522 - Post-Assessment Report

Transcription

Rev. 03-2010
Document 522
POST-ASSESSMENT REPORT
CHAPTER: Duke University
COUNTRY: Uganda
COMMUNITY: Nkokonjeru
PROJECT: Community Assessment of
Nkokonjeru
PREPARED BY
Priya Govindaraj
Dianna Liu
Andrew Mang
Annelise Mesler
June 25, 2010
ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS-USA
www.ewb-usa.org
Document 522 - Post-Assessment Report
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Community Assessment of Nkokonjeru
Post-Assessment Report Part 1 – Administrative
Information
1.0
Contact Information
Project Leads
President
Mentor #1
Mentor #2
Faculty Advisor (if
applicable)
Health and Safety
Officer
Assistant Health
and Safety Officer
NGO/Community
Contact
Education Lead
2.0
Name
Andrew
Mang
Joanna Gross
and Eric
Thorne
Dwayne Lee
Email
[email protected]
Phone
+1 952-2379225
+1 201-6027666
Chapter
Duke
[email protected]
+1 919- 7655796
Duke
Annelise
Mesler
Dianna Liu
[email protected]
Duke
Ignitius
Bwoogi
Priya
Govindaraj
[email protected]
+1 978-8867266
+1 210-4108425
+256772923712
+1 407-4468139
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Duke
Duke
Duke
Travel History
Dates of Travel
10 May 2010 – 26 May
2010
Assessment or Implementation
Assessment
© 2007 Engineers Without Borders – USA. All Rights Reserved
Description of Trip
Interviewed community
members and gathered data on
local water quality to
determine feasibility of
potential project ideas
Page 2 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
3.0
Travel Team
Name
E-mail
Phone
Chapter
Andrew Mang
Dianna Liu
Annelise
Mesler
Priya
Govindaraj
Dwayne Lee
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
952-237-9225
210-410-8425
978-886-7266
Duke
Duke
Duke
Student or
Professional
Student
Student
Student
[email protected]
407-446-8139
Duke
Student
[email protected]
919-765-5796
Duke
Professional
4.0
Safety
4.1
5.0
Safety Incident Reports
The team encountered no accidents during the trip.
Budget
5.1
Cost
Expense
Airfare
On Ground
Materials
Other
Total
Total Cost
7931.50
1864.00
89.48
0
9884.98
A detailed budget can be viewed in Appendix A.
6.0
Project Location
Longitude: E 32.926
Latitude: N 0.243
Page 3 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Post Assessment Report Part 2 – Technical Information
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to summarize Duke University’s recent assessment trip
to Nkokonjeru, Uganda, program ID #00860. During the trip, the team interviewed community
members about their attitudes regarding issues of water usage, health, energy, and agriculture as
well as gathered and analyzed samples of public water sources in the Nkokonjeru area. The
team’s findings are summarized below.
2.0
PROGRAM BACKGROUND
One often tried method to remedy the water, energy, and agriculture obstacles facing the
Nkokonjeru community is to introduce new technology. Covered slab latrines, ventilated pit
latrines, hand washing stations, point-of-use water treatment devices, and ferrocement rainwater
harvesting tanks can be constructed in one summer, as can improved cook stoves, biomass
charcoal briquettes, and a nursery for more diverse and robust crops. However, this is not an
effective approach because it fails to address the lifestyles and attitudes of the people, in which
water, energy, and agriculture practices are irrevocably intertwined. Therefore the team’s
interventions are deliberately holistic, addressing multiple facets of community sensitization
including education, technical training, and accountability to help community members take
ownership of new installations.
The team entered the community without knowing the community’s attitude towards
water treatment, specifically how much time is lost in fetching water, the quality of the springs
from which they fetch water, and whether the community views it as a significant problem. The
team was also unaware of problems that may stem from indoor air pollution, agriculture, or other
facets of community life. Thus, comprehensive data were gathered on community attitudes,
practices, and infrastructure in order to isolate and focus attention on the most problematic areas
within the community.
3.0
TRIP DESCRIPTION
The purpose of this trip was to conduct a general community assessment in Nkokonjeru
with the overall goal of identifying major challenges faced by the community. These challenges
were then pursued further by interviewing relevant community members to develop potential
project ideas.
The assessment team used both quantitative and qualitative methods during this
assessment trip. Important community figures were interviewed including the town clerk, several
village chiefs, a representative from Nkokonjeru’s main hospital, and the town engineer. Many
households were also visited and questioned about common challenges they face in daily life.
.
Page 4 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
The team’s quantitative assessment focused primarily on water services provided by the
town. 15 protected springs, 3 unprotected springs and 4 boreholes were visited, and water
samples, as well as topographic data at several of the water locations, were obtained. Water
samples were analyzed for pH, free chlorine and the presence of both E.Coli and other coliforms
using 3M Petrifilm tests.
The team’s day-by-day schedule is included in Appendix B.
4.0
4.1
COMMUNITY INFORMATION
Description of Community
Nkokonjeru is a rural community of approximately 11,000 people. The town is south of
Mukono, Uganda and is connected to other communities by dirt roads. The government is
planning to pave the main road to Mukono, but all of the roads in the town are susceptible to
damage in heavy rains. The population is most heavily concentrated in the town center, but the
town extends several kilometers in all directions from the central area of town. Nkokonjeru is
composed of twelve villages, each headed by a village chairman. The majority of the population
is involved in agriculture, mostly subsistence-based. Houses are generally constructed of
unreinforced masonry walls with corrugated metal roofs, although mud houses with thatched
roofs are present in the villages on the outskirts of town. Every member of the village is within 5
km of a water source, but most members are within a kilometer. However, even though the
villagers have access to protected water sources, they frequently spend hours waiting in lines to
fill water containers. Water sources also dry up during the dry season, and some areas of the
community are too high in elevation to receive town water. The town water supply is unreliable,
furthermore, and the contractor that operates and maintains the system is 18 million Ugandan
shillings in debt, with the contract expiring in March 2011. Some buildings in the town have
power, but the power is also unreliable and expensive for the locals. The primary cash crop of
the region is coffee, but community members also sell beans, fruit, and other crops. The
community is a rectangular shape of about 7.5 km north-south and 3.5 km east-west.
4.2
Community/NGO Resources and Constraints
Nkokonjeru is a relatively developed town with many different available resources.
Electricity and water are available in the main town, although most community members do not
have access, mostly due to high costs. The convent in which the team stayed has electricity, a
working flush toilet, and running water. The town has shops in which various useful items are
sold including purified water, building materials and food, although supplies are cheaper when
purchased in Kampala.
Dirt roads run throughout Nkokonjeru, which are both a resource and constraint. It is
possible to travel to Kampala along a dirt road, although it is of poor quality and travel can be
very difficult, especially during the rainy season. The government has promised to pave the road,
Page 5 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
but the time frame for project completion is unclear. Dirt roads also provide access to most areas
of Nkokonjeru.
Almost all villages in Nkokonjeru have access to some free water source, most of which
are protected springs. These are situated throughout Nkokonjeru and are possible because of a
relatively consistent flow of groundwater to local swamps. However, long lines and far walks to
the water sources make access to water a challenge for the community. Also, many water sources
dry up or are significantly reduced during the dry season.
