Cephalopods - Liceo Statale Regina Margherita

Alunni della IIS Scienze applicate
I-III-VN, IIIM Linguistico
Docente Marilena Loia
Hi,
I’m Tim
As saying,I have
the ability to resist
the current and
the movement of
the waves ...
I’m an
organism of
the nekton
…unlike my friends,
the planktonic
organisms…
….something
Today, I will tell
you…
We are each a
little ' different
from ' other….
about me and
my brothers
…but all
togheter we
are the
cephalopods
We belongs
to the
Clams
Not only,
Tom
Me too, Tim
We are all
brothers : snails ,
squid, cuttlefish ,
mussels , oysters
...
..octopus. By the way,
here is Tam : I have his
picture to remind me of
him , which left to go in
the big blue , in our
ecosystem.
that long
tentacles !
The marine ecosystem occupies almost entirely the
hydrosphere. The sea is a unique ecosystem. In its simplest
definition an ecosystem is the product of an active interaction
and interpenetration of a biotope and a biocoenosis .
For biotope mean the inorganic fraction , That Is to say the
seabed , the water , currents , winds , etc . for biocenosis the
organic fractio
This is made ​up by the subsystem of the producers , which in
the sea is represented by bacterioplancton , phytoplankton and
algae macrophytes , and the subsystem of consumers ,
made ​up by the animal world .
Finally there are the breakers that , at different levels , reconvert the organic matter in the forms reusable by
photosynthetic organisms and / or consumers .
Cos’è
l’ecosistema
marino, Tim?
But in what
conditions
is the sea ?
I remember a few
days ago , when I
went to explore a new
corner of the
Mediterranean Sea
and ...
Not that
good…
…. Look here what
I’ve found!!
From what? From a
sperm whale ?
Ciao Tem,
What are you doing
here?
Here 's even
worse ! You're
right , man has
really gone too
far !
No, I run
away from
this sea so
polluted! It’s
all man’s
fault…
I’m
trying to
escape
In this way he
harms the
ecosystem ..
Look, there’s
Tom too!
Yes , but I
warn you ,
I'm slow ...
Come along
with us
away from
this place !
Finally a bit of clear
water , pure!
Here the ' man still has
not arrived ..
You are right
Tim! I hope
that the man
will correct
soon!
All the ocean
hopes this…
But now it's time
to talk a about Ma
us ora è il
momento di
..
parlarvi un po’ di
noi..
Eh, yes I do Sì, ma vi
think so… avverto,
sono
lento….
We Cephalopods, are divided
into two subclasses :
Nautiloids and Coleoidi .
In the first one there are the
Nautilidi , with our Nautilus
.
In the second there are
cuttlefish , squid and calamari
, and are called
Decapodimorfi , and then ,
you octopus and squid
vampires , the
Octopodimorfi
But how
many of us
!
Call me
vampire but I
don’t suck
blood !
It 's true ! We are not the
monsters !
We Cephalopods are an
important link in the food
chain and help to maintain
the balance of the sea .
The man , instead ..
.. He consider us
, at best , as
food ..
He doesn’t know that
we are able to adapt
to different
environments and
situations ..
and possess
sophisticated
Abilities.
Our brain has
many neurons
and it’s useful ,
for the man , to
study the
operation of
yours.
We need our
gills to breathe
and also to
feed
But now it's
time for a bit '
of music ..
All for you!
Yup! There we
sing four songs
..
We are squids
predators of the seas
With 10 Tentacles
We do miracles
We use the ' ink
and flee in the blue
but if you WANT A
monster
do not look down
here
We are cephalopods , anytime
we must fend pollution
A little 'respect we want from
the man
We risk our skin because he is
not good
So we say : that’s enough !
Stop being such a caste !
Get off the podium
For you, we have any praises
You have to change your ways
My life , brother
is as good as yours
We are a ring
of a long chain
If you want harmony and do
not want pain
accepts your party of the
scene
Because even here under the
sea
we know that to love is to
respect !!
…Under the
sea
With
cephalopods
The Cephalopods are
animals characterized
by a bilateral symmetry
of the body , bye a
prominent leader and
tentacles.
