A design to save the “Serre landscape” in Salento (Italy) from

Transcription

A design to save the “Serre landscape” in Salento (Italy) from desertification
A f s t u d e e r p l a n Simona Serafino
Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam Landschapsarchitectuur 2012-2013
Afstudeerplan Simona Serafino
21 september 2012
Fig. 1(Front page).The effects of desertification during the summertime in the countryside of Salento.
In the back the typical lame, flat valley in the region rich of terra rossa.
They represent the main agricultural areas, while outside these areas low hills of carbonate rocks are
for grazing.
Burgemeester Meinesztraat 9b
3022XE Rotterdam
T 0617807529
E [email protected]
Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam
September 2012- August 2013
Landschapsarchitectuur
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
THE CONTEXT
THE RESEARCH TOPIC
THE RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT
CASE STUDY
MY FASCINATIONS
FINAL PRODUCT
COMMISSION
PLANNING
LITERATURE
pag. 5
pag. 13
pag. 17
pag. 21
pag. 27
pag. 31
pag. 33
pag. 35
pag. 37
pag. 41
Abstract
Desertification is one of the most important and dramatic manifestations
of the climate change occurring in the recent times. Although invisibly,
it relentlessly progresses and comes to concern ever more areas. The
Mediterranean Region, due to climatic, geological, and anthropological
conditions and transformation, has come to be seriously endangered
by this problem. The Peninsula of Salento, the southestern most
Italian province, is a very interesting case study to understand how
desertification progresses and what are its natural and anthropological
roots.
This graduation proposal moves from the belief that desertification,
despite being a very complex problem, can be approached as a
landscape problem in its broadest sense. As this graduation proposal
explains, the management of the territory has by far quicker and
more dramatic effects on desertification that long-lasting natural
transformations. Therefore, a design-headed approach can introduce
elements, suggest practices and prescribe rules which can prove very
useful in halting this process.
To design against desertification consists in a multi-scale process, which
starts from the big, territorial scale to find out the problems, suggests
general strategies, gives these strategies a shape in form of a masterplan
and ends up at the very local scale suggesting specific solutions. This
research project will follow this process step by step. The first part will
be the elaboration of a new water cycle at the regional scale, which
aims at re-establishing a water balance. Accordingly to the findings of
this introductory part, a proper design phase will follow. A small section
of the Peninsula of Salento will be chosen, for which a masterplan will
be drawn up. The masterplan will be headed to recreate an harmonic
coexistence between nature and water-demanding functions such as
housing and agriculture. Within the frame of this masterplan, a part will
be studied in detail (until the 1:500 scale). At this scale a formal design
process will occour, where elements in the space will be accomodated
or created according to their maximum water-conservation performance.
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
Desertification is a threat for the Mediterranean Region
Desertification is one of the most important and dramatic manifestations of the
climate change occurring in the recent times. Although invisibly, it relentlessly
progresses and comes to concern ever more areas. The Mediterranean Region,
due to climatic, geological, and anthropological conditions and transformation,
has come to be seriously endangered by this problem. This graduation proposal
will focus on a part of a province of Southern Italy, the Peninsula of Salento, as a
case study, to find out a strategy to halt the process of desertification.
Desertification is a worldwide rising and still undervalued problem. It consists
in a long-lasting process involving areas all over the world. The most recent
statistics prove that up to 30% of the global land surface is currently experiencing
desertification; such phenomenon concerns 110 countries and is estimated to
cost US$42 billion a year. In comparison to other phenomena connected to climate
change, however, desertification is a silent process, which does not manifest itself
in sudden, extreme semblances. Therefore, it tends to be underestimated.
Desertification involves relevant territories beyond suspicion in Europe, and
demands for urgent solution strategies which apply at different scales and fields.
The first scientific definition of desertification was given in October 1994 in Paris,
at the “International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Affected
by Serious Drought or Desertification”: Desertification is the land degradation
of arid, semiarid and dry-subhumid areas resulting from various factors
Fig.2 Desertification in the central Mediterranean region. The color’s gradient shows the
advancement of the process of desertification from the southern countries of the Mediterranean to
the northern ones. (source: website www.zeroemission.eu)
5
Fig. 4 Climatic regions of Italy and meteorological stations.
(source: www.soilmaps.it).