The Rural Agency for Sustainable Design acts as a significant resource both for the
community and for everyone working in Nkokonjeru. Because it was both founded and staffed
by local residents, the organization is trusted by the community and has a good grasp on local
challenges and issues. Representatives of RASD were able to help Duke’s assessment team meet
important community figures while acting as translators for most of the team’s interactions with
local residents.
Despite RASD’s assistance, the team nevertheless faced several constraints. As
previously mentioned, the infrastructure in the town is lacking, making transportation by both car
and foot fairly difficult at times. Internet access is also unreliable; during the assessment trip, the
connection at the RASD community Internet café was broken and the team had to borrow
Internet connection from a UC Davis student.
Basic building materials are available in Nkokonjeru, but muddy roads make delivery of
materials very difficult. RASD’s staff is very helpful with translating and meeting with local
community members, but their staff members occasionally have other commitments that prevent
them from assisting the team daily. Water access is relatively close to all of the villagers, but the
limited water flow in the spring boxes, in addition to the long lines, can make it difficult to
acquire the large quantities of water necessary for some project ideas. Furthermore, water
sources are often located down muddy slopes that are far away from roads, making building
material transportation difficult. Most Ugandans know some basic English, but a translator is
usually necessary for effective communication.
4.3
Community Relations
The Rural Agency for Sustainable Development (RASD) is a non-profit NGO operating
out of Nkokonjeru. It was founded and is currently staffed by local citizens and is thus wellconnected to and trusted by the community. This makes RASD an invaluable resource due to its
community influence and understanding. RASD is funded by donations from Nkokonjeru
citizens and grants and cannot provide financial support to this program. RASD has helped the
team interview citizens, collect health data, identify local water sources, and speak with members
of the local town council about the community’s problems.
During the assessment trip, the team also met several community contacts, including the
town clerk, the water system contractor, and the manager of the local hospital. Their input was
used to help refine project ideas and designs.
Page 6 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
4.4
Community Priorities
The community’s main priority is to improve access to clean water. Besides water access,
the community is focused on fighting HIV and malaria, the two most prevalent diseases in the
area. Another major problem is coffee and matoke wilt, which are destroying crops and
removing farmers’ sources of income. Interviews with community members are available in
Appendix C.
5.0
5.1
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Summary of Data
Data was collected in the form of interviews, water samples and physical measurements.
Documentation of previous studies conducted by local and national governments were also read
and analyzed. All original data is attached in Appendix C. Summaries of important interviews
follow:
Summary of Townspeople Interviews
The assessment team interviewed several townspeople about issues related to health,
water usage, and their financial situation. The team found that the majority of water sources were
protected springs less than a ten-minute walk from the family’s house. The families had an
average of five children, with most kids under age 15. Most households had about two adults,
and the average household used 14.25 twenty-liter jerry cans of water every day. Despite the
relatively short walk to the water sources, most people spend one to three hours collecting water
because of the long lines at the water sources. Children typically collect water and carry it to
their homes. The majority of people do not pay for water. However, community members
expressed willingness to pay for water if they were clearly able to increase their agricultural or
brick-making yields. Almost every surveyed family boiled water for treatment, and most latrines
were away from water sources. Full latrines were simply covered up and re-dug elsewhere, and
the team rarely saw livestock near water sources. Families surveyed were mostly concerned
about muddy water during the rainy season, sources drying up during the dry season, and
mosquitoes thriving near standing water. Most people did not have problems with diarrhea, but
malaria and the flu were very common. Most people made money through agriculture, but others
make bricks, sell labor, or operate cabs. Most people could not afford their medical expenses, but
most of the children attended school. School fees were very expensive for most families.
Children generally collected water and dug holes for farming. Most people grew matoke,
cassava, potatoes, coffee, maize, and yams on farms that they owned. Coffee was the main crop
sold for income. The majority of people would irrigate their crops with excess water, and they
often used animal manure as fertilizer. Some families collected rainwater, but their collection
tanks sometimes leaked or were too small to collect a large quantity of rainwater. They generally
lit their homes with candles, kerosene lanterns, or paraffin lamps.
Page 7 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Summary of Village Chairmen Interviews
The team interviewed chairmen of four different villages (Mbiro Aloysius of Kiremba,
Zawedde Rose of Mayirikiti (West), Mukalazi John of Ndolwa, and Seninde Jackson of
Masaba/Kalega) to determine the main issues faced by each village. Overall, easy access to water
seemed to be the most prevalent problem, followed by agricultural issues such as wilts, pests,
and soil exhaustion. Regarding water, the specific issues concern long distances to travel for
water, long waits upon reaching the spring, and reduced flow during the dry season. The general
belief was that if more water were available, villagers would utilize it for irrigation. Aside from a
need for irrigation, pests, wilts, and soil exhaustion, one chief (Seninde Jackson) also cited
unstable crop prices as being a major concern. Illness, especially malaria, was also noted as a
major problem, with two chiefs complaining about the great distance to the clinic or hospital.
Finally, three chiefs mentioned the high cost of education, with one expressing desire for a
school within his village so children would not have to walk as far each day.
Summary of Water Quality Data
The team visited 15 protected springs, 3 unprotected springs and 4 boreholes throughout
the various villages in various weathers ranging from sunny to pouring thunderstorms. Locations
and altitudes at each water source were recorded with a GPS, along with distance to a
comparative point such as a main road or overlooking hill. Water was then taken from each
spring to be tested using the 3M Petrifilm water quality test. Physical observations and
photographic documentation were also recorded for each water source, along with depth of water
and flow rate.
Overall, it was found that most sources were relatively close to a main road, with several
sources requiring over a 10 minute walk from the road. Most were in relatively well-defined
valleys, with only several sources not having a significant slope immediately above the outflow
pipe. These slopes were often wet and very slippery, especially during the rainy season, making
them difficult to travel up or down. Lines, some fairly substantial, were common at most sources.
Most sources did not have livestock or latrines nearby, but a few did.
From the Petrifilm testing, the team was able to observe various levels of coliform
growth between the various water sources. Colors of the observed films ranged from red with no
bubbles to very significantly violet with large amounts of colonies and bubbles, the latter
suggesting E. coli and TNTC growth. These suggest that contamination may be present at several
sources.
Hospital Summary
Contact: Benjamin Bakudaala, +256 0782638769, [email protected]
The assessment team visited St. Francis Hospital, located just outside the center of town
and run by a local convent. This hospital is the main source of intensive health care for the
community, although there is also a government health clinic in town.
