O-R ISEE Master Bibliography See the README file that

O-R
ISEE Master Bibliography
See the README file that accompanies this bibliography.
This bibliography contains ISEE Newsletter entries, vols. 1-19, 1990-2008, but not 2009
Newsletter entries. They will be merged into this document spring 2010. They can meanwhile
be searched in the separate quarterly newsletters at the ISEE website.
O=Neil, Sean Samuel, Review of John Hart, Sacramental Commons: Christian Ecological Ethics
(Lanham. MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006). Journal of Agricultural and Environmental
Ethics 21(2008):491-494.
O=Neill, John, Alan Holland, and Andrew Light. Environmental Values. London: Routledge,
2008. In order to address value conflicts, the authors begin with an explication and critique of
utilitarianism which, through welfare economics and cost-benefit analysis, has dominated much
public policy making. They find utilitarianism problematic for a number of reasons, including
utilitarianism that relies upon moral monism. They also problematize nonanthropocentric
approaches to environmental ethics that rely upon a form of moral monismCincluding biocentric
moral considerability and realist accounts of intrinsic value. The authors defend a pluralistic
alternative that is rooted in the everyday relations of humans to the environment; this allows
human needs to be integrated with environmental protection through an understanding of the
history and narrative of particular places. They conclude with the implications of their theory of
environmental values for biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and public decision-making.
O=Neill, John, AWithout Finality@ (editorial in tribute to Val Plumwood), Environmental
Values 17(no. 3, 2008).
O'Neill, John, AHappiness and the Good Life,@ Environmental Values 17(2008):125-144.
Holland argues that environmental deliberation should return to classical questions about the
nature of the good life, understood as the worthwhile life. Holland's proposal contrasts with the
revived hedonist conception of the good life which has been influential on environmentalism.
The concept of the worthwhile life needs to be carefully distinguished from those of the happy
life and the dutiful life. Holland's account of the worthwhile life captures the narrative dimension
of human well-being which is revealed but inadequately addressed by hedonic research.
Environmental concerns are better understood from a non-hedonist perspective. An Aristotelian
version of this perspective also offers the institutional focus which Holland suggests is required
in environmental deliberation.
O=Neill, John, Alan Holland, and Andrew Light. Environmental Values. London: Routledge,
2008. In order to address value conflicts, the authors begin with an explication and critique of
utilitarianism which, through welfare economics and cost-benefit analysis, has dominated much
public policy making. They find utilitarianism problematic for a number of reasons, including
utilitarianism that relies upon moral monism. They also problematize nonanthropocentric
approaches to environmental ethics that rely upon a form of moral monismCincluding biocentric
moral considerability and realist accounts of intrinsic value. The authors defend a pluralistic
alternative that is rooted in the everyday relations of humans to the environment; this allows
human needs to be integrated with environmental protection through an understanding of the
history and narrative of particular places. They conclude with the implications of their theory of
environmental values for biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and public decision-making.
Oates, David, Earth Rising: Ecological Belief in An Age of Science. Corvallis: Oregon State
University Press, 1989. Pp. 255. A well-written explanation and analysis of the fundamental
features of ecological thinking and their philosophical implications. Oates explains the basic
scientific foundations of the ecological world view and how these lead to the development of an
environmental ethic. The end of the book contains a criticism of deep ecology, for its alleged
rejection of scientific thinking, and for the theoretical quibbling that merely splinters the green
movement. Oates is concerned that environmental philosophers exhibit "intellectual
imperialism---the insistence that there is only one correct position" (p. 206). This attitude does
not bother philosophers, who accept it as part of the business; but it is useful to see how serious
non-philosophers view the process of philosophical argument and analysis which we perceive as
the search for truth and clarity. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Oates, J. F., and the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. Status Survey and Conservation
Action Plan, revised edition. Gland: Switzerland, IUCN, 1996. (v.10,#1)
Oates, JF, Book Review: Politicians and Poachers The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in
Africa. By Clark C. Gibson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999. Human
Ecology 30(no.2, 2002):272-273. (v.13, #3)
Obasi, GOP, "Embracing Sustainability Science: The Challenges for Africa," Environment
44(no.4, 2002):8-19. (v.13, #3)
Oboler, Regina Smith. "Whose Cows Are They, Anyway?: Ideology and Behavior in Nandi
Cattle `Ownership' and Control." Human Ecology 24(Jun. 1996):255. (v7,#2)
Obregon-Salido, Francisco J., Corral-Verdugo, Victor. "Systems of Beliefs and Environmental
Conservation Behavior in a Mexican Community." Environment and Behavior 29(1997):213.
(v8,#1)
OBriant (O'Briant), Walter H. "Leibniz's Contribution to Environmental Philosophy."
Environmental Ethics 2(1980):215-20. In this essay I survey the philosophy of the seventeenthcentury German thinker Gottfried Leibniz as a preliminary to eliciting some of the implications
of his views for environmental philosophy. Reference is also made to the views of the ancient
atomists, Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, and Spinoza. O'Briant is at the department of
philosophy and religion, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. (EE)
OBrien (O'Brien), Stephen J. and Ernst Mayr, "Bureaucratic Mischief: Recognizing Endangered
Species and Subspecies," Science, March 8, 1991. The Florida panther, the gray wolf, the red
wolf, and the dusky seaside sparrow (now extinct) all involve hybrid populations and there is
confusion about species, subspecies, and hybrids. O'Brien and Mayr claim that the biological
species concept, species as "groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are
reproductively isolated from other such groups" can be applied to subspecies to formulate a
hybrid policy. "Biological species do not form hybrids that disintegrate population genetic
organization, but subspecies may. The Hybrid Policy of the Endangered Species Act should
discourage hybridization between species, but should not be applied to subspecies because the
latter retain the potential to freely interbreed as part of ongoing natural processes. Upon the
discovery of coyote DNA in Midwest wolves last year, State Farm Bureaus in Idaho, Montana,
and Wyoming petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to remove the grey wolf
from the endangered species list, since it was a hybrid species, not protected under the
Endangered Species Act. The petition was turned down, and the Service is drafting a policy as
to what is and what is not a hybrid. O'Brien is a geneticist with the National Cancer Institute and
Mayr is professor of zoology at Harvard University. See entry below in "Issues" on Florida
panthers. (v2,#1)
OBrien (O'Brien), Mary, "How Rachel Carson Changed Lives," Reflections 9 (Number 2,
Spring, 2002):28-30. Carson "used sympathy to evoke ethics" and treated her readers with
respect-the keys to her success. (v.13,#2)
OBrien (O'Brien), James F. "Teilhard's View of Nature and Some Implications for
Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics 10(1988):329-46. Teilhard's cosmological
speculation is a valuable basis for an environmental ethics that perceives individual natural
objects as good in themselves and the world as good in itself. Teilhard perceives man as
fundamentally part of a cosmic environmental whole that is greater than mankind taken
individually or collectively. His holistic views on human biological and psychological and social
evolution are, I argue, compatible with a biocentric environmental ethics. I discuss some
similarities and differences with the views of the deep ecology movement. I show that Teilhard's
hierarchical system is not humanistically oriented in a way that need be interpreted by
Teilhardians as contrary to environmental well-being. I argue that Teilhard's sympathy toward
transportation technology, including the automobile, can be interpreted in his holistic manner. I
conclude that Teilhard's theocentric views are also a basis for supporting an environmental ethics
which is both optimistic and not anthropocentric. O'Brien is in the philosophy department,
Villanova University, Villanova, PA. (EE)
OBrien (O'Brien), Karen, Sacrificing the Forest: Environmental and Social Struggles in Chiapas.
Boulder: Westview Press, 1998.
OBrien (O'Brien), Marianne, "The Aesthetic Significance of Nature's Otherness," Environmental
Values 15(2006): 99-111. In this article I consider and reflect upon the aesthetic significance of
Simon Hailwood's conception of nature as articulated in an earlier volume of this journal in his
paper 'The Value of Nature's Otherness' (Hailwood 2000: 353-72). I provide a brief elucidation
of Hailwood's conception of nature as other and I maintain that recognition of the value of
nature's otherness and respect for nature's otherness requires as a necessary condition that one
know and perceive that nature is other. I then go on to consider Hailwood's concerns over the
possibility of locating nature's value as other in aesthetic responses to nature. I argue that such
reservations are warranted insofar as they focus on an inadequate 'subjectivist' account of
aesthetic experience but are not warranted for all accounts of aesthetic experience, in particular, I
will argue that such reservations do not apply to the 'cognitive' model of aesthetic appreciation
proposed by Allen Carlson as the 'environmental model' and developed in the work of Yuriko
Saito. I conclude this paper by claiming that aesthetic value is a necessary component of
otherness as a ground of nature's value and that this needs to be conceded if we are to be able to
acknowledge the reality of something other than ourselves, to treat it appropriately and with
respect. (EV)
OBrien, Mary, Making Better Environmental Decisions An Alternative to Risk Assessment.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. Proposes to replace "risk assessment" with "alternatives
assessment." We should not ask: "How much of a hazardous activity is safe, of insignificant
harm, or 'acceptable'?" But: "What are our options for least harm, and the greatest restoration?"
This book is not based on the academic risk assessment literature, but on the actual experiences
of crucial public environmental decisions based on risk assessment, without looking at the pros
and cons of a full range of reasonable alternatives. We should all take a "consumer reports"
approach to decision-making. Just as the well-known consumer magazine examines a range of
available options before recommending a particular toaster or TV, all decision-makers (public
and private) should examine a full range of options before committing to a new project or new
technology. The least-damaging option should be chosen. But that is not how decisions are
made in the industrialized world. Instead of examining a full range of alternatives, decisionmakers generally decide what they want to do, then they hire a risk assessor to convince
everyone that the damage they are about to do is "acceptable." By the time damage becomes
apparent, they are hauling loot to the bank. At that point, stopping them is almost impossible.
The cumulative result of this "risk-based decision-making" is a severely degraded and stressed
global ecosystem. O'Brien is a consultant on alternatives to risk assessment and to the use of
toxic chemicals. She has been a staff scientist for the Environmental Research Foundation and
for the U.S. office of the Environmental Law Alliance. (v.11,#4)
OBrien, T, "Factory farming and human health. It is not small food production, but large-scale
factory farming, that presents a threat to our health," The Ecologist 31(no.5, 2001):30-34.
(v.12,#4)
OBrien, WE, "The Nature of Shifting Cultivation Stories of Harmony, Degradation, and
Redemption," Human Ecology 30(no.4, 2002): 483-502.
OConnell (O'Connell), M. and Yallop, M., "Research Needs in Relation to the Conservation of
Biodiversity in the UK," Biological Conservation 103(no.ER2, 2002): 115-23. (v.13,#2)
OConnell-Rodwell, C.E., Rodwell, T., and Hart, L.A., "Living with the modern conservation
paradigm: can agricultural communities co-exist with elephants? A five-year case study in East
Caprivi, Namibia," Biological conservation 93 (No. 3, 2000): 381- . (v.11,#4)
OConner (O'Conner), Martin, ed. Is Capitalism Sustainable? Political Economy and the Politics
of Ecology. Review by Andrew Dobson, Environmental Values 7:(1998):488.
OConner (O'Connor), Martin, "Valuing Fish in Aotearoa: The Treaty, the Market, and the
Intrinsic Value of the Trout." Environmental Values 3(1994):245-265. New Zealand fisheries
management reforms are being conducted in terms of `balancing' of interests and reconciliation
of conflicting claims over ownership and use. Fisheries legislation seeks efficient levels of
fishing effort, while establishing `environmental bottom lines' for stock conservation; resource
management law requires, alongside efficiency of resource use, consideration for species
diversity and `the intrinsic values of ecosystems' (notably the `protection of the habitat of trout
and salmon'); and the Treaty of Waitangi safeguards customary practices and life-support
requirements (including fisheries) for the Maori people. This paper analyses these antinomies in
terms of contrasting ethical positions - utilitarian (self-interested, instrumental) rationality, versus
an ethic of reciprocal hospitality - and shows how fisheries management policies can be
formulated on this basis. KEYWORDS: Aotearoa, fisheries legislation, habitat protection,
hospitality, Treaty of Waitangi. O'Connor is at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. (EV)
Oconnor (O'Connor), James. Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. Reviewed by
Steven Vogel. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):315-318.
OConnor (O'Conner), Martin, ed. Is Capitalism Sustainable? Political Economy and the Politics
of Ecology. New York: Guilford Publications, 1994. 283 pages. Paperback $17.95. (v7, #3)
OConnor (O'Connor), James, Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism, Chinese
translation, translator: Tang Zhengdong and Dai Peihong, Publisher: Nanjing Uni. Press, 2003.
Oddie, Richard James, "The Living Tissue: Environmental Phenomenology and Acoustic
Ecology," Call to Earth, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001, pp. 8-12. A slower pace of life and the development
of one's capacity to listen sensitively rather than speak forcefully. Stop and listen to the world
around us and respond to the imperative for change that can be heard beneath the surface noise
of our present existence. (v.12,#2)
Odell, J., Mather, M. E. and Muth, R. M., "A Biosocial Approach for Analyzing Environmental
Conflicts: A Case Study of Horseshoe Crab Allocation," Bioscience 55(no. 9, September 2005):
735-748. Ambiguous legislation, insufficient science, jurisdictional disputes, and conflicting
values of stakeholders have contributed to the increasing frequency of natural resource conflicts.
The allocation of horseshoe crabs in Delaware Bay and Cape Cod Bay can serve as a model
system for understanding resource conflicts, because relationships among biophysical and human
systems in this example typify many environmental controversies. Herein, we use an interaction
web to build a conceptual framework for identifying potential conflicts. Specifically, we identify
four subconflicts involving horseshoe crabs, human shellfishers, commercial fishers, the
biomedical industry, birdwatchers, and environmental interest groups. Stakeholders hold
different attitudes concerning the horseshoe crab and thus advocate competing policy preferences
in the political process. An important step in understanding environmental conflicts is to clarify
differences in social meanings, attitudes, and values. The integrated approach described here, by
depicting and graphically displaying biosocial relationships, can provide a generalized approach
for understanding a broad range of environmental conflicts.
Odenbaugh, Jay, Values, "Advocacy and Conservation Biology," Environmental Values
12(2003): 55-69. I examine the controversy concerning the advocacy of ethical values in
conservation biology. First, I argue, as others have, that conservation biology is a science laden
with values both ethical an non-ethical. Second, after clarifying the notion of advocacy at work,
I contend that conservation biologists should advocate the preservation of biological diversity.
Third, I explore what ethical grounds should be used for advocating the preservation of
ecological systems by conservation biologists. I argue that conservation biologists should defend
their preservationist positions on instrumentalist grounds alone if the context of discussion and
debate is a scientific one. (EV)
Odin, Steve. "The Japanese Concept of Nature in Relation to the Environmental Ethics and
Conservation Aesthetics of Aldo Leopold." Environmental Ethics 13(1991):345-60. I focus on
the religio-aesthetic concept of nature in Japanese Buddhism as a valuable complement to
environmental philosophy in the West and develop an explicit comparison of the Japanese
Buddhist concept of nature and the ecological world view of Aldo Leopold. I discuss the
profound current of ecological thought running through the Kegon, Tendai, Shingon, Zen, Pure
Land, and Nichiren Buddhist traditions as well as modern Japanese philosophy as represented by
Nishida Kitaro and Watsuji Tetsuro. In this context, I present the Japanese concept of nature as
an aesthetic continuum of interdependent events based on a field paradigm of reality. I show
how the Japanese concept of nature entails an extension of ethics to include the relation between
humans and the land. I argue that in both the Japanese Buddhist concept of nature and the
thought of Aldo Leopold there is a hierarchy of normative values which grounds the land ethic in
a land aesthetic. I also clarify the soteric concept of nature in Japanese Buddhism by which the
natural environment becomes the ultimate locus of salvation for all sentient beings. In this way,
I argue that the Japanese Buddhist concept of nature represents a fundamental shift from the
egocentric to an ecocentric position--i.e., a de-anthropocentric standpoint which is naturecentered as opposed to human-centered. Odin is in the philosophy department, University of
Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI. (EE)
Odum, Eugene, Ecological Vignettes: Ecological Approaches to Dealing with Human
Predicaments. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998. 1. What we
learn from ecology about growth. 2. What we learn from ecology about energy. 3. What we
learn from ecology about organization. 4. What we learn from ecology about change. (There
are checks and balances but no equilibria in nature). 5. What we learn from ecology about
behavior. 6. What we learn from ecology about diversity. 7. Human ecology: What we don't
learn from nature. (Money is a very incomplete measure of wealth.) 8. Bottom lines. An
introductory section followed by twenty-six essays, some co-authored, a few by other authors,
mostly previous published. Sample: "How to prosper in a world of limited resources: Lessons
from coral reefs and forests on poor soils." Odum is with the University of Georgia Institute of
Ecology. This and Frank Golley's A Primer for Ecological Literacy (Yale University Press), see
previous newsletter, offer two of the most famous ecologists at the University of Georgia in a
philosophical turn of mind. This worth getting in your college or university library and it might
not show up there through the usual purchasing channels. (v.10,#1)
Odum, Eugene P., Ecology and Our Endangered Life Support Systems. Second edition.
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1993. 329 pages. $ 18.95 pages. The revision includes
more emphasis on a holistic, big-picture look at ecology, global scales. The epilogue includes
sections on "Environmental Ethics and Aesthetics," "Dominion vs. Stewardship," and "An Ethics
Survival Model." Odum is distinguished professor emeritus of ecology at the University of
Georgia. (v4,#2)
Odum, Eugene P. Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems. Reviewed in
Environmental Ethics 12(1990):375-78.
Oechsli, Lauren, and Eric Katz. "Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics,
Development, and the Amazon." Environmental Ethics 15(1993):49-59. We argue for the
rejection of an anthropocentric and instrumental system of normative ethics. Moral arguments
for the preservation of the environment cannot be based on the promotion of human interests or
goods. The failure of anthropocentric arguments is exemplified by the dilemma of Third World
development policy, e.g., the controversy over the preservation of the Amazon rain forest.
Considerations of both utility and justice preclude a solution to the problems of Third World
development from the restrictive framework of anthropocentric interests. A moral theory in
which nature is considered to be morally considerable in itself can justify environmental policies
of preservation, even in the Third World. Thus, a nonanthropocentric framework for
environmental ethics should be adopted as the basis for policy decisions. Katz and Oechsli are
at the Center of Technology Studies, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ. (EE)
Oelhaf, Robert C. "Environmental Ethics: Atomistic Abstraction or Holistic Affection?"
Environmental Ethics 1(1979):329-39. For conventional economics things have value only to
the degree that they give pleasure to individual human beings. In response to continuing
environmental deterioration several alternatives have been offered for valuing resources and
allocating them between generations. Most of these approaches are highly abstract. The
deterioration of the Earth and the mistreatment of its inhabitants will not be stemmed by
abstractions. Neither will abstract ideas direct us to the best use of our resources. We need to
foster personal relationships between human beings and particular portions of the Earth. Oelhaf
is at the Kimberton Farms School, Kimberton, PA. (EE)
Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., Postmodern Environmental Ethics. Albany: State University of New
York Press, 1995. Reprinted from the journal Environmental Ethics, these fifteen essays show
that a postmodern movement is well underway within the ecophilosophical community. (v5,#3)
Oelschlaeger, Max, ed. The Wilderness Condition. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 15(1993)
355-58.
Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., The Wilderness Condition: Essays on Environment and Civilization.
San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1992. 345 pages. Paper. $16.00. Essays by Gary Snyder,
Paul Shepard, George Sessions, Curt Meine, Erazim Kohák, Michael P. Cohen, Delores
LaChapelle, Michael Zimmerman, and Max Oelschlaeger. (v3,#3)
Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., After Earthday: Continuing the Conservation Effort. Denton, TX:
University of North Texas Press, 1992. Cloth $ 24.50. Paper $ 15.95. Essays by Robert Paehlke,
George Sessions, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Curt Meine, Cheryl Brooks, Kenneth Daugherty, Neil
Evernden, Kenneth L. Dickson, Andrew Schoolmaster, Samuel Atkinson, Jenny Cheek, E. E.
Spitler, Michael Nieswiadomy, Dolores LaChapelle, E. C. Hargrove, Michael Zimmerman,
Elinor Gadon, Susan Bratton. (v3,#3)
Oelschlaeger, Max, The Idea of Wilderness from Prehistory to the Present. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1991. 500+ pages. An intellectual history drawing evidence from philosophy,
anthropology, theology, literature, ecology, cultural geography and archaeology. Chapters: 1.
The Idea of Wilderness, from Paleolithic to Neolithic Culture. 2. Ancient Mediterranean. 3.
Modernism: Transmutation of Wilderness into Nature. 4. Wild Nature: Critical Responses to
Modernism. 5. Thoreau. 6. Muir. 7. Leopold. 8. Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder. 9.
Contemporary Wilderness Philosophy, from Resourcism to Deep Ecology. 10. Cosmos and
Wilderness, A Postmodern Wilderness Philosophy. Oelschlaeger is in the Department of
Philosophy, University of North Texas. A work continuing, enlarging, and sometimes correcting
the tradition of Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, one of Yale's all time best
sellers. (v1,#4)
Oelschlaeger, Max, "The Politics of Wilderness Preservation and Ecological Restoration,"
Natural Resources Journal 42(no.2, 2002): 235-46. (v.13,#4)
Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., The Company of Others: Essays in Celebration of Paul Shepard.
Durango, CO: Kivaki Press (Way of the Mountain Center), 1995. $ 30.00. 304 pages. The
twenty seven contributors include contributions by Gary Snyder, J. Baird Calicott, John B. Cobb,
Jr., George Sessions, Dolores LaChapelle, Jimmy Cheney, Laura Westra, and Elizabeth
Lawrence. Oelschlaeger is in philosophy at the University of North Texas. (v6,#3)
Oelschlaeger, Max, "Soul of the Wilderness: The Wild, the Tame, and the Folly of Sustainable
Development," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no. 2, December):5-7. (v7,#1)
Oelschlaeger, Max, Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994. 296 pages. $ 30.00. Argues that only the
churches, as the repository of moral values that lie outside the economic paradigm, can provide
the social and political leadership and power to move our society to ecological sustainability. All
faiths have an emphasis on caring for creation on which we can draw, and religion is necessary if
we are to solve the environmental crisis politically. Oelschlaeger is professor of philosophy and
religious studies at the University of North Texas. (v5,#1)
Oelschlaeger, Max. Review of Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life. Edited by John Halper.
Environmental Ethics 14(1992):185-90.
Oelschlaeger, Max. Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis:
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994). Reviewed by Harold Glasser in
Environmental Ethics 17(1995):221-224. (EE)
Oelschlaeger, Max. "On the Conflation of Humans and Nature." Environmental Ethics
21(1999):223-224.
Oelschlaeger, Max. "Religion and the Conservation of Biodiversity", Wild Earth 6(no.3,
1996):12. (v7,#4)
Oelschlaeger, Max. Review of The Once and Future Goddess: A Symbol of Our Time. By
Elinor W. Gadon. Environmental Ethics 13(1991):275-80.
Oelschlaeger, Max. Review of The Practice of the Wild. By Gary Snyder. Environmental
Ethics 14(1992):185-90.
Oesterle, Dale A. "Public Land: How Much Is Enough?" Ecology Law Quarterly 23, no.3
(1996): 521. (v7, #3)
Officer, Charles B., and Page, Jake, Tales of the Earth: Paroxysms and Perturbations of the Blue
Planet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 226 pages. The Earth-shattering events that
have changed the course of history. The Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815 in Indonesia, which,
a year later, caused snow to fall brown, blue, and red halfway around the world. The Lisbon
earthquake of 1755, which sparked the famous clash between Voltaire and Rousseau over the
meaning of disaster. The Earth is still hot and mobile, and its surface moves around. Flooding
events. Visitors from outer space. On rare occasions there are big changes in Earth's community
of living things.
The closing section are on the human capacity for wreaking equally great changes on a
global scale. "The most fundamental question facing mankind today is whether man can evolve
to live in harmony with nature" (Chapter 9) "Human beings, and, in particular, in the last couple
of centuries of their existence, have brought about a new type of environmental stress. The most
outstanding characteristic of this stress is the rapidity with which it has grown. Virtually nothing
in the geological record can compare with these rapid changes: we are changing the Earth's
environment far faster than natural forces have done in the past" (p. 205). "The time has come to
recognize that the most pressing need is to learn to live in harmony with the planet and its
resources, not simply to plunder and overrun it" (pp. 212). But too many still operate with an
"ethics of ignorance" (p. 209). (v.9,#4)
Official World Wildlife Fund Guide to Endangered Species of North America, in two volumes
totalling 1200 pages. An expensive, authoritative set ($ 195) for library reference with a
photograph or drawing and descriptions of all 547 U. S. species listed at the time it was written.
Plants, birds, and insects are in Volume 1; mammals, herpetofauna, fish, mussels, snails, and
crustaceans are in Volume 2. Another book is a softcover list of sources for the photographs of
endangered species, $ 9.00. Contact Beacham Publishing, Inc. 2100 S Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20008. Phone 202/234-0877. (v1,#2)
Ogden, John C., "Maintaining Diversity in the Oceans: Issues for the New U.S. Administration,"
Environment 43(no.3, April, 2001): 28-. The notion of the ocean as an inexhaustible resource is
being exploded by the realities of overfishing, habitat destruction, coastal population growth, and
ocean warming. Cooperation among nations, states, and organizations is essential to maintain
marine diversity. (v.12,#3)
OGrady (O'Grady), John P., Pilgrims to the Wild: Everett Ruess, Henry David Thoreau, John
Muir, Clarence King, Mary Austin. Logan: University of Utah Press, 1993. Paper. $ 16.95. "A
series of meditations focused upon literary excursions into `the wild' ... The fundamental
assumption I employ--call it a perception--is that the wild is erotic space, and the pilgrimages I
am concerned with are journeys through that space." O'Grady is professor in a wilderness
literature program at the University of California, Davis. (v4,#2)
Ogrin, Dusan, ed., Nature Conservation Outside Protected Areas/ Varstvo narave zunaj
zavarovanih obmocij: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Occasion of the
European Year of the Environment, 1995. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Ministry of Environment and
Physical Planning, Republic of Slovenia, and Institute for Landscape Architecture, Biotechnical
Faculty, University of Ljubljana 1996. 247pp. ISBN 961-90033-9-X. All articles are in both
Slovenian and English. Contents: Pavle Gantar, "Introductory Speech"; Mario Pavan, on a
political democracy of the environment for a better Europe (in French); Holmes Rolston, III,
"Nature, Culture, and Environmental Ethics"; Ivan Marusic, "Towards a General Conservation
Theory"; Peter Jacobs, "Environmental Parentheses and Design Metaphors"; Kazuhiko Takeuchi,
"Planning for the Recovery of Nature in Rural and Urban Areas"; Harald Plachter, "A Central
European Approach for the Protection of Biodiversity"; Hans Kiemstedt, "Landscape Planning
and Impact Regulation as Instruments of Integrated Nature Conservation in Germany"; Olav
Skage, "Nature Conservation Through Landscape Planning"; Carl Steinitz, "Landscape Planning
and the Management of Biodiversity"; Shumel Burmil, "Protection of Nature Outside Protected
Areas in Israel"; Martin Schneider-Jacoby, "Nature Conservation Efforts for Rivers in Central
Europe"; Mladen Berginc, "The Nature Conservation System in Slovenia"; Margita Jancic, "The
Role of Physical Planning Instruments in Guaranteeing Conservation Interests"; Jana Vidic,
"Natural Values Outside Protected Areas"; Zivzn Veselic, Saso Golob, "Nature Conservation
Represents an Integral Part of Forest Managing in Slovenia"; Dusan Ogrin, "Dilemmas in an
Approach to Conservation Planning"; Ana Kucan, "The Green System of Ljubljana in the Social,
Ecological and Morphological Role"; Davorin Gazvoda, "A Conservation of Urban Open Space
in a Perspective of Persistent Urban Landscapes." Ogrin teaches landscape architecture at the
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. This conference was held under the auspices of the Council
of Europe. (v7,#4)
Ohara (O'Hara), Sabine U., "Sustainability: Social and Ecological Dimensions," Review of
Social Economy 53(no. 4, 1995):529-551). Sustainability has generated many and often
conflicting definitions. An overlooked dimension is the importance of the "informal" or
household sector. To move toward sustainability it is imperative to regain a broader
understanding of economics. Three principles are needed for this expansion of understanding:
concreteness rather than abstraction; connectedness rather than isolation; and diversity rather
than homogeneity. All three are informed by feminist theory. O'Hara is at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. (v.10,#2)
OHear, Anthony, "The Myth of Nature." Pages 69-80 in Barnett, Anthony and Scruton, Roger,
eds., Town and Country (London: Jonathan Cape, 1998). The vexed and complex question of
our relationship to the natural world is not helpfully addressed by reliance on a naive sense of the
natural as opposed to the human or the artificial. Nature is accorded a religious aura and the
artificial is suspect. That some activity or thing is more natural than some other is no cause to
value it more highly. "The invocation of the natural does evoke a powerful quasi-religious aura:
we are dealing with a myth which for once really does need deconstruction" (p. 71)
"For Aristotle, man is by nature a political animal, meaning that only in a city or polis
will certain activities, fundamental to human flowering take place, and this, of course, requires
artifice" (p. 72). But Aristotle lived in a cosmos with an overall end, and that is no part of
current Darwinian understanding of nature. "The picture which biology paints of nature and the
natural world is in stark contrast to the idea which captivates the popular mind--namely that what
is natural is in some sense pure and normal, and that we should aspire to this condition" (pp. 7475). Present human population levels can be supported only with much technology and artifice.
