Vattenfall Heat Uppsala

Transcription

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Vattenfall Heat
Uppsala
Safety, Health and Environment 2014
Contents
Foreword
3
Our products
4
Air emissions
5
Operations in Uppsala
6
Fuel mix in Uppsala
7
Facilities in Uppsala
8
Knivsta – almost exclusively
carbon neutral heating
9
Operations in Storvreta
10
Fuel and ash
11
District heating in Sweden
12
We are working towards
improved safety and health
13
We are working to reduce
our impact on the environment
14
Vattenfall Heat Uppsala heats the city
of Uppsala with district heating. We also
produce and distribute district cooling and
steam. Combined heat and power (CHP)
produces electricity and heat at the same
time, which is an efficient use of resources
and therefore leads to a reduced impact
on the environment.
Emissions and environmental conditions 16
Our objectives within safety,
health and the environment
17
Environmental glossary
19
Read more about district heating at www.vattenfall.se
Management system for safety, health and the
environment, plus energy and quality
The management systems give structure to the work, and several areas
border on each other. It can therefore be advantageous to have an integrated management system for safety, health and the environment, plus
energy and quality. The diagram shows our management system with
the elements of our everyday activities that are planned, managed and
followed up. The management system is constantly being developed in
order to better achieve our goal of reducing our environmental impact
including energy use and improving safety and the work environment,
as well as the quality for our customers using our waste incineration
services.
Our integrated management system is certified in accordance with
environmental management standard ISO 14001 and registered in
accordance with EMAS. This means that the environmental report is
audited by an independent environmental auditor. The system is also
health & safety certified according to OHSAS 18001, which is the
international standard for work environment. We were the first power
company in Sweden with an energy management system certified
according to ISO 50001. The quality system for waste incineration
is ISO 9001 certified.
Situation analysis
Policy
Management review
Legislation and other requirements
Aspects/risks/
energy surveys
SHM reporting
Internal audit
Action plan
Objectives and
objective programme
Noncompliance
Monitoring and
measurement
Organisation
Training and skills
Documentation
Safety and protection
Communications
Operations
Operation and maintenance
Purchasing
Contractors
Chemicals
Environmental auditor
Intertek is one of SWEDAC’s accredited environmental auditors under EMAS (No. 1639). Vattenfall Heat Uppsala’s environmental
management system complies with ISO 14001. Intertek has audited the environmental sections of the report and found them to
be accurate and sufficiently detailed to meet the requirements in EMAS. EMAS registration number SE-000224. The registration
includes the plants in Uppsala: the combined heat and power (CHP) plant, waste incineration, Bolandsverket, the gas turbine,
Husbyborgsverket, Stallängsverket, the refrigerating plants in Ultuna and Ångström, and the distribution network, plus the Knivsta
and Storvreta plants and distribution networks.
2
2014 – a warm year
with low emissions
As everybody knows, the year was a warm
one and there was low demand for heat.
During warm years, electricity generation
is lower since electricity and heat are produced simultaneously in our CHP process.
However, due to the warm year and many
new connections, our cooling deliveries
increased 20 per cent.
We are pleased that emissions of climate-affecting carbon dioxide and acidifying substances such as nitrogen
oxides and sulphur were low for the year. The decisions
made by our customers are also making a difference,
and sales of our Carbon Neutral Heating and Cooling
decreased emissions by 11,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide.
New architecturally significant buildings as customers
It is always a joy when a collaboration leads to great
solutions, for example at the Skandion Clinic in Uppsala,
which officially opened in December 2014. It is the first
clinic in the Nordic region for proton therapy, which
treats cancer more effectively and with fewer side effects than conventional radiation therapy. It is a national
project that is run jointly by the seven Swedish county
councils with university hospitals. In collaboration with
Akademiska Hus we have built a heat recovery facility to
recycle the energy released during the proton treatment.
Another architecturally significant building that will be
supplied with district heating and cooling is Segerstedthuset at Uppsala University. Ground was broken in
October 2014 for this new building, which will house the
university’s management and administration.
Safe workplace and constant improvements
We had no accidents in 2014 that resulted in sick leave
for either our own staff or our contractors. Safety is an
important issue, and work on safety must be constantly
improved. During the year we continued to work on a
project for the safe shutdown of machinery, which is a
key issue in this type of operations. We made a number
of investments to continuously improve our plants in
terms of safety, efficiency, environmental performance
and availability. Some examples of larger measures taken
during the year include new electrostatic precipitators
for waste incineration and a new control system for flue
gas condensation. We also invested in new, efficient
compressors for compressed air, which together with reduced pressure in the system, and by repairing leakages,
have cut the consumption of electricity for compressed
air in half.
In order to improve the security of supply and reduce our
heat losses, we also took significant steps to reinvest
in the existing network. Due to increased demand for
district cooling, we have worked intensively on a project
that has involved different groups within the company.
We will find the best cooling solutions for the future while
also taking care of existing customers. For example, we
reviewed all substations in order to identify improvements. For both district cooling and district heating,
improvements made anywhere in the system benefit the
entire system.
Now we go forward
In order to meet Uppsala City’s needs for new capacity
and move toward more sustainable energy solutions, Vattenfall is planning two major, crucial local investments:
• The 40-year-old peat-fired plant will be phased out
in favour of a new biomass-fired CHP plant that can
deliver both electricity and heat.
• A hot water boiler is being rebuilt to be able to burn
biomass instead of peat.
Vattenfall’s efforts to move away from peat will significantly reduce its impact on the environment and carbon
dioxide emissions from the plant as a whole will be cut by
more than 50 per cent.
Waste incineration will continue in its current form with
constant improvements. The largest share of combustible
waste comes from Uppland and Mälardalen, but we also
are accepting an increasing share of sorted, combustible
household waste from Great Britain, Finland, Ireland and
Norway. It may seem strange to import waste from other
countries, but the majority of this waste is renewable
and everything is recycled for energy after the material
has fulfilled its role for society. The waste replaces other
fuels at our facilities, and also a major improvement for
the environment in Europe since the waste is not placed
in landfills. Europe is currently reducing the amount of
waste that is put in landfills, but half of all household
waste still ends up there. In Sweden we have been able to
implement reductions faster, and currently less than one
per cent of our household waste is put in landfills. This
is largely due to a functional infrastructure that includes
waste incineration and a district heating network, assets
that are well worth protecting and developing.
