Cestode Lecture - - - Scott`s original notes

(j) Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Continued.
Class Cestoda
Q
Subclass Eucestoda
-12 orders in the group.
medical and veterinary.
1;.]e will talk about the most important,
(
Morphological Characteristics of Tapeworms .
Proglottids - Reproduc tive organs in a chain.
Many proglottids - Polyzoic, Body
Strobila .
~
proglottid are Monozoic. e. g. O. Caryophyllidea
[parasite of catastomid fish]
Usually strobila is segmented,
zone of muscular weakness at
the anterior and posterior ends of each proglottid.
-Some polyzoic, but lack segmentation .
-Others may have more than one proglottid per segment.
Each
organs.
contains
,.
1
or
more
sets
of
reproductive
-+
o
Proglottids or segments are produced near the anterior end of
the animal by asexual buddin
Strobilization .
-
Each bud moves
its place.
,
toward the posterior end as a new one takes
craspedote vs. Acraspedote . Velum not present. -
As the proglottid moves dO\vn the body or the Strobila,
sexually mature, in many cestodes, the testes mature first = Protandrous, or Andogenous. If female system matures first
Protogynous or Gynandrous. (
they
~
become Gravid proglottids (ones filled with eggs) break off the posterior end of
the worm and either disentegrate or pass out with the feces.
segments detach and leave with feces and disentegrate.
,)
-Apolytic -
~
-Anapolytic - segments stay attached and shed eggs into GI tract .
~ -Hyperapolytic -segments detach before becoming gravid.
The SCOLEX is the holdfast organ of the tape\ITorm, and this
equi p ped \vi th many different structures, usually thought to
at tachment.
may
aid
be
in
-roste llum, hooks, suckers, Grooves, Gl andular areas.
- t h e scolex is highly moveable.
We \ITill see this in the lab \IThen
we necropsy a rat that is infected with Hymenolepis.
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF CESTODES
Tegument.
+SEE HA-N!)f)~ 'Ov .. "" ',,,,,,,
."'"
-Cestodes lack a digestive system ,
nutrients through the body covering.
and
thus
absorb
al l
-surface cestode called the Tegument is covered
\ITith tiny fingerlike microtriches, analagous to the
microvilli of the vertebrate intestinal epithelium ( incre a se
in surface area).
-the tegument is a syncytium,
\ITith the cell nuclei or
perikarya communicating with the distal cytoplasm
via
trabeculae extending through the superficial muscle layers
and connective tissue.
Ib"'f ..
,,;~ ~O"
: ... (
e
L'I uscle system [see handout of tegument section]
Well developed, with circular, longitudinal, and transverse muscles. No evidence of striations. Excretion [See handout or Drawing]
SA..
\
--+
f' I .....~ ... ~
Protone hridia. Flame cells with cilia.
Ductules feed to the
main excretory ducts.
Most cestodes have dorsal and ventral
systems.
Dorsal usually reduced in size relative to Ventral
system.
This is one easy way to orient dorsal and ventral in a cestode,
ovary is also always ventrally oriented.
Fluid movement in dorsal duct moves
duct, toward posterior end.
toward scolex,
in ventral
Nervous System
-11<.
"......... J I Primitive Ladder type through the body.
The scolex has cerebral ganglia, and some motor nerve endings.
Physiological Systems.
-One mole of Glucose produces
cestode metabolic pathw·ays.
from 4
to 6 moles of ATP
in the
-Glycolysis is most important. The TeA cycle is non - existent as
a major source of energy production.
-There is an interesting Alternate Jl at~ of use of PEPyruvate,
one that can either degrade PEP to Py ruva ~ and then to Lactate,
or to Acetate, or Succinate via Malate.
(See handout) .
or
-Glucose is the
sour ce of ene t.gy,
shown to be used by the cestode.
3(,.0
S" L.."", \~
lipids have not been
OJ':>4 o d.
-b \Il co.. ..... &.
<''Yd#~
o(
Shit ~
+f,..,.
0
~ .....
6~L
Re p roductiv e systems:
V' (I...~
~c.
d.ow
)
\ ~ i ....
0..,.
t\o
;",,~u( ~'"
I
JA'f
~t...