6
Fig. 5 Areas potentially at risk of desertification, soil regions and
pedoclimatic desertification risk. (source: www.soilmaps.it).
including climatic variations and human activities. Land degradation is to
be meant as the reduction or the loss of the biological or the economic
productivity of rained or irrigated cropland, woodlands and forests. In recent
years most international research, debate, sensitization, and law-making activities
have been brought forward by a United Nation organ, the UNCCD (United Nation
Convention to Combat Desertification).
According to UNCCD the problem of desertification is increasingly affecting the
North Mediterranean Region. While desertification in North Africa and Middle East
is a self-evident phenomenon, whole provinces of southern European countries
are being more and more affected. In the European Union two-thirds of Spain,
the Algarve and the Alentejo regions in Portugal, the whole Mezzogiorno area
in Italy, the southern part of France and most of the Greek islands are afflicted
by desertification. This problem rose in the last century and grew serious in the
last decades, when a significant reduction of rainfalls has been observed. The
roots of the phenomenon, however, have to be found in the crisis of agriculture
corresponding to the 20th-century city-focused economic growth model.
Fig. 3 Aridity Index.
(source: www.soilmaps.it).
7
Fig. 6 The structure of the of the traditional landscpae is still visible in the countryside.
8
Fig. 7 The massive cementification on the coast (Lido Marini).
Desertification in Italy
Countryside has been progressively abandoned, with special regard to the
most critical spots such as marginal, easily eroded hillsides, or cultivated with
chemical, aggressive products to enhance the production in order to feed the
growing urban population. Overbuilding, bushfires and wrong management of
water resources are further factors that stress the soil. Desertification in Southern
Europe, therefore, relies significantly on human factors and is closely linked to the
impoverishment of the cultural identity of a macro-region, which was once the
nest of the western civilization.
As the core of the Mediterranean region, desertification affects also Italy. Studies
to map the desertification risk in Italy prove that up to 30% of the whole national
territory is undergoing a desertification danger. Southern most regions, such as
Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily and Sardinia show an advanced desertification
process, which is slowly moving northwards affecting territories such as Tuscany
and Emilia Romagna, ever more vulnerable to the intermittency of the rainfalls.
Most relevant indicators, such as water consumption growth, aridity index and
density of vegetation cover, show a dramatic situation, which has to be addressed
urgently. A simple formula helps understanding the hydrological balance. When
such balance is positive, it can be expressed as follows:
water withdrawal from the terrain.
In the case of Salento, as in that of any territory running into desertification, this
formula is flipped:
A < B+C
Water consumption (C) has grown up to 30% in the last thirty years, whereas
Sicily, Puglia and Sardinia show aridity indexes lower than 0,65, thus comparable
to those of desert territories.
Main causes of desertification in Italy consist in a wrong management of the
A > B+C
where A is the meteoric water, B the water transpiration from the terrain and C the
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Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of ESAI in Apulia Region- Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index. (source:
G. Trisorio Liuzzi, G. Ladisa, Gli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici sull’agricoltura: dal contest
europeo al contest regionale, in Atti della conferenza nazionale cambiamenti climatici, 2007 – pdf)
10
2. Data collection
The following data of the physical environment and land management characteristics are
required for the definition of ESAs to desertification: (a) soil data, (b) vegetation data, (c)
climate data, and (d) land management characteristics (Fig. 14).
SOIL TEXTURE
ROCK FRAGMENT
SOIL DEPTH
PARENT MATERIAL
SOIL QUALITY
DRAINAGE
SLOPE GRADIENT
RAINFALL
Fig. 9 Distribution of regional surface of ESAI- Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index. (source:
G. Trisorio Liuzzi, G. Ladisa, Gli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici sull’agricoltura: dal contest
europeo al contest regionale, in Atti della conferenza nazionale cambiamenti climatici, 2007 –
ARIDITY INDEX
CLIMATE QUALITY
ASPECT
ESAs
FIRE RISK
EROSION PROTECTION
DROUGHT RESISTANCE
VEGETATION QUALITY
PLANT COVER
LAND USE TYPE
LAND USE INTENSITY
MANAGEMENT QUALITY
POLICY
Fig. 10 Distribution of provincial surface in ESAI- Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index. (source: G.
Trisorio Liuzzi, G. Ladisa, Gli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici sull’agricoltura: dal contest europeo al
contest regionale, in Atti della conferenza nazionale cambiamenti climatici, 2007 – pdf)
Fig. 14. Parameters used for the definition and mapping of the ESAs to desertification.
Fig. 11 Parameters used for the
36 definition and mapping of the ESAs to desertification.