The Cephalopods are an ancient group
appeared in the late Cambrian , several
million years before the most primitive
fish began to swim in the oceans
The Cephalopods
occupy most of the
seabed extending
from the abyssal
plain to the sea
surface
he Cephalopods are
considered the most
intelligent
invertebrates . They
have developed a
sensory system and
a large brain
Cephalopods
are the kings of
camouflage
To defend themself the
Cephalopods use a bag
full of ink , spraying it to
the confuse predator so
they can escape. For this
reason they are called "
mkfish "
The Cephalopods can
move very quickly and
have a very acute vision .
Thanks to these features
they can capture their
prey and escape from the
predators
Cephalopods are
active predators that
feed on crabs , shrimp
, fish , shellfish and
other bivalves and
cephalopods
The Cephalopods are
among the most
common forms of life
in the oceans .
Currently there are
about 800 species of
cafalopodi
The Cephalopods are very
fascinating creatures and
play a key role in the
marine ecosystem ,
indeed are very important
for humans .
Squiddy
says
Goodbye
Sites:
e-Study Guide for Biology: The Dynamic
Science, textbook by Peter J. Russell
www.thecephalopodpage.org
Wikipedia
www.mapoflife.org
www.mar-eco.no
Thanks for watching
Made by
Martina
Cammarano,
3M
Liceo Statale
Regina
Margherita
The invertebrate animals , belonging to the class
Cephalopoda , appeared for the first time in the
Cambrian but only as big oceanic species .
Currently among the cephalopods we find , as the
main representatives , squid , octopus, squid ,
cuttlefish , nautilus , divided into two major
subclasses :Coleoidea and Nautiloid
In the first we find the ten tentacles molluscs
( Decabrachia ) , such as the squid , and the eight
tentacles molluscs ( Octobrachia ), such as the
octopus. In the second subclass we find the
Nautilusa
kingdom Animalia
phylum Mollusca
class Cephalopoda
subclass Coleoidea
superorder Decabrachia
Order Sepiida (cuttlefish )
Order Bobtail squid ( sepiole )
order Spirulida
Order Squid ( calamari )
superorder Octobrachia
Order Octopoda ( octopus )
Order Vampyromorphida ( vampire squid )
subclass Nautiloid
Order Nautilida ( nautilus )
 Cephalopods are all molluscs . They are
animals that are found in all tropical and
temperate waters of the world , while only
a few species are also present in the Arctic
and Antarctic.
 Preferably live on rocky bottoms although
some prefer the sandy bottoms
 They are nektonic and benthic organisms
The molluscs are a group of
invertebrates and live both in
terrestrial environments (
snails ) that in aquatic
environments ( squid ) .
The main groups are :
Bivalve : their shell has two
valves .
Gastropods : the feet are more
developed and are attached to
the bag of the viscera
Cephalopods: feet / tentacles
sticked to the bag of the viscera
 Their name derives
from the greek " kephale
= head " and " pous ,
podos = foot " according
to the transformation of
the foot in tentacles that
surround the mouth .
 Their characteristic is to
have a symmetrical body
divided into a head ,
torso , tentacles and
funnel
 The body ,
.
that can be long
from a few centimeters to
several meters , can be
fusiform as for the squid,
saccular as for the cuttlefish ,
while for the octopus his body
encloses a large cavity in
which are contained the gills
and viscera , and in which
there
are
also
the
reproductive
organs
and
excretory .
 The skull is cartilaginous and contains a very
differentiated brain. It is the greatest of all
the invertebrates with sense organs
well
developed
 Thanks to their developed brain , cephalopods
are able to remember and learn from their
mistakes .
 In the head two eyes are placed, well
developed and evolved , able to distinguish
objects and colors . A Exception are
Nautiloid’s eyes more rudimentary
 Under the head the funnel and the gland black
are placed, serving respectively to the
movement and the defense of the cephalopod
The mouth, located at the center of the
tentacles , has two jaws similar to the
parrot’s beak.
 Inside the mouth it is a radula , a particular
structure which can be found only in shellfish. and
is a kind of rasp thanks to which the animal '
graters food.