Adrian Berg von
Linde
Head of Marketing & Distribution Heat Nordic
Johan Siilakka
Facility Manager
Uppsala
3
Our products
The building’s heating system
District heating is our major product
Water is pumped round the property’s closed
heating system. It is heated in the heat exchanger
District heating is distributed to households and
by the district heating water.
premises by transporting hot water in well-insulated
pipes under high pressure to a central district heating
unit in each property. The central unit contains a heat
exchanger that utilises the hot water to heat up the
building’s radiators and the hot water in the taps. The
cooled district heating water is fed back to the district
heating plant to be reheated and pumped
Radiator
out into the district heating system
again.
Heated water from the
district heating plant
District heating is flexible
75–120°C.
as a number of different
Heat
exchanger
fuels can be used. By
using waste incineration,
Cooled district heating
this utilises resources
water 40–60°C goes back
Hot water.
that would otherwise
to the plant to be reheated.
be lost. District heating
Cold water from the water company.
provides a secure supply
The building’s heat exchanger
The district heating water heats
In the heat exchanger, the district heating is transferred
and frees up space in the
the tap water and shower water.
to the building’s heating system.
home. Customers have
The two water systems are entirely separate from each other.
low maintenance costs and
can obtain help rapidly if
needed.
District cooling
District cooling is based on the same principle as
district heating, but with cold water. It replaces a
large number of local refrigerating plants. There are
numerous environmental benefits.
Above all, it entails reduced electricity consumption
and leakage of coolants into the atmosphere. It also
means that there is no noise from local machinery.
In the summer, we have spare capacity at the waste
incineration plant as Uppsala’s heat requirements
decrease. We are then able to use the existing plant
to produce district cooling.
We can offer local solutions for customers that
do not have access to our district cooling grid. For
example, cooling can be produced using district heating in what is known as an absorption refrigerator.
Steam
In Uppsala we also have a separate grid for steam for
industrial premises. The steam is used in processes
such as producing chemical reactions and sterilising.
4
Electricity
We produce both district heating and electricity
simultaneously with a high level of efficiency, an example of good utilisation of resources. The electricity
we generate is not sold directly to end customers,
but is included as a part of Vattenfall’s total electricity generation.
Incineration services
Combustible waste that can no longer be reused or
recycled for materials should not go to landfill, but
rather should go to waste incineration. The waste is
processed and the energy in it is converted to district
heating, electricity, district cooling and steam.
We can even accept special types of waste, e.g.
confidential documents in the form of paper and
DVDs, etc. as well as hazardous waste, e.g. hospital
waste.
Air emissions from
facilities in Uppsala
Emission of carbon dioxide
pe
at
co
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n
w
in
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an
to
at
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P
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s
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s
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ew
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le
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400
pl
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an
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oo
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t
Le
s
500
s
n
an
to
pl
P
C
H
600
C
H
L
pl ess
an o
t il,
700
l
co
nv
er
te
d
800
to
w
ar
p
m
Le eat
w
ow
of ss
in
te
th pe
in
r
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e at
t
C
o
H ow
m
P
i
o
pl ng
re
an t
w
t or
as
ef
te
ur
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sh
m
en
t
C
H
P
1,000 tonnes
200
100
Fossil fuel + peat
Fossil fuel (oil + plastic)
Projected development
20
2030
30
20
25
20
20
15
20
10
20
05
20
00
20
19
95
90
19
19
19
85
80
0
Trend line
Emission of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
tonnes
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
Carbon dioxide that affects the climate
During 2014 our carbon dioxide emissions decreased compared with 2013, in part because it
was a warm year that did not require very much
peat to be used as fuel on cold days. Peat is
mainly used during the winter.
The dotted line in the diagram shows our longterm plan for achieving carbon-neutral production
by 2030. The measures mainly consist of an
increased admixture of wood until such time as a
new plant is commissioned around 2020 to replace
our peat-fired CHP plant boiler. The fuel for the
new CHP plant is based on renewable fuel such as
wood chips and forest residues (branches and tops
from logging activities). We will also carry out a fuel
replacement for our hot water boiler, from peat to
wood.
We are offering our customers the opportunity
to contribute to reduced CO2 emissions, in addition
to the budgeted decrease, by choosing our Carbon
Neutral Heating product and/or our Carbon Neutral
Cooling product. Sale of these products reduced
carbon dioxide emissions by almost 11,000 tonnes
in 2014, compared to projections if no customers
had chosen this offer. You can read more about
these products on page 6 and on our website.
Acidifying substances
Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide account for
the greatest part of our acidifying emissions, and
we are proud to announce that during 2014 we
reached an all-time low.
800
600
400
200
Nitrogen dioxides
14
20
12
20
10
20
08
06
20
20
04
20
02
00
20
20
98
19
96
19
94
19
92
19
19
90
0
Sulphur dioxide
Emission of dust
tonnes
80
70
60
50
40
30
Dust
Dust emissions for 2014 were at the same low level
as in recent years. Historically the reduction from
2005 onwards has been due to reduced peat-firing
and increased waste incineration. The waste
incineration plant has the most extensive flue gas
cleaning of all our production plants. Waste is
the fuel that contains the most heavy metals. It is
therefore important to achieve good performance
for this flue gas cleaning and the plant surpasses
the current environmental demands by a good
margin, see page 16.