"We are of course interested in the survival of our children and their children, and in the
survival of the human race. Equally for aesthetic, utilitarian and moral reasons, biodiversity and
conservation are important. But do not let us deceive ourselves or our children into thinking that
there is anything `natural' about these latter concerns, or that promoting them though
conservation demands that we adopt a mystical or sentimental or unscientific attitude to `nature,'
marked off in some Manichean way from science and human intervention. In fact, rather to the
contrary, the truth is that only an intelligent, informed and interventionist approach to nature will
promote either conservation or the other goals we have" (pp. 78-79). O'Hear is in philosophy,
University of Bradford, UK. (v.13, #3)
Ohio Humanities Council, The, has published, "Environmental Crisis and Morality," a reading
program written by Norman S. Care, professor of philosophy at Oberlin College. The pamphlet
is addressed to literate nonphilosophical persons and is especially good for making the crossover
from popular concern for nature and environmental issues into a more philosophical approach to
environmental ethics. Care introduces five books: Thoreau's Walden, Leopold's Sand County
Almanac, Partridge's Responsibilities to Future Generations, ,'s Philosophy Gone Wild, and
Regan's Earthbound. Designed for a discussion evening and useful as a take-home handout to
get persons started in environmental ethics. The Council has also produced two other pamphlets:
"American Environmental History" by Clayton Koppes and "Readings in Environmental
Literature" by Lawrence Buell. For single copies, contact the Ohio Humanities Council, P. O.
Box 06354, Columbus, OH 43206-0354. Phone 614/461-7802. (v1,#2)
Ohio Humanities Council, The, has also produced a series of twelve posters under the general
title Upstream/Downstream in Ohio. Each poster focuses the viewer's attention on key
environmental issues and questions. 1. Upstream/Downstream in Ohio. The river major rivers
in Ohio, and the name Ohio derived from a native American term for "beautiful river." 2. The
Changing Face of Ohio. Natural history reshaped by agriculture and industry. 3. Earthly Visions.
Anticipations of the early settlers. 4. The Cost of Coal. Degradation of land and air from
mining. 5. A Sense of Nature's Limits. Floods and waste in the waters. 6. Individual Choices on
Common Ground. The exercise of individual freedom and environmental responsibility. 7. After
the Harvest. Wetlands and water pollution from agriculture. 8. Shared Resources, Common
Concerns. Lake Erie and the Great Lakes. 9. Prospects for Renewal. Restoring the Cuyahoga
River. 10. The Stress of Growth. The quality of life in cities depends on intelligent use of land,
water, air. 11. The Toll of Transportation. The benefits and costs of car and rail. 12. A Time for
Choices. Past decisions have reshaped the landscape. What of the future? In a sense we all live
both upstream and downstream from other generations that pass before and after us on the river
of time. The poster series is quite well done and serves to stimulate thought, either by individual
viewers or in discussion groups. There is a discussion guide. An excellent example of imaginative use of posters for environmental education, which might well be imitated in other regions,
especially in more developed areas. (v1,#2)
Ohmagari, Kayo, Berkes, Fikret. "Transmission of Indigenous Knowledge and Bush Skills
Among the Western James Bay Cree Women of Subarctic Canada," Human Ecology 25(no.2
1997):197. (v8,#3)
Okajima, Shigeyuki, Americano Kannkyo Hogo Unndou (The United States Environmental
Movement. Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1990. 212 + 21 pages. paper. ISBN 4-00-430142-4
C0229 P580E. Chapters open with Earth Day and the spotted owl controversy, then survey the
origins of environmentalism in the U.S. Emerson, Thoreau, Muir. Muir and the Sierra Club.
Hetch Hetchy. The growth of environmentalism as a citizen's movement. An increasing
maturing and professionalism of environmental organizations. David Brower. Leopold and the
growth of the wilderness movement. Robert Marshall, William Douglas. The Wilderness Act.
The development of ecology. Rachel Carson. From nature conservation to environmental
protection. Frazer Darling, Stephen Mather. Increasing global problems. Alaska issues. Is
environmentalism an elite movement? International issues. Debt for nature swaps. Lovejoy.
Jessica Mathews. The growth of the environmental education movement. Shigeyuki Okajima is
a journalist with The Yomiuri Shimbun, a Tokyo newspaper, who has recently been an
Eisenhower Fellow in the United States. See notes above in the General Announcements
Section. (v4,#2)
Oki, Taikan, and Shinjiro Kanae. AGlobal Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources.@
Science Vol. 313, no. 5790 (25 August 2006): 1068-72. Although there is enough fresh water
globally, its distribution and availability is problematic, and one-third of the people on Earth live
in water-stressed environments, with either a lack of water or polluted water. This is a lead
article in a series of water articles about pollutants in aquatic systems, waterborne infectious
diseases (the authors are optimistic that such diseases can be eliminated on Earth), water in the
Middle East, desalinization, and shifts in arctic and subarctic freshwater cycles.
Okochi, Riogi, "Nietzsches Naturbegriff aus östlicher Sicht" [in German, Nietzsche's concept of
nature from a eastern point of view], Nietzsche Studien 17(1988):108-124.
Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O., and J. B. Ojwang, eds., A Climate for Development: Climate Change
Policy Options for Africa. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies. ISBN 9966-41-0902. Also published by the Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm. Accurate predictions of
the effects of global climate change in Africa are not available, but are likely to be significant,
and there are many actions that can now be taken to mitigate these impacts. Climate change
brings the urgency of sustainable development into clearer focus. (v6,#3)
Oksanen, M, "Review of: Susan Board, Ecological Relations: Towards an Inclusive Politics of
the Earth," Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 136.
Oksanen, Markku, The Moral Considerability of Nature: An Analysis of Current Discussion in
Environmental Ethics (in Finnish), a licentiate at the University of Turku, 1992. (v5,#2)
Oksanen, Markku and Marjo Rauhala-Hayes, eds., YmpäristÖfilosofia (Environmental
Philosophy) (Helsinki: Gaudeamus Books/Oy Yliopistokustannus Finnish University Press Ltd.,
1997). 350 pages. An anthology in Finnish. Chapter I: History of Western Attitudes, readings
from Lynn White, John Passmore, Robin Attfield, Eugene Hargrove. Chapter II: Constructing
Environmental Ethics: Aldo Leopold, Arne Naess, Richard Routley, Joel Feinberg, Kenneth
Goodpaster. Chapter III: Value of Nature, Value of Human Beings. Holmes Rolston, Paul
Taylor, Janna Thompson, John O'Neill, Thomas E. Hill, Jr., Donald VanDeVeer. Oksanen is a
graduate student in philosophy at the University of Turku, Finland. Rauhala-Hayes, also a
graduate student there, is a researcher at the National Research and Development Centre for
Welfare and Health in Finland, also with some graduate work at the City University of New
York. (v8,#2)
Oksanen, Markku, Review of: Light, Andrew, and de-Shalit, Avner, eds., Moral and Political
Reasoning in Environmental Practice. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2003. Environmental
Values 14(2005):271-274.
Oksanen, Markku, The Moral Status of Animals: A Critical Analysis of Tom Regan's Theory (in
Finnish), a M. A. thesis at the University of Turku, 1989, under the direction of Juhani
Pietarinen. Oksanen, who studied a year under Robin Attfield in Wales, is finishing a Ph.D.
thesis in English under Pietarinen on environmental ethics and property rights. (v5,#2)
Oksanen, Markku, Nature as Property: Environmental Ethics and the Institution of Ownership.
Turku, Finland: Reports from the Department of Practical Philosophy, University of Turku,
Volume 10, 1998. ISSN 0786-8111. ISBN 951-29-1191-4 This is Oksanen's Ph.D. thesis, done
under the supervision of Juhani Pietarinen of the Department of Philosophy, University of Turku,
Finland, Summer 1998. A study of the conceptual and practical implications of the institution of
ownership, when ecological concerns are profoundly taken into account. The Western
understanding of, and the attitude to, nature are changing and the change may extend to concern
the institution of ownership. Particularly land ownership is in many cases directly related to the
emergence of ecological problems. What is at stake in environmental ethics is primarily the
same as what is at stake in the philosophy of ownership: the use of the physical environment, the
goods and services nature provides.
We can identify in two complementary ways the points of contradiction between the
advocates of the environment and those of private property. Firstly, the conflict centres upon the
ideas of proper human attitudes to, and treatment of the natural world. Can natural things be
owned? On what grounds are they ownable? Secondly, assuming that natural objects are
ownable, we face the issue of how to apply these norms in practice and how to resolve a conflict
between these two sets of norms. In sum, how is the natural world to be treated?
Oksanen, Markku, Review of: William Throop (ed.), Environmental Restoration, and Paul H.
Gobster and R. Bruce Hull (eds.), Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and
Humanities, Environmental Values 11(2002):249-250.
Oksanen, Markku and Elisa Aaltola, "Species Conservation and Minority Rights: The Case of
Springtime Bird Hunting in Aland," Environmental Values 11(2002):443-460. The article
examines the case of springtime bird hunting in Aland from a moral point of view. In Aland
springtime hunting has been a cultural practice for centuries but is now under investigation due
to the EU Directive on the protection of birds. The main question of the article is whether
restrictions on bird hunting have a sound basis. We approach this question by analyzing three
principles: The animal rights principle states that if hunting is not necessary for survival, it
cannot be morally justified. Therefore hunting merely to engage in a cultural custom is morally
suspect. In the light of the species conservation principle the hunting is questionable due to the
fact that it seems to have a diminishing effect on the species populations. The formal principle of
justice makes up a more difficult question since the special position of the minorities in regard to
the use of natural resources is generally recognised so that they have the right to maintain their
cultural practices. We claim, however, that even though cultural practices have substantial value
and can be the object of special rights, they should be coherent with other principles. The
springtime bird hunt in Aland does not accord with the relevant moral principles and for this
reason we conclude that the basis for its continuation is weak. (EV)
Oksanen, Markku, "The Moral Value of Biodiversity," Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences) 26(no. 8, Dec. 1997):541-545. How the preservation of biodiversity is morally
justified in some of the key texts on environmental ethics. Whether or not biodiversity can be
justified as a moral end in itself. Views are classified according to the criteria which they hold to
be the ultimate moral beneficiaries; positions are named as anthropocentrism, biocentrism and
ecocentrism. In general, they are not in favor of regarding biodiversity as intrinsically valuable,
but think its moral value is derivative. This means that the myriad characters of life on Earth are
to be maintained as diverse because of their instrumental value for the constituents. It seems that
Naess's deep ecology is the only major position that argues for biodiversity's intrinsic value, but
this view has proved to be problematic. Oksanen is completing a Ph.D. in environmental ethics
and property rights at the University of Turku, Turku, Finland. (v9,#1)
Oksanen, Markku, and Juhani Pietarinen, eds., Philosophy and Biodiversity. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2004. The nature and importance of biodiversity. What is worthy
of protection or restoration and what is the acceptable level of costs? Is it permissible to kill
sentient animals to promote native populations? Can species be reintroduced if they have
disappeared a long time ago? How should the responsibilities for biodiversity be shared.
Contributors: Markku Oksanen, Julia Koricheva, Helena Siipi, Yrjö Haila, Juhani Pietarinen,
Kim Cuddington, Michael Ruse, Gregory M. Mikkelson, Finn Arler, Keekok Lee, Peter R.
Hobson, Jed Bultitude, Kate Rawles, Christian Gamborg, Peter Sandoe, Robin Attfield.
Oksanen, Markku, Review of Bryan G. Norton, Sustainability, Environmental Values
16(2007):272-277.
Oksanen, Markku. Review of M. Wissenburg, Green Liberalism: The Free and the Green
Society. London: UCL Press, 1998. Markku Oksanen, Environmental Values 10(2001):550.
(EV)
Oksanen, Markuu, Review of: Jamieson, Dale, Morality's Progress: Essays on Humans, Other
Animals and the Rest of Nature. Environmental Values 13(2004):261-263. (EV)
Olatubi, WO; Hughes, DW, "Natural resource and environmental policy trade-offs: a CGE
analysis of the regional impact of the Wetland Reserve Program," Land Use Policy 19(no.3,
2002): 231-241.
Olaughlin, J, "Policy Analysis Framework for Sustainable Forestry: National Forest Case Study",
Journal of Forestry 102 (no.2, 2004): 34-41(8).
OLaughlin (O'Laughlin), Jay, James G. MacCracken, David L. Adams, Stephen C. Bunting,
Keith A. Blatner, and Charles E. Kegan, III, Forest Health Conditions in Idaho. Moscow, ID:
University of Idaho, College of Forestry, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis
Group, Report No. 11, December 1993. (Phone 208/885-5776, FAX 208/885-6226) 244 pages.
An executive summary is available, 37 pages. If forest health is a statement about trees at risk of
mortality from insects, disease, and wildfire, then much of Idaho's forest land is either unhealthy
or on the verge of poor health, especially in the national forests that represent two-thirds of the
state's timberlands. Firs are the most prevalent trees in Idaho's forests, which were
predominantly pines before European settlers arrived in Idaho. Firs are less resistant than pines
to many insects and diseases as well as wildfire. Prolonged drought in southern Idaho has
weakened forests, making them even more susceptible to insect epidemics and wildfires. In
northern Idaho, root diseases are affecting the growth potential of mature stands. In forests
throughout the state, environmental, ecological, economic, and social values are at risk. The
situation can be changed by using forest management practices favoring pines instead of firs and
reducing competition between trees by thinning, while protecting other forest values. Two
obstacles to this course of action are public policy and public trust.
The report is philosophically interesting for its discussion of forest health, and reveals
many limitations of this metaphor as applied to forests. A tree (like a person) is not healthy
when it dies, but is a forest unhealthy when its trees age and die? Or burn? Or are beset with
insect blights? The renewal and regenerative processes in a forest system have no clear analogue
in bodily health. The report concludes that forest health is significantly a cultural construction.
O'Laughlin is Director of the Policy Analysis Group, and teaches natural resource policy at the
University of Idaho. (v5,#4)
Oldfield, JD, "Russia, Systemic Transformation and the Concept of Sustainable Development,"
Environmental Politics 10(no, 3, 2001):94-110. (v.13,#1)
Oldfield, Margery L. and Janis B. Alcorn, eds., Biodiversity: Traditional Management and
Diversity of Biological Resources. Dual themes of conservation of biological resources and rural
development. 320 pages, $ 30.95. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. (v1,#2)
Oldfield, S., Lusty, C., and MacKinven, A., eds. The World List of Threatened Trees.
Cambridge, U.K.: World Conservation Press, 1998. (v.10,#1)
Olds, K., Hudson, R. and Dicken, P., "Dicken, P. 1986: Global shift: industrial change in a
turbulent world," Progress in Human Geography 28(no. 4, 2004): 507-515(9). (v.14, #4)
Olds, Kris; Hudson, Ray; Dicken, Peter, "Review of: Dicken, P. 1986: Global shift: industrial
change in a turbulent world", Progress in Human Geography 28(no.4, 1 August 2004):507515(9).
OLeary (O'Leary), Rosemary, Environmental Change: Federal Courts and the EPA.
Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1995 in paper, earlier 1993 in hardback. $ 19.95
paper. A survey of over 2,000 federal court cases on environmental policy--water quality,
pesticides, toxic substances, air quality, hazardous waste. Compliance with court orders has
become one of the EPA's top priorities, at times overshadowing congressional mandates and the
authority of EPA administrators. Because the EPA is often caught between White House and
Congressional agendas, judicial decision is especially important in the public policy process.
O'Leary is in public and environmental affairs at Indiana University, Bloomington. (v6,#4)
OLeary (O'Leary), Rosemary, Environmental Change: Federal Counts and the EPA.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993, 1995. $ 19.95 paper. Surveys over 2,000 federal
court cases on water quality, pesticides, toxic substances, air quality, and hazardous waste.
Because the EPA is often caught between White House and congressional agendas, the
competing interests of industry and environmental groups, and turf battles with other agencies,
O'Leary argues for the importance of judicial decision in the public policy process. O'Leary
teaches public and environmental affairs at Indiana University, Bloomington. (v6,#4)
OLeary (O'Leary), Rosemary, Environmental Change: Federal Courts and the EPA.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993. 224 pages. $ 34.95. The impact of hundreds of
federal court decisions on the policies and administration of the Environmental Protection
Agency, since its beginning in 1970. Five areas of focus: water quality, pesticides, toxic
substances, air quality, hazardous wastes. O'Leary is in the Department of Public Administration
in the Graduate School of Public Affairs, Syracuse University. (v4,#3)
Olen, Jeffrey and Vincent Barry, eds., Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings, 4th ed. Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth, 1992. 470 pages. 5th ed. 1996. Introductory text. Chapter 9 is "Animal
Rights." Readings are Peter Singer, "All Animals are Equal;" Tom Regan, "The Case for Animal
Rights"; Christina Hoff, "Immoral and Moral Uses of Animals"; Bonnie Steinbock, "Speciesism
and the Idea of Equality." Chapter 10 is "Environmental Ethics." Readings are Aldo Leopold,
"The Land Ethic"; Paul W. Taylor, "The Ethics of Respect for Nature"; William F. Baxter,
"People or Penguins"; J. Baird Callicott, "An Ecocentric Environmental Ethic" (an extract from
"The Search for an Environmental Ethic" in Regan, ed., Earthbound. The chapter on
environmental ethics is new to the fourth edition. Other issues are sexual morality, pornography,
abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, job discrimination, and corporate responsibility.
(v2,#4)
Oliver, C., "Sustainable Forestry: What Is It? How Do We Achieve It?," Journal of Forestry
101(no. 5, 2003): 8-17. (v 14, #3)
Oliver, Harold H., "The Neglect and Recovery of Nature in Twentieth-Century Protestant
Thought," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 60 (no. 3, 1992):379-404. Protestants
neglected a long heritage of theology of nature and, in the first part of the twentieth century
"`nature' became the ward of science and technology, with little interference--and less wisdom-from the Church." The Protestant theological giants, Barth, Brunner, and Bultmann, willfully
rejected a theology of nature, though Tillich sought to be more inclusive. The theologians
overvalued world history and devalued nature. The ecological crisis has had an awakening
effect, especially when blame for the ecological crisis was laid at the door of Christianity itself.
More recent proposals for an integral theology have the criteria of wholeness, mutuality,
responsivity, and mystery. Oliver is professor of philosophical theology at Boston University
School of Theology. (v4,#2)
Oliveri, Paula, and Eric H. Davidson. ABuilt to Run, Not Fail.@ Science Vol. 315, no. 5818 (16
March 2007): 1510-11. Networks of genes that control organism development are highly
conserved across processes and species. There is often Aoverlayered@ circuit engineering, with
multiple fail-safe and backup circuits. AWe may interpret this as we likeas over-engineering; or
as design deluxe, replete with bells and whistles; or as the expected result of an evolutionary
process in which individual regulatory modules have been added in and overlain at different
times.@ So it turns out that organisms are well designed after all, only this design is produced
by the grim pressures of natural selection. The authors are in biology at California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena.
OliverSmith, Anthony, and Hoffman, Susanna, eds., The Angry Earth: Disaster in
Anthropological Perspective. New York: Routledge, 1999. How various cultures in different
historical times have responded to calamity, offering new insights into the complex relationship
between society and the environment. (v.12,#4)
Olivier, DF 1987. "`God's rest': the core and Leitmotif of a Christian holistic view of reality?" In:
Vorster, WS (ed) 1987. Are We Killing God's Earth? Pretoria: University of South Africa,
100-118. (Africa)
Olivier, DF 1989. The role of eschatology and futurology in the quest for a future in the light of
the ecological crisis. Theologia Evangelica 22:1, 24-33. (Africa)
Olivier, DF 1991. Die aarde vir die sagmoediges (Mat 5:5). In: Vos, C & Müller, J (eds): Mens
en omgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 198-215. (Africa)
Olivier, DF 1991. Ecology and mission: Notes on the history of the JPIC process and its
relevance to theology. Missionalia 19:1, 20-32. (Africa)
Olney, P. J. S., Mace, G. M., and A. T. C. Feistner, eds., Creative Conservation: Interactive
Management of Wild and Captive Animals. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994. 517 pages.
$95.00. Reintroduction and captive breeding. (v8,#2)
OLoughlin (O'Loughlin), Thomas, "Ecotheology and Eschatology," Ecotheology No 7 (July
1999):71-80.
Olsen, Florence, "Bellesiles Resigns from Emory after University Report Questions his Research
for Book on Guns," Chronicle of Higher Education, Daily News (daily on line edition), October
28, 2002 (http://chronicle.com). Bellesiles misfired and fired. Michael A. Bellesiles published
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000)
(ISEE Newsletter v. 12,#2) claiming that gun ownership in early America was not as widespread
as believed and largely a myth cultivated by the gun industry. The book won the Bancroft Prize
and was praised in The New York Review of Books and The New York Times Book Review.
But prominent historians have been challenging Bellesiles' scholarship since, for example in a
forum in The William and Mary Quarterly in February 2002. Emory University, where he
teaches, convened an independent investigative report, which found it difficult to verify his
archival records either "because the source does not exist, because the citation is inaccurate, or
because the citation, though correct, refers to a source that has been misplaced." One
commentator said that among scholars of early American history, Bellesiles' book was widely
considered to be "marred by unusually careless and disorganized scholarship." Under pressure,
Bellesiles has resigned from Emory University, though he says the charges are unfair and that he
will correct errors in a second edition.
Olsen, Jonathan. Review of Bioregionalism. Edited by Michael Vincent McGinnis.
Environmental Ethics 23(2001):433-436. (EE)
Olsen, Len. "Contemplating the Intentions of Anglers: The Ethicist's Challenge." Environmental
Ethics 25(2003):267-277. There are theoretical difficulties involving the intentions of anglers
that must be faced by anyone who wants to argue that sport fishing is ethically impermissible.
Recent arguments have focused on what might be called the sadistic argument. This argument is
fatally flawed because sport fishing is not a sadistic activity. (EE)
Olsen, W. Scott, Cairns, Scott, eds. The Sacred Place: Witnessing the Holy in the Physical
World. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1996. 360 pp. $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
With renewed urgency, serious writers are undertaking an un abashedly metaphysical discourse
as they describe how the experience of standing near the hilltop, the stream bank, or the village
park provides an empowering sense of encounter. (v8,#1)
Olson, DM; Dinerstein, E; Wikramanayake, ED; Burgess, ND; Powell, GVN; Underwood, EC;
Damico, JA; Itoua, I; Strand, HE; Morrison, JC, "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New
Map of Life on Earth," Bioscience 51(no. 11, 2001):933-938. A global biodiversity map with
sufficient resolution accurately to reflect the complex distribution of the Earth's natural
communities. Copies are being placed in all public and private schools in the U.S. (v.13,#2)
Olson, Elizabeth, "Target Practice in Geneva on the Global Trade Body," New York Times, May
16, B1, B2. The World Trade Organization has come under attack from critics who say it
ignores environmental and social issues in settling trade disputes. At the center of the issue is a
ruling against the United States favoring a challenge from developing countries to the United
States Law that protects sea turtles from shrimper's nets. Interest groups are accusing the WTO
of gutting environmental laws in the name of unfettered trade. In this case environmentalists and
the U.S. are taking the same side in a turtle fight. (v9,#2)
Olson, MD, "Development Discourse and the Politics of Environmental Ideologies in Samoa,"
Society and Natural Resources 14(no.5, 2001):399-410. (v.12,#4)
Olson, Molly Harriss. "Charting a Course for Sustainability." Environment 38(May 1996):10.
This overview of the President's Council on Sustainable Development's recently released report
highlights its major policy recommendations and spells out the future directions of U.S.
sustainable development policy. (v7,#2)
Olson, Robert, and David Rejeski, eds. Environmentalism and the Technologies of Tomorrow:
Shaping the Next Industrial Revolution. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005. This anthology
consists of seventeen essays that attempt to answer the question Awhat=s next?@ in technology
and environmental studies. Essays are grouped into three sub-themes of the transition to
sustainability, new technologies, and new governance. The authors are from academic
institutions, government, and business, and the anthology stems from an agreement between the
Environmental Protection Agency and the Woodrow Wilson International Center of Scholars.
Olsson, Anna S., Christian Gamborg and Peter Sandhoe, "Taking Ethics into Account in Farm
Animal Breeding: What Can the Breeding Companies Achieve?" Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 19(2006):37-46. Animal welfare and the ethical issues it raises have been
discussed for a couple of decades. The emphasis has been on the direct effects of housing and
husbandry, but more attention is now being given to problems originating in selective breeding.
European attempts to adjust animal welfare legislation to deal with these problems have been
largely unsuccessful, but the fact that selective breeding can introduce welfare problems
continues to place an ethical responsibility on the animal breeding industry. This is likely to be
embedded in an international agreement. some kind of ethical code. Results from recent projects
involving commercial breeding enterprises are presented. The authors are with the Institute for
Molecular and Cell Biology, Porto, Portugal. (JAEE)
Olsson, I. Anna S., Axel K. Hansen, and Peter Sandoe. AEthics and Refinement in Animal
Research.@ Science Vol. 317, no. 5845 (21 September 2007): 1680. Science journals that
publish research resulting from animal studies should ensure that referees evaluating such
manuscripts seriously consider whether submitted the studies were carried out with the smallest
achievable negative impact on the research animals. If not, the papers should be rejected.
Olupona, Jacob K., "African Religions and the Global Issues of Population, Consumption, and
Ecology" (Africa). (v.11,#1)
OMahoney (O'Mahoney), Patrick, ed., Nature, Risk and Responsibility: Discourses of
Biotechnology. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. 232 pages. Eleven contributors.
Biopolitics and risks, genetic issues, reproductive technology, biotechnology in the press,
transgenic plants and animals, biopatenting. O'Mahoney is Director, Centre for European Social
Research, University College, Cork, Ireland. (v.11,#1)
OMahony (O'Mahony), Patrick, ed., Nature, Risk and Responsibility. London: Routledge, 1999.
224 pages. $ 25.00. Ethical issues in biodiversity. Whether sufficient consensus exists or is
emerging to enable biotechnology to occupy a significant role in the techno-economic, social and
cultural order. The implications of biotechnology for nature, life and social organization.
O'Mahony is at University College, Cork, Ireland. (v10,#4)
OMalley, Robin, and Wing, Kate, "Forging A New Tool For Ecosystem Reporting,"
Environment 42 (No. 3, Apr 01 2000): 20- . Investigating the state of U.S. ecosystems involves
a continuing commitment to developing national indicators and presenting coherent data. Only
then can a reasoned debate about natural resources ensue. (v.11,#2)
Omar, Samira A. S. Range Management in Arid Zones: Proceedings of the Second International
Conference on Range Management in the Arabian Gulf. New York: Columbia University Press,
1996. 307 pp. $161.50 cloth. Twenty-eight papers by experts addressing the following topics:
Rangeland Inventories and Evaluation; Range Plants and Forage Crops--Potential and
Production; Animal Production and Conservation; and Technological Range Improvements.
(v7,#4)
Omeje, Kenneth, ed. Extractive Economies and Conflicts in the Global South: Multi-Regional
Perspectives on Rentier Politics. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2008. Contents include:
(1) AExtractive Economies and Conflicts in the Global South: Re-Engaging Rentier Theory and
Politics@ by Kenneth Omeje, (2) ARentier Politics, Extractive Economies and Conflict in the
Global South: Emerging Ramifications and Theoretical Exploration@ by Usman A. Tar, (3)
AAnatomy of an Oil Insurgency: Violence and Militants in the Niger Delta@ by Michael Watts,
(4) ANationalization versus Indigenization of the Rentier Space: Oil and Conflicts in Nigeria@
by Ukoha Ukiwo, (5) AGreed or Grievance? Diamonds, Rent-Seeking and the Recent Civil War
in Sierra Leone@ by John Kabia, (6) APolitics and Oil in Sudan@ by Peter Woodward, (7) ASão
Tomé and Príncipe: The Troubles of Oil in an Aid-Dependent Micro-State@ by Gerhard Siebert,
(8) ARentier Politics and Low Intensity Conflicts in the DRC: The Case of Kasai and Katange
Provinces@ by Germain Tshibambe Ngoie and Kenneth Omeje, (9) AThugs= Paradise,
Agencies= Guinea Pig and the Natural Resource Intrigue: The Civil War in Liberia@ by T.