Page 8 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
From speaking with a hospital administrator, it was discovered that HIV/AIDS and
malaria were the most prevalent illnesses in the community, followed by typhoid. The hospital is
also working with Baylor Medicine to reduce the incidence of HIV through testing, counseling
and ARV medication. Overall the average life span was about 53 years for females and 47 or 48
years for males. Problem-wise, the hospital mainly needs more equipment, specifically a printer
for their sonograph machine, more O2 tanks, and more HIV testing kits. Other important
information is included in the Community Health Survey.
Water Contractor (Able Holdings)
Contact: +256 772474576, [email protected]
Able Holdings Ltd is responsible for maintaining the Nkokonjeru town water. This water
is available to all town residents for a cost of 1550 Ugandan shillings per 1000 L of water, as
well as initial connection costs. The main challenge faced by Able Holdings is their inability to
collect outstanding bills from consumers, leading to their inability to pay for electricity for water
pumps. Overall, they’re losing money. However, they are in contract with the Nkokonjeru Town
Council for three years, ending in March 2011.
Hilltop College
Contact: Mboowa John Bosco, +256 772985499, [email protected]
Hilltop is a private school facing issues in water, poverty and a lack of science
equipment, among other problems. The school’s only source of water is a protected spring,
located a large distance away. Students must continually leave school to fetch water. Although
teachers try to avoid sending students during classes, the team was told that the problem of
supplying water has a negative impact on students’ education. Hilltop would be willing to help
contribute funds for a large rainwater-harvesting tank to help negate this problem. Hilltop has
two main academic buildings and is currently constructing a third to cope with prospective future
attendance. The school has also expressed desire for more science equipment, as the current
amount does not permit hands-on opportunities for each student.
Auntie Flora Primary School
Many of the students at Auntie Flora Primary School are orphans aged 11-12. They walk
up to 5-6 km every day to attend school, having to leave the house before 6 AM to make it to
school on time. The students usually take up to an hour to fetch water, but can take longer if
they’re unsupervised and playing around. School fees are a challenge, and the school spends up
to 1 million Ugandan shillings buying food for the students. The buildings at the school are
constructed from unreinforced masonry walls and metal roofs. There is a borehole a five-minute
walk from the school, but it frequently breaks down, forcing the students to fetch water from a
spring approximately one and a half kilometers away.
Page 9 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Town Council Water Chair
Contact: Musoke Abduh Nkata, +256 0772895182
The Town Council of Nkokonjeru provided the team with a list of the most commonly
used spring sources but was not able to provide topographic or groundwater maps, rain gauge
data or standard plans for the protected springs. The most common issue mentioned in this
interview was the problem of springs either drying up or having significantly reduced flow
during the dry season.
Town Engineer
Contact: Lugeye Henry, [email protected], +256 0772859598
The town engineer of Nkokonjeru is responsible for monitoring the water, roads, housing,
and mechanical problems. He described the procedure used by the town council in regulating any
engineering projects – if anything costs over one million shillings, the policy is to contract the
project out to private contractors who are then responsible for the project’s maintenance
(provided the cost does not exceed 500,000 shillings) also. Each project also has a management
committee within the town council; this committee often fails due to lack of funds though. He
also mentioned the government’s plan to start paving the road to Kampala this October as well as
a possible redesign of the town’s protected spring system due to problems with the initial design.
He described the problems as mainly misuse and disrespect of the catchment area by people, the
resulting contamination, and the springs drying up. However, he stressed that the town council
advocates the switch from dependence on springs to pipe water. Interestingly, he denied the
existence of unprotected water sources within the town. Other problems he mentioned included
garbage management, streetlights being on and off, and roads during the rainy season.
Page 10 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
5.2
Mapping
Figure 1. A map of Nkokonjeru illustrates the most commonly used spring sources by villagers.
Page 11 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 2. A diagram shows the team's potential project of a water buffer tank located between the water source and the
spigots to aid in water distribution.
Page 12 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 3. A topographic sketch illustrates the change in altitude of the hills on either side of spring source 13.
(Vertical scale same as horizontal scale)
Figure 4. A topographic sketch illustrates the lack of altitude increase for spring source 23.
(Vertical scale same as horizontal scale)
Page 13 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
5.3
Monitoring and Evaluation Data
5.3a Water Tank Tentative Prices
Table I. Cost to Build a 10,000 L tank (Peter’s estimate)
Material
Amount
Price (thousands of
shillings)
polyethane plastic
5 meters
25
Unit Cost
(thousand
shillings)
5/meter
cement for making brick,
six bags
six bags (50
kilos per bag)
162
27/bag
cement for building
labor for making bricks
12 bags
324
150
27/bag
sand (from the lake)
1 truck
90
pit sand
iron sheets
1 truck
4 pieces
50
80
timber
4 pieces
30
welded wire mesh
tap, wash out (for
cleaning) and robbins
(used to tie things on, like
tape)
binding wires
waterproof cement
4 pieces
80
Comments
includes sand
and
transportation:
depends on
weather
"
12' by 3.5'
12' long, 6'' wide
2'' thick
8' by 4'
3-4 tons
3-4 tons
100
3 kgs
20 kgs
building labor
25
50
500
based on all
materials on site
when job starts;
delays increase
labor cost
same as sand
gravel
1 truck
100
roofing nails
3 kilos
15
used engine oil
5 liters
12
purchase by kilo
8.33/kg
2.5/kilo
3-4 tons
5/kilo
used for making
bricks, for the
machine
Page 14 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
transportation of brick to
site
100
transportation for sand to
site
80
TOTAL
1,973
Table II. Cost for building a 10,000 L tank (Sean's budget)
MATERIAL
AMOUNT
TOTAL COST
Cement
roofing iron sheets
roofing timber
tap and wash out
water proof cement
aggregates
pit sand
lake sand
14 bags
4
3 pieces
6 kg
1 truck
1 truck
1 truck
476
72
10.5
60
15
60
40
60
over flow pipe
1
10
4 cm diameter
wire mesh
binding wire
roofing nails
polythen plastic
used engine oil
labour for bricks
labour for tank
gutters and clips
PVC pipe with T Bend
TOTAL
4 pieces
1 kg
1 kg
10 meters
2 liters
76
4
4
25
3
50
200
70
40
1275.5
19
10
2
COMMENTS
PRICE/UNIT
6X2
28/bag
18
3.5
2.5
10
4/kg
4
2.5
1.5
7
20
5.4b Water Spring Data attached as Excel Spreadsheet
6.0
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
More images can be seen at the following links:
• http://picasaweb.google.com/108266027402897494979/UgandaDukeEWBSiteAssessme
nt#
• http://picasaweb.google.com/108266027402897494979/Uganda2DukeEWBSiteAssessm
ent#
• http://picasaweb.google.com/manginator/EWBUganda2010
Page 15 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 5. Ignitius demonstrates RASD's water harvesting tank
Figure 6. Coffee drying in town
Page 16 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 7. Preparing water samples for petri-film tests
Figure 8. Example of a protected spring
Page 17 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 9. Children getting water from an unprotected spring
Figure 10. Petri-film results
Page 18 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 11. The slope down to the water sources are often steep, wet, and difficult to climb
Figure 12. Rough surveying of hill's steepness for potential project’s feasibility
Page 19 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 13. The lines at the water sources are often very long
Figure 14. Kids struggle to fill their jerry cans next