(source: The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use, ESA Manual PDF 1999).
11
Fig. 12 The landscpae mosaic.
(source: VIGANO’ P., 2000. Territories of a new modernity. Electa, Napoli).
12
Fig. 13 The landscpae mosaic.
(source: VIGANO’ P., 2000. Territories of a new modernity. Electa, Napoli).
2. THE CONTEXT
sezione B - interpretazione identitaria e statutaria
The landscape mosaic in Salento area, Apulia region
A
B
C
Salento delle serre
Salento is an area in the Apulia region, in the south-eastern part of Italy. It is
a 140000-ha-big peninsula, which lays 70 km far from Albany and 90 km from
Greece, in the core of the Mediterranean area. Rich in history and culture, it
presents some typical characters of the Mediterranean civilization, consisting
in a landscape structure where few relevant urban centres are located. Little
affected by the industrial economic boom which Italy experienced in the postwar decades, Salento has stick until recent times to an economic model focused
on agriculture. Its landscape mirrors it. Most of Salento’s green surface (89%) is
represented by anthropic vegetation. The landscape matrix is dominated by some
typical, identitary elements: centuries-old olive trees cultivation is by far the most
relevant one. Masserie (big, 19th-century stone farm buildings nowadays at most
abandoned) and dry-stone walls as separation between plots are other relevant
elements. Besides agriculture an heterogeneous landscape made of canals,
groves of reeds, quarries, beaches and dunes, cliff vegetation, typical salt steppes
of Mediterranean areas and wine’s orchards (19%) consist in a relevant land
portion. Finally, urban areas (10%) consist in a dispersed system of small villages,
which are currently developing along the infrastructural system and along the
west coast, where a massive touristic development has already upset the dunes
landscape.
SEZ. B2 - RAPPRESENTAZIONE IDENTITARIA: ESTRATTO DELLA CARTA DEL PATRImONIO
Fig. 14 The Serre area of Salento.
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Litologia
Calcareniti a grana fine, prevalentemente marnose (Pietra Leccese)
Calcareniti organogene, calcari detritici compatti
Calcari organogeni e detritici, compatti e tenaci; calcari dolomitici e dolomie stratificate e fratturate
Sabbie, sabbie limose, calcareniti, calcareniti marnose
14

Fig.
a
“raft”:scheme
15
Salento as

(Source: VIGANO’ P., 2000. Territories of a new modernity. Electa, Napoli)

A f s
t ud e e r pl an Simona Serafino
Hydrological situation of Salento
Salento is quite homogeneous with regard to its hydrogeological profile.
The territory is mostly made of calcareous rocks, which stand on top of the
seabed. Underneath them, at a depth of ca. 200 m below sea level, seawater of
Adriatic Sea (East to Salento) and Jonic Sea (westwards) meet. Such a formation
makes the accumulation of significant hydric resources possible.
Calcareous rocks are very permeable to the infiltration of meteoric waters, which
penetrate the terrain until they get to the salty water layer. Meteoric soft water is
lighter than salty seawater, thus it lays on top of it without mingling. The repetition
over time of such a process has made a consistent groundwater accumulation
available.
Such richness, however, is compensated by the complete lack of surface water
sources. Drinkable water is therefore mainly provided by the Apulian aqueduct.
Its network, which dates back to the beginnings of 1900s, serves most villages in
Salento as well as in the rest of Apulia.
Fig. 16 Detail of the typical calcareous rock in one of the dry stone wall.
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Fig. 17 Sea water intrusion 1900.
Fig. 18 Sea water intrusion 2000.
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Fig. 19 Risk for the floodings.
3. THE RESEARCH TOPIC
The territory of Salento is regarded as an area with a high risk of desertification
because of some of its hydrogeological and eco-biological characteristics.
Desertification is the final result of multiple imbalances caused by human
activities and long-term consequences of current climate changes.
A major problem with regard to desertification risk is water provision. As
mentioned above, water provision in Salento relies the most on the Apulian
aqueduct. Urbanization of Salento region, however, features ever more a sprawled
model. A number of houses and farms lie away from the aqueduct’s network.
In such situations wells have been dug (sometimes with authorization, some
others without) to draw on groundwater. This increasing process has brought
groundwater to a situation of hydric stress, which manifests the most during
summertime, when a strong anthropic pressure on the coast areas due to tourism
is coupled with drought.