At the central part of
the head and all
around the mouth
are the tentacles or
arms in varying
numbers :
in Nautiloid are
arranged in two
concentric crowns
and are very
numerous (80 to 90 )
, thin, and with the
most apical portion
retractable in the
basal part and having
no suction cups
In Coleoidea may be or ten , as in the
Decabrachia
or eight , as in the Octobrachia , and each
tentacle has suckers sometimes edged with
teeth or claws horny .
 The suction cups are used to capture prey and
as an organ of accession, since the
contraction of small muscle bundles creates a
vacuum that make them stick to supports
 Under the skin of Decabrachia there is an
organ limestone , the so-called " cuttlefish "
 a blade -shaped pen , a remnant of the
original exterior of the shells that are found in
other mollusks .
Only in the Nautilus is found the outer shell
that completely covers the body of the animal
Cardiovascular
The heart is located in the pericardium and is formed
by only one ventricle and by 2 or 4 atria, respectively,
in Dibranchiati and Tetrabranchiati .
• The arterial blood comes directly
from the gills to the atria led by
feeding vessels .
• From here reaches the ventricle and
is pushed in a cephalic aorta and in a
visceral aorta that supply blood to
the various organs of the animal.
•
•
Venous blood is conveyed through various
veins in a vena cava in contractile walls ,
which receives blood from the viscera and the
mantle .
This vein divides into two descendants veins
that flow in dilations calls venous hearts .
• The venous hearts are dilations of the
veins and receive all the venous blood
, which is pushed in the gills where it is
oxygenated and then returns to the
heart through the feeding vessels .
• The blood contains dissolved
hemocyanin , which oxidized becomes
blue
 The mantle of cephalopods is rich in cells
called chromatophores , pigment cells which
are used to change the pigmentation as a
function of the environment.
these these
cellscells
through
small muscle bundles
through small muscle bundles
are expanded
contracted to reveal
or hide the small
of color or
and allow
areorexpanded
or contracted
todots
reveal
color change
hide the smallthe
dots
of color and allow the
color change
 Another
feature of cephalopods is the
luminescence , typical of different species that
live in the ocean depths, due or to the presence
of particular bacteria symbionts that live inside
the body of the cephalopod ( Spirulida ) or to
particular cells present in different parts of the
body. Probably this feature allows the abyssal
species to be able to recognize each other in the
darkness that prevails in the deep sea .
 In Cephalopods sexes are separated ( there
are very few cases of hermaphroditism in
some species that live at great depths ) for
this we find female individuals and male
individuals . In males one or two tentacles
became copulatory organ ( ectocotile ) .
 Coupling usually is preceded by a courtship that
often involves the exchange of coat color very
processed and refined . This is followed by the
transfer of a packet of sperm ( spermatophore )
through th copulatory organ to the female.
The eggs , once fertilized , are laid by females
mostly united in chains or in clusters and are
anchored to rocks or other supports ; only
very few species are left to float in the water .
Octopus’s eggs
 The mother does not abandon the eggs
after the spawning, but she takes care of
them until they hatch by keeping
predators away, cleaning them and
oxygenating
them
with
the
water
movement .
 The majority of males and females die
after spawning
 Cephalopods are all carnivorous predators
thanks to their sophisticated and efficient
sensory organs , some are scavengers while
others detrivori and in turn are preyed only
by large animals such as cetaceans
Common name of Mollusks
Cephalopods of Loligo ( subclass
Dibranchiati or Coleoidei , order
Teutoidei , family Loliginidae ) .
Slender body , two large side fins for
swimming , inner shell , cornea , like a
pen .
There are the common squid ( Loligo
vulgaris ) , the giant squid ( Architeuthis
princeps ) and the colossal squid (
Colossal squid )
The body of the squid is long and tapered .
Around the mouth bears arms 10 provided
with suction cups , two of which , called
tentacles , are longer and have suction
cups only at the ends. The tentacles are
used to hit the prey which , once grasped ,
is passed to the arms and brought to the
mouth , with two strong jaws similar to the
beak of a parrot .