Page 20 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Figure 15. How Senyi residents currently live
Figure 16. The team and RASD partners.
Page 21 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
7.0
PROJECT FEASIBILITY
Following interviews with various Nkokonjeru residents, the team believes that a project
is feasible from a community perspective. Duke EWB’s partnership with RASD and the team’s
good relationship with the Nkokonjeru Town Council make project implementation possible.
The community also seems receptive to project ideas, but actual interest may depend on the
chosen project. The team attempted to understand community cultures and traditions in devising
project ideas in order to increase project feasibility. However, the final cost of the project may
hinder the community’s receptivity.
Technically, there is access to materials such as bricks, cement, and lumber,
transportation available to move materials and labor, and translators to improve communication
between project members and community members. In-kind services are also available to reduce
construction costs. However, some project ideas, such as the ground water buffer tank, are based
on assumptions that need to be verified later. These ideas will be altered as more conclusive data
is received. Others, such as a rainwater catchment tank at Hilltop school, are technically feasible,
but economic discussions with the school are necessary.
Overall, with these caveats in mind, there are several potentially feasible projects the
team is looking to further pursue.
8.0
LESSONS LEARNED
Throughout the site assessment, the team learned many lessons concerning travel and the
community itself. The team realized it was beneficial to start planning early in order to have all
necessary testing equipment by the travel date. In this team’s case, pipettes, distilled water or a
prepared buffer solution, ethanol for disinfection, and test tubes for gathering data would have
been beneficial for water testing while a stadia rod and line level would have been helpful in
assessing project feasibility. Also beneficial would have been a team member receiving
experience in using each test prior to leaving the United States. The team purchased a large
amount of bottled water from Kampala to last two weeks. However, if the team were staying
longer, it may be more economical to bring chlorine tablets instead along with powdered water
flavoring. Other important materials to bring include notebooks and pens for each team member,
more than one computer, a power adaptor for electronics, a wide-brimmed flexible hat, bug
repellent, sunscreen, a good pair of walking and hiking boots (one with Goretex is especially
helpful), thank you cards and gifts, food flavoring such as hot sauce and peanut butter, and forms
of entertainment such as dominoes, playing cards, books, and movies.
Travel-wise, the team discovered that for certain African countries such as Uganda, the
airline needs to physically see the credit card used to purchase to plane tickets to reduce the
potential of fraud. Upon arrival in Uganda, there is a $50 visa charge. Any $100 bills used for the
visa must be newer than 2007. Similarly, when exchanging money at the bank, only 2003 and
newer $100 bills are accepted. Paying in large bills is optimal as a smaller exchange rate is used
for smaller (such as $20) bills. Also, one must have his or her passport to exchange money, and
it’s advisable to count the received money prior to exiting the bank.
Page 22 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Regarding payment, it is advisable to pay all room and board up front to reduce the
amount of money being carried and for ease in budgeting. If budgeting, gas should be accounted
for, even when driven by others, as the passengers are expected to pay. Gas is more expensive
per unit when compared to American prices. Also, it is advisable to budget for translators as not
all village members speak English fluently enough for a full conversation. However, the team is
expected to pay for the translators’ lunches, transportation, and entrance fees. Also included in
the budget should be money for unexpected tolls when driving, souvenirs, and laundry, with the
latter provided by the convent for a fee of 5000 UGX per person. When a price is desired,
whether for personal supplies or for project costs, it is best to inquire through a local; if not, a
“muzungu” or elevated foreigner price may be received instead.
A good relationship with the team’s sponsor is critical for project success as the sponsor
will be able to connect the team with influential community members. A constant
communication with these members is crucial. However, teams must be careful to understand
and adhere to community cultures and traditions. For instance, don’t expect people to show up
exactly on time. As an example, the team’s meals were often delayed by 1.5 hours past the
agreed time. Also, terms used in the community may differ from terms used in the United States.
For instance, paraffin and kerosene are used interchangeably while a well can refer to both a
protected spring and a seep. Also, community members may ignore problems such as trash and
human feces, which they may not view as large issues. Be wary of beggars and be sure not to
promise anything during conversations; Ugandans often view foreigners as having unlimited
financial resources and will not object to ideas where the foreigners are providing the funding.
Logistically, it is advisable to work closely with not only the NGO and community
members, but also other established groups in the region (in this team’s case, UC Davis EWB).
Material wise, lumber is more expensive than bricks, and masonry is viewed in many places,
even in latrines. Cement is also universally available. Internet access is cellular and very slow,
however. It is advised to invest in universal cellular Internet access. Finally, project feasibility is
based on many assumptions due to a lack of data, especially available groundwater and
topographic maps. These must be verified before project implementation can begin.
9.0
MENTOR ASSESSMENT
The following is to be included, per EWB outline for trip reports, as paragraph 9 of the afteraction trip report for the subject project.
9.a. The Duke University EWB Chapter team of four students worked together exceptionally
well. The individual scholastic degrees each student is pursuing are sufficiently varied that the
mix of ideas and contributions was exceptional. Ideas were presented, discussed from multiple
perspectives, and preliminary conclusions were reached. Community involvement through many
interviews and separate, solo discussions with several village chiefs provided a good bottoms-up
assessment of local needs. Brainstorming sessions led to an extensive list of potential projects
that were winnowed down to those of a higher priority and potential community need.
Preliminary technical and economic feasibility was explored for several of the more probable
Page 23 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
future projects. In the aggregate I was impressed with the thoroughness and professionalism
demonstrated by the team throughout the assessment process.
9.b. The basic decisions made during the trip were to reduce the number of potential projects
initially identified from eleven to eight. Of these eight the level and completeness of project
definition varied. Some were more fully defined while others remained with a more vague
description. All were verified by community dialog as valid potential needs with clear
community-wide benefits. Some of these eight remaining potential projects may be “handed off”
to other Duke University groups with more expertise and experience in the particular area of the
project.
9.c. The next phase of the project subsequent to May 2010 will be further investigation and
analysis of all collected data supplemented by some additional data requests left with the local
sponsor to be added to the total data resulting from this initial assessment. This phase will help
“narrow the field” of specific projects, and provide better definition of each particular project.
For example, designing and constructing a water storage tank with multiple spigots at the highest
use springs is critically dependent on better ground water information at each site. A
groundwater profile combined with collected elevation data can yield preliminary design for