O~
1;1
i
fovWl "
It ......
[ see lobaode!!l!t? ] - 8Q~-rJ(
Like that of a trematode, with minor modif·cations.
[Go over the handout]
(male system) - t es t e s vasa efferentia, vas deferens,
*external Seminal Vesicle.
Cirrus pouch, internal seminal vesicle, cirrus.
(Female system) - Ovary , vitellaria either diffuse or compact.
- [oogenotop]
Seminal receptacle, vagina, Uterus.
Fc../"h h~"
----- ---**
u
I
V'
O(;{V"
of'
~IQ,,,,.)
1/;1.11 •
Egg formation:
alii'
.,..,.
------------­
e.
~
: a
[1] Ova pass out of Ovary.
=
Ectol ecithal
prod. own yolk) Fert. occurs here.
~-------
IjI,J
[2]
[3 ]:
-Combine with vitelline cells [yolk and shell]
- Pass down oviduct through ( ootyp e] mehlis
gland produces membrane around the zygote.
[4]
Shell is formed from vitelline cells.
[5 ]
-Into Uterus, embryonation
Life cycles and General Biology.
e
[1]
- I p rli r e ct cycles
[ 2]
-Direct Cycles,
Most have this type.
Fe\v have this type.
Ge neral pattern that is found in most cestodes:
(,~draw
example)
.
(dont
•
Reproductive systems:
[see handout]
Like that of a trematode, with minor modifications.
[Go over the handout}
~ (male
system) - testes, vasa efferentia, vas deferens,
*external Seminal Vesicle.
Cirrus pouch, internal seminal vesicle, cirrus .
" r ' a either dif£u$~ or
system) - Ov '"ary, v itel12
[oogenotop]
Seminal receptacle, vagina , Uterus.
~ (Female
'V
;+.
.J,,/ :
-4
y~'1c. i sl.c ll 4"'......... \ 0'"
• ~(_t. ".,
--" ,.~. tP
"- s.~
________ -:c* 1¥
..~<
c o~
~ e/'
f~" ~"d fo •.,.,. . t'."".,/c.~u'
-/.D ....... ' 4.._ >\1 ,;H .
,.r'.
.r~.{
a~
0"" ......
~:)("UVS "' • ."c.
Egg formation:
[1]
prod.
[2]
Ova pass out of Ovary.
=
Ectolecitha l
y olk) Fert. occurs here.
(don't
o~~
-Combine \"ith vitelline cells [yolk and shell]
[3] -Pass do\..rn oviduct through ootype, mehlis
gland produces membrane around the zygote .
[4] Shell is formed from vitelline cells.
[5] -Into Uterus, embryonation
Life cycles and General Biology.
' ' ' '0 ~ ",".... 1 -4W"'~
~
[1]
-Indirect cycles
[2]
-Direct Cy cles,
<;:1 .(
Wt.
,, (.' <"i1l~.A 5" ••
C),c'.;}f
Most have this type.
Fe\" have this type.
General patternAthat is found in most cestodes:
l
C).f
l: I"
k ; do". y
( * draw example)
R~
.
, [ 1]
Embryogenesis results in an onchosphere larva.
( [ 2] Hatching after or before being eaten by next host .
( [ 3]
Penetration to parenteral (extraintestinal) site. [ 4]
Metamorphosis into a juvenile Me t aces t ode. (cIN.""J :"
[ 5]
Development
host . of adult
from metacestode
in
(dQ~""
..
d"
~.,." l AS.
s\ .... )
intestine
of
......
definitive **Several morphological types of larval tapeworms, we will discuss them \>]hen we get to the various orders in ~vhich they exist** : .f... o ..... I-;'O~
Order Pseudo hyllidea
Qfv f"I!J s .. ( ...... ~. *parasites of all vertebrate classes, not in chondrichthyes* Morphological Characteristics: -Scolex with grooves called Bothria. s
.. l'u.~1 ~
Vv~
.. S
,J.'!; ~'hl.t :!"'P
)",1
v
- li'.~:§he Lid
l ike a Hake . ­
-Female and Male genital pores open in a common Genital Atrium. -I~ MC SV~. ~;dJ/~
Qlo /.-i.J
.'" .