Debey Sayndee, (10) AResource Exploitation, Repression and Resistance in the Sahara-Sahel:
The Rise of the Rentier State in Algeria, Chad and Niger@ by Jeremy Keenan, (11) AOil
Sovereignties in the Mexican Gulf and Nigerian Niger Delta@ by Anna Zalik, (12) AExtractive
Resources and the Rentier Space: A South American Perspective@ by Julia Buxton, (13)
ARentier States and War-Making: The United Arab Emirates and Iraq in Comparative
Perspective@ by Rolf Schwarz, and (14) ARethinking the Rentier Syndrome: Oil and Resource
Conflict in the Persian Gulf@ by Dauda Abubakar.
Omundson, Bruce K., "Pluralism and Prospects for a Land Ethic," Michigan Academician
23(1991):191-200. Omundson doubts whether Callicott's basis for a land ethic is viable and
proposes that many versions of a land ethic can grow out of what Stuart Hampshire calls "ways
of life" by coupling them to a sustainability factor. A useful model is found in Wendell Berry's
model of the farmer, developing an analogy between farming and marriage. Omundson teaches
philosophy at Lansing Community College, Michigan. (v2,#2)
On the Other Hand: News from the Russian Environment has published volume 1, no. 3, May
1993. The current issue includes: Irene Khalyi, "The Environmental Movement in Russia:
Contemporary Trends"; Yu S. Kamalov, "The Rights of the Aral Sea"; A. Tulokhonov,
"Sustainable Development for Baikal." The U. S. editor is Ernest Partridge, Northland College,
Wisconsin; the Russian editor is Anton Struchkov, Academy of Sciences, Moscow. (v4,#2)
Onate, J.J., Andersen, E., and Primdahl, J., "Agri-Environmental Schemes And The European
Agricultural Landscapes: The Role Of Indicators As Valuing Tools For Evaluation," Landscape
Ecology 15 (No. 3, Apr 01 2000): 271- . (v.11,#2)
ONeil (O'Neil), Rick. "Intrinsic Value, Moral Standing, and Species." Environmental Ethics
19(1997):45-52. Environmental philosophers often conflate the concepts of intrinsic value and
moral standing. As a result, individualists needlessly deny intrinsic value to species, while holists
falsely attribute moral standing to species. Conceived either as classes or as historical
individuals, at least some species possess intrinsic value. Nevertheless, even if a species has
interests or a good of its own, it cannot have moral standing because species lack sentience.
Although there is a basis for duties toward some species (in terms of their intrinsic value), it is
not the one that the holists claim. O'Neil is in philosophy at Transulvania University, Lexington,
KY. (EE)
ONeil (O'Neil), Rick. "Animal Liberation versus Environmentalism: The Care Solution."
Environmental Ethics 22(2000):183-190. Animal liberationism and environmentalism generally
are considered incompatible positions. But, properly conceived, they simply provide answers to
different questions, concerning moral standing and intrinsic value, respectively. The two views
together constitute an environmental ethic that combines environmental justice and
environmental care. I show that this approach is not only consistent but defensible. (EE)
Oneill (O'Neill), John. The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics.
London: Routledge 1998, 224pp. Reviewed by Alfonso Salinas. Environmental Values
9(2000):111.
ONeill (O'Neill), John, "Wilderness, cultivation and appropriation," Philosophy and Geography 5
(No. 1, 2002): 35-50. `Nature' and `wilderness' are central normative categories of
environmentalism. Appeal to those categories has been subject to two lines of criticism: from
constructivists who deny there is something called `nature' to be defended; from the
environmental justice movement who point to the role of appeals to `nature' and `wilderness' in
the appropriation of land of socially marginal populations. While these arguments often come
together they are independent. This paper develops the second line of argument by placing
recent appeals to `wilderness' in the context of historical uses of the concept to justify the
appropriation of land. However, it argues that the constructivist line is less defensible. The paper
finishes by placing the debates around wilderness in the context of more general tensions
between philosophical perspectives on the environment and the particular cultural perspectives
of disciplines like anthropology, in particular the prima facie conflict between the aspirations of
many philosophers for thin and cosmopolitan moral language that transcends local culture, and
the aspirations of disciplines like anthropology to uncover a thick moral vocabulary that is local
to particular cultures. O'Neill is Professor of Philosophy at Lancaster University. (P&G)
ONeill (O'Neill), John. "Managing without Prices: The Monetary Valuation of Biodiversity,"
Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 26(no. 8, Dec. 1997):546-550. (v9,#1)
ONeill (O'Neill), John, Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World.
London: Routledge, 1993. 227 pages. paper. A broadly Aristotelian account of welfare that
reveals the relation between the good of non-humans and future generations and our own wellbeing. Welfare and liberal justifications of market-based approaches to environmental policy
fail, and this has implications for debates about market, civil society, and politics. Chapter titles:
Nature, Intrinsic Value and Human Well-Being; Future Generations and the Harms We Do
Ourselves; Justifying Cost-Benefit Analysis: Arguments from Welfare; Pluralism, Liberalism,
and the Good life; Pluralism, Incommensurability, Judgement; Authority, Democracy and the
Environment; Science, Policy and Environmental Value; Market, Household and Politics. This
book is in the series, Environmental Philosophies, edited by Andrew Brennan. O'Neill is lecturer
in philosophy at Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK. (v5,#1)
ONeill (O'Neill), Onora, "Environmental Values, Anthropocentrism and Speciesism,"
Environmental Values 6(1997):127-142. ABSTRACT: Ethical reasoning of all types is
anthropocentric, in that it is addressed to agents, but anthropocentric starting points vary in the
preference they accord the human species. Realist claims about environmental values, utilitarian
reasoning and rights-based reasoning all have difficulties in according ethical concern to certain
aspects of the natural world. Obligation-based reasoning can provide quite strong if incomplete
reasons to protect the natural world, including individual non-human animals. Although it
cannot establish all the conclusions to which anti-speciesists aspire, it may establish many of
them with some clarity. Newnham College, Cambridge CB3 9DF, UK. (EV)
ONeill (O'Neill), John. "Humanism and Nature." Radical Philosophy 66 (Spring 1994): 21-30.
Those who aim to construct links between Marxism and the green movement often link to Marx's
early work on alienation as a source for a green Marxism. There is an immediate apparent
problem with any such attempt to marry the early Marx and the greens, viz. that Marx's early
works are humanist. Doesn't humanism necessarily entail that only humans, their states and
achievements, have value? And isn't this immediately incompatible with modern green thought
which allows that non-humans, their states and achievements, also have intrinsic value? This
argument as it stands is too hasty. The term "humanism" is an ambiguous one and it need not
immediately entail that only the states and achievements of humans have value. Humanism can
have other meanings. O'Neill is in philosophy, University of Lancaster. (v6,#1)
ONeill (O'Neill), John, Hayward, Tim, eds. Justice, Property, and the Environment: Social and
Legal Perspectives. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997. 200pp. $59.95 cloth. The first part of this
book considers the questions about justice raised by a number of environmental crises. The
second part examines the ramifications environmental conflicts have for the political theory of
property and markets. The third part considers the implications of these and other developments
of environmental law. (v8,#1)
ONeill (O'Neill), RV, "The Economic Analysis of Self-Destruction: Why Should Biologists
Care?," Bioscience 52(no.10, 2002): 872.
ONeill (O'Neill), C., "Risk Avoidance, Cultural Discrimination, and Environmental Justice for
Indigenous Peoples," Ecology Law Quarterly 30(no. 1, 2003): 1-58. (v 14, #3)
ONeill (O'Neill), Helen and Toye, John, eds. A World Without Famine?: New Approaches to
Aid and Development. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. (v.9,#3)
ONeill (O'Neill), John, "Humanism and Nature," Radical Philosophy (Canterbury, UK), no. 66,
1994, pages 21-29. Those who seek to construct an green Marxism often turn to Marx's early
works. There can be either an anthropocentric or a biocentric humanism. Unfortunately, there
are central components of Marx's early thought, inherited from Hegel, which cannot be
incorporated into a defensible ecological political theory. What is often taken to be of value in
Marx's early work is just that part of his thought that should be abandoned. O'Neill is in
philosophy, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. (v.10,#1)
ONeill (O'Neill), John. Ecology, Policy, and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World:
(London: Routledge, 1993). Reviewed by Brian Barry in Environmental Values 4(1995):181182. (EV)
ONeill (O'Neill), John. "Public Choice, Institutional Economics, Environmental Goods,"
Environmental Politics 4(no.2, Summer 1995):197- .
ONeill (O'Neill), Robert V., Hunsaker, Carolyn T., Riiters, Kurt H. "Monitoring Environmental
Quality at the Landscape Scale," Bioscience 47(no.8, 1997):513. Using landscape indicators to
assess biotic diversity, watershed
integrity, and landscape stability. (v8,#3)
ONeill (O'Neill), Karen M. "The International Politics of National Parks," Human Ecology
24(1996):521. (v8,#1)
ONeill (O'Neill), John, Clive L. Spash. Appendix: "Policy Research Brief
Conceptions of Value in Environmental Decision-Making." Environmental Values 9(2000):521536. Abstract: Environmental problems have an ethical dimension. They are not just about the
efficient use of resources. Justice in the distribution of environmental goods and burdens,
fairness in the processes of environmental decision-making, the moral claims of future
generations and non-humans, these and other ethical values inform the responses of citizens to
environmental problems. How can these concerns enter into good policy-making processes?
Two expert-based approaches are commonly advocated for incorporating ethical values into
environmental decision-making. One is an `economic capture' approach, according to which
existing economic methods can be successfully extended to include ethical concerns. For
example, stated preference methods, especially contingent valuation, have been developed to try
and capture ethical responses as `non-use values' of the environment, in particular `existence
values'. The other is a `moral expert' approach which confines economic methods to the analysis
of welfare gains, and assumes committees of ethical experts will complement economic
expertise. Both approaches face problems in terms of addressing many widely held ethical
values about the environment. Furthermore, both face problems concerning the democratic
legitimacy of their procedures. How can policy-making be made responsive to different ethical
values? What role is there for new deliberative and participatory methods? How far do existing
decision-making institutions have the capacities to incorporate different modes of articulating
environmental values? This policy brief examines the limitations of current attempts to capture
ethical values within existing economic instruments and considers how these limitations might
be overcome. Section 1 examines the assumptions that standard economic theory makes about
individuals when they express values and make choices about the environment. The current
models of agents that inform policy-making are seen to be ill-suited to incorporating the ethical
responses of agents and this reveals some of the policy failures that may result. Section 2 shows
how the physical and social properties of many environmental goods prevent their being treated
as commodities. Section 3 considers the problems surrounding conceptions of fairness and
legitimacy in processes for environmental valuation. Section 4 raises questions concerning the
capacities of policy-making institutions to take cognisance of the results of different methods for
articulating environmental values. (EV)
ONeill (O'Neill), John, "Environmental Virtues and Public Policy," Philosophy in the
Contemporary World 8 (Number 2, Fall-Winter 2001):125-136. The Aristotelian view that
public institutions should aim at the good life is sometimes criticized on the grounds that it
makes for an authoritarian politics that is incompatible with the pluralism of modern society. The
criticism seems to have particular power against modern environmentalism, that it offers a local
vision of the good life which fails to appreciate the variety of possible human relationships to the
natural environment, and so, as a guide to public policy, it leads to green authoritarianism. This
paper argues to the contrary that an Aristotelian position which defends environmental goods as
constitutive of the good life is consistent with recognition of the plurality of ways our relations to
the natural world can be lived. It is compatible with the recognition of distinct cultural
expressions of such relations and of the special place particular histories of individuals and social
groups have in constraining environmental policy. (v.13,#2)
ONeill (O'Neill), Karen M., "Can Watershed Management Unite Town and Country?," Society
and Natural Resources 18(no.3, March 2005):241-253(13).
ONeill (O'Neill), John, R. Kerry Turner, and Ian J. Bateman, eds., Environmental Ethics and
Philosophy. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, US: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2001. With
the subtheme: Managing the Environment for Sustainable Development. A reference collection
of 32 articles: equality and justice, future generations, moral considerability of the non-human
world, environmental justice, economic valuation, sustainability, sustainability and nature.
O'Neill is in philosophy, University of Lancaster, UK. Turner and Bateman are in environmental
sciences and decisionmaking, University of East Anglia, UK.
ONeill, J., and Walsh, M., "Landscape Conflicts: Preferences, Identities And Rights," Landscape
Ecology 15 (No. 3, Apr 01 2000): 281- . (v.11,#2)
ONeill, Robert V. and Kahn, James R., "Homo economus as a Keystone Species," Bioscience 50
(No. 4, 2000 Apr 01): 333- . (v.11,#4)
Onsdorff, Keith A. "What the Weitzenhoff Court Got Wrong." Journal of Environmental Law
and Practice 4, no.1 (1996): 14. Even though ignorance cannot be bliss, the author argues that
criminal jurisprudence should not penalize environmentally benign conduct. (v7, #3)
Onsdorff, Keith A., North, Karis L. "EPA Seeks to Reinvent Itself--Yet Again: Part II," Journal
of Environmental Law & Practice 4(no.6, 197):32. Recommendations for stakeholders affected
by the EPA's National Performance Measures Strategy," Journal of Environmental Law &
Practice 4(no.6, 197):32. (v8,#3)
Ooi, GL, "The Role of the State in Nature Conservation in Singapore," Society and Natural
Resources 15(no.5, 2002):455-460. (v.13, #3)
Oosthuizen, GC 1991. The death of the soul and the crisis in ecology. Universiteit van Pretoria,
Nuwe Reeks No 274. (Africa)
Opdam, Paul, "Book Review of: Drafting a conservation blueprint. A Practitioner's Guide to
Planning for Biodiversity Craig R. Groves. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2003", Biodiversity
and Conservation 13 (no. 12, November 2004):2587-2588(2).
Opel, Andy, and Jason Smith, "ZooTycoon: Capitalism, Nature, and the Pursuit of Happiness,"
Ethics and the Environment 9(no. 2, 2004):103-120. This paper is a cultural studies analysis of
the Microsoft computer video game, ZooTycoon, which creates virtual theme parks with virtual
animals, and also teaches capitalist business strategy and managerial skills. The role of wildlife
and implicit and explicit messages about contemporary attitudes toward the environment are
explored. Opel is in communications, Florida State University. Smith is a Ph.D. student there.
(E&E)
Ophuls, William, and A. Stephen Boyan, Jr., Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited.
New York: W. H. Freeman, 1992. 314 pages. A new edition of a well-known book.
Ophuls, William. Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
4(1982):85-87.
Ophuls, William. "On Hoffert and the Scarcity of Politics." Environmental Ethics 8(1986):287.
Opie, John. Review of Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American
Environmental Policy. By Richard N. L. Andrews. Environmental Ethics 23(2001):219-222.
(EE)
Opie, John. Review of Explorations in Environmental History. By Samuel P. Hays.
Environmental Ethics 22(2000):325-326.
Opie, John. Review of Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. Edited by Shepard Krech
III, J. R. McNeill, and Carolyn Merchant. Environmental Ethics 27 (2005):323-328.
Opocenska, Jane, "Lifestyle: Nuclear Energy Protests: A Story from Southern Bohemia,"
Ecotheology Vol 7 (No. 1, July 2002):91-94.
Oppel, S; Stock, M, "Reconsidering Species Extinctions in National Parks: Reply to Berger,"
Conservation Biology 18(no.3, 2004):845-846. (v. 15, # 3)
Oppenheimer, Michael, Brian C. O=Neill, Mort Webster, and Shardul Agrawala. AThe Limits of
Consensus.@ Science Vol. 317, no. 5844 (14 September 2007): 1505-06. The pressures to reach
consensus (and scientific credibility) in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
in its recent Fourth Assessment Report may mean that the report underestimates the risks.
Consensus may now be less important than a full exploration of the uncertainties (which
scientists de-emphasize with their consensus) and policies that result from facing such risks.
Opsahl, RW, "Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer and Elk: A Call for National Management",
Environmental Law 33 (no.4, 2003): 1059-1092.
Oraezie Vallino (Oräzie Vallino), Fabienne-Charlotte. "Alle radici dell'etica ambientale:
pensiero sulla natura, wilderness et creatività artistica negli Stati Uniti del XIX secolo" (The
Roots of Environmental Ethics: Thoughts on Nature, Wilderness, and Artistic Creativity in the
United States in the 19th Century). Part I, Storia dell' Arte (History of Art), no. 78, 1993, pp.
183-257; Part II, no. 79, 1993, pp. 355-410. In Italian, an extensive treatment of the roots of
environmental ethics in American Romantic aesthetics of nature, includes color reproductions of
American artists. Oräzie Vallino is a French/Italian professor at the Universita' Degli Studi Della
Tuscia in Viterbo, near Rome, who teaches art, geography, and ecology and has studied
extensively in the United States. She edited an Italian version of George Perkins Marsh, Man
and Nature. (Marsh was the first U. S. ambassador to the unified Italy.) Address: 1 Largo
Amba Aradam, 00184 Rome, Italy. (v6,#1)
Oravec, Christine L. and James G. Cantrill, The Conference on the Discourse of Environmental
Advocacy. Papers from a conference, published by the University of Utah Humanities Center,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. Released February 1992. Four dozen papers:
Examples: Bruce Piasecki, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "Environmental Management and
the Public's Expectation for Fact: Reflections on the Rhetoric of Environmental Advocacy";
Elise Bedsworth Scott, San Francisco State University, "The Rhetoric of Eco-tage"; Susan
Senecah, University of Minnesota, "The Sacredness of Natural Places: How a Big Canyon
Became a Grand Icon." (v3,#1)
Orbuch, Paul M., Singer, Thomas O. "International Trade, the Environment and the States: An
Evolving State-Federal Relationship," The Journal of Environment and Development 4, no. 2
(Summer 1995): 121- . (v6,#4)
Orenstein, Gloria Feman, "The greening of Gaia: Ecofeminist artists revisit the garden," Ethics
and the Environment 8(no. 1, 2003):103-111. Ecofeminism is a different kind of political
movement, for instead of viewing the arts as adjuncts to political activity or as distractions from
political activism, ecofeminism considers the arts to be essential catalysts of change. In the
eighties and early nineties, ecofeminist artists often invoked the symbol of The Great Mother,
The Goddess, or Gaia in order to emphasize the interconnectedness of three levels of creation, all
imaged as female outside of patriarchal civilization: cosmic creation, procreation, and artistic
creation. Ecofeminists today feel less of a need to examine the past. It is more urgent for them to
concentrate on the work that needs to be done to regenerate the earth today. Orenstein is in
comparative literature and gender studies, University of Southern California. (E&E)
Oreskes, Naomi, "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," Science 306(3 December
2004):1686. "Policy-makers and the media, particularly in the United States, frequently assert
that climate science is highly uncertain. Some have used this as an argument against adopting
strong measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ... Such statements suggest that there
might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic
climate change. This is not the case." All the major study groups concur that the present
warming trends are human-caused. In a review of 928 papers, 75% either explicitly or implicitly
endorsed the consensus view, 25% took no position. Not one paper disagreed with the consensus
position. Oreskes is in the Department of History and Science Studies Program, University of
California, San Diego.
Oreskes, Naomi, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, and Kenneth Belitz, "Verification, Validation, and
Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences," Science 263(February 4, 1994):641646. Verification and validation of numerical models of natural systems is impossible. This is
because natural systems are never closed and because model results are always nonunique.
Models can be confirmed by the demonstration of agreement between observation and
prediction, but confirmation is inherently partial. Complete confirmation is logically precluded
by the fallacy of affirming the consequent and by incomplete access to natural phenomena.
Models can only be evaluated in relative terms, and their predictive value is always open to
question. The primary value of models is heuristic. Oreskes and Belitz are in earth science at
Dartmouth College, Shrader-Frechette is in philosophy at the University of South Florida.
(v5,#1)
Organization & Environment, Vol. 15, March, 2002, is a theme issue on environmental
sociology. (v.13,#2)
Organization and Environment, Vol. 15, No. 3 includes a debate over democracy, environmental
decision making, the Internet and digital technology. Participants are Michael Howes, Sylvia N.
Tesh, David Schlosberg & John S. Dryzek, Stephen Zavestoski & Stuart W. Shulman. (v.13, #3)
Organization and Environment is a new journal devoted to discussion of the social roots and
consequences of environmental problems. The aim is to develop new perspectives on
organizations and organizing, perspectives that encourage environmentally sensitive reflection,
inquiry, and practice. The editors are: John Bellamy Foster, University of Oregon; John M.
Jernier, University of South Florida; and Paul Shrivastava, Bucknell University. Papers to: John
M. Jernier, College of Business, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33520-5500. Phone
813/974-1757. Fax 813/974-3030. Sage Publications is the publisher. (v8,#1)
Orians, F. Barbara, "Animal Well-Being." Chapter 12 in Emily Baker and Michael Richardson,
eds., Ethics Applied, edition 2 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), pages 439-471. ISBN 0536-01867-7. Five positions regarding nonhuman animals: animal exploitation, animal use,
animal welfare, animal rights, animal liberation. Moral standing of animals: the utilitarian case,
the natural rights argument. The case against moral consideration of animals. Use of animals in
education. Biomedical research. Animals as food. Animal testing. Blood sports. Greyhound
racing. Zoos, Marine Mammal Exhibits. Orians is a Senior Research Fellow, Kennedy Institute
of Ethics, Georgetown University. (v.10,#2)
Orians, GJ; Soule, ME, "Whither Conservation Biology Research?" Conservation Biology
15(no. 4, 2001):1187-1188. (v.13,#1)
Orians, Gordon, "Aesthetic Factors," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 1: 45-54. Aesthetic factors
are those characteristics of a given object or situation that evoke a certain emotional response,
either a sense of beauty, attractiveness, pleasure, symmetry, order, and so on, or, conversely, of
ugliness, disorder, menace, disgust, or the like. Generally speaking, the aesthetic preferences that
humans display in response to their environment, in such contexts as mate choice, food patterns,
and habitat selection, have been shaped by evolutionary experience and reflect suitable solutions
for survival and reproductive success. (v.11,#4)
Orians, Gordon H. "Thought for the Morrow: Cumulative Threats to the Environment,"
Environment 37(no.7, Sept. 1995):6- . Seemingly insignificant actions can add up to some
major threats to the environment. (v6,#4)
Orians, Gordon, and Judith Heerwagen, "Evolved Responses to Landscapes," Pages 555-579, in
a section on "Environmental Aesthetics," in Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby,
eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford
University Press, 1992. (v7,#1)
ORiordan (O'Riordan, Tim, Review of: Roger Siddaway, Resolving Environmental Disputes,
Environmental Values 15(2006):532-533.
ORiordan (O'Riordan), T., "1976: Environmentalism." With commentary 1: by James L.
Wescoat Jr, Commentary 2: by David Pepper, and Author's response: by Tim O'Riordan.
Progress In Human Geography 23(no. 4, 1999):589- . (v.11,#1)
ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy, and Cameron, James, eds. Interpreting the Precautionary
Principle. London: Earthscan Publications, Ltd., 1994. 315 pages. O'Riordan is in the School of
Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich. Includes:
--Bodansky, Daniel, "The Precautionary Principle in US Environmental Law," pages 203-228.
(v.9,#3)
ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy. "Frameworks for Choice: Core Beliefs and the Environment,"
Environment 37(no.8, Oct. 1995):4- . Environmental attitudes and actions often reflect deeper
beliefs about the world. (v6,#4)
ORiordan (O'Riordan), T., Jordan, A. "British Environmental Politics in the 1990s."
Environmental Politics 4(Winter 1995):237. (v7,#2)
ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy and Stoll, Susanne, eds., Protecting Beyond the Protected:
Biodiversity, Sustainable Development and Human Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2002. O'Riordan is at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Stoll is at
the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany. (v.13, #3)
ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy, and Andrew Jordan. "The Precautionary Principle in
Contemporary Environmental Politics." Environmental Values 4(1995):191-212. In its restless
metamorphosis, the environmental movement captures ideas and transforms them into principles,
guidelines and points of leverage. Sustainability is one such idea, now being reinterpreted in the
aftermath of the 1992 Rio Conference. So too is the precautionary principle. Like sustainability,
the precautionary principle is neither a well defined principle nor a stable concept. It has become
the repository for a jumble of adventurous beliefs that challenge the status quo of political power,
ideology and civil rights. Neither concept has much coherence other than it is captured by the
spirit that is challenging the authority of science, the hegemony of cost-benefit analysis, the
powerlessness of victims of environmental abuse, and the unimplemented ethics of intrinsic
natural rights and inter-generational equity. It is because the mood of the times needs an
organising idea that the precautionary principle is getting a fair wind. However, unless its
advocates sharpen up their understanding of the term, the precautionary principle may not
establish the influence it deserves. Its future looks promising but it is not assured. KEYWORDS:
Precaution, precautionary principle, environmentalism, sustainability, environmental ethics.
O'Riordan and Jordan are at the School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia.
(EV)
ORiordan (O'Riordan), Tim and James Camerson, eds., Interpreting the Precautionary Principle.
London: Cameron May, Ltd., 1994. The precautionary principle, especially applicable in
environmental issues, states that public and private interests should act so as to prevent harm,
even where there is no scientific proof that an activity does cause damage to the environment.
This has serious implications for risk evaluation and assessment. Sample article: Robin Attfield,
"The Precautionary Principle and Moral Values."
ORiordan (O'Riordan), Tim, Review of Mintzer, Irving M. and Leonard, J. A., Negotiating
Climate Change: The Inside Story of the Rio Convention. Environmental Values 7(1998):115.
ORiordan (O'Riordan), Tim, "Valuation as Revelation and Reconciliation," Environmental
Values 6(1997):169-184. ABSTRACT: Valuation is portrayed here as a dynamic and interactive
process, not a static notion linked to willingness to pay. Valuation through economic measures
can be built upon by creating trusting and legitimising procedures of stakeholder negotiation and
mediation. This is a familiar practice in the US, but it is only beginning to be recognised as an
environmental management tool in the UK. The introduction of strategic environmental and
landuse appraisal plans for shorelines, estuaries, river catchments and rural landscapes, combined
with the mobilisation of protest around landuse proposals that are not seemingly justified on the
basis of need (incinerators, landfills, quarries, reservoirs, roads) suggest that a more legitimate
participatory form of democracy is required to reveal valuation through consensual negotiation.
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. (EV)
Orlans, F. B., In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Ornstein, Robert and Paul Ehrlich, New World, New Mind: Moving toward Conscious
Evolution. New York: Doubleday, 1989. 302 pages. Humans were, from evolutionary natural
selection, a good fit in the circumstances under which they evolved. But "there is now a
mismatch between the human mind and the world people inhabit. This mismatch interferes with
the relationships of human beings with each other and with their environment" (9). The rapid
pace of cultural changes requires us "to take our evolution into our hands and create a new
evolutionary process, a process of conscious evolution . . . We need to replace our old minds
with new ones" (12). Ornstein is a well-known science writer; Ehrlich is a biologist at Stanford
University and active conservationist. (v6,#2)
ORourke (O'Rourke), Annie, "Caring-About Virtual Pets: An Ethical Interpretation of
Tamagotchi," Animal Issues (University of Sydney, Australia) 2, no. 1, 1998. (v.10,#1)
Orr, David W., The Nature of Design: Ecology, Culture, and Human Intention. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2002. Re-designing society--politics, buildings, economics, lifestyles-so as to re-calibrate what humans do in the world according to how the world works. Orr is at
Oberlin College.
Orr, David W. "The Not-So-Great Wilderness Debate." Wild Earth 9(No. 2, Summer 1999):74. (v10,#4)
Orr, David W., Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World.
Albany: State University Press of New York, 1992. $29.95 hardcover, $14.95 paper. What
schools, colleges, and universities can do to help in the transition to an ecologically sustainable
world. (v3,#1)
Orr, David W., Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect.
Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994. $ 16.95 paper; $ 29.95 hardcover. "Educators must
become students of the ecologically proficient mind and of the things that must be done to foster
such minds. In time this will mean nothing less than the redesign of education itself." These
essays, previously published, are here gathered and compounded in their power to provoke and
to stimulate thinking about the role of the college and university in teaching ecological literacy.
