, folded in the bud, lack
auricles, pointed membranous ligule,
boat-shaped tip
- seedheads: open, greenish white pyramidal
panicle; produced at low heights of cut
Lolium perenne L.
Perennial Ryegrass
Lolium perenne L.
Perennial Ryegrass
• Monocot
• Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: bunch-type species
commonly used for winter overseeding
- leaves: bright green, folded in the bud,
membranous ligule, smooth margins,
sharp blade tip
- seedheads: a spike, with flattened spikelets
along each stem
- root system: fibrous roots
Microstegium vimineum
Japanese stiltgrass
Microstegium vimineum
Japanese stiltgrass
• Monocot
• Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a prostrate to erect
summer annual grass that reaches
heights of 2 to 3 ft and thrives in
shaded areas
- leaves: pale green, lance-shaped, about 3
inches in length; the midvein doesn’t
divide the leaves into equal halves
- seedheads: 1 to 6 terminal spike branches
- root system: fibrous roots
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Large Crabgrass
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Large Crabgrass
• Monocot
• Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a prostrate grass plant that
spreads through aggressive tillering
- leaves: rolled, lack auricles, jagged
membranous ligule, hairy
- seedheads: consist of 3-5 spikes clustered at the
top of stems
- root system: fibrous roots, tillers (root at nodes)
Digitaria ischaemum (L.) Scop.
Smooth Crabgrass
Digitaria ischaemum (L.) Scop.
Smooth Crabgrass
• Monocot
• Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: tufted, decumbent, summer
annual to 60 cm, spreading
- leaves: few hairs at mouth only, membranous
ligule
- seedheads: consist of 3-5 spikes clustered at
the top of stems; hairs on spikelets
- root system: fibrous roots, doesn’t root at
nodes
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Dallisgrass
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Dallisgrass
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a coarse-textured, clumpforming grass plant with thick rhizomes
- leaves: rolled, tall and membranous ligule,
auricles absent, margins hairy, collar
hairy
- seedheads: divided spike; 3 to 7 spikelets covered
in silky soft hairs with heavy black seeds
- root system: fibrous roots and shallow rhizomes
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Goosegrass
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Goosegrass
• Monocot
• Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: erect grass that bends at the
nodes; silver crown area
- leaves: folded in the bud;, membranous, and
divided at the center; contains hairs only
at the base of the leaf
- seedheads: contain 3-7 spikes, seeds are attached
in a zipper appearance on the spike
- root system: fibrous
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Common Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Common Bermudagrass
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a mat-forming, wiry grass
with spreading rhizomes and stolons
- leaves: gray-green to bluish green, rolled in the
bud, auricles absent, ligule is a row of
hairs; blades are short and narrow
- seedheads: spikes at terminal end of stems
- root system: abundant, flat stolons; rhizomes
form a dense turf
Paspalum notatum Fluegge
Bahiagrass
Paspalum notatum Fluegge
Bahiagrass
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: an aggressive, mat-forming
perennial with shallow, reddish rhizomes
- leaves: rolled or folded; short, membranous
ligule; auricles absent; smooth leaf
surfaces; collar hairy; pointed
- seedheads: divided spike with 2 to 3 branches;
usually v-shaped
- root system: fibrous roots and shallow rhizomes
Sorghum halepense L.
Johnsongrass
Sorghum halepense L.
Johnsongrass
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a course textured grass with
unbranched stems reaching 2 meters high
- leaves: rolled, membranous ligule, blades are flat
with a thick white mid-vein
- stems: stout, unbranched
- seedheads: large, open, coarse, purplish panicle
- root system: aggressive rhizomes (purplish) with
fibrous roots
Growth Habit
• Upright stem growth
• Prostrate stem growth
– low growing
• Vining
• Rosette
pokeweed
roundleaf
greenbriar
cat’ s ear dandelion
prostrate knotweed
Leaf Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leaf arrangement
Leaf shapes
Leaf tips
Leaf margin
Leaf type
Leaf bases
Leaf venation
Leaf Arrangement
alternate
opposite
whorled
basal rosette
Leaf Shapes
heart-shaped
oval
lobe- shaped
ovate
spade-shaped
elliptical
arrow-shaped
lanceolate
star-shaped
pentagon-shaped
oblong
spoon-shaped
Leaf Tips
obtuse
acuminate
acute
bristle-tipped
truncate
Leaf Margins
entire
undulate
finely serrate
crenate
lobed
coarsely serrate
parted
doubly serrate
Leaf Types
compound
simple
trifoliate
palmately
compound
pinnately
compound
bipinnately
compound
Leaf Bases
cuneate
cordate
obtuse
oblique
truncate
Leaf venation
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Common Chickweed
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Common Chickweed
• Dicot
• Winter Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: dense, patch-forming plant; can
produce one or two generations each year
- leaves: light green, sparse hairs, opposite, elliptic to
oval, pointed at the apex
- stems: prostrate, branching, smooth
- flowers: white with 5 deeply lobed petals
- fruit: oval, 1-celled capsules
- root system: fibrous and shallow
Cerastium vulgatum L.