further and more detailed community dialog. This information will also include a preliminary
cost estimate. Combining this information and analysis with the draft MOU left with the two
Ugandan partners will allow a well-informed decision on how best to proceed. Additionally the
terms in the draft MOU can then be redrafted from “general” to “specific”, and the more detailed
responsibilities of each party will be identified.
9.d. In conclusion my first experience as a mentor on an EWB project has been a real pleasure.
The students were exceptionally committed and worked together in a manner exceeding my
expectations. Their experience was an exceptional learning opportunity in translating the theory
of the classroom into the reality of needs within an under-developed community. My personal
conviction is each one will approach the remaining two years of undergraduate education with an
eager attitude modified by their May 2010 experience in Uganda.
9.1
Mentor Name (who wrote the assessment)
Dwayne Lee
2207 Arrington St., Durham, NC 27707
(919) 765-5796
[email protected]
Page 24 of 44
Rev. 03-2010
Appendix A. Detailed Budget
A1. US Dollar to Uganda shilling conversions
Annelise Mesler: 2089 UGX to $1
Andrew Mang: 2089 UGX to $1
Dwayne Lee: 2089 UGX to $1
Priya Govindaraj: 2079 UGX to $1
Dianna Liu: 2079 UGX to $1
A2. Expenses by Person
Annelise Mesler
Dollars
Shillings
50
104450
22.9775012
48000
12.92484442 27000
71.80469124 150000
201.0531355 420000
2.393489708 5000
2.393489708 5000
9.573958832 20000
$373
779450
Andrew Mang
Dollars
50
23.93489708
14.36093825
201.0531355
9.813307803
7.180469124
11.96744854
11.72809957
2.393489708
10.05265677
4.786979416
7.659167066
23.93489708
28.7218765
27.76448061
1.436093825
1
437.7879368
Shillings
104450
50000
30000
420000
20500
15000
25000
24500
5000
21000
10000
16000
50000
60000
58000
3000
2089
914539
Reason
Visa
Water in Kampala
Lunch, May 11
Taxi Driver to Nkokonjeru
Convent rent
Peter's car wash
Laundry
Betty's Salary
Total
Reason
Visa
Cell Phone Minutes
Lunch, May 11
Convent Rent
Lunch, day 5
Gas, day 5
Lunch, day 6
Lunch, day 7
Laundry
Lunch, day 8
Lunch, day 9
Lunch, day 10
Gas for Senyi visit
Jackie's salary
Lunch, Kampala
Airtime
Water
Total
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Dwayne Lee
Dollars
50
155
13.40354236
201.0531355
11.01005266
4.786979416
9.573958832
0.478697942
2.393489708
0.478697942
47.86979416
57.44375299
1.436093825
554.9281953
Shillings
104450
323795
28000
420000
23000
10000
20000
1000
5000
1000
100000
120000
3000
1159245
Priya Govindaraj
Dollars
Shillings
50
104450
13.46801347
28000
11.06301106
23000
202.020202
420000
14.43001443
30000
9.62000962
20000
300.6012506
625450
Dianna Liu
Dollars
50
1.443001443
15.39201539
202.020202
0.384800385
11.06301106
0.481000481
0.481000481
5.772005772
287.037037
Shillings
104450
3000
32000
420000
800
23000
1000
1000
12000
597250
Reason
Visa
Hotel in Entebbe
Lunch, May 11
Convent rent
Lunch, day 3
Gas
Gas
Boda Boda
Boda Boda
Toll Road
Peter's salary
Taxi to Entebbe
Lunch
Total
Reason
Visa
Lunch, May 11
Lunch, day 2
Convent rent
Taxi to Entebbe
Lunch, last day
Total
Reason
Visa
Petrifilm Print Outs
Lunch, day 1
Convent rent
Lamp and wick
Lunch, day 4
Car wash
Lunch, day 8
Lunch, last day
Total
Page 26 of 44
Rev. 03-2010
Appendix B. Daily Schedule
Monday, May 10
- Met at the Raleigh-Durham Airport two hours before flight
- Boarded plane for Atlanta, Georgia
- Changed planes in Atlanta for Amsterdam, Netherlands
Tuesday, May 11
- Changed planes in Amsterdam for Entebbe, Uganda
- Arrived in Uganda at 8:30 pm local time
- Went to the Victoria Regional Motel in Entebbe (travel provided by motel)
Wednesday, May 12
- Picked up at motel by Ignatius and Peter (from RASD) in taxi (van)
- Traveled to Kampala, purchased water, exchanged money for Ugandan shillings, and bought
lunch
- Traveled to Nkokonjeru
- Arrived in time for a short tour of the area. Settled into Convent.
Thursday, May 13
- Arrived at RASD at 8:30 in the morning for an orientation in the history and culture of
Uganda. Also received a short tutorial on Luganda, the locally spoken language.
- Interviewed the Nkokonjeru Town Clerk
- Made first trip to a protected spring, close to Nkokonjeru’s town center. Split into two
groups of two students and one translator each to interview families that used that protected
spring.
Friday, May 14
- Spent the day conducting interviews with local village households. Interviews were
conducted by two students and a translator. Interviewed households were chosen randomly
based on geography.
- Water samples were collected at sources used by interviewed families. Samples were
brought back to convent and kept in the refrigerator at about 40F.
- The night was spent discussing results from the interviews, first impressions of the town and
any ideas/comments
Saturday, May 15
- Prepared Petrifilm tests for all samples collected so far. Placed in incubator at RASD.
- Visited the home of one of our translators, Jacquie.
- Drove to the home of a village chief and conducted an interview. Then traveled to two of the
water sources in his village to collect samples.
Sunday, May 16
- Spent time in the convent.
- Reviewed documents given to the team by the Nkokonjeru clerk (documents needed to be
returned on Monday)
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
-
Discussed trip so far and plans for the next week
Monday, May 17
- Visited representative for Able Holdings Ltd, the company that provides piped water for
Nkokonjeru
- Visited Hilltop college: talked to teachers and a representative of the administration
- Split into two groups. Two students and a translator went to a school for orphans.
- Other students went to RASD to prepare samples for petrifilm and analyze latest results
- Went to RASD to collect incubated samples. Analyzed results and documented with
pictures.
Tuesday, May 18
- Walked to a demonstration farm, run by a local parish.
- Visited local priest’s house, where bricks were being constructed
- Traveled to a heavily used protected spring to get topographic data
- Brainstormed a list of issues facing the community and a list of possible solutions and
projects.
Wednesday, May 19
- Visited RASD to analyze previous set of water samples and prepare new samples for
incubation
- Visited hospital and interviewed representative
- Interviewed two different village chiefs. Visited a protected spring in the first village and
both a protected spring and an unprotected spring located in the second village.
Thursday, May 20
- Went to RASD to analyze previous set of water samples and prepare new samples for
incubation
- Visited a protected spring close to town center. Took a sample and topographic data
- Traveled to a broken borehole located close to convent and town center
- Went to St. Francis for a tour of the facilities
- Visited protected spring outside of town – had been told that it was one that had heavier
usage
- Returned to convent. Began analyzing data and refining list of ideas
Friday, May 21
- Went to RASD to analyze last set of water samples and prepare final sample for incubation
- Prepared documents, began summarizing data
Saturday, May 22
- Visited waterfall and went on cultural tour
- Returned to Nkokonjeru for lunch
- Visited the fishing village Senyi to investigate potential future project sites
Page 28 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Sunday, May 23
- Some team members attended church services
- Worked on project documentation
Monday, May 24
- Discussed potential project ideas with Peter and Ignitius
- Read last Petrifilm results
- Purchased souvenirs from Jackie and Peter
Tuesday, May 25
- Packed and said goodbyes
- Headed to Kampala/Entebbe
- Lunch at pizza restaurant
- Plane to Amsterdam delayed a few hours
- Boarded plane for Amsterdam, Netherlands
Wednesday, May 26
- Landed in Amsterdam, boarded plane for Detroit
- Landed in Detroit, boarded plane for Raleigh-Durham
- Arrived home
Page 29 of 44
Rev. 03-2010
Appendix C. Town Interviews
C1. Village Chief Interviews
Chief: Mukalazi John
Village: Ndolkia
May 19, 2010 – 2:15 pm
1. 3 main concerns: Water – irrigation, proximity, difficult to get more labor, spending lots
of time collecting water
2. Time to collect: Borehole by town council no longer works, renovated spring now
damaged, water is a little low
3. How many access: 190 in village, some go to a far spring, but most use the renovated one
4. Other major concerns: Elderly don’t have help (ex. To dig pit latrines, domestic help,