Sample chapters: What is Education for? The Dangers of Education. Rating Colleges (as
environmental models and for teaching environmental responsibility). Agriculture and the
Liberal Arts. Love It or Lose It: The Coming Biophilia Revolution. A World That Takes Its
Environment Seriously. Prices and Life Exchanged: Costs of the U.S. Food System. Refugees or
Homecomers? Conjectures About the Future of Rural America. Orr directs environmental
studies at Oberlin College. (v5,#4)
Orr, David W. "Slow Knowledge." Conservation Biology 10, no.3 (1996): 699. (v7, #3)
Orr, David W. "Architecture as Pedagogy II," Conservation Biology 11(no.3, 1997):597. The
worst thing we can do to our children is to convince them that ugliness is normal (citing Rene
Dubos). Where learning about conservation takes place, also teaches about conservation. One
criteria is that beauty here must cause no ugliness somewhere else or at some later time. The
experience of Oberlin College, where Orr teaches. (v8,#2)
Orr, David W., "The Liberal Arts, the Campus, and the Biosphere," Harvard Educational Review
60 (1990): 205-16. Where does the campus fit into the biosphere? What role should universities
play in the struggle to save the environment? Although critics, such as Allan Bloom, have
recently accused liberal arts institutions of failing to educate college youth properly, few have
addressed the question of how colleges and universities might make students more aware and
responsible about their place in the natural world. Orr offers a rationale for incorporating
environmental concerns into the curriculum of higher education and suggests examples of
curricular innovations, including programs for restructuring the ways colleges procure food, deal
with waste, and use energy. A focus on the ecosystem of the college campus can broaden
students' visions of the natural world in which they live. Orr teaches environmental studies at
Oberlin College. (v6,#2)
Orr, David W. "Education for Globalisation." The Ecologist 29(no. 3, May 1999):166- .
(v.11,#1)
Orr, David. "Rethinking Education." The Ecologist 29(no. 3, May 1999):232- . (v.11,#1)
Orr, David. Review of: Martin Lewis, Green Delusions, Environmental Ethics 16(1994):329332.
Orr, DW, "Four Challenges of Sustainability," Conservation Biology 16(no.6, 2002): 1457-1460.
Orr, Matthew, "Environmental Decline and the Rise of Religion," Zygon: Journal of Religion
and Science 38(2003):895-910. Some responses to the planet's environmental crisis share the
characteristics of a religious revitalization movement and an incipient religion. They call for a
science-based cosmology and an encompassing reverence for nature, and thus differ from
responses to environmental decline offered by tradition religions. As environmental problems
deepen, historical precedent suggests that religious shifts in affected cultures may follow. Orr is
in biology, University of Oregon, Branch Program, Bend, Oregon. (v.14, #4)
Ortega-Baes, Pablo; Godinez-Alvarez, Hector, "Global Diversity and Conservation Priorities in
the Cactaceae," Biodiversity and Conservation 15 (no.3, March 2006): 817-827 (11).
Orth, Robert J. Tim J.B. Carruthers, William C. Dennison, Carlos M. Duarte, James W.
Fourqurean, Kenneth L. Heck Jr., A. Randall Hughes, Suzanne Olyarnik, Susan L. Williams,
Gary A. Kendrick, W. Judson Kenworthy, Frederick T. Short, and Michelle Waycott. AA Global
Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems.@ BioScience Vol. 56, no. 12 (2006): 987-96. Seagrasses,
marine flowering plants, have a long evolutionary history but are now challenged with rapid
environmental changes as a result of coastal human population pressures. Seagrasses provide
key ecological services, including organic carbon production and export, nutrient cycling,
sediment stabilization, enhanced biodiversity, and trophic transfers to adjacent habitats in
tropical and temperate regions. They also serve as Acoastal canaries,@ global biological
sentinels of increasing anthropogenic influences in coastal ecosystems, with large-scale losses
reported worldwide. Multiple stressors, including sediment and nutrient runoff, physical
disturbance, invasive species, disease, commercial fishing practices, aquaculture, overgrazing,
algal blooms, and global warming, cause seagrass declines at scales of square meters to hundreds
of square kilometers. Reported seagrass losses have led to increased awareness of the need for
seagrass protection, monitoring, management, and restoration. However, seagrass science,
which has rapidly grown, is disconnected from public awareness of seagrasses, which has lagged
behind awareness of other coastal ecosystems. There is a critical need for a targeted global
conservation effort that includes a reduction of watershed nutrient and sediment inputs to
seagrass habitats and a targeted educational program informing regulators and the public of the
value of seagrass meadows.
Ortiz, Sara Elizabeth Gavrell, "Beyond Welfare: Animal Integrity, Animal Dignity, and Genetic
Engineering," Ethics and the Environment 9(no. 1, 2004):94-120. Bernard Rollin argues that it
is permissible to change an animal's telos through genetic engineering, if it doesn't harm the
animal's welfare. Recent attempts to undermine his argument rely either on the claim that
diminishing certain capacities always harms an animal's welfare or on the claim that it always
violates an animal's integrity. I argue that these fail. However, respect for animal dignity
provides a defeasible reason not to engineer an animal in a way that inhibits the development of
those functions that a member of its species can normally perform, even if the modification
would improve the animal's welfare. Ortiz is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Wisconsin,
Madison. (E&E)
Ortner, Sherry B., Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999, paper 2001. $ 18. 392 pages. An
anthropologist assesses the evolving relationship between the mountaineers and the Sherpas, a
relationship of mutual dependence and cultural conflict played out in an environment of mortal
risk. Ortner is in anthropology at Columbia University. (EE v.12,#1)
Orton, David, "Deep Ecology Perspectives," Synthesis/Regeneration, no. 32, Fall 2003. The
importance of deep ecology, and some of its contradictions. Available online at:
http://www.greens.org/s-r/index.html
Orton, David. "Industrial Forestry and a Critique of Natural Resource Management." Green
Web Bulletin #66. Available to activists by contacting the Green Web. About 4,500 words (28
kb) long, it is based on a lecture by David Orton to students at Mount Allison University in
Nebraska (USA) in early November 1998 for a course called "Natural Resource Management."
The lecture, given from a left biocentric deep ecology perspective, used philosophical and
practical examples situated in a Maritimes and larger context. Included are: a critique of
"resourcism," which treats nature as an object to commodify for human and corporate use;
descriptions of forestry conflicts like Nova Nada, the Christmas Mountains, and Clayoquot
Sound; discussion of the human-centered language of industrial capitalist forestry; criticism of
Elizabeth May's recent forestry book At The Cutting Edge; and an analysis of the industrial
forestry situation, how it is getting worse and why, and the need to get involved. Contact Helga
Hoffmann at the Green Web: [email protected]
Orts, Eric W., "A Reflexive Model of Environmental Regulation," Business Ethics Quarterly
5(1995):779-794. We should begin to consider a new model of reflexive environmental law.
This regulatory strategy aims to provide more reflective as well as more efficient environmental
regulation.
Orts, Eric W., "Reflexive Environmental Law," Northwestern University Law Review
89(1995):1227-1340. Most environmental law is regulation, command and control of business
by outside law, imposed by political authorities. A better approach is reflexive environmental
law, where businesses from within adopt systematic ways of thinking and operating in an
environmentally responsible manner. This creates a climate in which businesses voluntarily
adopt procedures to encourage environmentally sound decision making and to monitor
environmental progress. Long article with much detail and nearly 500 legal-style footnotes.
Orts is in law, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. (v.10,#2)
Orts, Eric W., and Strudler, Alan, "The Ethical and Environmental Limits of Stakeholder
Theory," Business Ethics Quarterly 12 (no. 2, 2002):215-233. We argue that though stakeholder
theory has much to recommend it, particularly as a heuristic for thinking about business firms
properly as involving the economic interests of other groups beyond those of the shareholders or
other equity owners, the theory is limited by its focus on the interests of human participants in
business enterprise. Stakeholder theory runs into intractable philosophical difficulty in providing
credible ethical principles for business managers in dealing with some topics, such as the natural
environment that do not directly involve human beings within a business firm or who engage in
transactions with a firm. Corporate decision-making must include an appreciate of these ethical
values even though they cannot be captured in stakeholder theory. Orts is in law, The Wharton
School, University of Pennsylvania. (v.13, #3)
Orts. Eric W., and Alan Strudler, "The Ethical and Environmental Limits of Stakeholder
Theory," Business Ethics Quarterly 12(no. 2, 2002):215-233. Stakeholder theory has much to
recommend it, but is limited to human participants in the business enterprise. It runs into
intractable problems in providing credible ethical principles for business managers dealing with
the natural environment. Orts and Strudler are at Wharton School, Environmental Management
Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Oruka, H. Odera, ed. Philosophy, Humanity and Ecology. Volume 1: Philosophy of Nature and
Environmental Ethics. Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies, 1994.
US$20.00 (ISBN 9966-41-086-4). This volume contains papers presented at the World
Conference of Philosophy held in Nairobi, Kenya, in July 1991. Papers by 40 contributors,
mostly short papers. Two more volumes are anticipated. The general theme of the conference
was Philosophy, Humanity and the Environment. Attracting almost six hundred participants and
observers, representing 55 countries, the papers in this volume incorporate contributions from
Europe, North America, Asia and Africa, including Evandro Agazzi, Wolfgang Kluxen, Jerzy
Pelc, Richard T. De George, S.S. Rama Pappu, Tomonobu Imamichi, Ali Mazrui, Kwasi Wiredu
and Thomas R. Odhiambo. Chair of the organizing committee of the World Conference, H.
Odera Oruka is Professor of Philosophy, University of Nairobi, and founder chair of the
Philosophical Association of Kenya. To order, send a cheque or money order to either of the
institutions below. If out of Kenya, add US $8.00 for airmail postage (or US $2.00 for surface
postage) and US $5.00 for bank charges. African Centre for Technology Studies, P.O. Box
45917, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel. 254-2-565173, 569986 Or: African Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box
14798, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel. 254-2-884401/6. (v6,#3)
Osborn, Lawrence, "Archetypes, Angels and Gaia," Ecotheology No 10 (Jan 2001):9-22.
Osborne, K, "Review of: The U.S.-Mexican Border Environment: Economy and Environment
for a Sustainable Border Region: Now and in 2020 by Paul Ganster (Ed.)," Journal of
Environment and Development 12(no.3, 2003):345-348. (v.14, #4)
Oskamp, Stuart, "Apply Social Psychology to Avoid Ecological Disaster," Journal of Social
Issues, vol. 51, no. 4, Winter 1995. (v8,#2)
Oslund, K, "Review of: Susan Kollin, Nature's State: Imagining Alaska as the Last Frontier",
Environmental History 8(no.1, 2003):154.
Ost, F., La nature hors la loi. L'écologie à l'épreuve de droit. Paris: La Découverte, 1995. 346
pages.
Ostergren, D., "Review of: Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the
National Parks, by Mark David Spence," Natural Resources Journal 41(no.3, 2001): 766-67.
(v.13,#2)
Ostergren, David M. and Hollenhorst, Steven J., "Convergence in Protected Area Policy: A
Comparison of the Russian Zapovednik and American Wilderness Systems, Society & Natural
Resources 12(no. 4, 1999):293- . (v10,#4)
Ostfeld, Richard S.; Jones, Clive G.; and Wolff, Jerry O. "Of Mice and Mast." Bioscience 46,
no.5 (1996): 323. Ecological connections in eastern deciduous forests. (v7, #3)
Ostrom, Elinor, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (v3,#4)
Ostrom, Elinor, Understanding Institutional Diversity. Reviewed by Janne Hukkinen,
Environmental Values 16(2007):129-132.
Ostrom, Elinor, et al. (4 co-authors), "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global
Challenges," Science 284(9 April 1999):278-282. Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 the tragedy of
the commons. New insights about such problems and the conditions likely to sustain uses of
common-pool resources. The most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale
resources that depend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or
large marine ecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for
our long-term survival. Ostrom is at the Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and
Environmental Change, Indiana University, Bloomington. (v.10,#1)
OToole (O'Toole) Jr., Laurence J. "Hungary: Political Transformation and Environmental
Challenge." Environmental Politics 7(no.1, Spring 1998):93- . (v10,#4)
OToole (O'Toole), J. Mitchell, "An Ecological Approach to Environmental Ethics," International
Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 11 (no. 1, 2002):48-52. (International
Geographical Union, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK). ISSN 1038-2046. Introduces
a Forum on Environmental Ethics, with nine papers (really 3-4 page summaries) from a forum
held at the 10th Pacific Science Inter-Congress, held at the University of Guam, June 1-6, 2001.
Sample papers:
--Sellman, James D., "Living on the Edge in Micronesian Ecological Philosophy," pages 54-57.
--Rolston, Holmes, III, "Enforcing Environmental Ethics: Civic Law and Natural Value," pages
76-79.
--Rowe, Sharon, "Returning to What Matters: Daoist Lessons for Ecofeminism," pages 63-67.
--Parks, N., "Measuring Climate Change," Bioscience 52(no.8, 2002): 652.
--Paul, E., "Science: The Newest Political Football in the Endangered Species Game,"
Bioscience 52(no.9, 2002): 792-856.
OToole, L., Fielding, A. H. and Haworth, P. F., "Re-Introduction of the Golden Eagle into the
Republic of Ireland," Biological Conservation 103(no.ER2, 2002): 303-12. (v.13,#2)
Ott, Konrad, "Eine Theorie 'starker' Nachhaltigkeit. (A theory of 'strong' sustainability)" In
German. Natur und Kultur 2(no. 1, 2001):55-75. Abstract: This article outlines a theoretical
approach towards sustainability. Such approach should be ethically reflective, normatively sound
and conceptually clear-cut. Any theory of sustainability must encompass a reasonable choice
between the two competing concepts of `weak' and `strong' sustainability. It will be argued that
strong sustainability should be favored. Some policy implications of this choice will be outlined.
(v.12,#2)
Ott, Konrad, Ökologie und Ethik: Ein Versuch praktischer Philosophie (Ecology and Ethics: An
Attempt at Practical Philosophy. Tübingen: Attempto Verlag, 1993. 188 pages. DM 38,--.
ISBN 3-89308-162-3. Ott's book has three main parts: 1. The Concept of Ecology. 2. Critical
Theory and Nature. 3. Ecoethical Arguments. In part one, he discusses the history of the
discipline of philosophy and various ecological approaches to environmental philosophy, such as
human ecology, speculative ecology, including Schorsch's mystical holism, Roszak's subversive
ecology,, Hösle's objective idealism, and Christian ecology. In part two, he finds that we can
learn from Adorno's and Horkheimer's views on nature, the early Habermas' view in Knowledge
and Human Interests, and the later Habermas' view in his discourse ethical writings. Part three
presents a taxonomy of ecoethical arguments: a) utilitarianism, b) aestheticism, c) the human
right to nature, d) ethics of compassion and ecological pathognomics, e) objective and subjective
theories of value in nature, and f) evolutionism. Ott is widely read and draws on both German
and English sources. He himself opts for a teleologically grounded physiocentric position, which
he calls "ecological pathognomics" (p. 144, pp. 153-155). He believes that we should further
the good of teleological nature for its own sake. Ott did his dissertation with Habermas in
Frankfurt and is about to finish his habilitation (teaching qualification) in Tübingen. (Thanks to
Angelika Krebs, University of Frankfurt.)
Ott, Konrad. Ipso Facto, Zur ethischen Rekonstruktion normativer Implika wessenschaftlicher
Praxis. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp-Verlag, 1997. 820 pp. (v8,#3)
Ott, Wayne R. Environmental Statistics and Data Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press,
1995. 336 pp. $79.95. An introduction to the areas of probability theory and statistics that are
important in environmental monitoring, data analysis, research, environmental field surveys and
environmental decision making. (v8,#3)
Ottinger, Richard and the Pace University Center for Environmental Legal Studies.
Environmental Costs of Electricity: The Pace Study. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications,
1990. $75.00 hardbound. The "real costs" to society of the operation of electrical power plants.
(v5,#2)
Ouderkirk, Wayne and Jim Hill, eds. Land, Value, Community: Callicott and Environmental
Philosophy. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 25(2003):427-430. (EE)
Ouderkirk, Wayne, and Hill, Jim, eds., Land, Value, Community: Callicott and Environmental
Philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. An anthology devoted to
the work of J. Baird Callicott and the Land Ethic. Contains:
-Ouderkirk, Wayne, "Introduction: Callicott and Environmental Philosophy," pages 1-18.
-Partridge, Ernest, "Ecological Morality and Nonmoral Sentiments", pages 21-35.
-Barkdull, John, "How Green Is the Theory of Moral Sentiments?", pages 37-58.
-McIntosh, Robert P., "Ecological Science, Philosophy, and Ecological Ethics," pages 59-83.
-Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, "Biocentrism, Biological Science, and Ethical Theory", pages 85-95.
-Donner, Wendy, "Callicott on Intrinsic Value and Moral Standing in Environmental Ethics,"
pages 99-105.
-Rolston, Holmes, III, "Naturalizing Callicott," pages 107-122.
-Norton, Bryan, "Epistemology and Environmental Values," pages 123-132.
-Hargrove, Eugene C., "Environmental Ethics without a Metaphysics," 135-149.
-Larrère, Catherine, "Philosophy of Nature or Natural Philosophy? Science and Philosophy in
Callicott's Metaphysics," pages 151-170.
-Palmer, C1are, "Quantum Physics, `Postmodern Scientific Worldview,' and Callicott's
Environmental Ethics," pages 171-183.
-Wenz, Peter S., "Minimal, Moderate, and Extreme Moral Pluralism," pages 185-195.
-Light, Andrew, "Callicott and Naess on Pluralism," pages 197-217.
-Gruen, Lori, "Beyond Exclusion: The Importance of Context in Ecofeminist Theory," pages
219-226.
-Taylor, Angus, "Environmental Ethics and Respect for Animals," pages 229-236.
-Bratton, Susan Power, "J. Baird Callicott's Critique of Christian Stewardship and the Validity of
Religious Environmental Ethics," pages 237-251.
-Hester, Lee, McPherson, Dennis, Booth, Annie, and Cheney, Jim, "Callicott's Last Stand,"
pages 253-278.
-Ouderkirk, Wayne, "The Very Idea of Wilderness," pages 279-288.
-Callicott, J. Baird, "Callicott Responds: My Reply," pages 291-329. (v.13,#1)
Ouderkirk, Wayne, "Mindful of the Earth: A Bibliographical Essay on Environmental
Philosophy," The Centennial Review (College of Arts and Letters, Michigan State University)
42(no. 1, Winter, 1998):353-392. A shorter version was published in Choice: Current Reviews
for Academic Libraries 35, no. 3 (Nov. 1997). Excellent introductory overview, useful with
students, the full length version published in a place likely to be overlooked by many
environmental philosophers. Ouderkirk is at Empire State Collge, SUNY, Cobleskill, NY.
(v.13, #3)
Ouderkirk, Wayne, "Review of Gary L. Comstock, Vexing Nature? On the Ethical Case against
Agricultural Biotechnology," Ethics and the Environment 7(no. 2, 2002):185-193. (E&E)
Ouderkirk, Wayne and Jim Hill, eds., Land, Value, Community: Callicott and Environmental
Philosophy. Reviewed by Y. S. Lo. Environmental Values 13(2004):130-132. (EV)
Ouderkirk, Wayne. "Can Nature be Evil? Rolston, Disvalue, and Theodicy." Environmental
Ethics 21(1999):135-150. Holmes Rolston, III's analysis of disvalue in nature is the sole explicit
and sustained discussion of the negative side of nature by an environmental philosopher. Given
Rolston's theological background, perhaps it is not surprising that his analysis has strong
analogues with traditional theodicies, which attempt to account for evil in a world created by a
good God. In this paper, I explore those analogues and use them to help evaluate Rolston's
account. Ultimately, I find it more satisfactory than traditional theodicy in its own context, but I
also raise two problems: a weighting and a counseling problem. First, once Rolston
acknowledges the reality and role of disvalue in nature, he discounts its significance too greatly.
Second, his account is less useful in helping those who have been harmed by the destructive
activity of nature. I claim that we can usefully regard Rolston's analysis as a deconstruction of
the anthropocentric, non-ecological view of nature. Finally, I argue that the two problems and a
related issue, the objectivity/subjectivity of values, point in the direction of a pragmatist account
of value in nature. (EE)
Ouderkirk, Wayne. Review of Kate Soper, What Is Nature? Culture, Politics and the NonHuman. Environmental Ethics 20(1998):105-08.
Oudshoorn, Frank W., Reint Jan Renes and Imke J. M. De Boer. A Systems In Organic Dairy
Production,@ Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008):205-228. The aim of
this study was to explore stakeholder perceptions of the contribution of an Automatic Milking
System (AMS) to sustainable development of organic dairy production in Denmark and the
Netherlands. In addition, reasons for the current difference in AMS use on organic dairy farms
between both countries were explored. To answer above mentioned aims, farmers and advisors
in both countries were interviewed using a focus group approach. Questions of the interviews
were based on a literature review on sustainability issues affected by introduction of AMS.
Participants expressed no moral problems regarding AMS use. They, however, pointed out
uncertainty about the economic gain, difficulties with grazing, adaptation problems to
technology, and image problems towards consumers. The latter results from a reduction in
grazing time affecting both animal welfare and product quality. The participants did not
recognize eutrophication, as result of high stocking density on farmstead lots, as a problem
caused by AMS. The milk quality problem related to AMS use, although acknowledged as
crucial towards consumers, was not prioritized very highly, especially not by the farmers in both
countries. All groups were, however, unanimous in their perception of how important image was
as far as the consumers are concerned. The perception analysis revealed that Dutch participants
were more concerned about the economic payoff of AMS use, and showed more reluctance
towards enlargement than Danish ones. In addition, they acknowledged the small-scale
naturalness of organic production. These differences in perception could possibly explain
observed differences in AMS use in organic dairy production between Denmark and the
Netherlands. The authors are in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of
Aarhus, Research Centre Bygholm, Denmark.
Oughton, Deborah, "Protection of the Environment from Ionising Radiation: Ethical Issues,"
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 66(2003):3-18. Some main ethical issues concerning the
protection of the environment from radiation. Issues of harm and monetary valuation.
Difficulties with scientific uncertainty and applications of the precautionary principle. Issues
concerned with the distribution of risk and its relevance for participation in decision-making.
There are strong ethical grounds to provide for the protection of the environment and, all other
things being equal, there is no reason to treat ionising radiation differently from other
environmental stressors. Well-grounded in ethical theory. Oughton is in chemistry and
biotechnology, Agricultural University of Norway, Aas.
Oughton, Deborah H. "Ethical Issues in Communication and Management of Radiation Risks."
Pages 1-11 in Peder Anker, ed., Environmental Risk and Ethics. Oslo, Norway: Centre for
Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, 1995. (v6,#4)
Our Changing Planet. The FY 1995 U.S. Global Change Research Program. 132 pages. This is
a report by the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources Research of the National
Science and Technology Council, a supplement to the President's Fiscal Year 1995 Budget. 300
D St., S.W., Suite 840, Washington, DC 20024. (v6,#1)
Ouzman, S, "Review of: What Place for Hunter-Gatherers in Millennium Three? Edited by
Thomas N. Headland and Doris E. Blood. SIL International Museum of Cultures Publications in
Ethnography 38, Dallas, TX, 2002", Human Ecology 32 (no.2, 2004): 275-278(4).
Ovadia, O, "Ranking Hotspots of Varying Sizes: a Lesson from the Nonlinearity of the SpeciesArea Relationship," Conservation Biology 17(no.5, 2003):1440-1441. (v.14, #4)
Overall, Christine, APublic Toilets: Sex Segregation Revisited,@ Ethics and the Environment
12(no. 2, 2007):71-92. Public toilets are a key part of the urban environment. This paper
examines and evaluates the pervasive sex segregation, throughout North America, of public
toilets. The issue is situated within a larger contextthe design and management of the urban
environment; larger assumptions about sexuality, reproduction, and privacy that govern that
environment; and continuing compulsory sex identification and segregation which still define
key areas of "public" space. I examine seven groups of arguments in favor of sex segregation,
arguing that all of them are inadequate. I then present reasons showing why ending the sex
segregation of public toilets is justified. Overall is in philosophy, Queen=s University, Kingston,
Ontario.
Overdevest, Christine, Green, Gary P. "Forest Dependence and Community Well-Being: A
Segmented Market Approach," Society and Natural Resources 8(no.2, Mar.1995):111- .
Overdevest, Christine, "Participatory Democracy, Representative Democracy, and the Nature of
Diffuse and Concentrated Interests: A Case Study of Public Involvement on a National Forest
District," Society & Natural Resources 13(no.7, OCT 01 2000):685- . (EE v.12,#1)
Overpeck, Jonathan T., et al., "Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid
Sea-Level Rise," Science 31 (24 March 2006): 1747-1750. Sea-level rise from melting of polar
ice sheets is one of the largest potential threats of future climate change. Polar warming by the
year 2100 may reach levels similar to those of 130,000 to 127,000 years ago that were associated
with sea levels several meters above modern levels. The record of past ice-sheet melting
indicates that the future melting and related sea-level rise could be faster than widely thought.
Overpeck is in geoscience and atmospheric science, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Overton, JM; TheoStephens, RT; Leathwick, JR; Lehmann, A, "Information pyramids for
informed biodiversity conservation," Biodiversity and Conservation 11(no.12, 2002): 2093-2116.
Owen, D, "Prescriptive Laws, Uncertain Science, and Political Stories: Forest Management in
the Sierra Nevada", Ecology Law Quarterly 29(no.4, 2003):747-804.
Owens, Mark and Delia, "Can Time Heal Zambia's Elephants?" International Wildlife 27(no. 3,
May/June 1997):28-35. Poaching's legacy. Though illegal slaughter for ivory has all but ended,
young elephants are still paying a biological toll. Young elephants learned from older
individuals in their groups where to find food and water. By killing mature elephants, poachers
created a new society of younger elephants lacking such knowledge. Their ability to bounce
back has been impaired. In the study area, poachers had wiped out 93% of the elephants, leaving
many unnatural social groupings. (v8,#2)
Owens, Susan and Cowell, Richard, Land and Limits: Interpreting Sustainability in the Planning
Process. London: Routledge, 2001. Reviewed by Anna R. Davies, Environmental Values
12(2003):136-138. (EV)
Owens, Susan, "Land, Limits and Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework and Some Dilemmas
for the Planning System," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19(1994):439-456.
Opportunities and contradictions in applying concepts of sustainable development to land use
policy. The conceptual framework is provided by "stock maintenance" models of sustainability.
A distinction is made between material, postmaterial, and non-instrumental dimensions of
sustainability. Though concepts of sustainability are gaining ground in planning, translating
theory into practice remains problematic. There are problems in value theory. With attention to
questions of intrinsic value in nature. Owens is in geography, Cambridge University. (v.10,#1)
Owsley, Richard, Review of Zimmerman, Michael, Contesting Earth's Future. Environmental
Ethics 18(1996):425-429. (EE)
Oxford Declaration on Global Warming. Climate scientists and Christian leaders call for action.
Some 70 climate scientists, policy-makers, and Christian leaders from six continents gathered
for "Climate Forum 2002" in Oxford, England, St. Anne's College, to address the growing crisis
of human-induced climate change. The Forum recognized the reality and urgency of the
problem, which particularly affects the world's poorest peoples and the very fabric of the
biosphere. The Forum also recognized that the Christian community has a special obligation to
provide moral leadership and an example of caring service to people and to all God's Creation.
The Forum produced a statement declaring how human-induced climate change is an ethical and
a religious problem. The Forum was sponsored by the John Ray Initiative (U.K.) and the
AuSable Institute of Environmental Studies (U.S.). Website: http://climateforum2002.org
Ozkaynak (Özkaynak), Begüm, Pat Devine and Dan Rigby, "Operationalising Strong
Sustainability: Definitions, Methodologies and Outcomes," Environmental Values
13(2004):279-303. While acknowledging the absence of a single definition or theory of
sustainability, this paper argues that a discussion of sustainability which refers only to definitions
is pointless without an understanding of how the definitions are operationalised. In this context,
the paper considers the operationalisation of strong sustainability.
The definitions and operationalisation of strong sustainability most closely associated
with (i) neoclassical environmental economics and (ii) ecological economics are discussed and
compared. This analysis raises questions about the extent to which ecological economics has
been able to influence real-world decisions and policy. The paper ends by considering whether
the economic and political power structure taken as given by ecological economics is compatible
with its policy perspective. Özkaynak is at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Devine and
Rigby are in economics, University of Manchester, UK. (EV)
Paasi, A, "Place and region: regional worlds and words," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.6,
2002): 802-811.