Mouseear Chickweed
Cerastium vulgatum L.
Mouseear Chickweed
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: dense, mat-forming plant with
hairy stems and leaves
- leaves: opposite, dark green above, elliptic,
margins are entire, densely covered with hairs
- stems: 2 rows of dense hairs, root at nodes
- flowers: white, 5 deeply lobed petals
- fruit: oval, 1-celled capsules
- root system: fibrous
Lamium amplexicaule L.
Henbit
Lamium amplexicaule L.
Henbit
• Dicot
• Winter Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: a prostrate stemmed plant
branching at the base with whorled leaves
– leaves: rounded to heart-shaped, rounded teeth,
palmately veined; upper leaves surround the stem
– stems: square, green to purple, prostrate
– flowers: showy whorls pink to purple in color
– root system: fibrous roots; can root at stem nodes
Veronica hederifolia L.
Ivyleaf Speedwell
Veronica hederifolia L.
Ivyleaf Speedwell
• Dicot
• Winter annual
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: prostrate spreading growth habit
– leaves: alternate (end of stem) and opposite (base of
stem), densely hairy, lobed with rounded teeth
– Stems: ascending
– Flowers: blue/purple, borne on stalks longer than 1mm
– Fruit: heart shaped and hairy
Veronica persica Poir.
Persian Speedwell
Veronica persica Poir.
Persian Speedwell
• Dicot
• Winter annual
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: prostrate spreading growth habit
– leaves: alternate (end of stem) and opposite (base of
stem), densely hairy, thinner and more serrated than
ivyleaf speedwell
– Flowers: blue/purple, borne on stalks longer than 1mm
– Fruit: heart shaped and hairy
Glechoma hederacea L.
Ground Ivy
Glechoma hederacea L.
Ground Ivy
• Dicot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: long, creeping, square stems that root at
the nodes and form dense patches
– leaves: kidney-shaped to rounded with broad rounded teeth
at the margins; mint-like odor when cut
– flowers: on short stalks in the upper leaf axils; purple in
color
– root system: fibrous roots and rhizomes
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.
Horseweed
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.
Horseweed
• Dicot
• Winter or Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: basal rosette that produces a
central stem with a terminal panicle of flowers
- leaves: hairy, alternate, linear, crowded
along the stem, sometimes toothed
- stems: erect, hairy, give rise to flower panicles
- flowers: dense panicles of small white flowers
- root system: short taproot with fibrous roots
Trifolium repens L.
White Clover
Trifolium repens L.
White Clover
• Dicot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: mat-forming legume with low
creeping stolons
– leaves: trifoliate; leaflets are oval shaped with a light
green chevron (V-shaped) near the base
– stems: prostrate, root at the nodes
– flowers: white or pink rounded heads
– root system: stolons that root at the nodes
Allium vineale L.
Wild Garlic
Allium vineale L.
Wild Garlic
• Monocot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: unbranched, circular, erect
leaves emerging from underground bulbs
- leaves: linear, smooth, round, and hollow; have a
garlic scent when crushed
- flowering stems: solid, unbranched, smooth,
leafless, erect
- flowers: bulblets at the ends of hollow stems that
may develop tail-like green leaves
- root system: fibrous roots from underground
bulbs
Duchesnea indica
Indian mock-strawberry
Duchesnea indica
Indian mock-strawberry
• Dicot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: low-trailing; spreads by creeping
stolons and forms dense patches
– leaves: trifoliate, toothed margins, born on hairy
petioles
– stems: trailing, spreading, reddish colored
– flowers: yellow, loose clusters
– fruit: small red strawberries
– root system: shallow fibrous roots and stolons
Oxalis stricta L.
Yellow Woodsorrel
Oxalis stricta L.
Yellow Woodsorrel
• Dicot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: a low growing herb that spreads by seed
and rhizomes
– leaves: trifoliate (three heart-shaped leaflets), have long
petioles
– flowers: yellow, arise in clusters, 5 petals
– fruit: cylindrical, pointed, hairy capsules that explosively
eject seeds
– root system: rhizomes and fibrous roots
Geranium
carolinianum L.
Carolina Geranium
Geranium carolinianum L.