etc), communication (power sources very far away)
5. Illnesses: Malaria and diarrhea if no boiling water, chief is telling people to cook water
first
6. Do a lot collect rainwater: They lose a lot of water because they only have small tanks
7. What do they do about diarrhea: Government clinic, but it’s a long way away
8. Biggest problem kids face? Health center or school in village, they pass by bad people on
the way to school, and no funds for education
9. Agriculture: Most farm and plant a lot, but harvest very little because of wilt and insects
10. Greatest need: top 3 problems are health, schools, and help (such as building toilets) for
those who can’t
11. His family’s daily water usage: about 10 jerry cans
12. Water needed for agriculture, his family: Depends on size of what you planted, squares
all need different amounts of water; for instance, 5 acres now use 90 jerry cans if not
rainy season
13. If the well was working better: more water for irrigation; if the water source was
working, more water would be available
Chief: Seninde Jackson
Village: Masaba (Kalega)
May 19, 2010 – 3:45 pm
1. 3 areas of concern: water (no easy access), farming to improve health, and diseases
2. Water: not very far, but very little compared to village size; not clean enough
3. 3 wells – one is seep and used as alternate; thus, very long lines and need to wait for dirt
to settle each time a jerry can is taken out and another put in – more time necessary
4. Rainwater catching systems: Not really invested in rainwater catching
5. Farming issues: pests and wilts, unstable prices – can range from 300 to 100 to 1000 to
700 within days – very hard to predict
6. How much of the crops do farmers sell? Some sell, but a small amount
7. Irrigation: None used
8. Health challenges: Money to pay for medication, some have no way of paying for the
hospital, also they have to walk a long distance
9. Major diseases: Eyes (blurred vision), malaria, diarrhea
10. Treat water: Big challenge, most don’t cook water (20% do), but he’s trying to teach
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
11. How many use each well? 250 per spring, 100 for the seep
12. If extra water? More farming, bricks, irrigation, domestic use
Chief: Zawedde Rose
Village: Mayirikiti (West)
May 18, 2010 – 2:15 pm
1. 3 main concerns: water, get a borehole dug, can boost standard of living of people around
village
2. They have to walk a long distance for water – 2 km
3. Time to get water: when kids aren’t paying – 1 hr, if kids are playing 1-2 hours
4. How do they treat their drinking water: Most boil, some have pottery filter from RASD
5. Other issues of concern: toilet issue – 4 donated, but another problem, hygiene bad if not
6. Children improvement for future: education
7. Do a lot drop out: most drop because of money and necessity to work
8. School fees: Low for primary school, senior 4, then continuing is so expensive
9. Income source: Bricks, farming
10. Subsistence farming mostly
11. Improve agriculture output: Sean’s project is promising, vegetables and fruits to sell,
others not in organization don’t have a chance, education of farming types, fertilizer
12. Plant diseases: same wilts (banana and coffee)
13. No solution to wilt: carry away and plant another if wilt, maybe different types of
potatoes, etc.
Chief: Mbiro Aloysius
Village: Kiremba
May 14, 2010 – 3:15 pm
Wants us to work on a stream problem they have (said before we started asking questions)
1. 3 issues most pressing for people in village?
1. people generally very poor – income generating activities very low
2. lots of pests that have come in, coffee wilting, diseases for crops, and a lot of crops
are affected
3. soil exhaustion, using over and over, and fertilizer costly if no animals
2. Stream
2 springs in area, now little water, lines very long, and water comes very slow. The rest
are streams
3. Issues that face his town in particular as opposed to entire town?
Water and diseases for the plants (pest control)
4. How do yall water crops? Fetch water vs. rain?
If not enough labor, not enough ability to fetch water, otherwise 200 shillings for hired
help for jerry can so no net profit; some wait for rain
5. Help improve children’s future?
Education, can steal jerry cans but not steal education
6. Why hard to get education?
Page 31 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
School fees (30,000 per town), some can’t pay – too poor (etc. orphan children with big
relative family, family must look after own biological children first), coffee wilt -> low
harvest = low profit
7. If education, able to get a job?
Some are, some aren’t – some go to school, others skip; if want to do well, they are doing
well; if not, not
8. Problems with plants?
Wilt (coffee and bananas), coffee weevil
9. Crop rotation?
Yes, but many end up planting same plant, not knowing what insects can affect one but
not another plant
10. Residents are willing to try new methods of planting
11. Farmers are involved in Sean’s project
12. What do the plants look like because of diseases?
Cassava: roots rotting, leaves fall and have holes
Potatoes: bite in middle of leaves, spout goes up rather than down
13. Any suggestions on how to reduce water lines?
Small tank to keep water in rainy season for later dry season may be helpful
14. How much appropriate/acceptable to pay?
Trading good, can barter with labor
15. Major health issues in village?
Cough and malaria for all demographics, cough with fever
16. Inkind services villages could provide if we did project here (village participation)?
Yes, willing (ex. Pour concrete, shovels, etc)
17. Any creative idea people in village?
Yes, committee members can be organized for later
18. When did springs start to dry?
After 8 months; renovated 7 years back; still diminished now with less water
End: 3:45 pm
Went to visit two springs (sources 9 and 10)
Page 32 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
C2. Hospital Interview
Benjamin Bakudaala
0782638769
Email: [email protected]
May 19, 2010 – 10:35 am
1. 5 most prevalent illnesses:
a. HIV/AIDS – over 80% are adults, 3% children, good at preventing mom to kid
transmission
b. Malaria – mostly children, people don’t like using mosquito nets – feels like
they’re in coffins so use as volleyball nets instead
c. Typhoid – recent increase (March, rainy season), annual
d. Malaria/mothers
2. Difference between women and men’s health: Not really; 1334 have HIV, about 600
female and 400/500 female (he may have misspoke here?)
3. HIV med: 322/321 on ARV (septrin)
4. Cost: Lucky since Baylor Med gives for free, but not sure what they’ll do after 2012
5. HIV testing provided at hospital, 15 minutes long, with pre and post counseling
6. More people are getting tested, free if government, charge if private
7. TB: 2007/2008 on increase, infection; now 3 in a month and big decrease
8. Average lifespan: Female – 53, Male – 48/47
9. Births a year: Not sure, but will consult
Deaths a year: A few each month
(He may have thought we were asking about within the hospital itself rather than in the
community)
10. Food shortage and malnutrition a major problem, cost of living is high, perennial crops a
problem
11. Most common cause of death: HIV/AIDS, Malaria is second
12. Volunteer work: HIV is taken for granted by patients; they wait for news that they’re no
longer HIV
13. Diarrhea and unclean water also cause problems
14. Need: Equipment, especially recent equipment to serve community (ex. Rotary donation),
print-outs of patient records may help patients
15. Accident patients: 3 a week, broken leg and arm, etc; 10ish for burns, mostly children
because of hot water and cook stoves
16. Broken equipment: they use technicians, but great amount of cost
Page 33 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
C3. Water Contractor Interview
May 17, 2010
Able Holdings Ltd
Plot 37/38 Ntinda Stretches
PO Box 26201
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256-772474576
APWO Secretariat
Plot 40 Chwa 11 Rd. Mbuya
PO Box 29148 Kampala
Tel: +256-414-223991/663039
Website: www.apwouganda.co.ug
What are current challenges you are facing in providing water?
- 2 pumps, boreholes use electricity, electric bills from consumers are unpaid (possibly
because of poverty) – she announces debts using loudspeakers
- People are about 7-8,000 shillings and schools are about 100,000 shillings per month?
- Institutions try to pay, bad consumers don’t pay, hard to operte because people don’t pay
