New Technology for Multifamily_Pesce

1/6/2012
New Technology for Multifamily
Matt Pesce, P.E., Facility Strategies Group, LLC
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1/6/2012
O
Overview
i
• Cogeneration
• Domestic Hot Water
• Case Studies in Multi-family Housing:
• Condensing Gas Storage DHW System
• Indirect Instantaneous DHW System
• Hybrid Geothermal System
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Cogeneration Systems
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E i
Equipment
t ttypes
• Micro-turbines
•
•
•
•
•
Manufacturers – Capstone, Ballard, Cummins, Ingersoll
Hi h ttemperature
Higher
t waste
t heat
h t
Higher installed cost, $1,100 – $1,850 / kW
Modular, 15 - 60 kW
Equip. eff., 18-27%; overall 65-75%
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E i
Equipment
t ttypes
• Natural gas engine generators
•
•
•
•
•
Manufacturers – Tecogen, Ingersoll Rand
L
Lower
ttemperature
t waste
t hheatt
Lowest installed cost, $575 - 1,225 / kW
Modular, 1 – 5,000 kW
Equip. eff., 22-40%; overall 70-80%
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E i
Equipment
t ttypes
• Fuel cells
•
•
•
•
•
Manufacturers - Ballard Power, Fuel Cell Energy, Pure Cell
Hi h ttemperature
Higher
t waste
t heat
h t
Higher installed cost, $5,500+ / kW
Modular, 100 - 250 kW
Equip. eff., 30-63%; overall 55-80%
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System configuration
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• Distributed generation
• Equipment designed to generate electricity near the building
load
• Cogeneration
g
• A system designed to generate both electricity and thermal
energy
• Generating both hot and cold water production from waste
heat is often referred to as tri-generation
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Thi d P
Third
Party
t O
Ownership
hi
• Allows non-profits to leverage available federal and state
tax credits
30 % federal credits for renewable systems
10% federal credits for cogeneration
39% federal new market tax credits
Renewable energy credits (RECS) vary by state and utility
based on renewable portfolio standards (RPS)
• State income and property tax credits vary by state
•
•
•
•
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Wh t iis a power purchase
What
h
agreement?
t?
• A contract to buy power or energy from a company other
than the utility
• The seller commonly develops and owns the technology that
generates the electricity
• Contract terms may hold for up to 20 years
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P
Power
Purchase
P h
A
Agreements
t
• Used for cogeneration, central plants, renewable systems
• High first costs can be bought down through tax credits and
d f d payments
deferred
t
• Can be coupled with a performance contract or completed
as stand alone projects
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P
Power
Purchase
P h
A
Agreements
t
• The building owner purchases the energy through a
commodity rate or an equipment lease
• A thi
thirdd party
t sells
ll th
the excess energy to
t other
th parties
ti or th
the
local utility
• The owner must allow access the equipment
• Typically,
y
y the energy
gy is separatelyy metered
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Cogen Case Study
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C
Cogen
S
System
t
• Reading, PA
• 2 story row style buildings
on district heating loop
• 400 apartments on boiler
loop; 102 additional units
getting electricity
• One of several retrofits
completed as part of an
EPC
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P j tO
Project
Overview
i
• Comprehensive energy finance and rehabilitation project
for Reading Housing Authority
• $6 M invested
i
t d across portfolio
tf li plus
l $760
$760,000
000 ffor
cogeneration
• Cogen, energy management controls, thermostats, zone
controls, security systems, new doors, ventilation
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P R t fit
Pre-Retrofit
• Space heating – Large central boilers
• DHW – Tankless hot water coils
Post Retrofit
• No change to heating and hot water
• New Cummins 334 kW gas engine generator with plate
heat exchangers
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Cogen System
Cogen in Sound Enclosure
Heat dump
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DHW System Types
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St
Storage
v. Instantaneous
I t t
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Di t v. Indirect
Direct
I di t
• Direct – self-contained
system that utilizes energy
to pproduce DHW.
• Gas-fired and electric
tank-type and tankless
water heaters
• Indirect – Extracts energy
from a heat transfer
medium that was created
using a separate fuel
source
• Tankless coil or storage
p
boiler
tank with a separate
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H t Pump
Heat
P
Water
W t Heater
H t
• How it works:
•
•
•
•
•
Extracts heat from ambient air
Intensifies heat with compressor
D li
Delivers
hheatt tto stored
t d water
t
Exhausts cooler air
Utilizes electric element for backup
• Limitations:
• Location must have average
g ambient tempp of
40 F, at a minimum.
• Needs ~1000 cf or air space surrounding it.
• Efficiency: EF = 2.0 or more
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C d i G
Condensing
Gas W
Water
t H
Heater
t
• How it works:
• Same as gas water heater, except…
• Utilizes the latent heat of water produced from
the burning of fuel to increase its efficiency
• Efficiency:
• Thermal efficiency 95%
• EF of approx. 0.80 to 0.90
• Storage temperature affects condensing
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S l Hot
Solar
H tW
Water
t H
Heater
t
• How it works:
• Direct – pumps circulate domestic
water through collectors.
• Indirect – pumps circulate heat
transfer fluid through collectors and
heat exchanger, which transfers heat
to the domestic water.
• B
Back-up
k heater
h t usedd to
t top
t offff
preheated water
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Geothermal
S
Solar
G l thH
Hott W
Water
lH
Hot
t tW
Water
Heater
H tt H
Heater
t
• How it works:
• Copper ground loops circulate refrigerant.