The uncontrolled fresh water withdrawal from the deep ground has caused a
decrease in the quality of drinkable water. Its reduction in quantity has attracted
seawater ever more to the interior, which has resulted in contamination of
groundwater. Salinization of groundwater is regarded as one of the main risk
factors to desertification because it brings to a consequent vegetation reduction.
The increase of salinity in wells is acceptable up to a certain point, beyond
which it will not be possible to use them until a long-term process of soft water
provision will be completed.
Moreover, the permeable nature of calcareous rocks favours the underground
infiltration of any superficial water, both meteoric and waste ones, which bring
with themselves pollution when not properly purified.
The dramatic expansion of urbanized areas and impermeable surfaces which
has occurred in the last decades and has not been supported by a consequent
expansion of the sewage network has brought to an uncontrolled amount of
polluted water to infiltrate underground and compromise groundwater.
In 2000 the Province of Lecce and the office Secchi-Viganò drew up together a
Territorial Coordination Masterplan, which took all these problems into account.
The Masterplan suggested the need of creating a new water cycle capable of
halting desertification in the Salento. The plan proposed four strategic themes,
which were to be adopted by every municipality as guidelines:
1) Study on water’s percolation to the aquifers, marking lithological differences in
the substratum which define soil’s permeability.
2) Treatment and recovery of waste waters by using different purification
techniques.
3) Regulation of surface waters in order to favour the highest recovery of
meteoric and waste waters possible to be used for non-drinking purposes and for
the refill of the groundwater accumulation.
4) Mitigation of the groundwater salinization process in order to halt seawater
ingression and groundwater’s loss of quality.
17

Fig. 20 Vulnerability of the water bearing.
18
Fig. 21 Functional scheme for the safeguard from the sea water intrusion proposed in the Territorial
Coordination Masterplan. My starting
question for my graduation project is: Is it possible formulate a
new strategy?
(Source: VIGANO’ P., 2000.
Territories
of a new
modernity.
Electa, Napoli)

What is important to know is how the water machine works now and how
it worked before the big transformation of the landscape. Several important
changes in the course of the years occourred, coupled to the transformation
of the landscape during the 20th century. The anthropic preassure during the
summertime on the coast area, the reclamation of the wetlands into agricultural
uses and the urban expansion have put significant preassure to the water system.
The study of the water machine includes the groundwater in the underground
layer, and the superficial water on the surface layer. These two layers of the water
machine, separated by the calcareous rock, reflect precise forms and values of the
landscape, which are going to be the ingredients of my design proposal.
The need of a naturalization strategy
The Territory Coordination Masterplan also addresses another point, which has
to do with Salento’s territory eco-biological profile. Such profile consists in an
additional factor to desertification. Since Neolithic times natural vegetation has
been changed with agriculture. This has completely modified the landscape
matrix, which today is represented in strong majority by the agricultural mosaic,
especially by the olive trees cultivation. Currently just 5,5% of the total surface
is covered by natural or semi-natural vegetation. Such a low percentage is
not able to contrast irreversible phenomena connected to climate change
and desertification and it doesn’t contribute to CO2 reduction. The Territorial
Coordination Masterplan suggests therefore the need to start policies of
widespread nature which take into account all components of the environmental
mosaic.
Fig. 22 The desertification effect on one the Serre. The presence of a small church gives the idea of
how the hill was accessible and liveable before the abandone of it.
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Fig. 23 Concarplan is a reference masterplan for Porto Santo Island in Madeira Archipelago. It was a competition won by OD205 and Haskoning in 1977. The main intention of the competition was to suggest how to
halt the degeneration processes redevelop a new natural environment, improving the living standards of the local population.
20
4. THE RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT
How the natural system work?
This graduation project will focus on actions and strategies to halt the
desertification process in the Salento area. The project will move along several
lines at different scales. First of all, the elaboration of such actions and strategies
implies as a starting point a research phase headed to a deep understanding of
the factors which influence desertification risk. As argued above, water provision
is the main topic to this extent. The first part of the graduation project, thus,
will consist in a broad study on the water cycle in Salento. This will result in the
elaboration of a new water cycle at a regional scale. Consequently to conclusions
that will be drawn in the first part, a second, design-centered part will follow.
This part will consider a limited, emblematic part of the area. Here design will deal
with the territory at different scales, from that of the masterplan to the one of the
detail, suggesting ways in which major water-consuming elements and practices
can be rethought in order to perform more sustainable.