- Have to go and get the money while people are really supposed to come and pay at the
office but they don’t
- One issue is that the people can get water for free from the springs, even though it is
contaminated
- 1 unit = 1000 L, 1550 shillings (same for individuals and institutions)
- Service charge: 1770
- Bill monthly
- Shut off water if people don’t pay: cutoff should be 20,000 shillings in debt but she’s
lenient – some try to pay 20K out of 40K, and some take advantage
- Disconnect cost -> 10% of debt
- ABLE Holdings ltd (contractor) is here for 3 years
o Association of private water operators, Uganda
- Town council maintains springs, not the contractor: Town council is supposed to
discourage people from going to springs
- Fill stands: operators also fail to pay or on credit, very hard to collect debts (ie one person
owed 230,000) and also difficult to maintain a record of debts
- Water is on and off; if ABLE is unable to pay electricity, pump is cut off and can’t
provide enough to supply over a day
- 287 homes and institutions connected, 110 have supply cut off because of non-payment
of bills, but only 10% have bills of less than 10,000 shillings; a lot aren’t paying
Page 34 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
-
-
-
Last year, around October, Uganda government paid for installation of pump and
everything to do with it
Company responsible for maintenance only; expensive to have an engineering on staff, so
get contractor to work on pump
Lots of losses (ex. Some steal water, faulty meters, broken pipes, difficult to know how
much is produced and sold because of meters)
Estimated total demand if all sign up: over 10,000 units
800 units now, 20,000 units in a month if everyone gets water
Meters very faulty, but estimate pump produces 5 units/hour, 1500 per pump, 3000
units/month estimate
Most houses connected are centrally located near town, main active ones in direction of
sources 7, 8, 9 Bukasa district because of lower valley, so get water due to gravity
If set up new connection, 5900 shilling new connection fee, government grants finance
part of connection, have to buy own tap but get meter, sometimes not enough though;
labor to install is included, but the owner has to help dig trench
ABLE is losing money, plan 3 years, exhausting next march
o 18 million outstanding in field, they tried to collect; 1 million collection will be
exciting, expecting 900,000 normal
o 400k electricity cost, then worker salaries, operation costs, etc
o But in contract with town council, expensive to drop
Town council is deepest in debt (confidential?)
Lots of people have tanks to collect rainwater
They don’t try to get police, just debt collectors
Page 35 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
C4. Interview with Hilltop School
May 17, 2010
11:50 am: Emmy Ziribasanga (0772380398) – teacher?
3 challenges:
• Water is biggest challenge. Sources in valley, large distance away, takes time to get, but
need for cooking, finances remittent, budget of school dictates, water from town doesn’t
work, depends on sources, hectic, steep hills
• Power on and off, but can bear
• Science equipment too expensive, not all students get to experiment by themselves, often
teacher demonstrations – practical doing not yet standard
12 noon: Mboowa John Bosco (+256772985499)
[email protected]
1. Major issues facing school beside water: poverty (day schoolers mostly), purely private
so depends on collections, can’t pay school fees on time (can’t afford), hard to sustain
school
2. School fees:
Day: 100,000 per term
Board: 250,000 per term (senior 1-4); 270,000 per term (senior 5-6)
3. Water needed per day: at least 50 jerrycans/day
4. When do students get water/do they miss class? Mainly after classes, same stream as
community so long line
5. Time estimated at 1 hour, but mostly delayed more. Class ends at quarter to 5, return past
6, 7
6. Drop out? Senior 1: 80ish pupils; Senior 2: 45-50; mainly due to inability to afford fees,
mostly day schoolers so pregnancies, not wanting to study
7. Periods when less day schoolers? Rainy season so most day schoolers help plant in
gardens, can’t move in rain when rain in morning, sometimes rain morning till 11
8. Common illnesses: there, mainly malaria, dysentery, probably common because of
drinking unclean water
9. Mainly boiling water to drink; town water not always come because gravity fed, on hill
10. 450 total enrollment, 60 boarding total
11. Enough water? In dry season, flow reduces, leading to a longer wait (source S1)
12. Help pay for a 6000 L tank? They need the tank and he’ll need to consult others, but
they’re willing to out of necessity; they’ll help all they can
13. Need most in terms of equipment: Microscopes (compound), stands with clamps,
burettes, metallic strips, rheostats (solenoid-like physics thing), Bunsen burner, gas
cylinders, weigh boats
Musoke Abduh Nkata
Town Council Water Resource
0772895182
Page 36 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
1. 10-12 most used springs in Nkokonjeru: 3 parishes, central Bukasa one, 2-3 very much
used Abatua (Joseph’s house), Nabiae (Little Angels primary school), ssemwezi,
Borehole in central (now broken, fixed once), mostly using borehole near hospital also
broken, different areas, Namaze along main road, Mazzi
2. Town council maintains springs
3. Town Council doesn’t use (have?) plans for springs
4. Trouble during dry season: Mazzi, flow reduces, not dry out, wanted tank for filling
during night (for next year), using during the day
5. Involved in spring reconstruction: Cement, stone, pipes, big stones, paraffin bags to
product; digging up existing formation, will change design
6. Groundwater maps: Not sure/don’t have
7. Topographic: Don’t think they have
8. Rain gauge data: no
9. Common issues with springs: Drying up (a few), misused by public
Page 37 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
C5. Town Engineer Interview
Lugeye Henry
[email protected]
+256 0772859598
May 24, 2010 – 11:40 am
Civil engineer by profession, started in Nkokonjeru in 2004, graduated from Shamaga
(Makalo??) University in Kampala – one of two universities in Uganda with science and
engineering courses
1. He does not have groundwater, topographic, or soil data
a. Suggests using Google maps for Mokono and extracting out maps
b. Private consultant did large map, may have topographic map
2. Job description: he is in charge of monitoring water, roads, housing, and mechanical
a. He coordinates sub departments
3. He’s in charge of public wells
a. In their initial design, they discovered some problems. They’re planning to
change with technology alterations
b. Problems due to misuse, drying up
4. The Town council is trying to discourage spring use and encourage pipe water usage
instead
5. Springs were all built at varying times depending on community need
6. Problems with design?
a. People misuse the springs, they don’t respect the catchment area, and they can’t
control children around the walls
b. Springs can dry up even naturally
c. Contamination by people – they can’t rely on springs because most are
contaminated, they’re trying to extend pipe water to villages as an alternative to
springs, but the water may not be constant, so people resort back to springs;
nevertheless, they try to discourage that and even subsidize water to advocate for
pipe water
i. 1 unit = 1500 shillings = 40 jerry cans
7. When springs dry up and people use unprotected sources, does the Town council have
any plan for them?
a. “None – we don’t have those sources” – questionable
8. What stands out as problems?
a. People – when pumps are down, people are waiting
b. Garbage management – final disposal a problem, thinking about purchasing
location somewhere else, people seem supportive, current final disposal location
undefined
c. Streetlights are on and off – they consume energy and have high bills, possibly
looking into energy savers, as they need to cut down on bills
d. Roads during rainy season – potholes, etc, right now they’re in the design stage of
a road to Kampala, going from gravel to Tarmac, but only the road just passing
Page 38 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
through Nkokonjeru will be paved. Other roads are in control of the Town council
or district, anticipated start date for paving project is October but not sure
9. Who’s in charge of fixing boreholes?
a. Town council is supposed to fix or some by the district. Town council will
support if budget allows though