Carolina Geranium
• Dicot
• Winter annual
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: a basal rosette producing a freely
branching stem with palmate leaves
– leaves: palmate, rounded, shallowly divided (usually into 5
segments), hairy on both sides
– stems: long, erect, and pink to red in color
– flowers: small, whitish pink to purple
– fruit: produced at the base of long styles
– root system: shallow taproot with fibrous roots
Dichondra carolinensis
Carolina Dichondra
Dichondra carolinensis
Carolina Dichondra
• Dicot
• Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: A creeping perennial with
circular leaves, primarily a weed of lawns
– leaves: Alternate, circular to kidney- shaped, with
continuous, untoothed margins and long petioles
– stems: brown to reddish brown in color, pubescent
– flowers: inconspicuous, in clusters in the leaf axils
Hydrocotyle umbellata
Pennywort (Dollarweed)
Hydrocotyle umbellata
Pennywort (Dollarweed)
• Dicot
• Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: mat forming, spreading perennial can
be found flowering during the summer
– leaves: alternate leaves have a circular shape with
rounded tooth along the margins. Each leaf grows on a
long petiole at the center of the leaf.
– flowers: occur in clusters at the ends of long stalks
Each small flower has 5 white petals
– seeds/fruit: The seeds form in a rounded, flattened
green fruit
Senecio vulgaris L.
Common Groundsel
Senecio vulgaris L.
Common Groundsel
• Dicot
• Winter or Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: erect, branched plant that can
produce seed 5 weeks after germination
- leaves: alternate, irregularly toothed to deeply
lobed; purplish underside, long matted hairs
- flowers: small, composed of yellow disk flowers
- fruit: achenes (single-seeded dry fruit); have
parachutes
- root system: small taproot and fibrous roots
Eupatorium capillifolium Lam Small
Dogfennel
Eupatorium capillifolium Lam Small
Dogfennel
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: tall, erect perennial with
finely dissected leaves that emit an
unpleasant odor when crushed
- leaves: finely divided, almost always alternate,
may be opposite near the base of the plant
- flowers: inconspicuous, near top of plant
- stems: erect, branched at top, woody near base,
reddish purple
- root system: fibrous root system
Gnaphalium purpureum L.
Cudweed ssp.
Gnaphalium purpureum L.
Cudweed ssp.
• Dicot
• Summer or Winter Annual, Biennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: low-growing plant with
white-wooly foliage and erect wooly stems
- leaves: alternate, white-wooly, and gradually
reduce in size and width, becoming linear
- flowers: small, tan to white, appear in clusters at the
ends of erect stems; bracts are brown, pink, or
purple
- root system: taproot with secondary fibrous roots
Murdannia nudiflor (L.) Brennan
Doveweed
Murdannia nudiflor (L.) Brennan
Doveweed
• Dicot
• Summer Annual – late blooming
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: annual with prostrate growth habit;
fibrous root system; problematic in late summer
months.
– Leaves: alternate, linear, approx. ¾-4 inches in length,
.08-.20 inches wide, smooth margins, soft hairs on leaf
sheath
– Flowers: 3 pink/purplish petals, appear on short stalks
in clusters
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers
Common Dandelion
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers
Common Dandelion
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: yellow flowers borne on leafless
stalks emanating from a basal rosette; milky sap
- leaves: arranged in a basal rosette, margins
deeply lobed, lobes point to the base
- flowers: bright yellow, consist of ray flowers
- seedheads: globe-like, grayish white; parachutes
- root system: thick, fleshy taproot that may be
branched
Hypochoeris radicata L.
Cat’s Ear Dandelion
Hypochoeris radicata L.
Cat’s Ear Dandelion
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Structures :
- general structure: basal rosette of leaves with
long, erect, branched stalks; milky sap
- leaves: hairy, irregular to rounded lobes
- stems: tall, branched, mostly leafless
- flowers: bright yellow, consist of ray flowers
- seedheads: globe-like, grayish white; parachutes
- root system: thick, long taproot that may be
branched
Plantago major
Broadleaf Plantain
Plantago major
Broadleaf Plantain
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: perennial from a basal
rosette with broad oval leaves
- leaves: smooth or slightly hairy, oval to
elliptic, waxy surface; parallel veins;
margins sometimes wavy
- flowers: produced on unbranched stalks
(scapes) that arise from the rosette
- root system: taproot with fibrous roots
Plantago lanceolata
Buckhorn Plantain
Plantago lanceolata
Buckhorn Plantain
• Dicot
• Simple Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: perennial from a basal
rosette with lanceolate leaves
- leaves: smooth or slightly hairy, linear to
lanceolate, parallel veins
- seedheads: produced on unbranched stalks
(scapes) that arise from the rosette
- root system: taproot with fibrous roots
Rumex crispus
Curly dock
Rumex crispus
Curly dock
• Dicot
• Winter Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: perennial weed with large turnip-like
leaves and a deep, fleshy taproot
– Leaves: Pinnate venation. Leaves are actually alternate at
the top of the tap root. The oblong leaves have a wavy
appearance.