Paasi, A., "Place And Region: Looking Through the Prism of Scale," Progress in Human
Geography 28(no. 4, 2004): 536-546(11). (v.14, #4)
Paasi, Anssi, "Place and region: looking through the prism of scale", Progress in Human
Geography 28(no.4, 1 August 2004):536-546(11).
Paavola, Jouni, ATowards Polyvocal Environmental Debates,@ Environmental Values 17(no., 4,
2008). Environmental Values as a journal that can foster dialogue about key environmental
issues and debates across research traditions.
Pacala, S. W., et al., "False Alarm over Environmental False Alarms," Science 301(28 August
2003):1187-1188. In face of uncertainty, many, even most of the environmental alarms may be
false, or overestimated. But many of the alarms will be correct, often underestimated; and
resulting mitigation, if it takes place, will bring considerable benefits. Critics have been saying
that we have too many false alarms. But, these authors conclude, "The balance of the evidence
indicates that we are receiving substantial benefits from our response to environmental alarms.
These benefits range from aesthetic (such as our joy at the bald eagle's recovery) to the savings
of millions of lives (for example, regulation of air and water pollutants). Still, the critical quality
determining whether there are too many false environmental alarms is the marginal benefit of the
alarms." On balance, they find that "given the potential to save millions of lives, this is no time
to turn down the sensitivity of our environmental alarms." Pacala is in ecology and evolutionary
biology, Princeton University. (v 14, #3)
Pace, Norman R., "A Molecular View of Microbial Diversity and the Biosphere," Science
276(1997):734-740. "Microbial organisms occupy a peculiar place in the human view of life.
Microbes receive little attention in our general texts of biology. They are largely ignored by
most professional biologists and are virtually unknown to the public except in the contexts of
disease and rot. Yet, the workings of the biosphere depend absolutely on the activities of the
microbial world. Our texts articulate biodiversity in terms of large organisms: insects usually top
the count of species. Yet, if we squeeze out any one of these insects and examine its contents
under the microscope, we find hundreds of thousands of distinct microbial species. A handfull
of soil contains billions of microbial organisms, so many different types that accurate numbers
remain unknown. We know so little about microbial biology, despite it being a part of biology
that looms so large in the sustenance of the planet." "Members of some of these lineages are
only distantly related to known organisms but are sufficiently abundant that they are likely to
have an impact on the chemistry of the biosphere." One interesting development: There now
appears to be a flourishing subterranean life, a biological world not based on photosynthesis;
some even speculate that most of the biomass on Earth is subterranean. Pace is in microbial
biology at the University of California, Berkeley. See also Richard A. Kerr entry. (v8,#2)
Packard, Stephen, and Mutel, Cornelia, eds. The Tall Grass Restoration Handbook: For Prairies,
Savannas, and Woodlands. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996. 432 pages. $50 cloth, $25
paper. A hands-on manual that provides a detailed account of what has been learned about the
art and science of prairie restoration and the application of that knowledge to restoration projects
throughout the world. (v7, #3)
Packenham, Thomas, Remarkable Trees of the World. New York: Norton, 2002. 60 individual
trees and groups of trees from around the world that are especially dramatic, with some focus on
the American West. (v.14, #4)
Paden, Roger, "The two professions of Hippodamus of Miletus," Philosophy and Geography 4
(No. 1, 2001): 25-48. According to Aristotle, both urban planning and political philosophy
originated in the work of one man, Hippodamus of Miletus. If Aristotle is right, then the study
of Hippodamus's work should help us understand their history as interrelated fields.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine with any degree of precision exactly what
Hippodamus's contributions were to these two fields when the two fields are studied separately.
In urban planning, Hippodamus was traditionally credited with having invented the "grid
pattern" in which straight streets intersect each other at right angles to form regular city blocks.
However, as grid patterned cities have been discovered that were built before Hippodamus' birth,
this traditional attribution must be false. In political philosophy, Hippodamus was credited with
having written the first utopian "constitution". However, Aristotle's account of this constitution
is so brief that it is difficult to determine what philosophical position lies behind it and, as that
account makes clear, several of the laws governing Hippodamus's ideal city seem contradictory.
In this paper, I argue that Hippodamus did significant work in both fields but that his intentions
can only be seen clearly if his philosophical and architectural works are read together. This
reading not only makes clear the unique contribution that Hippodamus made to both disciplines,
but it shows how they were Band perhaps how they should be Brelated. Paden is Associate
Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at George
Mason University. (P&G)
Paden, Roger, "Against Grand Theory in Environmental Ethics." Environmental Values
3(1994):61-70. Environmental ethics has been strongly influenced by biological ideas. This
essay traces a number of these influences. Unfortunately, environmental ethicists have tended to
produce moral theories on a grand scale. This tendency is criticized. It is argued that
environmental ethicists should allow the ecological conception of the complexity of biological
communities to influence their conception of the moral community. If this were to happen, it is
argued, they would have to turn away from grand theories to `theories of the middle range' while
adopting a more `empirical' approach to moral philosophy. KEYWORDS: Moral community,
moral considerability, evolution, environment, ecology, grand theories. Paden is in philosophy
and religious studies at George Mason University, Va. (EV)
Paden, Roger, "Wilderness Management," Philosophy and Geography 1 (1997): 175-187. Paden
is associate professor of philosophy at George Mason University. (P&G)
Paden, Roger. "Urban Planning and Multiple Preference Schedules: On R.M. Hare's `Contrasting
Methods in Environmental Planning'". Environmental Values 8(1999):55-73. ABSTRACT: This
essay present a critical analysis of Hare's article "Contrasting Methods in Environmental
Planning". It argues that Hare has drawn an important distinction between two "methods" used in
both urban and environmental planning, and that Hare is correct in the conclusion of his
argument that one of these methods, "the trial-design method", is superior to the other, "the
means-end method". However, this paper presents a new argument in support of that conclusion.
This new argument is important for two reasons. First, it points to the existence of at least two
different kinds of preference schedule. Second, it supports a type of decision making procedure
to be used in "multiple-client situations" different from the one envisioned by Hare. This
procedure, oddly enough, resembles the procedures outlined by both Habermas and Rawls.
However, it can be defended on recognisably utilitarian grounds. KEYWORDS: Hare, Rawls,
Habermas, urban planning, design, preference schedules, utilitarianism. Roger Paden,
Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia
22030-4444, USA (EV)
Paden, Roger. "Nature and Morality." Environmental Ethics 14(1992):239-51. In their attempt
to develop a nonanthropocentric ethic, many biocentric philosophers have been content to argue
for the expansion of the moral community to include natural entities. In doing so, they have
implicitly accepted the idea that the conceptions of moral duties developed by anthropocentric
philosophers to describe the moral relationships that hold between humans can be directly
applied to the human/nature relationship. To make this expansion plausible, they have had to
argue that natural entities have traits that are similar to the morally relevant traits of human
beings, e.g., interests, the capacity to experience pleasure and pain, or "purpose." Not only are
these arguments often unconvincing, but it seems implausible that the same moral concepts and
principles that govern human relationships also should govern human/nonhuman relationships.
Many nonanthropocentric ethics, I argue, are (mistakenly) anthropomorphic. They
anthropomorphize nature and they anthropomorphize our relationship with nature. To go beyond
this relationship I recommend the development of a nonanthropomorphic biocentric ethic. Such
an ethic requires us to understand better what nature is and what role nature plays in moral
experience and action. In such an ethic, I argue, nature is viewed as a transcendent "thing" with
a transcendental moral significance. Paden is in Philosophy and Religious Studies, George
Mason, University, Fairfax, VA. (EE)
Padgett, B, "The Greening of Cultural Discourse and Environmental Ethics," review article, Rom
Harré, Jens Brockmeier, and Peter Mühlhäusler, Greenspeak: A Study of Environmental
Discourse," Research in Philosophy and Technology 21(no., 2001): 411-412.
Padilla, Emilio, "Climate Change, Economic Analysis and Sustainable Development,"
Environmental Values 13(2004):523-544. This paper discusses the limitations, omissions and
value judgements of the application of conventional economic analysis in the evaluation of
climate change mitigation policies. It is argued that these have biased the result of the
assessment models towards the recommendation of less aggressive mitigation strategies.
Consequently, this paper questions whether they provide appropriate policy recommendations.
The unequal distribution of rights implicitly assumed in conventional economic analyses applied
to climate change is questioned and an alternative approach considering a distribution of rights
consistent with sustainable development is put forward. Finally, the points that an analysis
consistent with sustainable development should take into account are presented. Padilla is in
Applied Economics, Universitat Autònoma de Bellatera, Bellaterra, Spain. (EV)
Paehlke, R., "Environmental Politics, Sustainability and Social Sciences," Environmental Politics
10(no.4, 2001): 1-22. (v.13,#2)
Paehlke, Robert C. Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1989). A historical, philosophical, and political analysis, arguing that an
environmentally informed progressive movement can be a political response to neo-conservatism
in the 1990's. (v1,#1)
Paehlke, Robert, "Environmental Harm and Corporate Crime," in
Frank Pearce and
Laureen Snider, eds., Corporate Crime: Contemporary Debates. Toronto: University of Toronto,
1995. (v7,#4)
Paehlke, Robert, "Democracy, Bureaucracy, and Environmentalism," Environmental Ethics
10(1988):291-308. Environmental policies will not require a loss of democracy, for most
environmental legislation creates processes which enhance citizen participation. To be
successful, environmentalism must be based on a decentralized and sustainable economic policy.
This article is based on Paehlke's book, Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive
Politics. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Paehlke, Robert, ed., Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia. New York:
Garland Publishing Co., 1995. 771 pages. Nicely indexed. A quite useful volume for any
college library. Entries are useful first introductions to the area, especially suitable for
undergraduates. Contains the following entries, among some 500 others:
--Fox, Warwick, "Anthropocentrism"
--Fox, Warwick, "Deep Ecology: Emergence"
--Fox, Warwick, "Deep Ecology: Meaning"
--Fox, Warwick, "Ecophilosophy and Ecopsychology"
--Fox, Warwick, "Naess, Arne"
--Hargrove, Eugene C., "Animal Rights"
--Hargrove, Eugene C., "Environmental Ethics" (the field)
--Hargrove, Eugene C., "Environmental Ethics" (the journal)
--Orr, David, "Environmental Education"
--J. Baird Callicott, "Intrinsic Value"
--J. Baird Callicott, "Asian Environmental Thought"
--Steven C. Rockefeller, "Religion and Environmental Protection"
--Karen J. Warren, "Ecofeminism"
--Robyn Eckersley, "Ecoanarchism"
--Bron R. Taylor, "Eco-Spirituality"
--Bron R. Taylor, "Radical Environmentalism"
--Max Oelschlaeger, "Appropriate Technology"
--Max Oelschlaeger, "Postmodernism and the Environment"
--Max Oelschlaeger, "Wilderness"
--Robert D. Bullard, "Environmental Justice Movement"
--Yrjö Sepänmaa, "Environmental Aesthetics"
--Lester W. Milbraith, "Sustainability"
--Kenneth A. Dahlberg, "Sustainable Agriculture"
--Paehlke, Robert, "Sustainable Development"
--Rosenbaum, Walter A., "Risk Analysis"
--John E. Carroll, "Environmental Diplomacy"
Also entries on Thoreau, Abbey, Carson, Leopold, Muir, etc. (v7,#4)
Paehlke, Robert C., Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1989. Pp. 325. This is a book about political theory and public policy, about
environmentalism as a new wide-ranging political ideology, comparable to the classical political
ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. Paehlke's basic argument is that the values
which underlie an environmental world-view have implications for public policy that transcend
standard "environmental" issues. Environmentalism can thus serve as the basis of a new
ideology in progressive politics. The book offers a good overview of the development of a
politically aware environmental consciousness through the issues of pollution, population, and
the energy crisis, and the necessary connection of environmental thought to environmental
science. The ideology of environmentalism is also contrasted with the traditional ideologies of
liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Paehlke, Robert C. Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics. Reviewed in
Environmental Ethics 14(1992):81-86.
Paehlke, Robert. "Democracy, Bureaucracy, and Environmentalism." Environmental Ethics
10(1988):291-308. Several prominent analysts, including Heilbroner, Ophuls, and Passmore,
have drawn bleak conclusions regarding the implications of contemporary environmental
realities for the future of democracy. I establish, however, that the day-to-day practice of
environmental politics has often had an opposite effect: democratic processes have been
enhanced. I conclude that the resolution of environmental problems may well be more
promising within a political context which is more rather than less democratic. Paehlke is in
Political Studies/ Environmental and Resource Studies Trent University, Ontario, Canada. (EE)
Pagdee, A; Kim, Y; Daugherty, PJ, "What Makes Community Forest Management Successful: A
Meta Study From Community Forests Throughout the World," Society and Natural Resources 19
(no. 1, January 2006): 33-52.
Page, Edward A., Climate Change, Justice and Future Generations. Reviewed by Axel
Michaelowa, Environmental Values 16(2007):404-406.
Page, II, Charles R., Jesus and the Land. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995. The life of Jesus
reconstructed on insights from the land, and Jesus' attitudes to the land. Page is at the Jerusalem
Center for Biblical Studies, Jerusalem. (v.10,#2)
Page, Kerri, "Inquiry Turns into OK Corral for U.K. Primate Research," Science 298(6
December 2002):1862-1863. Protests over primate lab at Cambridge. Cambridge University
plans a $ 36 million neuroscience center bringing all the university's primate research under one
roof. But there has been much protest and a final decision is still pending.
Page, Robin and Shoard, Marion, "Should we have a legal right to roam unhindered across the
British countryside?," The Ecologist 30(no.7, OCT 01 2000):20- . Leading conservationists
Robin Page and Marion Shoard defend their corners. (EE v.12,#1)
Page, Ruth, "The Animal Kingdom and the Kingdom of God." Pages 1-9 in The Animal
Kingdom and the Kingdom of God, Occasional Paper No. 26, Centre for Theology and Public
Issues, New College, University of Edinburgh, 1991. Co-published by the Church and National
Committee of the Church of Scotland. ISBN 1 870126 17 3.
Page, Ruth, God and the Web of Creation. London: SCM Press, 1996. 188 pages. Unexamined
anthropocentrism is a bad thing, even though some measure of human centeredness is
inescapable among humans. But the Biblical concept of nature is not straightforward. The Bible
is too varied in what it says on creation, and in many places too far removed from what is taken
for granted in contemporary science and society, for there to be a "biblical" doctrine of creation
which does not exercise selectivity and the fudging of issues. Page argues that what God created
was possibility, with creatures free to use it as they could. All creation is by its very being a
response to the divine gift of possibility. God does not so much "make" or "design" creation as
give the possibility of letting the creatures make themselves, and this allows for the contingent
better and worse uses of these possibilities by creation as it comes into being, flourishes, and
dies. Page portrays what she calls a "companioned world" (pp. 81ff). "The picture involved in
this doctrine of creation is not one of God setting up the initial conditions with the express design
to produce complexity and human consciousness and intelligence, but rather one of God letting
be whatever would and could emerge from that freedom, and enjoying all responses of all kinds,
with their various qualities, of which intelligence is only one" (p. 80). Page teaches systematic
theology at New College, University of Edinburgh, and is the first woman Principal of that
College.
Pagiola, Stefano, Konrad von Ritter, and Joshua Bishop. "Assessing the Economic Value of
Ecosystem Conservation." World Bank: World Bank Environment Department Papers, 2004.
Paice, Di, "Power Hungry: An Electricity Grid for Sub-equatorial Africa," Africa - Environment
and Wildlife 3(no. 2, March/April 1995):65-68. An interview Charles Dingley, lecturer at the
University of Cape Town, who claims that on the lower reaches of the Zaire River, with a series
of water falls, there is enough power potential to supply the whole of Africa twice over. By the
year 2025 the whole of sub-equatorial Africa could be linked in a power grid that would change
the face of the region, bring an end to chronic poverty and environmental degradation resulting
from overuse of fuel and from burning coal to make electricity. Paice is a free lance journalist.
(v6,#3)
Pain, Rachel, "Social geography: seven deadly myths in policy research," Progress in Human
Geography 30 (no.2, April 2006): 250-259 (10).
Painter, M., "Book Review: Water Rights and Empowerment. Rutgerd Boelens and Paul
Hoogendam, Eds. (Van Gorcum, Amsterdam, 2002)," Human Ecology 31(no. 3, 2003): 494-497.
Pakarinen, Terttu, "Sustainable Development: A New Call for Multidisciplinary Research," in
Life and Education in Finland 2/1992. Pakarinen, an architect and planner, heads a
multidisciplinary cooperative effort between Tampere University and the Tampere University of
Technology, teaching at the latter. One of their projects is called "The Ecological City." New
Finnish building legislation requires that the principle of sustainable development be taken
account of in all building work, and the Finnish Academy and the Ministry for the Environment
have funded a considerable research program to implement this. (v5,#2) (Finland)
Pakarinen, Terttu, Leena Vilkka, and Eija Luukkanen, eds., Näkökulma yhteiskuntatieteelliseen
ympäristötutkimukseen (A Viewpoint on Research in the Social Sciences). Tampere: Tampereen
ylipisto (University of Tampere), 1991. Acta Universitatis Temperensis, Series B., vol. 37.
Seven articles, including Britta Koskiaho, "The Philosophy of Science and New Environmental
Research"; Juha Varto, "The Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Technology"; and
Leena Vilkka, "What Is It Like To Be a Yellow Ladyslipper Orchid?" (in Finnish). (v5,#2)
(Finland)
Pakenham, Thomas, Meetings with Remarkable Trees. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
1996. Remarkable pictures of remarkable trees, all over the world. (v.8,#4)
Palamar, Colette R. "Wild, Women, and Wolves: An Ecological Feminist Examination of Wolf
Reintroduction." Environmental Ethics 29(2007):63-75. Despite the successes, and the
considerable and continuing ethical disputes regarding wolf reintroduction in the United States,
no clear, cogent, theoretically based ethical examination of the wolf reintroductions has yet been
completed. Ecological feminist thought, particularly as articulated by Karen J. Warren, presents
one way to create such an ethical assessment. Applying ecological feminist theories to wolf
reintroduction also generates an intriguing instance of theoretical application in the Areal
world@ and sheds insight on the pragmatic value of ecological feminist thought. While
ecofeminism does not give a definitive and decisively defensible position concerning wolf
reintroduction, it does offer a repeatable framework and set of conditions by which one can
assess environmental practice and policy, evidencing yet another example of the relevance of
environmental ethics for the assessment of environmental policy. (EE)
Palamar, Colette R. "Restorashyn: Ecofeminist Restoration." Environmental Ethics
28(2006):285-301. Most restoration projects are designed to approximate the species
composition and ecotypes ecologists and historians determine were present in an area at some
point in the historical past. In most cases, although somewhat arbitrary, the specific time chosen
(usually immediately before European settlement) is based on an understanding of historic
species composition and anthropogenic disturbances. Although restoring an area to the
estimated, historical vegetation types is widely accepted, the exclusory nature of the restoration
process often actively eliminates not just invasive species, but also non-invasive, nonnative
species as well as displaced native species. These exclusory activities echo patterns of
domination and degradation that led to a need for restoration in the first place. Although the
domination present in restoration stems from an earnest desire to repair harms inflicted by human
carelessness, it at the same time enforces a human conception of the ideal landscape. Attending
to ecofeminist concepts such as inclusivism and pluralism, and embracing their rejection of
dualistic thinking and the logic of domination demands an expanded tolerance within the practice
of ecological restoration. An expanded ecofeminist conceptualization of restoration, a
restorashyn, attempts to reduce the presence of overt human domination of the land. Doing so
may ultimately mean that the species composition of an ecofeminist restorashyn will not be
purely native, but may instead include a diverse mix of both native and non-invasive, nonnative
species. (EE)
Palang, H., et al., "The Forgotten Rural Landscapes of Central and Eastern Europe," Landscape
Ecology 20(no. 6, September 2005): 645-655.
Palang, Hannes; et al., "The Forgotten Rural Landscapes of Central and Eastern Europe,"
Landscape Ecology 21 (no.3, April 2006): 347-357 (11).
Palmer, Clare, Environmental Ethics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1997 (P. O. Box
1911, Santa Barbara, CA 93116-1911). 192 pages. Hardback only, $ 45.00, includes shipping.
One of a series of reference books on Contemporary Ethical Issues (also including International
Ethics, Journalism Ethics, and Business Ethics). This book provides an introduction to
environmental ethics and is intended to assist those newly exploring the field--for instance upper
high school or university students. The book contains sections:
--What is Environmental Ethics? (a one-chapter useful introduction to the field)
--Chronology (1650, Descartes, to 1996, founding of the most recent journal in the field, Ethics
and the Environment)
--Biographical Sketches (historically important figures, such as John Muir; contemporary
contributors, such as J. Baird Callicott)
--Major Issues in Environmental Ethics (such as, agriculture, deforestation, genetic engineering,
population, tourism, wilderness). An A-Z section.
--Environmental Ethics and Environmental Law
--Codes of Practice in Environmental Ethics (such as Volkswagen's Environmental Policy, IBM
Corporate Environmental Policy)
--Annotated Directory of Organizations with an interest in environmental ethics
--Selected Print Resources, extended bibliography
--Selected Media and Non-print Resources, including videos, CD-Roms and internet sites).
Excellent resource. Don't miss this one. Palmer is in the Department of Religious Studies,
University of Stirling, Scotland. (v.9,#3)
Palmer, Clare, Environmental Ethics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1997 (P. O. Box
1911, Santa Barbara, CA 93116-1911; 800/368-6868; 805/968-1911. Fax: 805/685-9685. Email: [email protected]). 192 pages. Hardback only, $ 55.00, includes shipping. This book is
back in print, and, though the price went up $ 10.00 from the previous $ 45.00, is still an
excellent resource for libraries that have students doing introductory research and writing papers
on environmental ethics.
--What is Environmental Ethics? (a one-chapter introduction)
--Chronology (1650, Descartes, to 1996, founding of the most recent journal in the field, Ethics
and the Environment)
--Biographical Sketches (historically important figures, such as John Muir; contemporary
contributors, such as J. Baird Callicott)
--Major Issues in Environmental Ethics (such as, agriculture, deforestation, genetic engineering,
population, tourism, wilderness). An A-Z section.
--Environmental Ethics and Environmental Law
--Codes of Practice in Environmental Ethics (such as Volkswagen's Environmental Policy, IBM
Corporate Environmental Policy)
--Annotated Directory of Organizations with an interest in environmental ethics
--Selected Print Resources, extended bibliography
--Selected Media and Non-print Resources, including videos, CD-Roms and internet sites).
It is worth your while to bug your librarian to get this. Palmer is in the Department of Religious
Studies, University of Stirling, Scotland. Earlier announced in v.9,#3, but it sold out, now
reprinted.
Palmer, Clare, Review of Roger Gottlieb, The Ecological Community. Environmental Values
7:(1998):479.
Palmer, Clare, "A Bibliographic Essay on Environmental Ethics," Studies in Christian Ethics
(Edinburgh) 7(1994):68-97. An excellent introduction to environmental ethics. In its
combination of a historical sketch with the principal conceptual issues, and literature noted, this
introduction is unsurpassed in an article of this length. A historical sketch of the developing
field, central questions in the current debate (subjective-objective, naturalistic fallacy,
monism/pluralism, intrinsic value, etc.), key positions presented by various environmental
ethicists, grouped as individual consequentialist (Singer, VanDeVeer, Attfield), individual
deontological (Goodpaster, Schweitzer, Taylor), collective environmental ethics (Leopold,
Callicott, Lovelock), mixed monistic (Rolston, Johnson, Sylvan), deep ecology (Naess, Fox),
ethical positions reviving earlier philosophical positions (such as Whitehead's process
philosophy, Spinoza, Heidegger), and pluralist approaches (Stone, Brennan, Wenz). The
significant books and articles in each position are noted. Palmer is the University of Greenwich
School of Environmental Sciences. (v7,#4)
Palmer, Clare, Review of Attfield, Robin, Environmental Philosophy: Principles and Prospects.
Environmental Values 6(1997):237-239. (EV)
Palmer, Clare, Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford
University Press, 1998. 243 pages. Palmer challenges the view that process thinking offers an
unambiguously positive contribution to the philosophical debate on environmental ethics. She
explores the approaches to ethics which may be drawn out of the work of process thinkers such
as A. N. Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, raising questions about the implications of such
approaches for justice and individual integrity. She compares the ethics of process thinking with
a variety of other approaches to environmental ethics, concluding that these raise a number of
difficulties relating to process thinking about the environment. Although she does offer some
reformations of process thinking in an attempt to address such difficulties, she suggests that a
question mark remains over what process thinking can contribute to environmental ethics.
Palmer is in Religious Studies at the University of Stirling, Scotland. (v.9,#3)
Palmer, Clare, "The Idea of the Domesticated Animal Contract," Environmental Values
6(1997):411-425. ABSTRACT: Some recent works have suggested that the relationship between
human beings and domesticated animals might be described as contractual. This paper explores
how the idea of such an animal contract might relate to key characteristics of social contract
theory, in particular to issues of the change in state from nature to culture, issues of free consent
and irrevocability; and the benefits and losses to animals which might follow from such a
contract. The paper concludes that there are important dissimilarities between a domesticated
animal contract and other theories of social contract; and that contract language may be used to
legitimate relationships of domination over domesticated animals. Department of Philosophy,
University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009 Australia. (EV)
Palmer, Clare, "Response to Cobb and Menta," Process Studies 33.1 (2004):46-70. Palmer
responds to John Cobb and Tim Menta who critiqued her Environmental Ethics and Process
Thinking and also her "Animality, Civilization, and Savagery in the work of A. N. Whitehead."
(v. 15, # 3)
Palmer, Clare, "Religion in the Making? Animality, Savagery, and Civilization in the Work of
A. N. Whitehead," Society and Animals 5/november 2000, pp. 287-304. What is "human" as
opposed to what is "animal" are frequent ways of distinguishing humans and, often
unfortunately, of disparaging animals, perhaps under the concept of "savagery." A critique of
Whitehead, especially his Religion in the Making, suggesting that using Whitehead to underpin
modern work in theology and environmental ethics requires considerable caution. Palmer is in
philosophy, Washington University, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)
Palmer, Clare, "Christianity, Englishness and the southern English countryside: a study of the
work of H. J. Massingham," Social and Cultural Geography 3(no. 1, 2002):25-38. The
relationship between Christianity, Englishness, and ideas about the southern English landscape in
the writings of the 1930's and 1940's rural commentator H. J. Massingham. An example of
religious and national identities in the context of national landscapes. A kind of "divine
Englishness," an interesting example of one way in which theological reasoning can reflect and
reinforce concepts of a naturally ordered national identity. Palmer is herself English, now in
philosophy at Washington University, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)
Palmer, Clare, "Placing Animals in Urban Environmental Ethics," Journal of Social Philosophy
34(no. 1, 2003):64-78. Thinking about animals in urban environmental ethics. The complex
nature of urban areas (which includes parks and natural areas) and the diversity of human-animal
relationships within these areas (from pets to pests to bird-watching) raises very different
questions for animal ethics than those raised within wilderness areas. Palmer is in philosophy,
Washington University, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)
Palmer, Clare, "Madness and Animality in Michel Foucalt's Madness and Civilization," in Peter
Atterton and Matt Calarco, eds., Animal Philosophy: Essential Writings in Theory and Culture.
Continuum Press, 2004. Difficulties that underlie Foucalt's treatment of animality. Palmer is in
philosophy, Washington University, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)
Palmer, Clare, "Stewardship: A Case Study in Environmental Ethics." Pages 67-86 in Ian Ball,
Margaret Goodall, Clare Palmer, and John Reader, eds., The Earth Beneath: A Critical Guide to
Green Theology (London: SPCK, 1992).
Palmer, Clare, ed., Teaching Environmental Ethics. Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Press,
2006. This collection explores a wide variety of questions, both of a theoretical and a practical
nature, raised by teaching environmental ethics. The essays consider general issues such as the
place of environmental advocacy in the environmental ethics classroom; using outdoor
environments to prompt reflection on environmental ethics; and handling student responses, such
as anger and pessimism, that may emerge from teaching environmental ethics. The essays also
explore more practical issues, including successfully teaching environmental ethics to students
without a background in philosophy; promoting the development of interdisciplinarity in the
classroom; useful ways to structure environmental ethics syllabi, and teaching and learning
techniques in environmental ethics. Fifteen essays and an introduction written by the editor.
Palmer, Clare. Animal Liberation, Environmental Ethics and Domestication. OCEES Research
Paper No. 1. Oxford: Oxford Centre for the Environment, Ethics and Society, Mansfield College,
1995. 25 pp. A new taxonomy of human-animal relationships. A number of animals with which
we most commonly interact "fit only very uneasily into either the category of "wild" or
"domestic." We need categories for captive wild animals, scavenging animals, and feral animals,
for example. Categories in terms of varying degrees of dependence on human beings are more
adequate than those in terms of an unwritten contract of the kind proposed by Stephen Budiansky
and endorsed with some qualification by Baird Callicott. At the same time, the different
relationships we enjoy with animals of different categories may justify more variation in the way
we treat them than would be allowed by the universalizing ethical theories of Regan and Singer.