b. Management committee made for each structure, but breaks down often because
of budget
10. If anything costs over 1 million shillings, policy is to contract out
a. Department has 3 people in water, 1 mechanical, 1 driver
b. Most done by private contractors
c. Roads and pump repairs are contracted out
d. If district asks for providers, they provide the names
e. No need for district if can be done at town council
11. Town water system – how much more will it cost to expand?
a. Doing it in phases, one village being worked on right now
b. Ex. 15 million for one village
12. The system is gravity fed so supposed to reach all
a. Town is a valley
b. There are few uphill schools that will receive water when the tanks are full but not
if the tanks are only half full
c. Gravity from reservoir on top of hill
13. Maintenance?
a. Use a percentage model to encourage contractors to work, they get to keep
percentage of revenue
b. Contractors supposed to do all minor repairs (monetary limit of 500,000
shillings), otherwise back to Town council
c. If not town council, just file report
14. Spring boxes built only when they see water
a. Normally commonly used by community for years before
b. Town council then comes in and protects the spring
c. No need for Town Council to dig to locate water
Page 39 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
C6. Villager Interview Conclusions
Water Source: majority of water sources were protected springs
Distance to source: Majority walked 10 min or less to source
Number of children and ages: approx. 5 kids/ family. Most kids were 15 and under
Adults in the household: Most had about 2 adults
Daily Water Usage: approx. 14.25 jerry cans (20 liters/can)
Time taken to collect water: approx. one hours. Up to 3 hours if there are lines.
Who collects water: children typically collect water
How is water transported: children typically carry jerry cans to homes
Cost of water: majority of people do not pay for water
Willingness to spend on water: most people are not paying for water. People would likely be
willing to pay if they were able to increase agricultural or brick-making yields. Some people who
could not get to the wells (older women without children) were paying 300 shillings/ can.
How is drinking water treated: Majority of people boil water
Location of latrines: Most latrines were behind people’s homes and away from drinking sources.
Latrine waste: Once a latrine is full, most people covered it up and dug out a new hole.
Location of livestock: Most livestock were near houses or en route to water sources. Not near
water source.
Peoples concerns with water: multiple answers:
1. Water can get muddy when it rains
2. during dry season, water sources can dry up
3. water pooling around water sources more mosquitoes more instances of malaria
Conclusion: water is inconsistent, especially in the dry season. Water has more mud in it during
the rainy season.
Most people did not have concerns about water
Problems with diarrhea: Most people did not have problems with diarrhea.
Most common illnesses: Malaria, cough/flu
Main source of income: Majority of people make money from agriculture. Other sources of
income including making bricks, selling lumber, construction labor, charcoal production,
operating cabs,
Ability to pay medical expenses: Most people could not afford medical expenses and go to
government clinics and/or used local herbs.
School Attendance: Most of the children attended school. They would only miss school when
sick (most often with malaria) or if they could not afford school fees. Affording school fees is an
issue for most families.
Children’s chores: Most children collected water and did digging for farming.
Farms or gardens?: Majority of people had small scale farms.
Crops grown: Matoke, cassava, potatoes, coffee, maize and yams were the most commonly
grown.
Page 40 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Crops sold: Most people sold yields. Many mentioned only selling coffee and kept the rest of the
produce for food.
Hypothetical usage of extra water: Most people said they would use additional water for
agricultural irrigation.
Farm ownership: Most people owned their own farm
Lighting in households: Majority used candles, small kerosene lamps, small paraffin lamps
Animal manure use: Most people collect animal manure for fertilizer
Rainwater collection: Split; half collected and half did not
Leaking rain water tanks: split
Page 41 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Appendix D. Memorandum of Understanding Draft
DRAFT
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING (MOU)
1. Purpose:
a. Mutually pursue improvements to the quality of life of Nkokonjeru citizens, including,
but not limited to, enhancements in access to water quality and/or quantity.
b. As potential projects are identified, mutually assess the technical and economic
feasibility of implementing components of the project.
2. Participants. The three participating agencies in this MOU are as follows:
a. Duke University Chapter, Engineers Without Borders (D-EWB)
b. Rural Agency for Sustainable Development (RASD)
c. Town Council, Nkokonjeru, Uganda. (TCN)
3. To accomplish the purpose as stated above, the following are the primary responsibilities of
each participant.
a. D-EWB
(1). To complete a technical feasibility analysis of each potential project
(2). Based upon the mutual conclusion of a technically feasible project, prepare a
design for each project. Each design will be of sufficient detail to facilitate
construction of each project.
(3). Fund all D-EWB travel and lodging expenses
(4). Secure funding sources for 95% of the final financial cost of the overall
project construction.
b. RASD
(1). Serve as the coordinating interface between D-EWB and TCN.
(2). Provide logistical support to all D-EWB teams while in Uganda.
c. TCN
(1). Coordinate with community members who will benefit from a completed
project to provide services in kind during the technical feasibility phase and the
construction of the project. .
(2). Accept each completed project as the owner of the facility and assume
maintenance responsibility.
(3). Be responsible for 5% of the final financial cost of the overall project
construction.
Page 42 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
4. The participants indicate their agreement in principle with this MOU by providing their
signatures below:
Duke Chapter, Engineers Without Borders
___________________
(Print name; Title)
Rural Agency for Sustainable Development
___________________
(Print name; Title)
Town Council, Nkokonjeru
___________________
(Print name; Title)
Page 43 of 44
Duke University
Nkokonjeru, Uganda
Appendix E. Potential Project Ideas – Value Analysis Matrix
Goal: To identify engineering projects that would address an area of need within Nkokonjeru.
The project must be technologically feasible, economically sustainable and relatively
environmentally friendly. It should help a large subset of the community.
Identified
Project
Small scale
rainwater
harvesting
Water buffer
tank with fillstations
POU water
treatment
Rig enabling
people to carry
jerry cans
Improving walk
to wells
(handrails?)
Geogrid stairs
Technical
feasibility
+
Scope of
Impact
+
Economic
sustainability
-
Necessity
+
+
depends
Lift for jerry
cans
Drip irrigation
system
Animal
watering system
(like a
hamster/hog
water system,
for goats?)
Alternative
coffee drying
method
Lamp
alternative
Solar
stoves/ovens
Power outlet on
bikes
Attachment
system for bikes
Trailer system
for bikes
Local
buy-in
+
Ability to
innovate
0
TOTAL
+
Environme
ntal Impact
+
0/-
+
0/-
+
0
3
+
depends
+
depends
depends
+
3
+
0
+
0–
needed?
+
+
4
+
0
0
0
0
0/+ (more
info
necessary)
0
0
1
+
0
0 - unknown
0
0
0
1
+
0
0
0
+/0
(preventing
erosion?)
0
0
0
1
+
+
+/0
+
+
0
0/+
4
+
+
+
0
0
0 – need
to talk to
people
+
4
+
+
0/+
+
0
+
4
+
0
+
-/0
depends
+
3
+
0/+ would
people adapt
cooking to
an oven?
0
0 – depends on
design
0
0/-
-
0
0
0
0
+
0
0
0
0
0/+
+
2
+
+
0/+
0 – hard to
tell
0
0/+
+
3
4
Talk to
Shawn
Page 44 of 44

522 - Post-Assessment Report

Transcription

Similar documents

Higher Education Trends - The Future of Global Higher Education

Plus | Brooklyn Balı Amsterdam hina Whistler Australia

TradBeats Borders Book festival

Child`s Destiny of Hope CDHope

Town Center at Sterling

Westfield University Town Center - UTC Ice Rink

FRAMED!!

Fellows and Longtime Members Meet at ACC

Federal Express - Office of the University Registrar

Giovanni Boccaccio`s Hometown and the City of Towers