– Flowers: Long green spikes which turn reddish-brown at
maturity at heights of 2-3 feet. Almost never produces
flowers in mowed turf.
– root system: Deep, fleshy tap root. Due to the lack of viable
seed in turf areas, curly dock spreads by root fragments
Solanum carolinense L.
Horsenettle
Solanum carolinense L.
Horsenettle
Dicot
•
• Complex Perennials
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: an erect, rhizomatus, branched plant;
vegetative parts are poisonous
– leaves: alternate, elliptic to oval, with wavy or 2 – 5
shallow lobes, star-shaped hairs, sharp prickles on midrib
and petiole
– stems: erect, branching, prickly, and hairy
– flowers: 5 white to violet petals with a yellow
center, similar to potato flowers
Diodia virginiana
Virginia Buttonweed
Diodia virginiana
Virginia Buttonweed
• Dicot
• Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: found growing in mats, flowers from
June through November
– leaves: simple, opposite leaves are lance shaped, and
often mottle yellow by virus
– stems: longitudinally ridged, hair along ridges
– flowers: solitary or paired flowers arise from the leaf
axils. 4 petals that are arranged to form a star-like
shape.
– root system: roots at the nodes
Verbascum thapsus
Common Mullein
1st year - rosette
2nd year - bolting
Verbascum thapsus
Common Mullein
• Dicot
• Biennial
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: Erect herbaceous biennial that can
grow to 2 meters tall.
– leaves: Basal rosette, 15-45 cm long. Oblong shape and
densely wooly.
– Stems: 1 to 2 m tall, stout, usually unbranched, wooly
– Entire plant extremely fuzzy
Euphorbia maculata L.
Spotted Spurge
Euphorbia maculata L.
Spotted Spurge
• Dicot
• Summer Annual
• Key I.D. Features:
– general structure: prostrate, branching, mat-forming plant
that exudes milky sap when cut
– leaves: opposite, oblong, green with a maroon blotch
– stems: pinkish and densely hairy
– fruit: 3-lobed, 3-seeded hairy capsules
– root system: shallow taproot with fibrous roots; does not
root at the nodes
Sedge characteristics
•Monocots
•Triangular stems
(unlike grasses)
•Stems are solid
•Thrive in wet or
poorly drained soils
Cyperus esculentus L.
Yellow Nutsedge
Cyperus esculentus L.
Yellow Nutsedge
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: a grass-like plant with
yellowish green foliage
- leaves: narrow, yellow-green, pointed blade tips
- flowers: yellowish to brownish spikelets in clusters
- root system: presence of rhizomes and tubers
- Leaf tip is narrow and comes to a point.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Purple nutsedge
Cyperus rotundus L.
Purple nutsedge
• Monocot
Charcoal colored tubers
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: A erect, persistent
perennial that may reach 2.5 ft in
height
- leaves: wide, dark green, blunt blade tips
- stems: erect, unbranched, 3-angled flowering
stems
- flowers: purplish spikelets in clusters
- fruit: purplish brown, three-angled achene
- root system: rhizomes with chains of tubers
Cyperus compressus L.
Annual sedge
Cyperus compressus L.
Annual sedge
• Monocot
• Summer annual
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: bunch-type growth habit
that typically emerges later in summer
than other sedges
- seedheads: clusters of flat, green spikes on
stalks
- root system: fibrous root system, no tubers
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb
Green kyllinga
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb
Green kyllinga
• Monocot
• Complex Perennial
• Key I.D. Features:
- general structure: mat-forming perennial sedge
that gives off fruity fragrance when cut
- leaves: dark green in color; waxy; taper to a
sharp point; no hairs; ridge along midvein
- seedheads: simple single roundish congested
head with three bracts below
- root system: red to purple rhizomes
Helpful resources for weed identification
• Title: Weeds of the South
– Authors: Bryson CT, DeFelice MS, Evans AW
• Title: Color Atlas of Turfgrass
Weeds
– Authors: McCarty LB, Everest JW,
Hall DW, Murphy TR, Yelverton F
• Title: Weeds of Southern Turfgrasses
– Authors: Murphy TR, Colin DL, Dickens R,
Everest JW, Hall D, McCarty LB
Helpful resources for weed identification
• Title: Turfgrass Pest Management Manual: A Guide
to Major Turfgrass Pests & Turfgrasses
– Authors: NCSU Crop Science Department
• N.C. cooperative extension agents
• Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide
– www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm
• NCSU TurfFiles Turf & Weed ID
– www.turffiles.ncsu.edu/turfid/itemselector.aspx
Turffiles Turf and Weed ID
Weed Management using
Turffiles