The cephalic region is distinct and
voluminous , and the brain is relatively
well developed .
I tell you
something
about me
In his body lies a small bag
containing a black liquid (
blue ink ) that is emitted in
case of danger to obscure the
vision to predators .
I'm smart and
Iintimidate enemies
with the ink
 The ink expands in a
cloud -shaped cigar
of the size of the
animal itself , which
becomes colorless
and goes away
quickly.
Squid’s sexes are separated .
In females , the ink sac is
hidden from view by a couple
of nidimentali glands , which
are located in front of the gills
. Both use in the production
of reserve substances and
eggshell . The ovary is located
towards the rear of the
visceral mass .
The males have
• a single large testis
• a vesicle in which are formed
spermatophores
• and a sort of bag in which they are
accumulated.
• The vesicle is a cell compartment -shaped
bag that is generated by budding from a
pre-existing cell membrane .
 Spermatophores are
"containers " of
spermatozoa that
are inserted inside
the cavity of the
female through a
modified tentacle ,
named ectocotile
Structure of the squid
The eggs , once fertilized , are
laid by females mostly united
in chains or in clusters and are
anchored to rocks or other
media ; only very few species
are left to float in the water
Here is
where we
come.
The Teutidi , like all
Coleoidi , have eight
cephalic court arms
and two longer
sprawling retractable
arms .
The trunk is
stretched, the fins are
terminals and , unlike
the squid , occupy
more than 2/3 of the
sides of the trunk
The inner shell
is called
gladius and is
reduced in a
delicate
corneum
sword-shaped
piece.
Squid’s gladius
 Important is the
elongated torpedo
mantle with two
triangular fins , the
big eyes and
Appendices
differentiated in eight
arms and two
tentacles stretched
with cudgel-shaped
expansions.
The giant squid , whose
scientific name is
Architeuthis princeps , can
measure about 18 feet long ,
the body reaches 5-6 meters
and tentacles reach 12
meters .
It is a relatively rare
cephalopod that lives at great
depths in the Atlantic and the
Pacific , and has attracted
many legends of the sea
Come
posso
crescer
e
Like all squid , the giant squid has a mantle
( torso ) , eight arms and two longer
tentacles . The arms and tentacles make up
most of the length of the squid , so that giant
squids are much lighter than their main
predators , sperm whales .
Giant squid floating in the sea , thanks to a solution of
ammonium chloride , lighter than sea water , which flows
throughout the body . This solution has an unpleasant
taste and makes the giant squid unfit for human
consumption .
The method of flotation of the giant squid is different
from that of the fish , which use , instead , a swim
bladder full of gas.
The colossal squid
( Colossal squid )
It is the world's largest
squid in terms of mass .
It is known only in small
numbers , usually
immature , and current
estimates for this
species give a
maximum length of 1214 m .
He lives in the cold waters of the Southern Ocean , at
great depths , up to 2200 m . Young squids can meet
up to 1000 m .
Informations about its movements can be studied from
the remains found in the stomach of its predators ,
such as sperm whales and albatrosses ..
Contrary to the giant squid this species has tentacles with
suckers surrounded by small hooks sharp , covered by a
membrane to prevent it from accidentally hurt itself . His
body is wider and longer but the tentacles are shorter than
those of Architeuthis .
Like any other squid , has a strong beak ,
surrounded by muscle tissue so that it can open
and close, and is composed of chitin ; the lower
part is larger than the upper
The eyes of the colossal squid are very large (
measuring 30 cm in diameter ) to find prey in the
dark abyss and , contrary to the giant squid , are
placed laterally , which allows a wide field of vision
but without binocular vision.
•
•
For most of the time the
squid is maintained in a
stationary position with the
help of the side fins and the
siphon ;
when he has to move he
stirs its fins and expels from
the siphon the water that
had previously swallowed .
The direction of the siphon
can be changed to allow the
animals to be able to
change
the
course
of
swimming.
The body mass is enclosed inside the mantle , which
presents a sort of fin along each side .
The skin is covered by chromatophores which allow
the animals to change color depending on the
surrounding environment.