20
10
14
20
12
20
10
20
08
20
06
20
04
20
02
00
20
20
98
19
96
19
94
19
92
19
19
90
0
5
100
Operations in
Uppsala
100
80
Fuel
57 % Waste (1,063 GWh)
60
Energy supplied
80
District heating (1,266 GWh)
60
40
40
22 % Peat (411 GWh)
20
20
Process steam (92 GWh)
7 % Wood (123 GWh)
2 % Oil (42 GWh)
5 % Waste heat (63 GWh)
0
Electricity (net, 62 GWh)
District cooling (40 GWh)
7 % Electricity (142 GWh)
0
Efficiency:
93 % Production
87 % Distribution
Total efficiency 81 %
Deliveries of 15 GWh of cooling
were also supplied using ”island
solutions”, i.e. independent of the
district cooling network.
The proportion of renewables in the fuel mix for district heating is 69 % with peat counted as (slowly) renewable. If peat
is not included it is 49 %. Waste is calculated here as 60 %
renewable in terms of energy, and the remainder is then nonrenewable, i.e. plastic with fossil origins.
Key figures for delivered district heating,
kg/MWh = g/kWh
2014 2013 20122011
CO2 in accordance with ETS 197 226 206223
CO2 in accordance with VMK 181 235 216254
NO
0.09 0.10 0.120.15
SO2
0.17 0.21 0.140.22
The emissions reported do not include the district heating and
district cooling volumes produced from waste that is covered by
customer-specific agreements (Carbon Neutral Heating and
Cooling, respectively).
This year we are reporting our carbon dioxide emissions
using two different systems, as previously in accordance
with the ETS emissions trading system and also in acc
ordance with the Värmemarknadskommittén (Swedish
Heating Market Committee) (VMK). The latter report is
presented in more detail on the Swedish District Heating
Association website, www.svenskfjarrvarme.se. This
data includes not only carbon dioxide emissions from
the plant but also templates for the emissions of the
greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide, converted
into CO2 equivalents. An emissions factor has also
been added for the electricity that is purchased for the
plant. Emissions are distributed between district heating
and electricity produced using what is known as the
Alternative Production Method. In brief, this means that
more emissions are credited to the electricity compared
with the heat produced at the same time, as alternative
methods to generate electricity would require more fuel.
The Swedish District Heating Association uses higher
templates for peat than what we use, which are checked
in the system for emissions trading.
We include emissions trading for carbon dioxide
Our plants are covered by the EU’s emissions trading
scheme for carbon dioxide. For Sweden, waste incineration plants are included in the trading period which
began in 2013.
We also offer Carbon Neutral Heating and Cooling
We offer larger customers a solution consisting of
district heating and cooling from our waste incineration
plant in Uppsala that is compensated for carbon dioxide.
District heating and cooling is carbon neutral as we
compensate for the proportion of the waste that is not
renewable, i.e. the fossil-based plastic in the waste.
We do this by increasing the amount of biomass in our
total fuel mix, over and above the amount that is already
planned*. Our basic plan is to increase the proportion of
biomass every year, and sales of Carbon Neutral Heating
and Cooling mean that the proportion of biomass is
further increased. If customers choose Carbon Neutral
Heating and/or Cooling they can join us in reducing
carbon dioxide emissions even quicker than planned for
Uppsala. See page 5.
* Compensation is limited to the carbon dioxide emissions directly
associated with our district heating production.
6
Fuel mix in
Uppsala
Fuel supply and heat production and electricity generation in Uppsala
GWh
2,500
2,000
2,500
1,500
2,000
Heat production
2011
2014
2009
2010
2013
2008
2012
2006
2007
2011
2005
2010
2003
2004
2009
2001
2002
2008
2000
1999
2006
1998
1997
2005
1996
2004
1995
1994
Electricity Electricity
generation
2003
1991
1989
1990
2000
1988
1999
1986
1987
1998
1985
1984
1983
1993
Waste
1996
1982
1980
1981
1994
1992
Woo
d
Waste heat
Production in Uppsala
GWh/month
300
250
200
150
100
50
Waste incineration
Combined power and heating plant, peat/wood
Hot water boiler, peat/wood
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
0
Jan
Uppsala’s heat requirements
govern production
There is a big difference between
Uppsala’s heat requirements during
summer and winter and we adapt our
production accordingly. The bar chart
shows the usage of different plants
during a normal year. The waste
incineration plant heats Uppsala
throughout the year, but during the
winter the CHP plant is also needed.
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
Fuel supply
Our mixture of fuels has changed over
the years. We were entirely dependent
on oil in the early 1980s. Since then, oil
has been actively replaced, mainly by
waste and peat. In the future, peat will
be replaced by wood around 2020.
1993
0
0
Peat
Waste heat
Waste
500
1995
500
Ele
1992
1,000
Wood
2002
Electricity
Coal
2007
Oil
2001
1,500
1,000
1997
Coal
Oil
Heat production
Peat
Heat pumps
Oil boilers
7
Facilities in Uppsala
Distribution network
Accumulators
District heating and district cooling are
distributed to the heating and cooling
systems of properties in the form of hot
and cold water circulating in closed pipe
systems. Our district heating network
is 460 km long, and the district cooling
network is 14 km long. We also have a
7 km network for steam.
In order to meet the fluctuations in
demand for district heating, there is
a hot water accumulator inside the
production area in Boländerna which
holds 30,000 m3, providing 1,200 MWh
of energy (100 MW) to the district
heating network.
There is also an accumulator for the
district cooling network, which is
located at Stallängsverket and is clearly
visible from Kungsängsleden. It is
3,000 m3, 30 MWh and can supply 10 MW.
Waste incineration
Products: District heating, electricity, steam and
district cooling.
Capacity and fuel: Total of 170 MW heat + 10 MW elec
tricity + 11 MW cooling, with 55 tonnes
of waste per hour.
Flue-gas cleaning: Nitrogen oxides – urea and ammonia
injection and catalytic converters.
Dust – electro-filters and fabric filters.
Sulphur and hydrochloric acid cleaning
– flue gas scrubber/condensation with
energy recovery and fabric filter with
limestone additive.
Organic substances – fabric filters with
active charcoal.
Cleaning of flue gas condensate
through limestone additive and
complexing agent for heavy metals,
then precipitation stage plus sand and
charcoal filters.