Family Diphyllobothriidiae
-Diphyllobothrium latum
"The broad fish tapeworm"
Distribution: No rthe rn He misphere.
Definitive host: Carnivorous (piscivorous) mammals, Man too.
In some areas of the world prevalence may reach 100% in the
human population.
-May reach 30 to feet long.
-I~
~"
,
Life Cycle:
Egg shed into water, Operculum opens and out comes a Ciliated Coracidium. Copepod ingests, larva penetrates into hemocoel (parenteral site). Infective to Next Intermediate Host. [ in fresh water = Cyclops = genus of copepod]---Human Ing ests Water. Sparganosis - Development of larva in parenteral site . Cy clops is eaten by a small fish, pleurocercoid develops in muscle. Small fish is eaten by large fish, Pleurocercoid migrates to muscle here. =(paratenic host) not required by parasite, but will do \lell until
transfer to the definitive host occurs.
Carnivore eats large fish, Cestode develops in the Intestine.
e
Humans become infected with either larval or adult stages depending on
\·!hich stage they ate or were exposed to.
Other species cause infections in man besides Diphyllobothrium however,
the larval stages are difficult to identify .
Three main modes of infection:
~
Ingestion
of 2nd into host and aquisition of adult cestode in
gut.
[2] Ingestion of 1st into host (copepod) - Pleurocercoids dev e l op ,
in body .
Infection may occur via
split frog applied to eye,
Chinese remidy}}
transfer of pleu.rocercoid
infl a med vagina, or wound.
() ,
1..l'/JQb.l~r:"1-
~s ~o<!,· ••JC"~
•
h«..... ; ~p ... C.4
from a
{ (Old
~
; ~ u~v ... lt)
... ,.u..
(iJo/"-1. ..
N ..... +~
...,_
~ ,';<o.{4"'{.C, .
(1 )
[Adult worms in intestines]
-Vermino u s Intox ication
-Pernicious Anemia, Worm absorbs vit B1 2 , and outcompetes host for this
vitamin, the host becomes anemic because of the lack of vit b12 ..
( 2)
[Sparganosis]
-Inflammation of organs caused by spargana in them .
-Lumps in connective tissue, or in eye, etc .. ,
Di a gnosis and Treatment:
Eggs or proglottids passed in feces.
Drug of choice Cucuberin, developed from cucumber seeds.
For Spargana-Surgical excision .
o.
Cyclophyllidea
Morphological characteristics:
-Single compact vitelline gland.
-Scolex with four suckers .
-Genital pores all lateral
family, Mesocestoididae
in
proglottids.
Most cestodes of birds and mammals ar e in this order
Some species are large » 30 feet , most are s mall .
-No species with adults in fish.
But
for
one
O. Cyclophyllidea
Morphological characteristics:
-Sin le compact
vitell~e
gland.
-Scolex with four suckers. -Most with 1 set of reproductive organs/segment. -Genital pores all lateral
., ..... family, Mesocestoididae
in
proglottids.
But ~ cestodes of birds and mammals are in this order
-
Some species are large »30 feet, most are small.
-
-No species with adults in fish.
Family Taeniidae
-
Taenia
Ribbon. Contains most of the medically important cestodes. -Most with armed rostellum. --
-Testes few to Numerous. -Mammals are intermediate hosts.
---==
-Largest of the cyclophyllideans. -Larval
forms
are
bladderworms
of
various
types. cys ti ce rc us.
A fluid filled bag with the scolex
Drawing of a cysticercus.
inverted into it.
If a carnivore eats this, the bladder is
digested mvay and
!.-I­ ... I
strobilization begins .
Sl
1.. .1
I
""D=r-"a""\v,-"i"",n.!.lg~...:o""f,=-...:e",,g
......
g.
Taen i i d eggs have a characteristic striated
The outer
appearance,
surrounded by a thin outer membrane.
membrane is usually lost in the feces.
[1]
Taenia saginata
also called Taeniarhynchus saginatus
-the beef tapeworm.
Morphological characteristics.
-lacks rostel l um or hooks on the scolex.
tI"'1
sl ,I ..