In the design phase I would like to study a new housing development integrated
in the landscape which can answer at the touristic demand. The research for this
purpose is going to look for old constructive tecniques realized with dry-stone
walls of water reuse and water uptake for agriculture uses.
Aspects to be deepened in this phase will come as a consequence of the analysis.
A renaturalization strategy could be designed integrated in the housing complex
as important issues to be considered in the small scale design.
The starting point for the elaboration of a new water cycle will be an accurate
balance of the current hydric situation in order to understand how much water is
available in the system and where it comes from. In this phase it will be important
to look carefully at the whole water cycle to understand the key imbalance points.
The knowledge and interpretation of the current situation will give instruments to
propose an alternative water provision strategy based on an alternative model of
water uptake.
The end of this phase will be a regional model to redevelop a new natural
environment.
A reference project for this phase is the Concarplan. It is a competition won in
1977 for Porto Santo island, in Madeira archipelago, by the office OD 205 and
Haskoning. Concarplan suggests how to halt the degeneration processes by
redeveloping a new natural environment, improving the living standards of the
local population.
21
Urban wastewater treatment and reuse
Urban runoff treatment in a cascaded wetland system
reusing urban wastewater:
recycling H2O & P+N
to vitalise landuse
Ridge city
City Edge
Forest
Bufferzone
Precision agriculture
Extensive grasslands
Functional nature zone (300m)
Ecological purification
Paralell wetland and
dike
Lake with ecological bank
Fig. 24 Hadimkoy (Istanbul), The ridge city, H+N+S Landschapsaarchitecten. Urban wastewater is treated and reused for irrigation. At the same time, urban runoff is treated in a cascaded wetland system, paralel to
the basin preventing direct runoff . The run-off water is cleansed into the lower zones of the basin.
22
Elaboration of a new water cycle:
an alternative way of water uptake
The second part of my research will be the study of a significant section of the
landscape, to formulate a new model of water uptake. Such model will consider
new strategies and ideas for alternative sources of water provision related to the
features of the landscape. This study will consider a range of aspects as possible
fields of intervention for new techniques of water provision. Agriculture and
housing as major water-demanding activities will be the focus of the research.
Hadimkoy, the ridge city in Istanbul, is my reference model. It is designed by
H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten and presented at the Biennale of Rotterdam.
The aim of the ridge city is to treat urban waste water and reuse it for irrigation
uses, activating a new landscape. In Hadimkoy the run-off water is cleansed in
the lower zones of the basin and the black city water is treated and used in a zone
of precision farming.
Sustainable tecniques of water uptake
In this part of the research it will be looked with interest at some techniques of
water uptake at the small scale, which have been used along history in some
desert regions. The research will base on the work and experience of Pietro
Laureano, an Italian architect and UNESCO consultant for the arid zones, who
gathered in the book Water Atlas – traditional knowledge to halt desertification
ancient building techniques capable of taking up water from the atmosphere and
recovering rainwater.
To find out new water sources to play a role in a new water cycle can apply to
agriculture as a possible design field. At a first glance, techniques related to the
arid-culture practices reported by Pietro Laureano may consist in one example of
good agricultural practices. A pilot project of this kind, called the hortus of Tu’rat,
is already present in the Salento area. It was built in 2010 in the countryside of
Ugento. It aims at using an ancient technique of arid-culture constructing drystone walls to condense the water present in the wind, using it for agriculture.
This old technique was used 9000 years ago in Israel in Negev region afflicted
by desertification. The dry-stone walls, built in the half-moon shape, work as
condense captors. The walls, placed in South-West direction, catch the water
present in Libeccio wind, which comes full of water through the Mediterranean
Sea.
23
Fig. 25 Orto dei Tu’rat.
24
Fig. 26 Detail orto dei Tu’rat.
The karst walls, with almost the same condensing capacity of the glass, catch
the water present in those winds draining it in the soil during the night hours,
maintaining it humid during the night. In the experiment of Cosimo Specolizzi,
the creator of the Hortus of Tu’rat, fruit trees and ancient plant that can live
without the presence of the water were planted, improving local vegetations in a
sustainable way.
The second way to catch more water could be cleaning urban waste water
reusing it for irrigation use, through the creation of a new sewage system. In the
masterplan a new touristic housing development could be studied integrated in
the Serre landscape.
Fig. 27 Good practices against the erosion problem.
(source: OD 205, HASKONING,”Concarplan”, Ekistics 254, january 1977)
25
Fig. 28 The serre’s Joniche area .