Gas turbine
Backup for electricity generation.
Product: Electricity for starting the CHP plant
in the case of electrical power cut.
Capacity and fuel: 16 MW electricity, light oil.
Flue-gas cleaning: Additive in the oil results in less particle
formation through more complete
combustion.
8
The CHP plant
Products: District heating and electricity.
Capacity and fuel: 235 MW heating and 120 MW electricity with 80 tonnes of peat/wood
briquettes per hour. Oil and coal are
used as back-up fuels.
Flue-gas cleaning: Sulphur – limestone additive in furnace
and wet stage, before fabric filter.
Nitrogen oxides – urea and ammonia
injection and catalytic converters.
Bolandverket
Products: District heating and electricity.
Capacity and fuel: Peat-fuelled hot-water furnace (HVC)
100 MW, electric furnace 10 and 50 MW
(steam back-up), oil furnaces 4 x 75 MW
(back-up).
Flue-gas
cleaning HVC: Sulphur – limestone additive in furnace.
Nitrogen oxides – urea injection.
Husbyborg unit
Peak load and production back-up.
Product:
District heating.
Capacity and fuel:
Oil-fuelled hot-water furnaces
3 x 50 MW.
Stallängsverket
Heat pump facility located at Uppsala’s
sewage works.
Products:
District heating and district cooling.
Capacity:
3 x 15 MW heating and 3 x 8 MW
cooling from electricity and waste heat.
Cooling plant Ultuna
Located at Ultuna Campus.
Product:
District cooling.
Capacity:
District heat-driven absorption refrigeration 1.5 MW, cooling tower 1 MW,
compression refrigerating machines
1.3 MW.
Cooling plant Ångström
Located at
Ångström laboratory.
Product:
District cooling.
Capacity:
District heat-driven absorption refrigeration 2.5 MW, cooling tower 2.7 MW,
compression refrigerating machines
8 MW.
Knivsta – almost exclusively
carbon neutral heating
In Knivsta, south of Uppsala, we supply district heating
produced from biomass using our heating plant and
district heating distribution network. The heating plant
has two biomass-fuelled furnaces of 8 and 15 MW
respectively, and oil furnaces for back-up and peak load.
The fuel that is used is wood chips, bark and forest residues (branches and tops) from the forestry industry as
well as other suppliers. An impressive 96 % of the fuel for
the plant is biomass, which means that district heating in
Knivsta is largely carbon-neutral. Knivsta has had district
heating since 1976, and we have about 700 customers
here. Our customers include both large buildings – such
as schools and blocks of flats – and small buildings, such
as single-family homes.
100
Fuel
Energy supplied
100
96 % Biomass (64.3 GWh)
80
80
District heating (44.1 GWh)
100
60
60
40
80
20
3 % Electricity for pumps and
fans, etc. (2.0 GWh)
0
1% Oil (0.8 GWh)
0
2014
2013
2012
2011
CO2 in accordance with ETS
5
15
7
12
CO2 in accordance with VMK
18
–
–
–
NO
0.34
0.37
0.42
0.41
SO2
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.10
This year we are reporting our carbon dioxide emissions
using two different systems, as previously in accordance with the ETS emissions trading system and also in
accordance with the Värmemarknadskommittén (Swedish
Heating Market Committee) (VMK). The latter report is
presented in more detail on the Swedish District Heating
Association website, www.svenskfjarrvarme.se. This data
includes not only carbon dioxide emissions from the plant
but also templates for the emissions of the greenhouse
gases, methane and nitrous oxide, converted into CO2
equivalents. An emissions factor has also been added for
the electricity that is purchased for the plant.
The plant in Knivsta
40
20
Key figures for delivered district heating, kg/MWh = g/kWh
Efficiency:
81.1% Production
60
80.5% Distribution
Heat loss arises during both production and distribution. Smaller district
heating networks and networks with many single family home customers
have lower efficiency than larger distribution networks.
40
Solid fuel furnaces
Product:
District heating
Capacity and fuel:
8+15 MW wood chips, forest
residues and bark
Flue-gas cleaning:
Dust – electro-filters
Oil boilers
Peak load and production
back-up
Product:
District heating
Capacity and fuel:
14 MW light oil
9
Operations in Storvreta –
no oil in 2014
In Storvreta north of
Uppsala, we supplied
heating generated
from wood as fuel
in 2014. No oil was
needed.
Key figures for delivered district heating,
kg/MWh = g/kWh
2014
CO2 in accordance with ETS
The heating plant has two 2 MW furnaces fuelled with
biomass fuel and an oil furnace in Ärentuna school for
back-up and peak load. Wood pellets are used as fuel,
with light oil for backup and peak loads. A large waterfilled underground rock cavity is used for heat storage
and can deliver 8 MW.
Fuel
100
99% Biomass (21 GWh)
Energy supplied
100
District heating (13.6 GWh)
0% Oil
80
2013
2012
2011
0
12
13
16
CO2 in accordance with VMK 9
–
–
–
NO
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
SO2
<0.003
<0.003
0.004
0.005
This year we are reporting our carbon dioxide emissions using
two different systems, as previously in accordance with the
ETS emissions trading system and also in accordance with
the Värmemarknadskommittén (Swedish Heating Market
Committee) (VMK). The latter report is presented in more
detail on the Swedish District Heating Association website,
www.svenskfjarrvarme.se. This data includes not only carbon
dioxide emissions from the plant but also templates for the
emissions of the greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide,
converted into CO2 equivalents. An emissions factor has also
been added for the electricity that is purchased for the plant.
Facilities in Storvreta
80
Solid fuel furnaces
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
1% Electricity for pumps and
fans, etc., (0.2 GWh)
10 Vattenfall Heat Uppsala
Efficiency:
85% Production including
rock cavity storage
75 % Distribution
Product:
District heating
Capacity and fuel:
2 x 2 MW wood pellets
Flue-gas cleaning:
Dust – cyclones
Rock cavity
Large rock cavity for storage
of hot water
Capacity:
2 x 4 MW storage volume
100,000 m3
(can store 5 GWh heat)
Ärentuna school
Peak load and production
back-up
Product:
District heating
Capacity and fuel:
4 MW light oil
Fuel and ash
Fuel in Uppsala
The waste is composed of 50 per cent household waste
and 50 per cent industrial waste. The majority of the
waste comes from Uppland, Södermanland and
Västmanland, but around 17 per cent is imported from
Great Britain, Ireland, Norway and Åland.