- ,t ;hese
,re present in the
through study of ontogeny.
larval form of this species,
Thus the genus Taenia!!
evident
-Mature pro g lottids are wider than long. with 300 - 400 testes.
-G r a vid prog l ottids are longer than wide with a uterus that
characterized b y having a me dia l stem with late ral b ranches.
is
-Eggs are t l pical taeniid eggs with a striated appearance.
,Life Cycle :
- human in the natu ral d efini tive hos t! !
-this worm can grow to be 20 - 30 feet long .
[1]
Apoly tic Segments detach when g ravid and mi g r a t e Qu t of
the _anus
or are d e p osi ted 'tZ,j.. th
e_~ .
- lU ghl y mob il ecrawl about on the
ground, like independent organisms .
Uterus ruptures and eggs spill
out.
- Infective ­
t
[2)
Cattle are intermediate hosts -=Measly Be e f - a cmv that is
infected.
~
-egg hatches and typically penetrates the small intestine
of the
Any muscle of the
CO\v and emerges into the blood system .
the cow can be infected.
body of
[3)'
Humans are infected \vhen they eat raw beef with the
cysticercoids.
-bladderworm evaginates in small intestine of human and
develops to '
maturity.
Jt- D Htr~
'b ut~Qn'
'
·
Mo s t p r eya lenl; in Africa
commonly. -Associated
d isp osal.
with
low
and South America where beef
levels
of
sanitation
~ Epidemiology:
O.,e.
f
J
f
I.
..,.$D .... ",~1c.c~"''''''i
' .....
·
-.'
III
..... .,...,..,-«.
17__
..1
"f~
-
and
is
poo r
eaten s e wage
I' "" _ _ .' i'fl~ ( . . I,--,~ .. r
I. f-
c-..
cJ "" ~'vO>
I./(
,
In India moslems may have high prevalence of infection . Hindu people are not affected, due to their eating habits. "''f I rI'~
~--I "Y tAo,:S •
Control:
~ Proper di spos a l of sewage and cooking meat before eating .
--.. Free]fing beef in deep f reeze kl/I ~ -J-L. J••.,..... .
Pathogenesis: (!I'S
1116'" j _{~~ I ..... +0 "-... IM."' .... $
.
Vermino u s intoxi cation with
Delirium is possible, " l-;;,.o=s ,;;;s.......~...;:;;j~:;..:;..;;.;;:";O';;
ain,
liiO-I"-1...;-.....:.o.;;... Q
~ che,
Ik 10"
,
Psychological trauma observing large motil e proglottids moving
around
a fresh stool) 0'- r ..... v-I:"'~ .t> .. ~ e+ -J4 o.V\vS . a.~ .... J:,,'1¢.r ~Q""-/.).
Diagnosis: :
c-4-flt:.
1/
~
('0 ...
J
oJ.
I,
-Gravid proglottid with 15 - 20 lateral branches on each side of
main stern of uterus. S C D/~x
Treatment
Niclosamide .
Taenia solium
~'<The
pork
tapeworm~'(
,Morph olo g ical cha racte r i s t ics:
~~~Q ~ ~
_
Scolex - with two cir c l e s of non- retractible
.-J
hooks.
- About 1 mm in diameter.
Strobila 6 - 10 feet long. Mo." b
IDot1' ,
Mature proglottids wider than long with 150 - 20 0 t es tes .
Gravid proglottid like T . saginata but with only 7 - 13 lateral
branches per side.
o Life
cycle;
-
Human is definitive host.
1]
Proglottids
before! !
0:
?
pass
with
feces ,
infective
when
passed,
and
Pigs (swi ne ) eat them and become the intermediate host .
~ f ~:~ s/~"Jor.. IoU ~
b
c ,..-. f"'a.. ,. ('­
[in swine it it called Cysticercus cellulosae] ~
[2]
Cysticerci develop i
muscles of
humans
when raw pork is eat ~~
cysticercus evaginates
[ 3]
adult in
about 6 weeks.
in small
i
...o_
. .
and are transferred to
intestine and develops
to
Epidemiology:
The cycle is prevalent where ~nitary conditions exist and
is commonly eaten, undercooked.