• HX utilized to transfer heat from refrigerant to incoming water, which is
heated up to ~115degF and stored in a pre-heat tank
• Conventional water heater utilized as backup and to bring water to desired
temp.
• Limitations:
• Need ground surface area in order to install ground loops.
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DHW Retrofit Case Studies
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C d i Gas
Condensing
G St
Storage DHW
• Wilmington, DE
• 12 story high rise senior
building
• 180 apartments (177 units
occupied)
• One of several retrofits
completed as part of an
EPC
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P j tO
Project
Overview
i
• Comprehensive energy finance and rehabilitation project
for Wilmington Housing Authority
• $6.2M
$6 2M invested
i
t d in
i 1358 apartments
t
t comprised
i d off 8
developed sites and numerous individual scattered site
buildings
• How water replacement was completed at three high rise
buildings
• Aerator and shower head replacement in all buildings
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P R t fit
Pre-Retrofit
• Space heating – gas-fired fire tube boiler with hydronic
baseboard fin tube distribution
• Summer
S
DHW – Jarco
J
bboilers
il
• Winter DHW - Instantaneous (tankless hot water coils)
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H tW
Hot
Water
t H
Heating
ti B
Boiler
il
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Tankless
T
kl Coil
C il (Winter
(Wi t Operation)
O
ti )
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E i ti DHW B
Existing
Boilers
il (Summer
(S
Operation)
O
ti )
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U i l t d St
Uninsulated
Storage Tank
T k (Summer
(S
Operation)
O
ti )
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Effi i
Efficiency
IImprovements
t
• New equipment
• Condensing tank-type water heaters
• AO S
Smith
ith Cyclones,
C l
96% thermal
th
l efficiency
ffi i
• Existing storage tank left in place
• High efficiency non-condensing boilers
• Lochinvar Power Fin, 87% peak efficiency
• Water efficiency retrofits
• Niagara, 1.5 gpm shower heads, 1.5 gpm kitchen sink
aerators, and 1.0 gpm bath aerators, and Mansfield 1.0 gpf
toilet
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Hi h efficiency
High
ffi i
bboilers
il
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C d i D
Condensing
Domestic
ti H
Hott Water
W t
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S i
Savings
• After adjusting the above summer gas usage for reduced DHW demand
due to low flow plumbing fixtures, DHW savings were determined to be
19%.
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I t t
Instantaneous
IIndirect
di t DHW
• New York City, NY
• 32 sites, campus style
developments with mid &
high rise buildings
• Retrofits were completed
as pilot installs of this
t h l
technology
bbefore
f
implementing portfolio
wide
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P R t fit
Pre-Retrofit
• Space heating – central boiler plant with dual fuel fire tube
boilers producing low pressure steam, underground
distribution and radiators in apartments
• DHW – Indirect storage tanks in basement of each building
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C t l Boiler
Central
B il Pl
Plantt
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E i ti DHW IIndirect
Existing
di t St
Storage T
Tanks
k
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DHW Efficiency
Effi i
IImprovements
t
• PVI Industries Heat Exchanger – vertical tube and shell
design, insulated, duplex/redundant
• New
N condensate
d
t pump system
t
• Savings expected from:
• Reduced standby losses
g )
• Condensate sub-coolingg ((170 to 130 degF)
• Operating steam pressure as low as 1 psi
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I t t
Instantaneous
Domestic
D
ti Hot
H t Water
W t
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S i
Savings
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H b id Geothermal
Hybrid
G th
l DHW
•
•
•
•
•
Tarrytown, NY
Franklin Towers
10 t building
10-story
b ildi
81 apartments
Project included this single
retrofit
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P R t fit
Pre-Retrofit
• Space heating – Two oil-fired steam boilers
• DHW – Indirect 1,350 gal storage tank
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E i ti B
Existing
Boiler
il
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E i ti DHW IIndirect
Existing
di t St
Storage T
Tankk
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DHW Efficiency
Effi i
IImprovements
t
• Earthlinked ground source heat pumps
• Ground loops, spread throughout ~700 SF of site surface
area
• Bradford White eF series Commercial Water Heater
• 1300 gal storage tank (existing)
• Existing DHW system left in place for redundancy; will only
used when maintenance is done on new system.
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H b id Geothermal
Hybrid
G th
l Domestic
D
ti H
Hott Water
W t
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Fuel Savings
• Approximate 75% decrease in fuel used to heat DHW
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Electric Increase
• Approximate 10% increase in electric, with weather adjustment.
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Net Consumption Savings
• Approximate 66% net decrease in energy used to heat DHW.
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S l Hot
Solar
H tW
Water
t
•
•
•
•
•
Los Angles, CA
Maravilla Senior Apts
(4) 2-story
2 t senior
i bbuildings
ildi
150 apartments
Project included solar
thermal, condensingg
DHW, lighting, water,
xeriscaping, and solar PV
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Solar Project
• Maravilla Site
•
•
•
•
•
Proposed Size: 300 kWdc
Production: 478,000 kWh
st ated cost without
t out ccredits:
ed ts $$2,310,000
,3 0,000
Estimated
Term: 15 years
Cost after tax and production credits: $732,000
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Solar Thermal Installation - Construction
Solar Storage Tanks
Rooftop Collectors
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• Comments/Questions:
Matt
a Pesce,
esce, P.E.
Facilities Strategies Group, LLC
1012 Market Street, Suite 307
Fort Mill, SC 29708
(803) 548
548-3905
3905
[email protected]
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