The peat comes in the form of briquettes from
Härjedalen and Belarus. The peat fuel is mixed with
wood pellets and wood briquettes.
Coal and oil act as back-up fuels in case of delivery
problems with the normal fuel or unavailability in the
ordinary installations. Oil may also be needed for
peak load during the very coldest winter days.
More than one kind of ash
Ash from waste incineration
Waste incineration produces two different types of ash,
as well as sludge from water treatment. The first type of
ash is bottom ash from the furnaces, also called slag.
The metals in the slag are sorted out and sent for
recycling. The remaining ash is sorted into two different
sizes. The fine fraction is used as a sealant and the
coarse fraction is used as a drainage layer when covering
landfills.
The other type of ash is fly ash from the flue-gas
cleaning. This ash contains material separated from the
flue gases and is not suitable for roads, etc. Instead, it is
handled at a waste site for hazardous waste or treated
at Langöya in Norway, where it is used to neutralise other
hazardous waste, such as acids, which constitutes a
kind of recycling.
There are also wet cleaning stages for the flue gases.
The water from these cleaning stages is treated in
a process which includes the addition of an organic
sulphide, which binds heavy metals. The impurities are
precipitated as a sludge, which is sent to a hazardous
waste deposit site.
This means that the heavy metals that make their way
into the installation via waste are removed from circulation in society.
In order for the quantity of heavy metals in waste to be
reduced, products must be manufactured without them,
or those who use items such as batteries and low-energy
bulbs must recycle them carefully, so that they are not
disposed of with combustible waste.
Ash from peat-burning
Peat produces ash that is ideal for constructing roads
and other surfaces. We have forest roads in Uppsala and
a jogging circuit in Storvreta where peat ash is used as
construction material. The approach ramp in Librobäck’s
recycling station is made of peat ash. There are also projects where the peat ash replaces cement, which saves
one kilo of carbon dioxide emissions per kilo of replaced
cement. One of the reasons that ashes from peat can be
used in this way is because lime is added in the combustion process in order to bind sulphur. The lime content in
the ash makes it hard, but simultaneously light.
11
energy recovery
Recycling of material
Biological treatment
Landfills
ige.se
Treated amount of household waste
Household waste in Sweden 1975–2013*
Total amounts (thousand tonnes)
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
Incineration with energy recovery Recycling of materials Biological treatment
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1990
1985
1980
0
1975
500
Landfills
* www.avfallsverige.se
District heating in Sweden
Over half of all homes and properties
are heated using district heating.
District heating is supplied to 270 of Sweden’s 290
municipalities and accounts for half of all heating of
dwellings and other buildings, about 50 TWh per year.
District heating is the main reason why Sweden has
succeeded in reducing its emissions of greenhouse
gases. District heating has doubled in Sweden since
1982, and in the same period, oil in the district heating
system has been replaced by wood, peat and waste.
Uppsala’s modified fuel consumption is shown on page 7.
For more information about district heating:
www.svenskfjarrvarme.se
Waste as fuel
The graph above from the Swedish Waste Management
and Recycling Association shows how the treatment of
household waste has developed in recent years. The
total volume of household waste is 4.4 million tonnes, or
around 460 kg per person per year. Increased recycling,
biological treatment and waste incineration with energy
recovery made it possible to reduce the proportion of
waste sent to landfill to 0.7 per cent in 2013.
More information about Swedish waste management:
www.avfallsverige.se
Peat as fuel
A quarter of Sweden’s surface area consists of peat
(bogs and marshes). Peat is used both for soil improvement and as a fuel. The annual harvest is less than 25 %
of annual growth in Sweden. Between 0.1% and 0.2 % of
the peatlands are used. The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) places peat in a category of its
own: neither fossil, like oil or coal, nor biomass, like wood.
Peat is part of the European system for carbon dioxide
trade, but in Sweden it is approved for a green electricity certificate, and is not subject to carbon dioxide tax.
Until a common position is adopted as to peat’s possible
climate impact, we will report carbon dioxide emissions
both with and without contributions from peat
(see page 5).
For more information about peat:
www.torvproducenterna.se
We are working towards
improved health and safety
70
60
50
40
30
”Our goal is that all of our internal
and external employees work in a
safe, healthy and motivating environment. Our long-term goal is for
zero injuries and no work related
ill-health.”
Safety is one of our core values – read our entire work
environment policy in Vattenfall’s Code of Conduct, available
at www.vattenfall.se. Vattenfall also has a ’Code of Conduct
for Suppliers’ available on our website.
In 2014 we also continued to work on the ’Safe Stop’
project, the aim of which is to reinforce the culture of
safety and prevent accidents during maintenance work.
20
10
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Number of reported accidents/injuries and
incidents in Uppsala
Number
70
accidents
incidents
60
We are working persistently to reduce risks associated
with working at heights, with mobile parts of machinery,
electricity and steam, as well as to prevent fires and
explosions. As some of our activities take place in
environments where there is a lot of traffic, we are also
working actively to reduce the risks through, for example,
diversions and hi-visibility clothing.
For several years we have been spared serious accidents (death or severe disability) and fortunately the trend
continued during 2014 as well. No accidents resulted in
sick leave.
To identify risks and enable us to take preventive
measures, we use for instance incident reporting containing information on ’near accidents’. There are considerably
more incidents than accidents, which enables us to
institute preventive measures, thereby preventing future
accidents. Besides incident reports we have other important tools to identify risks, for example risk assessments,
work environment inspections and internal audits.
50
40
30
20
10
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
It is important that a high number of near-accident reports
are submitted so we are able to prevent actual accidents.