The ventral part of the body is generally lighter than the
dorsal , so as to avoid being identified by both the prey
either from predators .
Under the body are the openings of the cavity palleale ,
which contains the gills ( ctenidi ) and the orifices of the
excretory and reproductive systems .
Equipped with a
powerful beak ,
impressive suckers
and tentacles with
sharp claws , the
colossal squid has
inspired myths and
legends of terrifying
sea monsters ,
including that of the
terrifying Kraken.
Here there is a drawing of
1801 by Pierre Denys de
Montfort based on the stories
of a group of French sailors ,
who had probably spotted a
giant squid .
They were sightings like these
to feed " the legend of the
Kraken " ( it is so titled a
famous poem by Tennyson,
too ) , which talks about a
terrible sea monster, which can
attack and crush among its
tentacles an entire vessel.
In fact , new research
describes it not as a
fearsome predator, but as
a creature soggy and gelatin,
which is carried away by the
current.
The first study on the
metabolism of the huge
animal in fact indicates that
the energy demand of his
body suggests a " way of
life " very slow , almost
completely inactive .
A discovery , this , which
coincides with the first
hypothesis advanced by
researchers who analyzed a
specimen caught in 2008 .
And Finally .. The vampire
squid
The vampire squid
(Vampyroteuthis infernalis)
 It is a mollusk
looking a bit'
threatening,
which lives in
the deep sea ,
about 600-900
meters , where
oxygen is quite
poor.
 Despite its
interesting name
, the squid vampire is
neither a squid
or a vampire .
 It doesn’t suck blood
to anyone : it feeds
of " marine snow " ,
that is a mixture of
dead plankton ,
algae , fecal matter ,
fragments of shells
and other debris .
 The vampire squid
collects food particles
through two long
strands of hair
covered and makes
them pieces using
the mucus as glue.
It has the overall
look of the octopus ,
the fins on the head
(typical of a more
primitive group of
octopuses , the
Cirrata ), eight
tentacles , the
membrane that joins
them , and the
solitary habits .
Similar to the squid it
has other two longer
tentacles , although
retractable and
intended for other
function ,
cartilage internal
residue of the shell of
the nautilus ,
lack of cavities palleale
under the mantle.
 If threatened , the
vampire uses the
defense system energysaving : It tips itself like
a glove exposing the
ventral part of the
mantle, full of cirrus
that seem thorns ( but
are chitinous ) , looking
almost like a hedgehog ,
in the so called "
pumpkin-position."
 Alternatively , "
turn on " the two
great
bioluminescent
photophores at the
base of the fins that
look like eyes( and
predators don’t like
to be stare) ;
 Then , gradually ,
turn them off ,
seeming to move
away.
 It can also use a
system called
counter- lighting : it
light up the
bioluminescent
photophores scattered
on the surface of the
body , especially at
the end of the
tentacles , and "
spreads " his
silhouette making
vague and confused at
the eyes of a predator
adapted to see in the
dark .
Bioluminescence instead of
' Ink
 Unlike other cephalopods ,
the vampire squid does
not have an ink sac to
escape the dangers .
 The vampire squid may
instead emit from the tips
of its tentacles a " cloud"
of bioluminescent mucus ,
which allows the animal to
disappear into the
darkness .
 To swim, instead of
using the thrust jet
throwing water from
the siphon as all other
cephalopods , use the
two fins on the
sides of the head
and it seems that
flights softly in its
black sea. This allows
slower movements ,
and then an energy
saving
 The body is gelatinous ,
like that of a jellyfish,
and rich in ammonium ,
which gives the same
density as water and
make it float without any
effort.
 Only the young
vampires use the push
jet to move : but you
know , young people are
full of energy !!
THE DEEP OCEAN
IS
THE ECOSYSTEM
RICHER OF
BIODIVERSITY.
Biodiversity is the result
of billions of years of
evolution. It forms the
web of life of which we
are an integral part, and
upon which our
existence depends.
Biodiversity conservation helps
to ensure the proper functioning
of ecosystems and the services
they offer,
and all that is essential for
human life and for the global
economy .