(source: Google Maps).
26
Fig. 29 The Serre Joniche’s area.
5. CASE STUDY
Case study: the Serre Joniche’s area
Within the large Salento province a limited portion will be chosen to apply design
strategies related to a renewed water management and provision. Such portion
will be that of the Serre Joniche. It consists in a part of land ca. 32km long. Its
northwestern most limit is the town of Gallipoli, which consists in the biggest
and only historically relevant centre on the coast; it extends then southeastwards
parallel to the coastline until Leuca, with an average depht of 15 km. What is
interesting about this area as a case study is an interesting geomorphological
articulation, whose landscape values are endangered by a number of criticities.
Within the Salento area this portion is one of those undergoing the highest
desertification risk.
The word Serra refers in Italian to low hill formations. The Serre Joniche area, also
referred to as the Salento of the Serras, is made up by two main landscape areas:
the coastal landscape and the hill landscape, which includes the valleys between
the hills.
The coastal landscape
The coastal landscape is characterized by a variety of morphological systems,
the most interesting of which is that of the dunes. These structures consist in one
or more parallel lines, behind which there used to be humid areas which have
been reclaimed. The only water source in the coastal territory are the irrigation
canals, which were created during the reclamation and remodelled with concrete
riverbeds in the 1950s. The dunes system shows up mainly in the area next to
Gallipoli and in that between Torre San Giovanni and Torre Mozza. These areas,
once abandoned because of the swamps have changed much during the 1900s. As
a consequence of the swamps reclamation, the creation of canals and basins and
the plantation of new vegetation to stabilyze the area, these areas have proved fit
for a massive touristic invasion. This development, coupled with coastal erosion
and abandonment of canals and basins, consists in the main risk factor for the
coastal landscape.
The serras landscape
Serras are low reliefs (they don’t overcome 200 m on sea level) which develop
southeastwards and converge in the Leuca’s headland (Finibus Terrae). They are
made of a calcareous base dating back to the cretaceous age and characterized
by calcareous dorsals which feature woods or olive trees cultivations, in between
of which frequent sandy and clayey depressions find place. The geological variety
of the soil reflects in an important subterranean hydrography, made of 14m-deep
groundwater by the valleys, which favoured in time the localization of human
settlements. Such settlements were also advantaged by the protection of the hills
against autumn southwestern winds. Superficial water is characterized by the
27
Fig. 30 One of the agricolture canal ending in the sea. Baia Verde, Gallipoli.
28
Fig. 31 One of the artificial basin, in the former wetlands area.Torre Pali, Ugento.
presence of some endorheic basins, that is half-epigeal and half-hypogeal areas
which don’t end up in the sea but in an internal, depressed area called doline or
chasm. After meteoric events such carsic formations work as natural drain to the
groundwater.
The critical points which characterize this area are caused by the alteration of
the balance between superficial and subterranean hydrology. On the one hand,
groundwater counts on soil’s and superficial formations’ naturalness as a
condition for the collection and the percolation of meteoric water. Soil, however,
is more and more occupied by buildings, streets and impermeable surfaces which
break the continuity of dolines and chasms and increase the risk of floodings. In
even worse cases, carsic formations are used as final destinations for sewage
waters. On the other hand, the increasing occupation of urban settlements
rises the water demand and brings to the digging of wells, which depauperate
groundwater and favour the ingression of the saline wedge ever more to the
interior of the territory.
Fig. 32 View on the urbanization in the sandy valley, from one of the Serre. Alliste.
29
Fig. 33 Academy Project Zeuws Vlaanderen P4b.
30
6. MY FASCINATIONS
Since I came in The Netherlands, I began to be fascinated by the theme of the
abandoned land. I started to look for abandoned areas all over the country. I
noticed a big difference between Italy and the Netherlands. While in Italy the
abandoned areas have an identity as No Man’s land, in the Netherlands the few
existing ones are areas awaiting a decision, as temporary areas.
I started to get interested in the beatification that Gilles Clement made of them.
After reading The Manifest of the Third Landscape and The Garden in Movement
by G. Clement, I started to develop my own personal ideas about them. In the P6
project in Venice I worked on several abandoned islands of the Venice Lagoon and
analysing the biotops I saw that these islands have a high biodiversity. The result
of the project was a poetic design for the islands of the Lagoon to make them
accessible.