(v8,#1)
Palmer, Clare. Review of Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Naess and the Progress of
Ecophilosophy. Edited by Nina Witoszek and Andrew Brennan. Environmmental Ethics
24(2002):103-104. (EE)
Palmer, Clare. Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking. Reviewed by Timothy Sprigge.
Environmental Ethics 22(2000):191-194.
Palmer, Clare. "'Taming the Wild Profusion of Existing Things'? A Study of Foucault, Power,
and Human/Animal Relationships." Environmental Ethics 23(2001):339-358. I explore how
some aspects of Foucoult's work on power can be applied to human/animal power relations.
First, I argue that because animals behave as "beings that react" and can respond in different
ways to human actions, in principle at least, Foucoult's work can offer insights into
human/animal power relations. However, many of these relations fall into the category of
"domination," in which animals are unable to respond. Second, I examine different kinds of
human power practices, in particular, ways in which humans construct animal constitutions and
animal subjectivities. Finally, I use a case study of a pet cat to show how such power practices
may come together in a single instance. (EE)
Palmer, Joy and David Cooper, eds. Just Environments: Intergenerational, International and
Inter-Species Issues. New York: Routledge, 1995. 208 pages. $16.95. Obligations to future
generations, to the developing world, and to the non-human species. Social, political, and ethical
aspects of ecology from the perspective of moral philosophy and from a scientific perspective.
Palmer is in education, Cooper in philosophy at the University of Durham, U.K. The Elliot
volume and this one make twenty anthologies issued in environmental ethics; see this
Newsletter, 5, 4, Winter 94 for a list. (v6,#1)
Palmer, Joy A., ed., Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment. London: Routledge, 2001. The
fifty thinkers, and the authors who evaluate them, are:
-Buddha, fifth century BCE, by Purushottama Bilimoria.
-Chuang Tzu, fourth century BCE, by David E Cooper.
-Aristotle, 384-322 BCE, by David E Cooper.
-Virgil, 70-19 BCE, by Philip R. Hardie
-Saint Francis of Assisi, 1181/2-1226, by Andrew Linzey and Ara Barsam.
-Wang Yang-ming, 1472-1528, by T. Yamauchi.
-Michel de Montaigne, 1533-92, by Ann Moss.
-Francis Bacon, 1561-1626, by Paul S. MacDonald.
-Benedict Spinoza, 1632-77, by Paul S. MacDonald.
-Basho 1644-94, by David J Mossley.
-Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-78, by Paul S. MacDonald.
-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749-1832, by Colin Riordan.
-Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834, by John I. Clarke.
-William Wordsworth, 1770-1850, by W. John Coletta.
-John Clare, 1793-1864, by W. John Coletta.
-Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-82, by Holmes Rolston III.
-Charles Darwin, 1809-82, by Janet Browne.
-Henry David Thoreau, 1817-62, by Laura Dassow Walls.
-Karl Marx, 1818-83, by Richard Smith.
-John Ruskin, 1819-1900, by Richard Smith.
-Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822-1903, by R. Terry Schnadelbach.
-John Muir, 1838-1914, by Peter Blaze Corcoran.
-Anna Botsford Comstock, 1854-1930, by Peter Blaze Corcoran.
-Rabindranath Tagore, 1861-1941, by Kalyan Sen Gupta.
-Black Elk, 1862-1950, by J. Baird Callicott.
-Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867-1959, by Robert McCarter.
-Mahatma Gandhi, 1869-1948, by Purushottama Bilimoria.
-Albert Schweitzer, 1875-1965, by Ara Barsam and Andrew Linzey.
-Aldo Leopold, 1887-1948, by J. Baird Callicott.
-Robinson Jeffers, 1887-1962, by Michael McDowell.
-Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976, by Simon P James.
-Rachel Carson, 1907-64, by Peter Blaze Corcoran.
-Lynn White, Jr, 1907-87, by Michael P. Nelson.
-E. F. Schumacher, 1911-77, by Satish Kumar.
-Arne Naess, 1912-, by David E. Cooper.
-John Passmore, 1914-, by David E. Cooper.
-James Lovelock, 1919- , by Michael A Allaby.
-Ian McHarg, 1920- , by Terry Schnadelbach.
-Murray Bookchin, 1921- , by John Barry.
-Edward Osborne Wilson, 1929- , by Phillip J. Gates.
-Paul Ehrlich, 1932- , by G. Simmons.
-Holmes Rolston III, 1932- . by Jack Weir. Online at:
http://lamar.colostate,edu/~rolston/weir.pdf
-Rudolf Bahro, 1935-97, by John Barry.
-Gro Harlem Brundtland, 1939- , by Joy A. Palmer.
-Val Plumwood, 1939- , by Nicholas Griffin.
-J. Baird Callicott, 1941- , by Michael P Nelson.
-Susan Griffin, 1943- , by Cheryll Glotfelty.
-Chico Mendes, 1944-88, by Joy A. Palmer.
-Peter Singer, 1946- , by Paula Casal.
-Vandana Shiva, 1952- , by Lynette J Dumble.
Palmer is in education and a chancellor at the University of Durham, UK. She also directs the
Centre for Research on Environmental Awareness at the University of Durham. (EE v.12,#1)
Palmer, Joy A., ed., Kankyo no shisoka tachi [Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment]. Tokyo:
Misuzu Shobo, 2004. Japanese translation. In two volumes in Japanese: ISBN 4-622-08161-X
(vol. 1, Ancient) ISBN 4-622-08162-8 (vol. 2, Ancient and Modern).
Palmer, Karen, Sigman, Hilary, Walls, Margaret. "The Cost of Reducing Municipal Solid
Waste," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 33(no.2, 1997):128. (v8,#3)
Palmer, Martin, "Dancing to Armageddon: Doomsday and Utopia in Contemporary Science and
Religion." CTNS Bulletin (Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, Graduate Theological
Union, Berkeley) vol. 12, no. 2, Winter 1992. A new model to guide humankind's relation to the
natural world. Palmer is a religious advisor to the World Wildlife Fund, an advisor to Prince
Philip on environmental issues, and Director of the International Consultancy on Religion,
Education and Culture, Manchester, UK. The lecture summarizes his forthcoming book of a
similar title, Harper Collins, 1992. (v3,#3)
Palmer, Ronan. "From the Inside Out." Environmental Values 9(2000):411-418. Abstract:
Environmental values are integral to the work of environmental regulators. However values are
not simple concepts that can be `applied' by the regulators. How they are taken on board will
depend, inter alia, on the nature of the organisation, its staff and the issues it deals with. Because
the environment is complex, the use of values, and in particular of monetary values, will also be
complex. While certain ways of expressing values may not be without problems, they can still
provide useful guidelines for action. An organisation uses both internal and external processes to
develop and articulate values. The challenge is, over time, to integrate these processes and make
them more meaningful.
Keywords: Appraisal, decision theory, organisation theory, valuation.
Ronan Palmer is with the The Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West,
Bristol BS32 4UD, UK. (EV)
Palmer, Thomas, "The Case for Human Beings," Atlantic Monthly, January 1992. Apprehension
about the disappearance of animal or plant species may be misplaced, a naturalist argues, and
may arise out of a mistaken and shortsighted view of the evolutionary process. "To suppose that
earthly diversity is past its prime, and that a strenuous program of self-effacement is the best
contribution our species has left to offer, is neither good biology nor good history." Homo
sapiens has begun to see itself as a vast, featureless mob of yahoos mindlessly trampling this
planet's most ancient and delicate harmonies. Maybe, we're being too hard on ourselves. (v3,#1)
Palmer-Fernandez, Gabriel, ed., Moral Issues: Philosophical and Religious Perspectives. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996. 525 pages. Section 10 is "Religion, Ethics, and the
Environment: What is the Moral Status of Nature and How Ought We To Treat It?" Contains:
Lynn White, Jr., "The Historic Roots of Our Ecological Crisis"; Rosemary Radford Ruether,
"Ecofeminism: Symbolic and Social Connections of the Oppression of Women and the
Domination of Nature"; Robert Gordis, "Ecology and the Judaic Tradition"; Kenneth
Goodpaster, "On Being Morally Considerable"; Thomas E. Hill, Jr., "Ideals of Human
Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments." Palmer-Fernandez is at Youngstown State
University. (v6,#4)
Palmunen, Rainer, ed., Finland: Land of Natural Beauty. Helsinki: Oy Valitut Palat--Reader's
Digest Ab, 1988. 304 pages. FM 331.-. ISBN 951-9079-88-2 (English edition), also in Finnish,
ISBN 951-9079-36-X. 70 authors, a coffee-table type book, and also an excellent introduction to
all aspects of nature and nature conservation in Finland. Includes regional introductions. (v5,#2)
(Finland)
Paloheimo, Eero, Maan Tie (The Way of the Earth) Helsinki: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö,
1989. ISBN 951-0-16075-X. 250 pages. Paper. Paloheimo analyzes three dimensions of the
world: the material, the psychical, and the conceptual, the latter found only in humans.
Developing a spectrum of consciousness, he considers non-living beings, non-sentient living
organisms, sentient life, and human consciousness. There is, further, a collective consciousness
of the biosphere and humankind. In the second half of the book, Paloheimo asks about
possibilities for a different kind of future world, as these depend on different kinds of collective
consciousness. There are different psychical and material outcomes of the different kinds of
collective consciousness. Analyzing the value of the diversity of life, he considers materialistic
uses of the world, esthetic values in nature, and ethical duties to nature. What would an ideal
observer think the world should be like? In result what should we do? We ought to dismiss the
idea that the future is unknown and gain power, use it responsibly, make adequate choices, and
follow with appropriate deeds. In addition to continental and Finnish philosophers, Paloheimo
has read extensively in English-speaking philosophers, including environmental philosophers.
He is a member of the Finnish Parliament, with a doctorate in technology studies, the author of
five other books. (v5,#2) (Finland)
Palovicová, Zuzana, "Problém Hodnôt v Environmentálnej Etike (The Value-Problem in
Environmental Ethics)," Filozofia 51(no. 2, 1996):91-98. (In Slovak) An analysis of value in
environmental ethics, with attention to the most important axiological theories, i.e. axiological
individualism and axiological holism. A value theory adequate for the protection of the
environment cannot be built on a merely subjective axiology. Value results from more objective
human needs and from our human struggle to survive. "Systemic value" (Rolston) and
"transformative value" (Norton) are analyzed, as is the relation between instrumental and
intrinsic values. Also, Callicott, Regan, Singer. Palovicová is at the Institute of Philosophy,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. (v.10,#1)
Palovicová, Zuzana, "K Vychodiskám Etiky Zivotného Prostredia (Foundations of
Environmental Ethics)," Filozofia 50(no. 7, 1995):375-381. (In Slovak) Palovicová is at the
Institute of Philosophy, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. (v.10,#1)
Palsson, Gisli. Review of A.M. Shah, B.S. Baviskar and E.A. Ramaswamy, eds., Development
and Ethnicity. Environmental Values 8(1999):409. (EV)
Panalver, Eduardo M., "Acts of God or Toxic Torts? Applying Tort Principles to the Problem of
Climate Change." Natural Resources Journal 38(No. 4, Fall 1998):563- . (v10,#4)
Panayotakis, Costas. "Environmental Ethics and Capitalism's Dialectic of Scarcity."
Environmental Ethics 27 (2005):227-244. A non-productivist Marxism departing from the
analysis of capitalism's "dialectic of scarcity" can make a valuable contribution to the field of
Environmental Ethics. On the one hand, the analysis of capitalism's dialectic of scarcity shows
that the ethical yardstick by which capitalism should be measured is immanent in this social
system's dynamic tendencies. On the other hand, this analysis exposes capitalism's inability to
fulfill the potential for an ecologically sustainable society without unnecessary human suffering
that capitalism's technological dynamism generates. This argument can be illustrated by a critical
analysis of Bjorn Lomborg's The Skeptical Environmentalist. An exploration of capitalism's
dialectic of scarcity can bring to light those weaknesses and internal contradictions of antiecological discourses that are likely to escape the attention of non-Marxist ecologists. This
analysis shows that to the extent capitalism's dialectic of scarcity encourages the fragmentation
of social justice and environmental movements, a critical analysis of this dialectic can contribute
to the formation of the alliance of emancipatory movements that the attainment of a just and
ecologically sustainable society presupposes. (EE)
Pancheco, Luis F., and Simonetti, Javier A., "Genetic Strtucture of a Mimosoid Tree Deprived of
Its Seed Disperser, the Spider Monkey," Conservation Biology 14(2000):1766-1775. Large
bodied animals, including some primates, are usually the preferred bushmeat. They also carry
seeds, in fur or gut, and disperse them widely. Such dispersion is required for some plants, here
for example the seeds of Inga ingoides, a common tree of the lowland forests in Bolivia are
dispersed almost exclusively by the spider monkey. If the animal comes under threat, there are
adverse consquences for these plants. Remove one link, and the system starts to unravel. See
also: Moore, Peter D., "The Rising Cost of Bushmeat," Nature 409(2001):775-777. (v.12,#4)
Panksepp, Jaak, "Beyond a Joke: From Animal Laughter to Human Joy?" Science 308 (1 April
2005): 62-63. Rats "laugh," or at least chirp when they play, enjoy getting tickled, and come
chirping back for more. Panksepp finds the neural circuits for laughter exist in ancient regions of
the brain, also that children laugh when they hardly speak. Next he wants to find genes for joy.
He concedes this may not be a sense of humor. Also Panksepp, Jack, and Jeff Burgdorf,
">Laughing' Rats and the Evolutionary Antecedents of Human Joy?" Physiology and Behavior
79 (2003): 533-547.
Pannenberg, Wolfhart ,Toward a Theology of Nature: Essays on Science and Faith. Edited by
Ted Peters. Philadelphia: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993. 208 pages. Paper. $ 20.00.
"Many scholars of religion sit timidly by waiting to hear what physicists and biologists say about
the world of nature. Then, they adjust their religious vision accordingly. But not systematic
theologian Wolfhart Pannenberg. Based on dialogue between theologians and scientists for more
than three decades, Pannenberg poses theological questions to natural scientists ... He says the
scientific view of nature is incomplete and challenges scientists to incorporate the idea of God
into their picture of nature. He reviews the relationship between natural law and contingency,
the importance of the spirit in the phenomenon of life, field theory language, and the theological
account for the nature of God and of God's creative activity. Pannenberg believes the world we
live in is a creature of a creating God, and unless we understand this, we cannot fully understand
the world." Pannenberg is professor of systematic theology at the University of Munich. (v4,#4)
Panusz, Filip Henryk, Bodily Work and Value: Merleau-Ponty, Marx and Environmental Ethics.
M.A. thesis, Colorado State University, spring 2002. A quasi-materialist approach to value
theory. Bodily work is one of the means through which values arise, as with laboring on the
land. Values are not created out of pure mind. They are not discovered through pure reason,
independently of the material manifold that surrounds us. It is impossible to speak of value
without phenomenological inquiry into the subject's immediate experience of the world.
Value is first approached here through Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of the lived body
and the Life-world. Continuing, values are not intellectual beliefs that one "has." A value exists
when it is "lived." Value is next approached through Karl Marx's critique of idealism and his
materialist emphasis upon praxis, as expressed in the labor theory of value.
Among the consequences for environmental ethics are that (a) environmental education
must educate entire embodied beings, that (b) isolation from the sensuous environment may have
deleterious ethical consequences, and (c) that some kinds of physical work on the land are
particularly fruitful and salubrious in invoking a moral sense within the laborer. Panuz is
originally from Poland, now resident in the United States. (v.13,#2)
Papadakis, E., and R. Grant, "The Politics Of `Light-Handed Regulation': `New' Environmental
Policy Instruments In Australia," Environmental Politics 12(no. 1, 2003): 27-50. (v 14, #3)
Papadimitriou,Efthimios, Toward a New Philosophy of Nature. Athens: Politis, 1995 (in Greek).
Papuzi ski, A., (ed.), Wprowadzenie do filozoficznych problemów ekologii (An Introduction to
Philosophical Problems of Ecology), WSP Bydgoszcz (Bydgoszcz College of Educational
Sciences Press), 1999.
Papuzi ski, A., (ed.) Decentralizacja, Regionalizacja, Ekologia. Studium Filozoficznych,
spo eczno-politycznych i edukacyjnych aspektów ekologii z perspektywy "ma ych ojczyzn"
(Decentralization, Regionalization, Ecology. The Study of Philosophical, Social-Political, and
Educational Aspects of Ecology from the "little mother-lands" point of view), Wydawnictwo
WSP w Bydgoszczy (Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998. (v.13,#1)
Papuzi ski, A., ycie - Nauka - Ekologia. Prolegomena do kulturalistycznej filozofii ekologii
(Life - Science - Ecology, Prolegomena to Cultural Philosophy of Ecology), Wyd. WSP w
Bydgoszczy (Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998. (v.13,#1)
Papuzi ski, A., (ed.) Decentralizacja, Regionalizacja, Ekologia. Studium Filozoficznych,
spo eczno-politycznych i edukacyjnych aspektów ekologii z perspektywy "ma ych ojczyzn"
(Decentralization, Regionalization, Ecology. The Study of Philosophical, Social-Political, and
Educational Aspects of Ecology from the "little mother-lands" point of view), Wydawnictwo
WSP w Bydgoszczy (Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998.
Papuzi ski, A., ycie - Nauka - Ekologia. Prolegomena do kulturalistycznej filozofii ekologii
(Life - Science - Ecology, Prolegomena to Cultural Philosophy of Ecology), Wyd. WSP w
Bydgoszczy (Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998.
Papuzi ski, A., (ed.), Wprowadzenie do filozoficznych problemów ekologii (An Introduction to
Philosophical Problems of Ecology), WSP Bydgoszcz (Bydgoszcz College of Educational
Sciences Press), 1999. (v.13,#1)
Paraskevopoulos, S; Korfiatis, KJ; Pantis, JD, "Social Exclusion as Constraint for the
Development of Environmentally Friendly Attitudes," Society and Natural Resources 16(no.9,
2003):759-774. (v.14, #4)
Parejko, K., "Pliny the Elder's Silphium: First Recorded Species Extinction," Conservation
Biology 17(no. 3, 2003): 925-927. (v 14, #3)
Parini, Jay, "The Greening of the Humanities," New York Times Magazine, October 29, 1995,
pages 52-53. (v7,#2)
Park, Jacob. "Financing Environmentally Sound Development," Environment 37(no.7, Sept.
1995):25- . (v6,#4)
Parke, Rebecca and Vandermast, David. "The American Chestnut: Its Continuing Story." Wild
Earth 9(No. 2, Summer 1999):23- . (v10,#4)
Parker, I. M., Kareiva, P. "Assessing the Risks of Invasion for Genetically Engineered Plants:
Acceptable Evidence and Reasonable Doubt", Biological Conservation 78(no.1/2, 1996):193.
(v7,#4)
Parker, Kelly A. "A Reply to C. A. Bowers." Environmental Ethics 26(2004):333-334. (EE)
Parker, Kelly, "Economics, Sustainable Growth, and Community." Environmental Values Vol.2
No.3(1993):233-246. ABSTRACT: Sustainable growth is emerging as a normative concept in
recent work in economics and environmental philosophy. This paper examines several kinds of
growth, seeking to identify a sustainable form which could be adopted as normative for human
society. The conceptions of growth expressed in standard economic theory, in the writings of
John Dewey, and in population biology, each suggest particular accounts of how the lives of
individuals and communities ought to be lived. I argue that, while absolute sustainability is not
possible, the latter two conceptions together suggest a regulative ideal of sustainable growth
which is acceptable at the social level, and which encourages the development of genuine
community. KEYWORDS: Economics, ethics, sustainable, growth, development. Department
of Philosophy, 214 Lake Superior Hall, Grand Valley State University, Allendale MI 49401,
USA.
Parker, Kelly, "The Values of a Habitat," Environmental Ethics 12(1990):353-368. This is only
the third article to use pragmatism as a basis for an environmental ethic to appear in
Environmental Ethics. Pragmatism stresses the end of dualisms that pervade ethical thought and
environmental philosophy and policy. Parker attempts to reduce the dichotomy between natural
and artificial habitats, but he errs in relying on the human valuation of natural habitats. Parker
suggests that the values of "adequacy" and "significance" can be applied to both natural and
artificial habitats---but the evaluations are all based on human affective relationships (see p.
368). (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Parker, Kelly. "The Values of a Habitat." Environmental Ethics 12(1990):353-68. Recent
severe environmental crises have brought us to recognize the need for a broad reevaluation of the
relation of humans to their environments. I suggest that we consider the human-nature relation
from two overlapping perspectives, each informed by the pragmatic philosophy of experience.
The first is an anthropology, according to which humans are viewed as being radically
continuous with their environments. The second is a comprehensive ecology, according to
which both "natural" and "nonnatural" environments are studied as artificial habitats of the
human organism (i.e., as
artifacts). The pragmatic approach has two features which make it
promising as a way to ground environmental thinking. First, it allows us to avoid a humannature dichotomy and the many problems which that dichotomy has traditionally engendered.
Second, it ties environmental questions to a common cultural experience and a philosophical
position from which environmentalists can effectively engage main-stream educational and
political discussions. Parker is in the philosophy department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN. (EE)
Parker, P, "Environmental Initiatives among Japanese Automakers: New Technology, EMS,
Recycling and Lifecycle Approaches," Environments 29(no.3, 2001):91-114. (v.13, #3)
Parkes, Graham, "Human/Nature in Nietzsche and Taoism," In: Nature in Asian Traditions and
Thought, J. Baird Callicott and Roger J. Ames (eds), New York: State University of New York
Press, 1989, pp. 79-97.
Parkes, Graham. "Nietzsche's Environmental Philosophy: A Trans-European Perspective."
Environmental Ethics 27 (2005):77-91. Against the background of a growing interest in
Nietzsche's moral philosophy, several articles have appeared in these pages in recent years
dealing with his relation to Environmental Ethics. While there is much here that is helpful, these
essays still fail to do full justice to Nietzsche's understanding of optimal human relations to the
natural world. The context of his life helps to highlight some ecological aspects to his thinking
that tend to be overlooked. His ideas about the Overhuman in Thus Spoke Zarathustra undermine
the traditional anthropocentric attitude toward nature. By understanding Nietzsche's idea of will
to power primarily as interpretation, following his suggestion that we engage the world as a play
of interpretive forces, and paying attention to the relevant parallels with Chinese Daoism and
Mahaµyaµna Buddhism, it is clear that Nietzsche takes a salutary step beyond biocentrism to a
Dionysian celebration of existence as a whole. (EE)
Parkhurst, GM; Shogren, JF, "Evaluating Incentive Mechanisms for Conserving Habitat,"
Natural Resources Journal 43(no.4, 2003):1093-1150. (v. 15, # 3)
Parkins, J. R., "Review of: Sandberg, L. Anders, and Peter Clancy, Against the Grain: Forests
and Politics in Nova Scotia," Society and Natural Resources 14(no.10, 2001): 929-32. (v.13,#2)
Parkins, J; Mitchell, R, "Public Participation as Public Debate: A Deliberative Turn in Natural
Resource Management," Society and Natural Resources 18 (no. 6, July 2005): 529-540.
Parkinson, John S. and David F. Blair, "Does E. coli Have a Nose?" Science, March 19, 1993.
Studies now suggest that the common Eschericia coli bacterium has a remarkably sophisticated
nose-spot, a precursor of smelling! The authors are in biology, University of Utah. (v4,#1)
Parks, Bradley; Roberts, J. Timmons, "Globalization, Vulnerability to Climate Change, and
Perceived Injustice," Society and Natural Resources 19 (no.4, Number 4/April 2006): 337-355
(19).
Parks, SA; Harcourt, AH, "Reserve Size, Local Human Density, and Mammalian Extinctions in
U.S. Protected Areas," Conservation Biology 16(no.3, 2002):800-808. (v.13, #3)
Parkyn, L., Stoneham, R.E., Ingram, H.A.P. Peatlands: Conservation and Management. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Why should peatlands be conserved? How should this
conservation be achieved? The current situation regarding peatlands and bogs and an agenda for
their future survival. (v8,#1)
Parlee, Brenda, and Fikret Berkes. AIndigenous Knowledge of Ecological Variability and
Commons Management: A Case Study on Berry Harvesting from Northern Canada.@ Human
Ecology Vol. 34, no. 4 (2006): 515-28.
Parney, Lisa Leigh. "'Whales' Immerses Viewers in Creatures' Majesty." The Christian Science
Monitor, vol. 88, 20 Nov. 1996, p. 13.
Parris, TM, "Toward A Sustainability Transition: The International Consensus," Environment
45(no.1, 2003): 12-23.
Parrish, JD; Braun, DP; Unnasch, RS, "Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring
Ecological Integrity within Protected Areas," Bioscience 53(no.9, 2003):851-860. (v.14, #4)
Parry, Ian W. H. AShould We Abandon Cap and Trade in Favor of a CO2 Tax?@ Resources
(Resources for the Future) No. 166 (Summer 2007): 6-12. Parry discusses the pros and cons of
controlling carbon emissions by a carbon tax versus the prevailing idea that emissions trading is
better.
Parson, Edward A., Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2003. Parson is at Harvard University.
Parsons, Glenn. "The Aesthetic Value of Animals." Environmental Ethics 29(2007):151-169.
Although recent work in philosophical aesthetics has brought welcome attention to the beauty of
nature, the aesthetic appreciation of animals remains rarely discussed. The existence of this gap
in aesthetic theory can be traced to certain ethical difficulties with aesthetically appreciating
animals. These difficulties can be avoided by focusing on the aesthetic quality of Alooking fit for
function.@ This approach to animal beauty can be defended against the view that Alooking fit@
is a non-aesthetic quality and against Edmund Burke's famous critique of the connection between
fitness and the beauty of animals. (EE)
Parsons, Glenn. ANatural Functions and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Inorganic Nature.@
British Journal of Aesthetics Vol. 44, no. 1 (2004): 44-56.
Parsons, Glenn. ATheory, Observation, and the Role of Scientific Understanding in the Aesthetic
Experience of Nature.@ Canadian Journal of Philosophy Vol. 3, no. 2 (2006): 165-86.
Parsons, Glenn. ANature Appreciation, Science and Positive Aesthetics.@ British Journal of
Aesthetics Vol. 42, no, 3 (2002): 279-95.
Parsons, Howard. Marx and Engels on Ecology. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
1(1979):283-85.
Parsons, KN; Jones, G; DavidsonWatts, I; Greenaway, F, "Swarming of bats at underground
sites in Britain-implications for conservation," Biological Conservation 111(no.1, 2003): 63-70.
Parton, Glenn, "The Rise of Primitivism and the Fall of Civilization: A Reply to J.B. Callicott
and Holmes Rolston, III, on Wilderness," The Environmental Professional 16(1994):366-373.
Wilderness is a medium that enfolds everything, not something "out there" independently of
humans. Wilderness ought to be the habitat for humans. Civilization terminates wilderness and
the good of beings who dwell there, including humans. Primitivism, reemerging as an
alternative form of life, is a matter of correcting and undoing that fatal fork in the road that
exiled us from our homeland. The price of the goods and services of civilization is too high. We
humans should not have come out of the wilderness and we can and should go back to living and
working in the wild. That primitive freedom and happiness cannot be surpassed, but only marred
and lost. Callicott and Rolston are caught in a people vs. no-people in the wilderness argument,
when real people must be in the wilderness, not in civilization. Parton is with the South Fork
Mountain Defense in Weaverville, CA. (v5,#4)
Parton, Glenn. "Humans-in-the-Wilderness." Trumpeter 12, no. 4 (Fall 1995): 185-90. Parton
proposes that civilization is not a linear development but includes wrong turns. What needs to be
carried forward are the achivements, not the wrong parts. Humans should return the wilderness
but not forfeit all the achievements of civilization.
Parton, Glenn. "The Rise of Primitivism and the Fall of Civilization: A Reply to J. B. Callicott
and Holmes Rolston, III, on Wilderness." The Environmental Professional 16 (1994): 366-71.