The statistics include accidents with and without sick leave
for employees and contractors.
13
We are aiming at reducing our
impact on the environment
In order to reduce our environmental impact, we are working on what
we have identified as our significant
environmental aspects.* Core indicators for our environmental impact
are given partly as total consumption and partly as consumption per
kWh supplied.
Climate impact
See diagram on page 5 for emissions of carbon
dioxide and page 6 for emissions per supplied district
heating. Uppsala also has emissions of other greenhouse gases. Nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) amount
to some 12 tonnes per year, which with a conversion
factor of 290 contributes less than 1% compared with
carbon dioxide emissions We also use the coolant
R134a which normally contributes less than one per
cent compared with carbon dioxide emissions despite
the large conversion factor of 1,430.
Acidifying emissions
See diagram on page 5 for emissions of substances
that produce acidification such as nitrogen oxides
and sulphur dioxide, and page 6 for emissions per
district heating supplied. Nitrogen dioxide emissions
for the Uppsala plants are below the average for
Sweden in the nitrogen oxide fee system. More
information about the nitrogen oxide fee is available
at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s
website, www.naturvardsverket.se
Energy efficiency
Total energy turnover
Our total energy turnover can be seen on pages 6, 9
and 10. It shows the degree of efficiency from fuel to
delivery to the customer. We are working systematically on increasing energy efficiency, for example
through new insulation for the accumulator tank,
which resulted in major heat savings.
*
Internal electricity consumption
For Uppsala we use about 75.6 GWh of electricity
(45 kWh/produced MWh) per year for pumps, fans
and other equipment, which is lower than the previous
year and continues the trend of reduced electricity
consumption. Electricity consumption for compressed
air has been cut in half thanks to new, efficient
compressors, reduced pressure in the system and the
elimination of leaks. Efforts are being made to reduce
the internal consumption of electricity, see page 17.
For Knivsta we use about 2.0 GWh of electricity
(36 kWh/produced MWh), and for Storvreta we use
0.19 GWh (10 kWh/MWh), which is comparable to the
previous year.
Electricity consumption Heat Uppsala
(kWh/produced MWh)
55
50
45
40
35
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Electricity consumption is lower than in previous years,
with the exception of cold years like 2010 when electricity
consumption was lower per produced MWh since idling
consumption is shared across a large production volume.
The customer’s energy use also affects the
environment
Our customers’ energy consumption affects society’s
use of resources and the degree of emissions.
Examples of how we contribute to our customers’
good energy housekeeping are outlined below:
- By providing free energy statistics via www.vattenfall.
se/mina-sidor for all of our customers, it is possible
for them to track trends and changes.
- Breaking the charge into an effect portion and an
energy portion will encourage an effect reduction.
The need for heat is then reduced even during the
coldest winter days, and oil can be used for peak
loads.
- Flow charges benefit larger customers if their district
heating units are more efficient than the norm.
- We recommend different types of energy optimisation
adapted to the customer’s situation. We have skills,
expertise and experience to offer, such as service and
heat exchanger replacement, to help customers achieve
a high degree of efficiency in their heating system.
Contact us for more information about our assessment. See the
back page for contact details.
Resource efficiency
Our fuel consumption in Uppsala has refuse as a basis,
which is a waste resource and thereby resource-efficient
to use instead of other fuels. All our fuel consumption is
shown on Page 6.
Use of finite resources – coal and oil
Coal is now only used as a back-up fuel, and oil for
very cold weather and in case of interruptions in
production. The proportion of oil in our fuel mix is
around 2 per cent in Uppsala, 1 per cent in Knivsta
and 0 per cent in Storvreta.
Water
For the Uppsala plant we used 491,000 m3 of water
in 2014 (290 litres per delivered MWh), which is less
than for 2013. For Knivsta we used 3,800 m3 of water
(70 litres/MWh), which was less than for 2013. For
Storvreta we used 1,900 m3 (100 litres/MWh), which
was also less than for 2013.
Waste
Scrap metal is sorted from the slag from incinerated
waste and recycled. Peat ash is recycled for road
construction.
Fly ash and sludge from waste incineration
Each year about 10,000 tonnes of fly ash and sludge
are produced from waste incineration. This is about
5 kg per MWh delivered, and does not change from
year to year.
The content of metal in the waste determines the
amount of metal in the ash from waste incineration.
The mercury content in the waste dropped significantly
during the 1990s. Cadmium and lead levels remain
unchanged, with no reduction.
An organic sulphide is added and it binds metals
such as mercury and cadmium. The sludge is separated
through the waste incineration’s water purification
treatment.
The sludge and fly ash are considered hazardous
waste and treated according to current regulations,
which means that leaching from landfills is minimal.
Good incineration reduces the content of organic
matter in fly ash and sludge.
Biodiversity
Fuel suppliers can affect the environment and the
work environment in different countries. Oil extraction has an environmental impact and there is a risk of
oil spills in connection with transporting oil. Both the
environment and the work environment are important
when cutting peat. We have visited both our Swedish
and our Belarusian suppliers to ensure that the conditions are good enough. We are also following developments around sustainability criteria for biomass fuels.
Risk of environmental accidents
Instituting preventive measures against accidents such
as oil spills and fires is an important part of our work.
We do this through, for example, maintenance, inspections, risk analyses and deviation reports. No major
accidents occurred during 2014.
Risk of disturbances in the local environment
We prevent disturbances in the local environment, such
as dust from peat and ash, by handing fuels and ashes
indoors as far as possible. Disturbances can also arise
from the odour of waste that is used as a fuel.
We prevent this by working proactively in planning
deliveries, waste inspections and controlling air flows in
connection with waste treatment.
One complaint was submitted in 2014 regarding the
smell from our operations in Boländerna. The cause was
fire-damaged and damp peat which gave off an acidic
smell during a period while it was being ground prior to
combustion.
”An important part of Vattenfall’s vision is to be
one of the companies that are leading developments towards environmentally sustainable
energy production.”
