Lecture 15 - Rio Hondo Community College Faculty Websites
Transcription
Lecture 15 - Rio Hondo Community College Faculty Websites
Today Abnormal Psychology General Information About Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders History of Psychological Assessment How are disorders classified? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – (currently in the 4th edition: DSM IV) – Focuses on the symptoms of disorders What kinds of problems might come from using a Diagnostic Manual? The problem with a DSM – Labeling people – People judge someone that has a diagnosis differently than someone that doesn’t In the 1950’s: – Only 60 disorders defined Now: – Over 400 disorders Then: homosexuality was a mental disorder Another problem Labels aren’t always correct – 8 psychologists went to a mental hospital complaining that they heard voices (they were faking) All eight diagnosed as mentally ill No symptoms shown after the hospital admitted them Doctors discovered the causes of their symptoms as mixed emotions during upraising Kept them for up to 19 days 1 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizo - means split Phreno - means mind Not a split in the mind, as with multiple personality disorder Mind split from reality Example of Disruptions of Language “Don’t touch me! Especially don’t touch my shoes! I like my shoes. They have special powers. The movie can’t start until I remove my shoes. Choose…Choose… Juice… Do you like juice?” Disruptions of Attention and Perception Problems directing their own focus and attention Breakdown of attentional filter Noises louder & colors more intense Disruptions of Thought and Language Incoherence Poverty of speech Loosening of associations Clang associations – Linking rhyming words Lack of insight Disruptions of Attention and Perception Hallucinations (auditory, & visual) – false sensory experience that has a compelling sense of reality 2 Disruption in Motor Skills and Life Functioning strange facial expressions peculiar sequence of gestures agitation or catatonic immobility Types of Schizophrenia 1) Schizophrenic Paranoid systematized delusions (false beliefs) extensive auditory hallucinations think others are conspiring against them Types of Schizophrenia 3) Schizophrenic Catatonic Episodes of being withdrawn and non communicative frozen or excited motor behavior Limb will stay in the position you put it Disruption in Motor Skills and Life Functioning limited social skills can't cope with school or hold a job ignore personal hygiene Four Types of Schizophrenia 2) Schizophrenic Disorganized eat dirt or own body products silliness, incoherence, unclean Four Types of Schizophrenia 4) Schizophrenic Residual/Undifferentiated absence of delusions, hallucinations, & incoherence flat affect, peculiar behavior 3 Identify which type of Schizophrenia is demonstrated below Mickey laughed while a doctor was telling him about an accident his mother had been in Donald believes he is he King of France and that people around him are plotting to take him down Tweety was finally caught by Sylvester when he was unable to run, because of getting stuck in one position Bugs lost his job due to poor hygiene and his inability to communicate to customers Neurological Causes of Schizophrenia Enlarged ventricles Shrunken Hippocampus Genetic Causes of Schizophrenia Heritability Index of 46% For fraternal twins only 14% chance Children of a Schizophrenic patient: 14% chance Causes of Schizophrenia 1) Biological Tissue loss Causes of Schizophrenia 1) Biological dopamine hypothesis – overabundance of dopamine – Leads to overactivity – May be the basis for hallucinations and delusions Causes of Schizophrenia 2) Psychological early childhood experiences – Neglect – Physical abuse – Sexual abuse 4 Causes of Schizophrenia Causes of Schizophrenia 3) Sociocultural 8 times more schizophrenics among poor people poverty or social stress trigger schizophrenia or schizophrenics can't hold jobs which leads to poverty status 4) Diathesis-Stress Model predisposition for schizophrenia triggers when person encounters great stresses Treatments for Schizophrenia Insulin Coma Therapy In the past – Most schizophrenics locked in asylums – Given Sedatives – Mid 1930’s: Insulin Coma Therapy Treatments for Schizophrenia Late 1950’s –First true drug for treating Schizophrenia –Antihistamines (as now taken for allergies) Now –Dopamine Blocking Drugs Give patients Insulin – Aids in the digestion of glucose (sugar) When enough insulin was given, patients went into a coma – 1-10% mortality rate Main treatment used through the 60’s Anxiety Disorders Stress and anxiety are normal If it becomes intense and persistent, it may be an anxiety disorder – Panic disorder – Phobias – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 5 Panic Disorder A disorder where one experiences panic attacks – Panic attack: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, dizziness Often misperceived as a heart attack – Some people may have one panic attack and never have another Panic disorder is having multiple attacks Phobias An irrational fear that disrupts behavior Fear is normal- this is fear that persists and does not allow you to continue your life Arachnophobia: fear of spiders Agoraphobia: fear of open spaces and crowded areas More on panic disorder Stimulants can increase the likelihood for an attack – Cigarettes especially 1 in 75 have this disorder Can become cyclic – One may become terrified of having a panic attack, which leads to anxiety, which causes another panic attack BUT… who can forget Automatonophobia – Fear of ventriloquist's dummies Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia – Fear of the number 666 Paraskavedekatriaphobia – Fear of Friday the 13th. Trichopathophobia – Fear of hair Pteronophobia – Fear of being tickled by feathers Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia – Fear of long words. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Starts with: traumatic stressuncontrollable feelings Symptoms: haunting memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, insomnia, jumpy, feeling numb Combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, sexual assault victims Possibly due to a link in the amygdala to the traumatic event Mood Disorders Two main types: – Major Depressive Disorder Prolonged feelings of helplessness and lethargy until it rebounds to normal – Bipolar Disorder Alternating between depression and a mania (overexcited) state 6 Major Depressive Disorder Two or more weeks of being depressed – Diminished feelings of pleasure in most activities Treatments: – Commonly biological Prozac, Zoloft: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors – Makes more serotonin available More likely to effect women Bipolar Disorder Depression + mania – Mania: wildly optimistic state Overactive, elated, little need for sleep, fewer sexual inhibitions Possibly leads to reckless investments Men and women equally effected Highly genetic: Heritability index: 90% Treatments: – Lithium: unsure of why it helps 7
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