In P4b project I worked on the Staats-Spaanse Linies in Zeeuws Vlaanderen. After
the analysis I decided to design the space between the two lines giving back its
original meaning of No Man’s Land. Through an ontpoldering strategy I gave
back space to the nature designing a new wetlands area.
The theme of the abandoned and awaiting lands is also a very central one in the
case study of my research. Salento’s territory has been undergoing a complex
process of land abandonment in the past decades. Agricultural territories have
been left behind in the urbanization process. Now some of them lie abandoned,
some others are experiencing a sudden, frenetic real estate development, which
bases on no strategic view at all.
My graduation project aims at approaching the general land transformation
process as well as specific case study proposing a vision in which such waiting
areas are given a new meaning.
31
Fig. 34 The hystorical city of Gallipoli.
32
Fig. 35 The dune’s landscape.
7. FINAL PRODUCT
During my Tentamen 2 I receved a commentary about the missed link between my
background as an architect and the current education in landscape architecture.
What I would like to do for my graduation proposal is to fill this gap, finding out a
strategy to combine the two different scale.
The result of my graduation project will be a booklet including:
Analysis results of the water circle.
Regional model design. The new scenario at the regional scale for a new water
cycle will include :
- Maps at 1:25000 scale
- Schemes to understand the new hydrological strategy
- Sections 1:20000 scale
Masterplan scale:
- Maps at 1:2000 scale
- Sections 1:2000 scale
- 3D Views
Design (zoom of the masterplan):
- Maps 1:500
- Sections 1:500
- Collages
Fig. 36 The irrigation system in the olive’s cultivations.
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Fig. 37 Cyclists along the agriculture pathways.
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Fig. 38 Capers plant’s on the calcareous rock.
8. COMMISSION
MENTOR
Lodewijk van Nieuwenhuijze
H+N+S Landscapsarchitecten
Soesterweg 300
3018 BH Amersfoort NL
[email protected]
www.hnsland.nl
tel. 033-4328036
MEMBER OF THE COMMISSION
Jana Crepon
Inside Outside
Eerste Nassaukade 5
1052 BP Amsterdam NL
[email protected]
www.insideoutside.nl
tel. 020 6810 801
MEMBER OF THE COMMISSION
Giovanni Luca Tramutola
Landscape Architect freelance consultant
Member of the Landscape Commission of Unione Comuni Jonica Salentina –
Lecce Province- Italy
Balistraat 2C
1094JL Amsterdam NL
[email protected]
www.sap-gt.com
tel. ++31(0)622592664
ADVISORS
Prof.ssa Paola Viganò
Studio Associato Bernardo Secchi Paola Viganò
Project Leader of the Territorial Coordination Plan for the Province of Lecce
Prof.dr Cohen Ritsema
Head of the department in Land Degradation and Development GroupWageningen University- Italy
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Fig. 39 Red earth at the foot of the Serre landscape.
36
Fig. 40 Centuries-old olive tree.
9. PLANNING
Schedule before the public presentation
7th September 2012: Handing the Afstuuderplan
21th September 2012: Public presentation of afstuuderplan
The graduation time lasts 42 weeks. Every block takes a range of 8 weeks.
The last block concludes the Tentamen 3.
PART 1
Analysis of the water cycle(21th September – 11th November 2012, week 38-45)
It will plan an excursion of 4 days at the site to collect analysis materials,
photographic materials and to meet some experts (geologist, water expert,
agronomist, meteorologist, etc..)
- hystorical analysis
- analysis of the current hydrological system
- evolution of agriculture
- etc.
In the first part it will start a research about naturalization issue.
1st commission (week 45)
PART 2
Ending of the analysis and formulation of the regional model
(12 November - 18 January 2013, week 46-3)
- working out the designing tools of naturalization in the different landscape
frames
- research on good practices of land use to halt desertification
- choice of the small scale design (prototype, new sustainable housing complex?)
30 November Mentorengesprek
2nd commission (week 51)
PART 3
(19 January -17 March, week 4-11)
- ending of the regional model
- starting of the masterplan fase: study of a relevant section of the landscape
Meeting with the expert on desertification issue Coen Ritsema (Professor at
the University of Wageningen, Head of the department of Land Degradation and
Development Group).
3rd commission (week 7)
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Fig. 41 Agriculture terrace.
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Fig. 42 Agriculture terrace on the coast.
PART 4
(18 March-12 May, week12-19)
- ending of the masterplan fase
- small scale intervention
Planning an excursion in the area with the commission.