Read our environmental policy at corporate.
vattenfall.se/hallbarhet/miljofragor-ochvattenfalls-verksamhet
15
Emissions and
environmental permits
A selection of substances and conditions
that are of interest from an environmental
point of view are presented below.
Air emissions from waste incineration
Emission permit
Results 2014
Annual average
Dust, mg/m3 as mean daily average,
measured continuously
10
No days over 10
0.18
Mercury, μg/m3, measured twice per year
25
0.01–0.1
Dioxins, μg/m3, measured twice per year
0.1
<0.002
Some values under
the detection limit
Total organic coal, mg/m3, as daily average,
measured continuously
10
No days over 10
0.62
Dust is interesting from an environmental perspective as it
can contain both heavy metals and hydrocarbon (unburned).
It is consequently important to keep dust emissions down.
However, mercury is a heavy metal that is not usually
carried in dust and is therefore reported separately.
Explanation
mg
milligram
µg
microgram
ng
nanogram
Water emissions from waste incineration
Emission permit
Results 2014
Mercury kg per year, limit value,
continuous measurement
0.5
<0.03
Lead kg per year, limit value,
12.5
2.0
Cadmium kg per year, limit value,
0.75
0.27
Dioxins ng/l, measured twice per year,
target value
0.1
< 0.005
During the year a limited number of operational
interruptions occurred, and these were reported to
the environmental authority. Measures were taken
to reduce the risk of new operational interruptions,
for example through the installation of back-up oil
thousandth of a gram
millionth of a gram
billionth of a gram
Some values under
the detection limit
Some values under
the detection limit
burners and optimisation of the feeder function.
A full report on emissions and environmental permits
can be found in our environmental report to the
authorities, which is available from Vattenfall Heat
Uppsala.
The green housing company
Uppsalahem is Uppsala’s leading housing company and
its goal is to make Uppsala a greener city in terms of
energy and the environment.
”As Uppsala’s greenest housing company, we want to
promote a good environment in many different ways. An
important choice for us is district heating from Vattenfall.
This is in part because Vattenfall has concrete plans to
decrease its CO2 emissions, but also because it already
offers a CO2 neutral district heating product, which we have
opted to purchase for all of our newly constructed residences,” says Fredrik Holm. Head of Business Development
”Another important aspect
for Uppsalahem is the high
security of supply from
district heating, enabling us
to provide heat and hot water
24 hours a day, every day of
the year, without interruption
to our 30,000 customers
throughout Uppsala.”
Fredrik Holm,
Head of Business Development at Uppsalahem
Our objectives within safety,
health and the environment
Targets
Outcome 2014
Current and future work
The relationship between incident reports and
accidents should be at least 8 for production
and maintenance.
The target was met, the relationship was 10.
The goal for production and maintenance in 2015
is at least eight preventive reports per accident
for inhouse staff and at least six for contractors.
For distribution operations, incident reporting
must increase compared to 2012.
The goal was met, near-accident reporting
increased in 2014 compared to 2012 and
2013.
The goal for production and maintenance in 2015
is at least eight preventive reports per accident
for inhouse staff and at least six for contractors.
Reduced impact on the climate via at least 12 %
wood admixture in the peat, in addition to the
wood admixture used for the Carbon Neutral
Heating and Cooling.
The wood admixture was 17% plus an
additional 6 % via Carbon Neutral Heating
and Cooling.
At least 13 % wood admixture in 2015 plus sale
of Carbon Neutral Heating and Cooling.
A project is underway for a new wood-fired
CHP plant around 2020, as well as a change
from peat to wood in the HVC boiler, which will
together halve CO2 emissions.
Work on the new CHP plant continued
during 2014.
During 2015 work continues on both the HVC
boiler and the CHP plant.
Reduced internal electricity consumption in
2014 compared to 2013.
Electricity consumption fell to 44.9 kWh per
produced MWh compared to 45.3 for 2013
(the 2013 values have been adjusted).
Work continues in 2015 to achieve more efficient
consumption of energy internally, including
measures to reduce steam consumption.
Increased resource efficiency through the
investigation of opportunities to improve the
quality of the waste slag.
An application has been submitted to
continue the previous full scale leaching
tests.
This work continues during 2015 and the Swedish
Energy Agency has granted project funds.
Work environment and health
Reduced climate impact
17
In this way we comply with
Swedish environmental objectives
Reduced Climate Impact
Uppsala City Council’s objective is to decrease emissions
of greenhouse gases per inhabitant by 50 per cent by
2020 compared with the level in 1990.
Vattenfall Heat Uppsala has reduced carbon dioxide
emissions by 33 per cent compared with 1990. Carbon
dioxide emissions will be further reduced through our
project of replacing peat with wood primarily when the
CHP plant is replaced with a new plant around 2020.
We are participating in the Uppsala Climate Protocol,
which is a collaborative project started by the Uppsala
municipality for reduced climate impact.
Fresh air
The County Administrative Board has stated that the
greatest source of particle and nitrogen oxide emissions
in Uppsala county is from traffic. Our contribution to
inner city air particles is at most 0.004 μg/m3
of the environmental quality standard 50 per day.
For nitrogen oxides, our contribution to inner city air is
at most 1.5 μg/m3 of the environmental quality standard
90, per hour.
Only natural acidification
Our emissions from acidifying substances have dropped
considerably over the years; see the graphs concerning
acidifying substances on page 5.
calculated as nitrogen, which constitutes one per cent of
the total nitrogen emissions into the Fyris River.
Good urban environment
District heating allows cities and urban areas to provide
a good and healthy lifestyle environment and also
contribute to a good regional and global environment.
In order for the buildings at our new CHP plant to be
optimally designed for their surroundings in Boländerna,
an architectural competition was announced. Such a tall
building cannot be hidden, but must instead be designed
as a landmark, in the same way as was done with waste
incineration Block 5.