R~
® Control:
Cook or freeze pork before eating
l'
c
;Vb Jl
I
a
I
4
( pi q'
, ,tJ
a
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' .
.,'y,.:~\ "'~400t,~Cystic ercosis:
.,f '''"~~
humans .
disease
by
caused
larval
,
fly
taeniid
.",{<!~c.,L
•
,.,
cestodes
in
"_"J
Fecal contamination of food stuffs ~is dangerous because the
cysticerci can develop in the human and cause severe damage to
organ systems of the body .
0 -Infection:
~os+-.
.,0 duoJaV'o"'­
Eggs hatch in the rim. a ll) intestine .tl f
(D.
-Route of infection:
be carried there due
route may occur.
I
)",j.
Pr o glottid may mi grate up Aor t he e ggs may
to rev erse ,il eristalsis, o ~ the fecal _ oral
t3)
~-hexicanth
embryos penetrate the small intestine and then migrate
to a l l organs of the body where they !;ncyst J ~ "",~ !t hi
t
J
.....
•
£"""S l'
4
+-L...s IL
v :~ ~ }CG&
'"
O-'j"'.
most common I7 [1] c onnective tissue
[2] eye
[3] brain
!(
1% of removals
melanoma
of eyes
in US
caused by T. solium mistaken for
-
-1 s y_ mptoms: vague paralysis, blindness, hydrocephalus, epilepsy .
-usually, diagnosis is made at autopsy when the eNS is involved.
-May become metastatiC :l-
<:'':''\15
"", ...
~Si\l1L 0 .....1"''''' J,"'IMA.'j
V'S ...... lly
- long term cases
~
-calcify- ,
resulting in blindness , etc ..
Other taeniids that may be encountered, see Schmidt & Roberts for
more .
I.
serialis-canid parasite, sheep may
@ Taenia
__
serialis
-causes
~e
into host.
~
Ill e
or staggers in sheep, ~vhen sheep.
infected with the larva l cestode in the ~.
~.
O
-larval stage is called a c o enerus , ~vi th many
developing ins ide the bladder.
~ r ot oscoleces
I\~"' ' '~' ' '\ 1"'",..,
CJ
~ ~ _1
'f'
\~
....
~c1 fJ'f'l)"tts~df!~f's
i ..".{.u.Jl~.c... 7(1
de..t. hOfi.
,j
~""I'fl- ~5
.
C)
drawing:
6
&
••
...
•
0
(»Taenia pisiformis "fr 0y ote
~ T.
parasit~Ent .
hos t i s r a b bi t]
taeniaformis in cats , with voles the intermediate host.
J
[
os a WI C?..
'" ""+~d" ; ~ ; ( ,
f' J... t Co. 1h.t s c.
_
Echinococcus spp.
Smallest cyclophyllidean, looks like a minature
segme nts besides scolex and neck.
~
Caus es a disease called Hydat i dosis .
•
f o ur species known.
Def. host
~ g r a nulosis
Wolf/Dog
~ ~ . multilocularis
~ J;;. v ogeli
~ £.
r'
Wolf/Dog
Taenia.
Adul ts
have
;£....... ;1'1 . about
3
Larval stages are large, called Hydatids.
Int. Host
Distribution
Moose / Reindeer/Cattle/Llamas
Cosmo p olitan wl..~~ ... t.ol"'s
• .I"'5S ,'"­
(other herbivorous mammals) Dy ne . Ho i !FAeie ]
6o""h) ...·h .. .
Voles=Field mice
Holarctic
Bush dog/Dog
o ligarthrus
r~J"'" s
~ ........ S<L)dc.~4<o.;.c/
S . america
Felids
S . america
granulosis - the bladder worm of this species causes CYSTIC HYDATID DISEASE. -usual intermediate host is sheep or moose . Sylvatic cycle is wolf - moose, or caribou . Domestic cycle is dog - she e p, or other herbivore. Gene ral biology :
e
Egg is ingested, hatches and penetrates to the portal-circulatory s y stem .
Live r and lungs are the most common sourc e s for infection.
]i'onns a cyst with up to 15 liters of fluid in the c y st J
;'"
",L...,.
1.,.~.,.Il ~Q"'b,II(3"""
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host:
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