Meeting with Paola Viganò (Professor at the University of Venice and project
leader of the Territorial Coordination Masterplan for the Province of Lecce).
22 March Afstuudeersalon and public presentation
4th commission (week 11)
PART 5
Detail (13 May-29 July, week 20-29)
- details, producing materials.
5th commission (week 20).Green Light
Tentamen 3 (week 26).
Fig. 43 Typical farmer’s house built with the technic of the dry-stone wall, remodelated as
a touristic accomodation.
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Fig. 44 Abandoned houses (typical Pagghiara) realized with the technique of the drystone wall.
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Fig. 45 Abandoned house (typical Pagghiara) realized with the technique of the dry-stone
wall along one of the road.
10. LITERATURE
ANCONA V., DELIA E.B., LOPEZ N., PAPPAGALLO G., VITO FELICE URICCHIO,
2010-A Modified soil quality index to Assess the influence of Soil
degradation processes on desertification risk: the Apulia Case.- CNR
National research Council., IRSA Water Research Institute- Bari, Italy.
CALIANDRO A., STELLUTI M., 2005-Ruolo dell’olivicoltura nella lotta alla
desertificazione- CNLSD-Bari, Italy
DELLE ROSE M., DE MARCO M., FEDERICO A., FIDELIBUS C., INTERNO’ G.,
ORGIATO W., PISCAZZI A., - Studio preliminare sul rischio di desertificazione
nel territorio carsico di Lecce.- Taranto, Italy
LINIGER H., CRITCHLEY W.2007. Where the land is greener. Case studies and
analysis of soil and water conservation initiatives worldwide. Wocat, Bern
MEIJSMANS N., 2010- Design for a region- Sun Academya, Amsterdam
MONTANARELLA L., 2010 Indicazione delle aree vulnerabili alla
desertificazione in Puglia. European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Envirnment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
JOSE’ L. RUBIO & LUIS RECATALA’, 2006- The relevance and consequences
of mediterranean desertification including security aspects, Valencia, Spain
OD 205, HASKONING 1977-Concarplan. Ekistics 254, january 1977
DOGLIONI A., SIMEONE V., 2010- The influence of climatic changes on
aquifers of Salento area- south Italy- Bari, Italy
LAUREANO P., 2001 Atlante d’acqua, conoscenze tradizionali per la lotta alla
desertificazione. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, Italy
LAUREANO P., 1995, La Piramide Rovesciata, il modello dell’oasi per il
pianeta Terra. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.
PARISE M., PASCALI V. 2003- Surface and subsurface environmental
degradation in the karst of Apulia ( sothern Italy)- Bari , Italy
KEPNER G. W., RUBIO J.L., MOUAT D.A., PEDRAZZINI F. 2010. NATO Security
through Science Series- C: Environmental Security- Desertification in the
Mediterranean Region- Springer, published in cooperation with NATO Public
Diplomacy Division, Milton Keynes, UK
41
Fig. 46 The burned serra.
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Fig. 47 Burned serra.
VIGANO’ P., 2000. Territories of a new modernity. Electa, Napoli
Consulted website
PIANO PAESAGGISTICO REGIONE PUGLIA
www.paesaggio.regione.puglia.it
PIERO CASTORO, Fontane di rugiada http://www.vglobale.it/index.
php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2034&catid=345%3Amare+no
strum&Itemid=2&lang=it
TEODORO GEORGIADIS
Il Giardino Pantesco – Un’Altra Dimensione del Clima
“Air Wells, Dew Ponds and Fog Fences “Methods to Condense Atmospheric
Humidity” di Robert A. Nelson (Rex Research).
PIETRO LAUREANO
http://www.laureano.it/web/?page_id=8&language=it
COSIMO SPECOLIZZI Orto dei T’urat: dal Salento un’arma contro la
desertificazione.
MERIDIANI http://ortodeiturat.blogspot.com/2008/05/meridiani.html.
ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI OCEANOGRAFIA E GEOFISICA SPERIMENTALE http://
www.ogs.trieste.it/
ADRIANO MAZZARELLA CLIMATOLOGO
Università Federico II: I pozzi di rugiada (dall’aria venne l’acqua).
www.meteo.unina.it il Napoli del 3.04.2010
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Afstudeerplan Simona Serafino
21 september 2012
Burgemeester Meinesztraat 9b
3022XE Rotterdam
T 0617807529
E [email protected]
Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam
Landschapsarchitectuur
September 2012- August 2013