Air emissions – mercury
kg/year
600
500
400
300
200
100
2000
2005
2010
2014
2000
2005
2010
2014
1995
1990
1985
1980
Air emissions – dioxins
15
g/year
12
9
6
3
1995
1990
0
1985
No eutrophication
The Fyris River has a modest ecological status as per
the Swedish Water Framework Directive, which is due to
the transportation of nitrogen and phosphorous, primarily
from agriculture but also from large and small waste water
treatment plants.
Vattenfall Heat Uppsala’s total emissions of nitrogenous
substances have been reduced over the years as mentioned above, and are primarily in the form of airborne
nitrogen oxides; around 50 tonnes per year calculated
as nitrogen, or 4 per cent of the county’s emissions.
Water emissions are around five tonnes per year
0
1980
A Non-Toxic Environment
Our air emissions of mercury and dioxins have been
dramatically reduced since the 1980s, see the diagrams
to the right. Our water emissions contribute only a limited
amount to the transport of heavy metals in the Fyris
River. Our water emissions from the waste incineration’s
flue gas condensation are reported on page 16.
Environmental terms
Sulphur, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride and ammonia
These substances cause acidification. It leads to
nutrients leaching out of the ground and metals being
released that are normally bound.
Sulphur emissions have decreased throughout the
entire country, thanks to reduced use of coal and
oil. Nitrogen oxides are formed in connection with all
combustion and affect the environment in four different ways as they lead to acidification, eutrophication,
intensification of the greenhouse effect and formation
of ground level ozone. Hydrogen chloride is a corrosive
gas and together with water it forms hydrochloric acid,
which is acidifying. Ordinary salts can form hydrogen
chloride in conjunction with waste incineration Hydrogen
chloride is removed from flue gas through condensing.
Ammonia also appears to be acidifying as it easily forms
ammonium ions, which are weak acids.
Dust
Dust is particles of ash that are released into the air
from industries and cars. The dust can contain heavy
metals and hydrocarbon. We clean the flue gases of
dust using electrofilters and fabric filters. The dust from
waste incineration (fly ash) is hazardous waste. Fly ash
from peat and wood contains only low levels of pollutants and can be used, for example, in road building and
as a substitute for cement.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a gas that is found naturally in the
air and is one of the most important substances in
photosynthesis. However, a distinction is made between
the amount of carbon dioxide that is part of the natural
cycle, and the surplus that arises through use of fossil
fuels. This surplus intensifies the greenhouse effect.
The increase that disturbs the balance is caused chiefly
by traffic and burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal.
On the other hand, the amount of carbon dioxide that
arises when biomass fuels are used is absorbed again
by plants. Opinion is divided on whether peat should be
regarded as a biomass fuel (slowly renewable) or not.
The annual growth of peat in Sweden is greater than its
removal, but the peat used can be thousands of years
old. Peat moss emits carbon dioxide if there is a supply
of air in the peat layers (aerobic conditions). If there is
no supply of air (anaerobic conditions), methane gas
is produced, which is a stronger greenhouse gas than
carbon dioxide. It is therefore a fairly difficult equation
to balance between the climatic impact from peat usage
and its combustion.
Dioxin
Dioxins are a group of over 200 different chlorinated
hydrocarbons. Some of the variants are highly toxic. In
principle, dioxin arises in connection with all combustion,
where landfill fires are the worst. A single short-lived
fire at a landfill site produces more emissions of dioxin
into the air than Heat Uppsala’s waste incineration plant
does in ten years, which is one of the reasons why there
is a ban on dumping combustible waste in landfills.
Heavy metals
The heavy metals that have the most effect on the
environment are mercury, lead and cadmium. They are
naturally present in all animals and plants, but only in
small quantities. If their content increases unnaturally,
these heavy metals are highly powerful environmental
toxins. In Sweden, emissions of many heavy metals have
declined substantially in recent years, thanks to new
processing techniques, better cleaning techniques,
a ban on mercury, increased collection of batteries and
a ban on lead in petrol.
The major sources of emissions of mercury are crematoriums and chlor-alkali industries. For cadmium it is the
metal industries. Waste incineration in Sweden accounts
for less than one per cent of the total air emissions of
heavy metals.
More information
• The industry association Swedish Waste Management has information about waste handling:
www.avfallsverige.se
• Swedish district heating: www.svenskfjarrvarme.se
• Swedish peat production: www.torvproducenterna.se
• The Swedish Energy Authority has statistics on
energy use in Sweden and information about energy
and energy efficiency: www.energimyndigheten.se
• Energy advice and environmental programmes,
Uppsala Municipality www.uppsala.se and Uppsala
Municipality’s Climate Protocol.
• Follow-up of Sweden’s environmental objectives is
available at www.miljomal.nu
For more information about Vattenfall, you can visit
our website: www.vattenfall.se
19
Heat Uppsala is a business unit in Vattenfall AB.
District heating is the largest part of our business
and our customers are real estate companies, housing associations, home owners, industrial and public
facilities, such as schools, swimming pools and libraries.
The business covers the entire value chain: generation,
distribution and sales. We also offer district cooling and
steam, with the latter being used in industrial processes.
Producing electricity and heat simultaneously delivers a
high level of efficiency. Uppsala has Vattenfall’s largest
plant for district heating in Sweden.
Our major district heating
plants in Sweden,
including subsidiaries 1
Volume of heat: 4,000 GWh
Volume of electricity: 380 GWh
Turnover: MSEK 3,0002
Employees: 400
Vänersborg
Haparanda
Ludvika
Fagersta
Uppsala
Southern Greater Stockholm
Motala
Nyköping
Visby
If you have questions please contact us:
Visit:
Bolandsgatan 13
[email protected]
1.
Västerbergslagens Energi AB (VB Energi), Gotlands Energi AB (Geab), and
Haparanda Värmeverk.
2.
This information includes revenues from energy sales (electricity, heating, cooling and steam), and certain other revenues, primarily waste and back-up power.
September 2015. Blomquist & Co.
Customer enquiries:
Vattenfall Customer Service
PO Box 13
SE-880 30 Näsåker, Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0)20 82 00 00
Email: [email protected]
www.vattenfall.se/uppsala

Vattenfall Heat Uppsala

Transcription

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