The climate control, the
nutrient cyclization , the
control of epidemics , the
formation and maintenance of
the soil, photosynthesis ,
are some of the
' Ecosystem services '
The oceans , which cover about
70% of the Earth's surface ,
provide 50 % oxygen , absorb
carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, 25% coming from
human activities ( 5 times more
than the tropical forests ) and
contribute the maximum part in
the global regulation of the
climate for their ability to absorb
heat.
We all depend on the oceans
• To the oceans are linked the
lives of billions of people in
developing countries, that
derive from them the primary
source of protein
• There are numerous countries
whose economy is based on
the health of the oceans.
What about the risk ?
If the pressure of man on the oceans
will continue, with illegal fishing or
through the increase of carbon dioxide
emissions that make the water more
acidic, then…
85 are the nations
involved in the
international trade of
fish , estimated at $
102 billion a year
with 350 million jobs
depending on the
health of the oceans
.
This is also why
the balance of
marine
ecosystems is both
an ethical
imperative , that
an economic
opportunity :
Will cephalopods save
themselves by
acidification of the
oceans ?
Speriamo di
sì!!
What are the risks they face ?
They may have damage ?
• Studies say that cephalopods are
already suffering damages to the
organs of balance.
• For most people the squid , the
cuttlefish and the other fishes, are just
a delicious food , fried or stewed , at
lunch but for Max Kaplan and Aran
Mooney are quite different: the
essential link of the marine life is
another reason to be concerned about
climate changement.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION
Mooney , a biologist at the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution (
WHOI ) , explains that :
"The squid are in the middle of the
ocean ecosystem , almost all animals
feed on squid or are eaten by squid .
So if something happens to them ,
you will have repercussions up and
down the food chain . "
CHEMICAL POLLUTION
Kaplan and Mooney have wondered
what influence could have the
chemical change of the oceans on the
development of eggs and larvae of the
common squid ( Loligo pealei )
Unfortunately , the answer is
worrying.
There may be negative implications for
both oceanic alimentary chains, that
for human beings , since the squidfishing in the world is an ' important
source of income
Squid and cuttlefish use crystals of calcium
carbonate to " manufacture " the statoliths ,
balance organs that give them with the ability to
orient themselves when they swimming .
Mooney and Kaplan , raising cephalopods in
seawater acidified , they found that larval
development of the squid and the formation of
their statoliths are affected by this organs.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION
To Bred animals with the highest CO2 it took more
time to develop , which is a big deal when you're a
mass of eggs on the sea floor , and each fish can
stop and eat you.
Beside , infants in the water more acidic were 5%
smaller than those born in normal seawater , and
had statoliths misshapen and disorganized
The deformed statoliths
could compromise the
ability of larvae to swim ,
avoid predators or find
prey , with imaginable
consequences
But there is also another
risk ...
The noise pollution of the sea causes severe
hearing damage in cephalopods , and in
particular between the cuttlefishes , octopuses
and squids .
It was the University Polytechnic de Catalunya
to prove it , which has published the results of a
specific study in the journal of the American
Society of Ecology ' Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment'.
Guilty of pollution are humans activities in
the oceans , as the excavation , drilling and
subsea marine cargo transport
These activities produce low frequency
sounds that hurt heavily the hearing of
cephalopods, inhibiting their ability to hunt ,
to escape to predators and even reproduce.
Sample for the study were 87 cephalopods of
four different species , which were exposed to
frequencies between 50 and 400 hertz .
The most serious impacts were recorded directly
on the sensory cells of the auditory system ,
which , similar to mammals , are structured in
globes and filled with liquid ; these cells help
invertebrates to maintain balance and position .
We all know that it’s necessary to end
the indiscriminate exploitation of the
oceans.
But being aware is not enough anymore :
we need to turn this knowledge into a way
of life .
Each of us should remember that ...
..even the smallest and
most common creature
that you may meet is a
piece of a perfect
ecosystem in balance
Ecosistema che va rispettato al
massimo,
poiché
l'equilibrio
è
... and
all that
now lives in
estremamente
fragile
the sea
... . e ..
..even the most common creatures,
maybe…
…tomorrow may not
be here anymore.
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