Parton offers criticism on the debate on wilderness between Callicott and Rolston in The
Environmental Professional 13, no. 3 and no. 4. Parton argues that wilderness is a medium that
enfolds everything. It is not the far-removed place "out there" envisioned by Callicott and
Rolston. Wilderness is common ground for humans and nonhumans. Parton expects slow
convergence in environmental work toward this conception of wilderness. (v6,#1)
Partridge, Ernest, "How Much is Too Much?" in Environmental Challenges to Business, The
Ruffin Series No. 2, Society for Business Ethics, 2000. Criticizes Mark Sagoff's contention that
"technology can deliver greater and greater abundance [and that] the endless expansion of the
global economy is physically possible." In response: (a) prices are false indicators of
sustainability, (b) close inspection reveals limitations in all basic resource categories--food,
forests, water and energy. (c) Sagoff and other technological optimists ignore the fundamental
physical principle of entropy. (EE v.12,#1)
Partridge, Ernest, "Should We Seek a Better Future?" Ethics and the Environment 3(1998):8195. The radical contingencies attending human reproduction indicate that attempts to improve
the living conditions of future generations result in generations populated by different individuals
than would otherwise have been born. This remarkable consequence challenges the widespread
belief that the present generation has responsibilities to its remote successors. I contend, first,
that while the radical genetic contingency and epistemological indeterminacy of future persons
absolves us of obligations to act "in behalf of" them as individuals, this moral absolution does
not entail a permission to disregard entirely the remote consequences of our policies. Since
relevant moral principles bind us to persons in general, not to particular individuals, we remain
obligated to improve the life prospects of whatever individuals eventually com into being.
Second, I suggest that by applying an analogous argument within the lives of persons rather than
to the long history of civilization, we arrive at the morally repugnant result of negating long-term
obligations to contemporary persons. Conversely, the condition of continuity which afford moral
legitimacy to personal obligations among contemporaries likewise entails moral responsibility
for the life conditions of distant generations. Patridge is in philosophy, University of California,
Riverside. (E&E)
Partridge, Ernest, ed. Responsibilities to Future Generations. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
4(1982):75-83.
Partridge, Ernest, "Nature as a Moral Resource," Environmental Ethics 6(1984):101-130. An
attempt to find a nonprudential and disinterested reason for humans to preserve nature. Nature
fulfills the human need for a self-transcending concern that enriches human life. But if nature is
a "moral resource" it is still a resource, instrumentally valuable. This may be a "higher level"
interest than hunting or powerboating, but it is still basically prudential. (Katz, Bibl # 1)
Partridge, Ernest, "Three Wrong Leads in a Search for an Environmental Ethic: Tom Regan on
Animal Rights, Inherent Values, and `Deep Ecology.'" Ethics and Animals vol. 5, no. 3
(September 1984): 61-74. Partridge begins by criticizing Regan's views of environmental ethics
because his notion of "inherent value" is non-relational and hence meaningless, and because his
concern for individual animals is not in the least "ecological." Partridge then proposes a
synthesis of individualism and holism in environmental ethics by devising a sliding scale of
individual worth based on sentience. This is an important paper representing central issues in
environmental ethics. (Katz, Bibl # 1)
Partridge, Ernest, "The Tonic of Wildness," in Sharpe, Virginia A., Norton, Bryan G, and
Donnelley, Strachan, eds., Wolves and Human Communities. Washington, DC: Island Press,
2001. Experiences of natural and artistic beauty are contrasted: Natural beauty is uncomposed
and unframed, and includes the subject in the natural context. Concludes that the experience of
wildness teaches us "of our origins, our sustenance, our limitation, and our planetary home.
From such lessons ... we ... gain the perspective, appreciation and motivation to preserve our
natural estate, and with it our sustainable place within it." (EE v.12,#1)
Partridge, Ernest, "Gefaehrlicher Optimismus (Perilous optimism)". In German. Natur und
Kultur 2(no. 1,2001):3-32. Abstract: Despite the warnings by the environmentalists of
impending disasters due to the destruction of the natural environment and the exhaustion of
natural resources, there is no shortage of reassurances. The optimists find support in the
economic principle that all problems of scarcity and growth limitation can be solved through
human ingenuity and economic incentives. This optimism is indefensible because `market
forces' are systematically `myopic,' e.g., oriented toward short-term projections and returns on
investment. Furthermore, the optimists disregard well-established facts of biological and natural
sciences; in particular the complexity of ecosystems and the natural entropic progression of
systems toward disorder and dispersion. (v.12,#2)
Partridge, Ernest, "Future Generations," in Jamieson, Dale, ed., A Companion to Environmental
Philosophy, London: Blackwells, 2001. Survey of recent philosophical responses to the
problem of the responsibility to future generations. Among them: Libertarianism, Utilitarianism,
Communitarianism (de-Shalit), Contractarianism (Rawls). The problem of motivating the living
generation to make provision to the remote future. Some policy guidelines are offered for just
provision for remote posterity. (EE v.12,#1)
Partridge, Ernest, "Reconstructing Ecology," in Pimentel, David, Westra, Laura, and Noss, Reed
F., eds. Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health (Washington,
DC: Island Press, 2000). Answers recent attacks on such cherished ecological concepts as
"stability," "equilibrium," "integrity" and "community," by such biologists as Michael Soulé and
Daniel Botkin, and by the philosopher Mark Sagoff. Granted, many "classical ecologists" have
overstated these concepts. However, the opposing account of nature as a chaotic "hodgepodge"
of coexisting species is indefensible. Evolution presupposes order, stability, and symbiosis
among species, albeit within a condition of constant change. Ecological theory is falsifiable and
predictive, and employs valid classification schemes. Finally, normative terms such as
"ecosystemic health" and "integrity" are meaningful. (EE v.12,#1)
Partridge, Ernest, "The Future - For Better or Worse," Environmental Values 11(2002):75-85.
Alan Carter correctly argues that Thomas Schwartz's "future persons paradox" applies with equal
force to utilitarianism, rights theory and Aristotelian ethics. His criticism of Rawls "justice
between generations" is less successful, because of his failure (and perhaps Rawls as well) to
fully appreciate the hypothetical nature of the "original position". Carter's attempt to refute
Schwartz's argument by focusing on the individuality of moral action fails, since it evades the
essential point of Schwartz's argument. The best response to Schwartz is to concede the essential
validity of his argument and then to turn that argument into an ad absurdum refutation of his
central premise, "the person affecting principle". (EV)
Partridge, Ernest. "If Environmental Education Is the Answer, Then What Is the Question?"
Annual Hulings Lecture, Northland College, February 15, 1995. How did Western civilization
fall into the environmental trap in which we now find ourselves? We did so by allowing our
cleverness to outpace our intelligence, our facility to outdistance our foresight, and our decisionmaking procedures to evolve without moral charts and compasses, secure in the belief that our
lives and institutions were being moved by such benign "invisible hands" as consumer
preferences, market forces, and cultural drift. If environmental education is the answer, then
many questions follow: How do we get environmental education into the college and university
curriculum? Copies from Ernest Partridge, Northland College, Ashland, WI 54806. (v6,#1)
Partridge, Ernest. Review of Obligations to Future Generations. Edited by R. I. Sikora and
Brian Berry. Environmental Ethics 1(1979):371-74.
Partridge, Ernest. "Posterity and the Strains of Commitment." In Creating a New History for
Future Generations, edited by Kim and Dator. Kyoto: Institute for the Integrated Study of Future
Generations, 1995. (v.8,#4)
Partridge, Ernest. Review of Nuclear Power and Public Policy. By Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette.
Environmental Ethics 4(1982):261-71.
Partridge, Ernest. Review of All That Dwell Therein. By Tom Regan. Environmental Ethics
7(1985):81-86.
Partridge, Ernest. "Values in Nature: Is Anybody There?" Philosophical Inquiry 8, nos. 1-2
(Winter-Spring 1986):96-110. A detailed criticism of the axiological position of Holmes Rolston
that values exist in nature independently of any conscious evaluator. Partridge insists that
valuation depends on an evaluator, but this view need not lead to anthropocentrism. (Katz, Bibl #
1)
Partridge, Ernest. "On the Possibility of a Future Global Environmental Ethic." In Viewpoints.
The Wisconsin Institute, 1995. (v.8,#4)
Partridge, Ernest. "Are We Ready for an Ecological Morality?" Environmental Ethics
4(1982):175-90. This essay is an inquiry into the relevance of psychology to
morality--particularly, the relevance of a capacity to treat nature with respect and restraint to a
responsibility to do so. I begin with a presentation of Aldo Leopold's "land ethic" (which I also
designate with the term ecological morality). I then examine two notions of moral psychology
that have recently attracted the interest of moral philosophers: first, "the moral sense," a concept
that has gained prominence, in part, through the recent work of the philosopher, John Rawls; and
second, Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral cognition. Finally, I consider
how these prospectives on moral psychology might apply to ecological morality. Partridge is in
Environmental Studies, University of Caslifornia, Santa Barbara, CA. (EE)
Partridge, Ernest. "Nature as a Moral Resource." Environmental Ethics 6(1984):101-30. In this
paper I attempt a moral justification of protecting wild species, ecosystems, and landscapes, a
justification not directly grounded in appeals to human benefit. I begin with a description of
anthropocentric and ecosystemic approaches to the valuing of nature and offer some empirical
arguments in support of the ecosystemic view. I suggest that human beings have a genetic need
for natural environments, and that the direct experience of wild nature is an intrinsic good.
Theoretical coherence and scope is another advantage of the ecological perspective over the
anthropocentric view. Turning to moral psychology, I argue that human beings have a
fundamental need to care for things outside themselves and that this need is suitably met, and
human life enriched, by a transcending concern for the wellbeing of natural species, habitats, and
ecosystems . These considerations are joined with the ecological point of view to yield the
conclusion that a self-transcending concern for the welfare of wild species and their habitats
enriches the quality of moral life. Persons with genuine reverence and respect for wild creatures
and their habitats will enjoy greater fulfillment in their own lives and be better neighbors to each
other. Partridge is at the Center for the Study of Value and Social Policy, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO. (EE)
Partridge, Ernest. "Environmental Justice and `Shared Fate': A Contractarian Defense of Fair
Compensation." Human Ecology Review 2, no. 2 (Spring 1996). (v.8,#4)
Partridge, Ernest. Book Review of Justice, Posterity, and the Environment. By Wilfred
Beckerman and Joanna Pasek. Environmental Ethics 26(2004):429-432. (EE)
Partridge. Ernest, "Ecological Morality and Nonmoral Sentiments," Environmental Ethics
18(1996):149-163. A complete environmental ethic must include a theory of motivation to assure
that the demands of that ethic are within the capacity of human beings. J. Baird Callicott has
argued that these requisite sentiments may be found in the moral psychology of David Hume,
enriched by the insights of Charles Darwin. I reply that, on the contrary, Humean moral
sentiments are more likely to incline one to anthropocentrism than to Aldo Leopold's land ethic,
which is defended by Callicott. This mismatch becomes more evident as Callicott attempts to
enlist Humean moral sentiments in support of the Leopoldian `land community.' The
disanalogies between human and natural communities, I argue, are too great to permit this
application. The motivation we need to meet our duties as `citizens of the land community' must
be of a nonmoral kind. I suggest that the necessary sentiments may be found in a genetically
based `affirmation of nature' that has evolved out of our natural history as a species, shaped by
the very forces and contexts that are now put in peril by our technology. Partridge teaches at
Northland College, Ashland, WI. (EE)
Pascalev, Mario, "Maps and Entitlement to Territory," Philosophy and Geography 2 (1998): 233247. Pascalev is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Philosophy at Bowling Green State
University. (P&G)
Pascual, Miguel A., Kareiva, Peter, Hilborn, Ray. "The Influence of Model Structure on
Conclusions about the Viability and Harvesting of Serengeti Wildebeest," Conservation Biology
11(no.4, 1997):966. (v8,#3)
Pasculli, Leonard P., "The "War" Against Industry as an Environmental Enemy Shows Signs of
Ending," Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 7 (No. 3, 2000 Winter): 17-. (v.11,#4)
Paske, Gerald H., "Why Animals Have No Right To Life: A Response to Regan", Australasian
Journal of Philosophy, 66 (1988): 498-511. It is argued that the right to life is based upon
abstract rationality and that thus moral agents but not moral patients have a right to life. Regan's
argument, that appeals to rationality are ""perfectionistic" and hence unacceptable, is examined
and rejected. Abstract rationality makes possible (1) abstract sympathy and (2) the evaluation
and alteration of one's own feelings and desires. This generates moral agency and makes moral
agents subject to a unique type of harm: deontic harm. Death is a deontic harm and hence is
uniquely harmful to moral agents. Consequences of this thesis are (1) there are two independent,
fundamental moral principles, (2) there are degrees of inherent value, (3) some animals have
greater moral standing than some humans, and (4) some genetic humans have greater moral
standing than other genetic humans. The dangers inherent in such views are briefly assessed.
Paske, Gerald H., "The Life Principle: A (Metaethical) Rejection." Journal of Applied
Philosophy 6 (1989): 219-225. Critical discussion of Paul Taylor's "life-principle" or biocentric
ethic. Paske argues that Taylor has made an arbitrary distinction between nonsentient living
entities and inanimate objects; and the crucial mistake is a narrow interpretation of teleology as
being "goal-directed." "But nonsentient life is not conscious and hence, literally, has no
goals...The real difference between stalactites and protozoa is that stalactites come about by a
physical-chemical process whereas protozoa come about via biophysical and bio-chemical
processes" (p. 224). This difference is not a relevant moral distinction. Most discussions of
Taylor focus on the policy implications of his view; this argument addresses the foundation.
(Katz, Bibl # 2)
Paskins, Barrie, and Michael Doctrill. The Ethics of War. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
2(1980):285-88.
Pasko, BS, "The Great Experiment that Failed? Evaluating the Role of a `Committee of
Scientists' as a Tool for Managing and Protecting Our Public Lands," Environmental Law
32(no.2, 2002):509-548. (v.13, #3)
Passmore, John, Man's Responsibility for Nature. New York: Scribner's, 1974.
Passmore, John, "The Preservationist Syndrome," Journal of Political Philosophy 3(#1, 1995):122. Passmore wishes more consistent use of "conservation" and "preservation." Conservation is
future-oriented; preservation is past-oriented. In the rapidly changing modern world, the rise of
preservationist interests is striking. Passmore considers urban preservation, ecological
preservation, cultural preservation, versus development, the question of "rights" to development,
indigenous "rights" to traditional lands, "rights" of animals to be preserved, "rights" of species,
whether to say that preservation is "better" is culturally relative, whether preservationists are
elitists. The paper, he notes, is a development and generalization of Chapters IV and V in his
Man's Responsibility for Nature (London: Duckworth, 1980). Passmore is retired, Australian
National University, Canberra. He will speak at the forthcoming World Congress of Philosophy,
Boston, August 1997. (v8,#3)
Paterson, B, "Ethics for Wildlife Conservation: Overcoming the Human-Nature Dualism,"
BioScience 56 (no. 2, February 2006): 144-150. This article contrasts the instrumental value
approach, extensionist approach, and biocentric approach to environmental ethics with the
Buddhist approach of Daisaku Ikeda in terms of their meaning for wildlife conservation. I argue
that both anthropocentric and biocentric approaches create a false dichotomy between humans
and nature and are not helpful to modern wildlife conservation, which aims to balance the needs
of people with the conservation of nature. The views of Daisaku Ikeda, in particular the
principle of dependent origination and the theory of the oneness of life and its environment,
constitute an alternative approach that places people within the web of all living things.
Paterson, D., and Palmer, M., eds., The status of animals: Ethics, education, and welfare.
Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1989.
Paterson, John L. "Conceptualizing Stewardship in Agriculture within the Christian Tradition."
Environmental Ethics 25(2003):43-58. The concept of stewardship as resource development and
conservation, a shallow environmental ethic, arises out of a domination framework. Stewardship
as earthkeeping arises out of a keeping framework and falls somewhere between an intermediate
and deep environmental ethic. A notion of agricultural stewardship, based on earthkeeping
principles, can be used as a normative standard by which to judge a range of agricultural
economies and practices. (EE)
Paterson, Matthew, "Understanding the Green Backlash," Environmental Politics 8(no. 2,
Summer 1999):183- . (v.11,#1)
Paterson, Matthew. Review of Wolfgang Sachs, Wolfgang. Planet Dialectics: Explorations in
Environment and Development. London and New York: Zed Books, 1999, Environmental
Values 10(2001):521. (EV)
Paterson, Ogle, "Pesticides, Valuations and Politics", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental
Ethics 5(1992):103-106. In this paper I will discuss some aspects of the Swedish policy to
reduce pesticide use by 50%, a decision that has attracted great interest and may sometimes have
been over-advertised. What are the cultural and political backgrounds? Why did the demand for
this decision first occur in Sweden? Does the Swedish policy imply a new approach with
completely different conditions for pesticide use or should it preferably be described as an
adaptation to what modern pesticide and agricultural technology can achieve? Paterson is an
extension specialist at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
Pattanaik, Prasanta K., and Cullenberg, Stephen, Globalization, Culture, and the Limits of the
Market. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. The limitations of markets as an instrument
of decision-making in society, globalization and culture, and the fundamental principles for
public policy, and the paradox of scarcity despite affluence in modern societies.
Patten, MA; Erickson, RA; Dunn, EH; Hussell, DJT; Welsh, DA, "Conservation Value and
Rankings of Exotic Species," Conservation Biology 15(no. 4, 2001):817-818. (v.13,#1)
Patterson, Alan, "Debt for Nature Swaps and the Alternatives," Environment 32(no. 10,
December 1990):4-13. Reasoned assessment of their potential and limits. Patterson is an
environmental planner and policy analyst and writing a dissertation on debt-funded environmental activities at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts. (v2,#2)
Patterson, Charles, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. With a title
from one of the stories of the Yiddish writer and Nobel Laureate Isaac Bashevis Singer
(1904-91): "In relation to them, all people are Nazis; for the animals it is an eternal Treblinka."
Human beings, throughout history, have perpetrated terrible wrongs on non-human animals.
(v.12,#4)
Patterson, John, Exploring Maori Values (Palmerston North, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press,
1992). Paper, 191 pages. In the Maori environmental philosophy, humans (or at least the Maori)
are related to all items in the world--to the trees, birds, and fish, also to the mountains, rivers, and
the land herself--to Papatuanuki, mother of all. These kinship links entail that we must respect
and enhance the world in which we live. Patterson spells out some traditional and contemporary
statements of this environmental philosophy and works out some radical implications for
contemporary western societies. Patterson is senior lecturer in philosophy at Massey University,
Palmerston North, New Zealand. He invites correspondence from others doing related work in
other parts of the world. (v3,#1)
Patterson, John, "Maori Environmental Virtues." Environmental Ethics 16(1994):397-409. The
standard sources for Maori ethics are the traditional narratives. These depict all things in the
environment as sharing a common ancestry, and as thereby required, ideally, to exhibit certain
virtues of respect and responsibility for each other. These environmental virtues are expressed in
terms of distinctively Maori concepts: respect for mauri and tapu, kaitiakitanga,
whanaungatanga, manaakitanga, and environmental balance. I briefly explore these Maori
environmental virtues, and draw from them some messages for the world at large. Patterson is
with the Dept. of Philosophy, Massey University, New Zealand. (EE)
Patterson, John. "Environmental Mana." Environmental Ethics 21(1999):267-276. In Maori
tradition, all creatures are naturally sacred or tapu, and cannot be used without ritual removal of
the tapu, a symbolic acknowledgment of the mana of the gods concerned. Although there is a
religious dimension to tapu, it is also the natural state of all creatures, reflecting the idea that they
have intrinsic worth. The theist aspect of tapu can be bypassed: tapu is the mana of the atua or
gods, who can be seen as personifications of or indeed identical with areas of the natural world.
In this way, the mana of the gods is seen as the mana of nature itself, and respect for the tapu of a
creature turns out quite like the familiar idea of respect for its intrinsic value or its ecological
value. We might conclude that the environmental mana of the human species is currently
negative, and this conclusion in turn might persuade us to change our ways. (EE)
Patterson, M. Global Warming and Global Politics. Reviewed by Clive Spash. Environmental
Values 8(1999):407. (EV)
Patterson, Michael E., Watson, Alan E., Williams, Daniel R., and Roggenbuck, Joseph R., "An
Hermeneutic Approach to Studying the Nature of Wilderness Experiences," Journal of Leisure
Research 30(no. 4,1998):423-452. Most studies attempt to understand and measure wilderness
experience as some preference satisfied with more or less quality. But these authors study the
quality of wilderness experience as acquiring stories that enrich one's life. The nature of human
experience is best characterized by situated freedom in which the environment sets boundaries
that constrain the nature of the experience but that within those boundaries recreationists are free
to experience the world in unique and variable ways. Patterson is in the School of Forestry,
University of Montana. Watson is at the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Missoula,
MT. Williams is at the U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
Roggenbuck is in forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Patton-Mallory, Marcia, Franzreb, Kathleen, and Cline, Richard, "Ethical Conduct for Research:
A Code of Scientific Ethics," Journal of Forestry 98 (No. 7, 2000 July 01): 32- Because it
employs researchers from many disciplines, the Forest Service seeks to establish consistency in
scientific (as opposed to professional) ethics through a formal code. (v.11,#4)
Pattullo, Poly. The Ethical Travel Guide: Your Passport to Exciting Travel Holidays. London:
Earthscan, 2006.
Paul, E, "The Riches of Biological Research-An Elusive Number?," Bioscience 52(no.12, 2002):
.
Paul, Ellen, "Science Could Play Starring Role in New Forest Management Plans," Bioscience
50 (No. 2, Feb 01 2000): 108- . (v.11,#2)
Paul, Ellen Frankel. Property Rights and Eminent Domain. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
11(1989):179-89.
Paul, Ellen Frankel. "The Just Takings Issue." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):309-28. Courts
and legal commentators have been notoriously unsuccessful in articulating a rule to differentiate
between uncompensated police power regulations of land by government and situations in which
the government can only interfere with property rights if it provides compensation to those
owners who suffer losses. Noticeably absent from most discussions of this "takings" issue is any
foundational underpinning in a theory of justice with respect to property holdings. Can two of
the most infuential contemporary theories of justice--that of John Rawls and Robert
Nozick--provide such needed support for the analysis of the "takings" issue? By employing the
vehicle of three hypothetical examples I investigate this question and reach some conclusions
concerning the applicability of such abstract theories of justice to the real world. Paul is at the
Institute for Social Philosophy and Policy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.
(EE)
Paula, Lino, and Frans Birrer, "Including Public Perspectives in Industrial Biotechnology and the
Biobased Economy," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19(2006):253-267.
Industrial ("white") biotechnology promises to contribute to a more sustainable future. Compared
to current production processes, cases have been identified where industrial biotechnology can
decrease the amount of energy and raw materials used to make products and also reduce the
amount of emissions and waste produced during production. However, switching from products
based on chemical production processes and fossil fuels towards "biobased" products is at
present not necessarily economically viable. This is especially true for bulk products, for
example ethanol production from biomass. Therefore, scientists are also turning to genetic
modification as a means to develop organisms that can produce at lower costs. These include not
only micro-organisms, but also organisms used in agriculture for food and feed. The use of
genetic modification for "deliberate release" purposes, in particular, has met great opposition in
Europe. Many industrial biotechnology applications may, due to their scale, entail deliberate
releases of GM organisms. Thus, the biobased economy brings back a familiar question; is it
ethically justifiable, and acceptable to citizens, to expose the environment and society to the risks
associated with GM, in order to protect that same environment and to sustain our affluent way of
life? For a successful innovation towards a biobased economy, its proponents, especially
producers, need to take into account (take responsibility for) such issues when developing new
products and processes. These issues, and how scientists can interact with citizens about them in
a timely way, are further explored in projects at Delft University and Leiden University, also in
collaboration with Utrecht University. Keywords: industrial biotechnology - white
biotechnology - genetic modification - dialogue - innovation. We include the field of genomics
in our use of the term biotechnology. The authors are in the Institute of Biology, Biology and
Society, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Pauley, John A., "The Value of Hunting," Journal of Value Inquiry 27(2003):233-244. The
contemporary debate over hunting has focused primarily on the moral status of killing animals
for sport. Is it really true, as many opponents of the hunt claim, that the end of hunting is simply
the death of the prey? What does hunting require of a hunter and how does a hunter relate to
prey and the environment of prey? Without complete answers to those questions, we run the
considerable risk of making uninformed normative judgments about the practice of hunting.
Pauley is in philosophy, Simpson College, Indianola, IA.
--Philippon, Daniel, Conserving Words: How American Nature Writers Shaped the
Environmental Movement. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2004. How did American
nature writers shape the environmental movement? To answer this difficult question, Philippon
looks at five authors of seminal works of nature writing who also founded or revitalized
important environmental organizations: Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club,
Mabel Osgood Wright and the National Audubon Society, John Muir and the Sierra Club, Aldo
Leopold and the Wilderness Society, and Edward Abbey and Earth First! These writers used
powerfully evocative and galvanizing metaphors for nature, metaphors that Philippon calls
"conserving" words. Integrating literature, history, biography, and philosophy, this study
explores how "conserving" words enabled narratives to convey environmental values as they
explained how human beings should interact with the nonhuman world.
--Poirier, MR, "The NAFTA Chapter 11 Expropriation Debate Through the Eyes of a Property
Theorist", Environmental Law 33 (no.4, 2003): 851-928.
Paurizio, Maurizio G., Pimentel, David. "Genetic Engineering in Agriculture and the
Environment", Bioscience 46(no.9, 1996):665. Assessing risks and benefits.
Pausas, J. G., and Austin, M. P. "Potential Impact of Harvesting for the Long-Term Conservation
of Arboreal Marsupials," Landscape Ecology 13(no. 2, Apr. 1998):103- . (v9,#2)
Pavlik, BM, "Plants that protect ecosystems: a survey from California", Biodiversity and
Conservation 12(no.4, 2003):717-729.
Pawlowskiego, Lucjana and Stanislawa Zieby, eds., Humanizm Ecologiczny (Ecological
Humanism), vol. 1. Lublin, Poland: Politechnika Lubelska, 1992. A new book on environmental ethics published in Poland, the proceedings of a conference at the Katholic University of
Lublin. Some themes: Culture and self-discipline as actualizing humanity: humans, nature, and
value; historical and philosophical factors in the ecological crisis; ecological problems in the
social teachings of the Catholic Church; ecology and technology, antagonism and compromise;
philosophical and cultural premises of ecological ethics; the scientific basis needed for proenvironmental activity and policy. (v4,#4)
Payette, S; Fortin, MJ; Gamache, I, "The Subarctic Forest-Tundra: The Structure of a Biome in
a Changing Climate," Bioscience 51(no, 9, 2001):709-719. (v.13,#1)
Payton, M; Fulton, D; Anderson, D; "Influence of Place Attachment and Trust on Civic Action:
A Study at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge," Society and Natural Resources 18 (no. 6, July
2005): 511-528.
Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice Vol. 19, no. 3 (2007). The topic of this special issue
is AEnvironmentalism.@ Contents include: (1) AIntroduction@ by Peter Jacques and Kerry
Donoghue (pp. 293-95), (2) AGlobalization from the Subsistence Perspective@ by Sharon
Ridgeway (pp. 297-304), (3) AThe Industria Hypothesis@ by William Hipwell (pp. 305-13), (4)
ASocio-Ecological Instability in China@ by John Gulick (pp. 315-22), (5) AResource Conflict in
the Twenty-First Century@ by Travis K. Sharp (pp. 323-30), (6) AThe Ecological Costs of
Militarization@ by Kenneth A. Gould (pp. 331-34), (7) A>Shock and Awe= and the
Environment@ by Peter Carr (pp. 335-42), (8) AProtecting Indigenous Spiritual Values@ by
Kira Russo Bauer (pp. 343-49), (9) AEcotourism and Indigenous Rights in Australia@ by Robert
A. Poirier (pp. 350-58), (10) AEcological Degradation in Southern Ethiopia@ by Daien
Ogbaharya (pp. 359-63), (11) AAppalachian Stereotypes and Mountain Top Removal@ by Jill.
M. Fraley (pp. 365-70), (12) AEnvironmental Justice and Peacebuilding in the Middle East@ by
Ilan Alleson and Stuart Schoenfeld (pp. 371-79), (13) AGreen Nonviolent Resistance in
Australia@ by Wendy Varney (pp. 381-87), (14) AHedonism and Peace@ by Mark
Manolopoulos (pp. 389-95), (15) AIncorporating Africa=s Conflicts into the War on Terror@ by
Greg Collins (pp. 397-406), (16) AToward the American Garrison State@ by Milton J. Esman
(pp. 407-16), (17) AFENSUAGRO=s Struggle for Social Justice@ by James J. Brittain (pp. 41726), (18) ABuilding a Culture of Peace in Ladakh@ by Stanzin Dawa (pp. 427-34), (19)
AEvidence of an American Dirty War in Iraq@ by Nicolas J.S. Davies (pp. 435-43), (20) ACivil
Society and Peace in Northern Ireland@ by Timothy J. White (pp. 445-51), (21) AThe Lessons
of War@ by Camillo C. Bica (pp. 453-57), and (22) APeace Profile: Bud Day@ by Carol
Thompson (pp. 459-63).
Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice Vol. 19, no. 3 (2007). The topic of this special issue
is AEnvironmentalism.@ Contents include: (1) AIntroduction@ by Peter Jacques and Kerry
Donoghue (pp. 293-95), (2) AGlobalization from the Subsistence Perspective@ by Sharon
Ridgeway (pp. 297-304), (3) AThe Industria Hypothesis@ by William Hipwell (pp. 305-13), (4)
ASocio-Ecological Instability in China@ by John Gulick (pp. 315-22), (5) AResource Conflict in
the Twenty-First Century@ by Travis K. Sharp (pp. 323-30), (6) AThe Ecological Costs of
Militarization@ by Kenneth A. Gould (pp. 331-34), (7) A>Shock and Awe= and the
Environment@ by Peter Carr (pp. 335-42), (8) AProtecting Indigenous Spiritual Values@ by
Kira Russo Bauer (pp. 343-49), (9) AEcotourism and Indigenous Rights in Australia@ by Robert
A. Poirier (pp. 350-58), (10) AEcological Degradation in Southern Ethiopia@ by Daien
Ogbaharya (pp. 359-63), (11) AAppalachian Stereotypes and Mountain Top Removal@ by Jill.
M. Fraley (pp. 365-70), (12) AEnvironmental Justice and Peacebuilding in the Middle East@ by
Ilan Alleson and Stuart Schoenfeld (pp. 371-79), (13) AGreen Nonviolent Resistance in
Australia@ by Wendy Varney (pp. 381-87), (14) AHedonism and Peace@ by Mark
Manolopoulos (pp. 389-95), (15) AIncorporating Africa=s Conflicts into the War on Terror@ by
Greg Collins (pp. 397-406), (16) AToward the American Garrison State@ by Milton J. Esman
(pp. 407-16), (17) AFENSUAGRO=s Struggle for Social Justice@ by James J. Brittain (pp. 41726), (18) ABuilding a Culture of Peace in Ladakh@ by Stanzin Dawa (pp. 427-34), (19)
AEvidence of an American Dirty War in Iraq@ by Nicolas J.S. Davies (pp. 435-43), (20) ACivil
Society and Peace in Northern Ireland@ by Timothy J. White (pp. 445-51), (21) AThe Lessons
of War@ by Camillo C. Bica (pp. 453-57), and (22) APeace Profile: Bud Day@ by Carol
Thompson (pp. 459-63).
Peacock, Kent, ed., Living with the Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy.
Toronto: Harcourt Brace and Co., Canada, 1996. 461 pages. Features Canadian authors, and,
often, authors who are not professional philosophers. An anthology that can be read by
individuals on their own, as well as used in an introductory class in environmental ethics. Section
and chapter titles: Is there really an environmental crisis? Crisis in the skies: The ozone hole
and global warming. Extinction is so final: The crisis in biodiversity. The human crisis: war,
disease, poverty, and overpopulation. Soils and forests. Seeking a perspective (humans in
relation to nature). What is the environment? Some views of the ecosystem. Symbiosis,
parasitism, and commensalism. The Gaia hypothesis. Environmental ethics at last. Where
ecology meets philosophy. Is anything sacred. Deep and shallow ecology. Hunting, trapping,
and animal rights. Ecofeminism. Should we let the market decide? What is wealth? Sustainable
development: Hypocrisy or best hope? Toward symbiosis. Can species be saved. The
artifactual ecology.
"In this book, I have tended to give prominence to the impact of environmental degradation
upon humans, and I have more than once suggested, or presented other authors who suggest, that
human stewardship of the environment is a meaningful and desirable end. In the eyes of many,
such views will be called `arrogant' and `anthropocentric.' And in some circles these days, to be
found out as anthropocentric is a very grave thing indeed. And yet ... I resist being classified as
either anthropocentric or biocentric exclusively. It seems to me that this categorization is beside
the point if not harmful. I seek a view that recognizes both the special abilities and the special
responsibilities of humans, and at the same time recognizes the dependency of humans upon
nonhuman life and the relative insignificance of humans in the grand biotic scheme. To pretend
that nonhuman life does not have intrinsic value, however philosophers may struggle to define
such values, is indeed fatuous arrogance; to deny that humans do not have special capacities and
a special place (for a whole at least) in nature on this planet is a simple abdication of
responsibility. We have had enough of both, the arrogance and the abdication; now let's get on
with the task of figuring out how to live with the Earth, instead of just on it" (p. 435). Peacock
teaches environmental philosophy at the University of Western Ontario. Reviewed by David G.
A. Castle, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):87-89. (v9,#1)
Peacock, Kent A., Living with the Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy.
Reviewed by David G.A. Castle. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):8789. (JAEE)
Pearce, D. and Barbier, E. B. Blueprint for a Sustainable Economy. London: Earthscan, 2000.
Review by Colin Green, Environmental Values 10(2001):563. (EV)
Pearce, D. W.., et al, "The Social Costs of Climate Change: Greenhouse Damage and the
Benefits of Control." Pages 179-224 in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate
Change 1995: Volume III. Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Pearce, David, "Green Economics." Environmental Values Vol.1 No.1(1992):3-14.
ABSTRACT: Economists assume that people are fundamentally greedy, though not exclusively
so. If environmental improvement is to be achieved, it will require policies that use selfishness
rather than opposing it. Such policies are to be found in the basics of green economics in which
market signals are modified by environmental taxes and tradeable pollution certificates to
`decouple' the economic growth process from its environmental impact. Green economic
policies avoid the infringements of human liberties implied in ever stronger `command and
control' measures. KEYWORDS: Sustainability, market based instruments, command and
control. Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, University
College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Pearce, David, Neil Adger, David Maddison and Dominic Moran. "Debt and the Environment."
Scientific American 272 (no. 6, June 1995):52-56. Loans to Third World Countries cause great
human hardship, but their connection to ecological troubles is difficult to prove. Most debtor
nations continue to rely on outside funds, even though additional loans only make their
predicament sharper. Structural adjustment programs are hard on people, especially the poor, but
whether the environment has also been harmed directly in result is less clear. There is scant
empirical evidence to suggest that the connection between debt and environment is significant.
According to a common theory production of goods for export, to earn foreign exchange with
which to pay debts, diverts resources away from the domestic sector producing goods for
consumption at home, and this may be so, but the evidence that the environment is harmed in
result is anecdotal and speculative. Most environmental degradation in the developing world
probably has other causes than the servicing of debt. Pearce, the senior author, is in economics,
University College, London. (v6,#3)
Pearce, David, "The Political Economy of the Global Environment," Scottish Journal of Political
Philosophy 44(no.4, 1997):462-483. Many of the global agreements today are couched in terms
of a common good. "If the economists of the Scottish empirical tradition were resurrected today
and asked to advise on global environmental problems, we can hazard the judgement that they
would not approve of the presumptions underlying the environmental agreements in force or
being negotiated. They would have advised in favour of less government and less reliance on
motives that run counter to Hume's `self-love'. They would surely have identified a large area
where mutual self-interest would enable the various stakeholders each to be better off with an
agreement than they were without it. The framework for such global bargains does, indeed,
involve governments, but in a fairly minimal role as facilitators, something Smith would surely
have approved of. The Scottish tradition of political economy remains of great relevance. ...
Environmental problems require practical and politically realistic solutions, the search for which
also defines the Scottish tradition. If the global commons are to be saved, it is more likely that
success will come from the pragmatists than from the moralists, and more likely still that it will
come from a combination of the two, as in Scottish political economy" (p. 282). Pearce is in
economics, University College, London, and University of East Anglia.
Pearce, David, and Moran, Dominic, The Economic Value of Biodiversity. Reviewed by John
MacArthur. Environmental Values 5(1996):89-90. (EV)
Pearce, David. "Dead in the Water." New Scientist, 4 February 1995. Attempts to save the
grossly polluted Mediterranean Sea seem as doomed as the sea itself. The Mediterranean Action
Plan, a convention organized by UNEP and agreed to 20 years ago by every nation bordering the
sea (except Albania), has failed. More than 130 million people live along the coastline, with an
additional 100 million tourists, and 80% of their sewage goes untreated into the sea. Add to that
enormous amounts of industrial wastes and marine ecosystems are everywhere collapsing.
(v6,#1)
Pearce, Edward, Green Warriors: The People and the Politics Behind the Environmental
Revolution. London: Bodley Head, 1991.
Pearce, Fred, Explaining Climate Change. Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund, 1996. The
United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Second Assessment Report
(SAR), released in 1996, represents a milestone in the study of the greenhouse effect. For the
first time scientific consensus has been reached that there is a discernible human influence on the
climate. The main conclusions of this report. (v7,#4)
Pearce, Fred. When the Rivers Run Dry: Waterthe Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First Century.
Boston: Beacon Press, 2006. Many rivers around the globe are overtapped and barely make it to
the sea, especially where there are long dry seasons. Irrigation accounts for 70% of water
consumption globally, including 90% of water consumption in many Asian countries. There is
already much abandoned land as a result of failed irrigation from lack of water, often where
water no longer flows downstream. Water, as much as oil, may drive politics and crises in the
Middle East. The bottom line is efficiency or else.
Pearce, J. M., 1997. Animal Learning and Cognition: An Introduction, second edition. East
Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. (v9,#2)
Pearce, Neil E., and Douglas Crawford-Brown. "Sufficient Proof in the Scientific Justification
of Environmental Actions." Environmental Ethics 11(1989):153-67. Environmental actions
require a willingness to act, which, in turn, is stimulated partially by the belief that an action will
yield the desired consequences. In determining whether an actor was justified in exerting the
will to act, therefore, it is essential to examine the nature of evidence offered by the actor in
support of any beliefs about the environment. In this paper we explore the points in
environmental risk analyses at which evidence is brought to bear in support of inferences
concerning environmental effects of regulatory actions. The intent is to provide a framework for
discussing the manner in which evidence may provide a sufficient basis for ethically sound
decisions for environmental actions. Pearce is at the Wellington Clinical School of Medicine,
Wellington, New Zealand. Crawford-Brown is at the School of Public Health, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. (EE)
Pearl, Mary C. and Newman, Scott, "Taking Responsibility for a New Disease," San Francisco
Chronicle, May 7,2003, p. A23. New human diseases often come from pathogens in animals, of
which SARS may well be an example, seeming to have come from wild animals sold in Chinese
markets. But these diseases have often been triggered in epidemic proportions because of
human-caused disruptions on landscapes which stress the animals, and they spread because of
human crowding on these landscapes and in cities. "By altering the normal balance between
viruses, bacteria, and wildlife, we force infectious agents to evolve and adapt to new
environmental conditions." Mary Pearl is a primatologist and president of World Life Trust. (v
14, #3)
Pearman, PB, "Conservation Value of Independently Evolving Units: Sacred Cow or Testable
Hypothesis?," Conservation Biology 15(no.3, 2001):780-783. (v.12,#4)
Pearson, Clive, "Theological Postcards from the Ecological Edge," Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 /
Jan 99):142-161.
Pearson, Clive, "Constructing a Local Ecotheology," Ecotheology No 3 (July 1997):23-38.
Pearson, Clive, "Report on the Christchurch Conference, July 2000," Ecotheology Vol 6 (Jul
01/Jan 02):205-208.
Pearson, Clive, "On Being Public about Ecotheology," Ecotheology Vol 6 (Jul 01/Jan 02):42-59.
[email protected] Theology has made some progress in `adjusting to the newcomer'
ecotheology. In so doing theology is taking seriously its `ecology of responsibility' and engaging
the public audience. An ecotheology, though, has a great deal of work to do in order to speak
credibly into the public forum and marketplace of ideas.
Pearson, Gina, Conner, Charles W., "The Quitobaquito Desert Pupfish, An Endangered Species
within Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: Historical Significance and Management
Challenges," Natural Resources Journal 40(no. 2, Spring 2000):379- .
Pearson, Henry A., Susanna B. Hecht, and Theodore E. Downing, eds., Development or
Destruction: The Conversion of Forest to Pasture in Latin America. An interdisciplinary Man
and the Biosphere study. 416 pages, $ 25.00. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. (v1,#2)
Pease, Craig M. and Matson, David J., "Demography of the Yellowstone Grizzly Bears,"
Ecology 80(3, 1999):957-975. Using a new model of population dynamics based on
Yellowstone field studies, the authors claim that Yellowstone grizzly bears have increased only
about 1% per year 1975-1995, a much lower estimate than the 5% annual rise over the last
decade claimed by the Park Service. Scientists disagree over whether Yellowstone grizzlies
remain imperiled. Another story: Kaiser, Jocelyn, "Study Sounds Alarm on Yellowstone
Grizzlies," Science 284(1999):568. (v.12,#2)
Peccei, Aurelio and Daisaku Ikeda. Before It is Too Late. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
9(1987):269-71.
Peck, F., "Beynon, H., Cox, A. and Hudson, R. Digging up Trouble. The Environment Protest
and Opencast Coal Mining," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.4, 2002): 570. (v.13,#4)
Peck, Robert McCracken, "Home Again!" International Wildlife 29 (no. 5, September/October,
1999):36-41. Przewalski's horse is wild again. Przewalski's horse was common in Siberia at the
end of the last Ice Age, but its numbers steadily declined, then declined even more rapidly with
increased human population pressures in the 18th and 19th centuries, although the species was
not known by Western scientists to be yet alive, until it was discovered by a Polish explorer
Colonel Przewalski in 1878. It was extinct in the wild by the 1960's. From a handful in zoos, it
has now been re-established in Mongolia, apparently a successful reintroduction. This is the
world's oldest and only truly wild horse (other "wild" horses are feral), and it has never been
domesticated. (v10,#4)
Peck, Sheila. Planning for Biodiversity: Issues and Examples. Washington, D.C.: Island Press,
1998. $25. 256 pp. (v9,#2)
Peck, Steven. "Gathering Steam," Alternatives 23(no.2, 1997):6. Eco-industrial parks exchange
waste for efficiency and profit. (v8,#2)
Pedersen, Kusumita P.. "Environmental Ethics in Interreligious Dialogue," in Sumner Twiss and
Bruce Grelle, eds., Explorations in Global Ethics: Comparative Religious Ethics and
Interreligious Dialogue. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000.
Pedersen, Poul Ove. Small African Towns: Between Rural Networks and Urban Hierarchies.
Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997. 200pp. $63,95 cloth. Investigates the development of small
rural towns in Africa and their importance for rural economic development. Pedersen is at the
Centre for Development Research, Denmark. (v8,#1)
Pedroli, B; deBlust, G; vanLooy, K; vanRooij, S, "Setting targets in strategies for river
restoration," Landscape Ecology 17(no.1SUPP, 2002):5-18. (v.13, #3)
Pedroli, Bas; Pinto-Correia, Teresa, "Landscape Whats in it? European Landscape Research at a
Turning Point," Landscape Ecology 21 (no.3, April 2006): 313-313 (1).
Pedroli, Bas; Pinto-Correia, Teresa; Cornish, Peter, "Landscape Whats in it? Trends in European
Landscape Science and Priority Themes for Concerted Research," Landscape Ecology 21 (no.3,
April 2006): 421-430 (10).
Pedrós-Alió, Carlos. ADipping into the Rare Biosphere.@ Science Vol. 315, no. 5809 (12
January 2007): 192-93. Recent advances in microbial DNA sequencing are revealing huge
dimensions of microbial diversity hidden in nature. This is especially true in marine microbial
biodiversity. In the sea, there may be millions to hundreds of millions of species. Such species,
surprisingly, may be rare. They reproduce by cloning, not sexually (since sexed rare species
have difficulty finding a mate), and individuals can be long-lived. Pedrós-Alió is in marine
biology at the Institut de Ciències del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
Pedynowski, D, "Toward a More "Reflexive Environmentalism": Ecological Knowledge and
Advocacy in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem," Society and Natural Resources 16(no.9,
2003):807-826. (v.14, #4)
Pedynowski, D, "Prospects for Ecosystem Management in the Crown of the Continent
Ecosystem, Canada-United States: Survey and Recommendations," Conservation Biology
17(no.5, 2003):1261-1269. (v.14, #4)
Peepre, Juri and Jickling, Bob, eds. Northern Protected Areas and Wilderness. Whitehorse,
Yukon, Canada: Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, and Yukon Conservation Society,
1994. 379pp. $20 softcover. The book is a lightly edited compilation of the presentations made at
an international conference, November 1993 in the Yukon Territory, by a host of native people,
resource professionals, educators, and activists--nearly all of them from the grassroots of the
Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of North America. The examination of the North by northerners
provided the unique nature of the conference and gives value to this publication. (v7,#2)
Peepre, Juri. "The Yukon Wildlands Project", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):66. (v7,#4)
Peerenboom, R. P. "Beyond Naturalism: A Reconstruction of Daoist Environmental Ethics."
Environmental Ethics 13(1991):3-22. In this paper I challenge the traditional reading of Daoism
as naturalism and the interpretation of wu wei as "acting naturally." I argue that such an
interpretation is problematic and unhelpful to the would-be Daoist environmental ethicist. I then
lay the groundwork for a philosophically viable environmental ethic by elucidating the pragmatic
aspects of Daoist thought. While Daoism so interpreted is no panacea for all of our
environmental ills, it does provide a methodology that may prove effective in alleviating some of
our discomfort. Peerenboom is in the philosophy department, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Honolulu, HI. (Taoism) (China) (EE)
Peerman, Dean. AUnsportsmanlike Conduct.@ Christian Century Vol. 124, no. 5 (2007): 10-11.
Peerman laments Acanned hunts.@ There are some 1,000 canned hunt operations in the U.S.,
where, for thousands of dollars ($20,000 for an oryx, ibex, impala, rhino, jaguar) a Aso-called@
hunter can kill an animal, fenced in a (so-called) preserve. Many of the more exotic animals are
aging or ailing castoffs from prestigious zoos. If one includes release and shoot bird operations,
there are 3,000 such canned hunts.
Peery, C. A., Kavanagh, K. L. and Scott, J. M., "Pacific Salmon: Setting Ecologically Defensible
Recovery Goals," Bioscience 53(no. 7, 2003): 622-623.
Peet, R., "Review of: Blunt, A. and Wills, J., Dissident Geographies: An Introduction to Radical
Ideas and Practice," Progress in Human Geography 25(no.4, 2001): 668. (v.13,#2)
Peet, Richard, and Watts, Michael, eds. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development,
Social Movements. London; Routledge, 1996. 273 pp. Contents include the following:
--Peet, Richard and Michael Watts, "Liberation Ecology." Development, sustainability, and
environment in an age of market triumphalism. pp. 1-45.
--Escobar, Arturo, "Constructing Nature." Elements for a post-structural political ecology. pp.4668.
--Yapa, Lakshman, "Improved Seeds and Constructed Scarcity." pp.69-85.
--Bebbington, Anthony, "Movements, Modernizations, and Markets." Indigenous organizations
and agrarian strategies in Ecuador. pp.89-109.
--Zimmerer, Karl S., "Discourses on Soil Loss in Bolivia." Sustainability and the search for
socioenvironmental "middle ground". pp.110-124.
--Moore, Donald S., "Marxism, Culture, and Political Ecology." Environmental struggles in
Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands. pp.125-147.
--Jarosz, Lucy. "Defining Deforestation in Madagascar." pp.148-164.
--Carney, Judith A., "Converting the Wetlands, Engendering the Environment." The intersection
of gender with agrarian change in Gambia. pp.165-187.
--Schroeder, Richard and Suryanata, Krisnawati, "Gender and Class Power in Agroforestry
Systems." Case studies from Indonesia and West Africa. pp.188-204.
--Rangan, Haripriya, "From Chipko to Uttaranchal." Development, environment, and social
protest in the Garhwal Himalayas, India. pp.205-226.
--Muldavin, Joshua S.S., "The Political Ecology of Agrarian Reform in China." The case of
Heilongjiang Province. pp.227-259.
--Watts, Michael and Peet, Richard, "Conclusion." Towards a theory of liberation ecology. pp.
260-269. Peet is professor of geography, Clark University, Massachusetts. Watts is professor of
geography and Director of the Institute of International Studies, University of California,
Berkeley. (v.10,#2)
Peet, Richard, and Watts, Michael, eds. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development,
Social Movements. London: Routledge, 1996. Focuses on the interrelations of development,
social movements, and the environment in "the South," Latin America, Africa, Asia, and in an
age of market triumphalism, where there is no "truth," only better and worse, more and less
liberating "discourses." Peet is in geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Watts is in international studies, University of California, Berkeley. (v.13,#1)
Pelkki, MH; Kirillova, NV; Sedykh, VN, "The Forests of Western Siberia: New Century, New
Role," Journal of Forestry 99(no. 7, 2001):21-27. (v.13,#1)
Pellicane, Patrick J., Gutkowski, Richard M., Czarnock, Jacek. "Poland: Threatened and
Neglected Forests," Journal of Forestry 95(no.2, 1997):29. (v8,#1)
Pellizzoni, Luigi, "Uncertainty and Participatory Democracy," Environmental Values 12(2003):
195-224. The article deals with some implications of radical uncertainty for participatory
democracy, and more precisely for Participatory Technology Assessment (PTA). Two main
forms of PTA are discussed. One is aimed at involving lay citizens and highlighting public
opinion. The other is addressed to stakeholder groups and organisations, not only in terms of
interest mediation but also of inclusion of their insight into a problem. Radical uncertainty
makes `intractable' many environmental and technological issues and brings into question
traditional and new approaches to policy-making. Its consequences are explored from the
viewpoint of new science, deliberative democracy, and network governance. Radical uncertainty
calls for a rethinking of the aims of public deliberation, and a reinterpretation of the divide
between opinion- and position-oriented PTA. To look for a public opinion, understood as a
shared principled view, can prove misleading, as can thinking of stakeholder participatory
arrangements in the usual way. When facts and values overlap, and are deeply controversial, the
only opportunity for mutual understanding may be to look for practical, 'local' answers, based on
different positional insights. Moreover, radical uncertainty also affects interest determination and
pursuit, and may enhance the opportunity of joint, inclusive, non-strategic issue definition and
solution-devising. This vision of public deliberation is consistent with the idea of network
governance. However, fragmentation can affect the effectiveness and legitimacy of participatory
policies. Trying to handle fragmentation from the top, as many suggest, is unlikely to be
successful. A more promising endeavour is to foster deliberative settings which, although
positioned at the level of 'local' and often contingent networks and commonalities, are open to
include 'Otherness' - other contexts, other problem definitions, other concerns.
Pellow, David Nagulb and Robert J. Brulle, Power, Justice, and the Evironment: A Critical
Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005.
Problems and potential in the environmental justice movement.
Pellow, David N. "Environmental Inequality Formation: Toward a Theory of Environmental
Justice," American Behavioral Scientist 43(No.4, 2000). (v.11,#1)
Pellow, David Naguib. Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental
Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Pellow uses his own research, interviews, and
participant observations to build on environmental justice studies, environmental sociology,
social movement theory, and race theory. He investigates global environmental inequality and
considers the work of activists, organizations, and networks resisting it. He discusses the
transnational waste trade in depth from the 1980s to today by examining global garbage
dumping, the toxic pesticides that are the legacy of the Green Revolution in agriculture, and the
dumping and remanufacturing of high-tech and electronics (e-waste) products in an attempt to
develop a pragmatic path towards environmental justice, human rights, and sustainability.
Pellow, David Naguib. Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental
Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Pellow uses his own research, interviews, and
participant observations to build on environmental justice studies, environmental sociology,
social movement theory, and race theory. He investigates global environmental inequality and
considers the work of activists, organizations, and networks resisting it. He discusses the
transnational waste trade in depth from the 1980s to today by examining global garbage
dumping, the toxic pesticides that are the legacy of the Green Revolution in agriculture, and the
dumping and remanufacturing of high-tech and electronics (e-waste) products in an attempt to
develop a pragmatic path towards environmental justice, human rights, and sustainability.
Pellow, DN, "Review of: Toxic Exports: The Transfer of Hazardous Wastes from Rich to Poor
Countries by Jennifer Clapp," Journal of Environment and Development 12(no.3, 2003):349351. (v.14, #4)
Peluso, Nancy Lee and Watts, Michael, eds., Violent Environments. Cornell University Press.
Geographers, historians, anthropologists, and sociologists examine whether environmental
problems generate violence. Africa ("forest wars," peasants and wildlife conservation in
Tanzania), Indonesia, enclosures in the early American West, militarized landscapes, India, and
much more. (v.12,#4)
Pena (Peña), Devon G. Mexican Americans and the Environment: Tierra y vida. Tucson:
University of Arizona Press, 2005. After beginning with an introduction to scientific and
political ecology, Peña presents an environmental history of Mexican-origin peoples in the US
and Mexico and shows how Norteño land use practices were eroded by the conquest of El Norte
by the US. Peña offers critiques of mainstream American environmentalism (natural resources
conservation, wilderness preservation, and professional environmentalism) and radical American
environmentalism (deep ecology, social ecology, ecofeminism, ecosocialism, and
bioregionalism) to develop an ecological politics of Mexican-origin peoples.
Pence, Gregory E., Designer Food: Mutant Harvest or Breadbasket of the World? Lanham, MD:
Roman and Littlefield, 2001. Genetically modified food. Improved crops by genetic
engineering can assure the world adequate sustainable food production without hurting the
environment or wildlife habitats. Pence is in both the School of Medicine and the Department of
Philosophy at the University of Alabama. (v.13,#1)
Pence, Gregory, E., ed., The Ethics of Food: A Reader for the Twenty-First Century. Blue Ridge
Summit, PA: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. The morally imperative questions surrounding food
production, modification, and consumption, particularly their global impact on ecosystems.
(v.13,#2)
Pence, Gregory E., ed., The Ethics of Food: A Reader for the 21st Century. Lanham, MD:
Roman and Littlefield, 2002. The moral questions surrounding food production, modification,
consumption, particularly their global impact upon ecosystems. The ongoing tension between
food biotechnologies and biodiversity, and some reasonable resolutions. Pence is in both the
School of Medicine and the Department of Philosophy at the University of Alabama. (v.13,#1)
Pendery, Bruce M. "Reforming Livestock Grazing on the Public Domain: Ecosystem
Management-Based Standards and Guidelines Blaze a New Path for Range Management,"
Environmental Law 27(no.2, 1997):513. In 1995, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
amended livestock grazing regulations on public lands based largely upon a final environmental
impact statement entitled Rangeland Reform '94. These amendments broke from the previous
method that had been traditionally used by the BLM for administering grazing permits by
establishing new administrative standards and guidelines that embrace some of the ecosystem
management-based standards published by the National Research Council. Pendery details the
rulemaking effort used to develop the new regulations, including a review of the legal history
behind public land grazing and summaries of the modern-day arguments between range
scientists, ranchers, and environmentalists. (v8,#3)
Pendleton, Scott, "US Pressures Shrimpers to Save Endangered Turtles," The Christian Science
Monitor 86 (2 August 1994): 3. (v5,#3)
Pendleton, Scott. "Balancing Politics and Plutonium." The Christian Science Monitor, 27 May
1994, p. 12. Some scientists predict that nuclear waste from the Integral Fast Reactor, when its
technology is fully engineered, will be more manageable than waste from conventional Light
Water Reactors. At issue is continued government funding to complete the new technology.
(v5,#2)
Pendleton, Scott. "No Vampires, These Bats Are Friends." The Christian Science Monitor, 5
July 1994, pp. 10-11. (v5,#2)
Pendleton, Scott. "Looking for Oil." The Christian Science Monitor, 20 June 1994, pp. 9-11.
New computer technology is finding overlooked oil and reviving drilling in Texas. (v5,#2)
Penney, James, "Land, Life and Death: The Bible and the Land in Brazil," Ecotheology No 1
(July 1996):53-60.
Penney, Jennifer, "Work in Progress," Alternatives 27(no. 1, Winter 2001):18- . Major unions in
Canada are pushing for a win-win scenario: jobs and environment. (v.12,#2)
Pennington, Mark, Review of Richard Gilbert, et al, Making Cities Work. Environmental Values
7(1998):492.
Pennisi, Elizabeth, "New Threat Seen from Carbon Dioxide," Science 279(1998):989. Increasing
atmospheric carbon dioxide is having an adverse effect on coral reefs. Even though these are
highly carbonate systems, they are more sensitive to minor shifts in the carbon in seawater,
influenced by carbon in the air, than previously thought. (v9,#1)
Pennisi, Elizabeth, "Brazil Wants Cut of Its Biological Bounty," Science 279(1998):1445. The
Brazilian Senate is trying to pass legislation to ensure that Brazil's citizens share in any profits
from crops or medicines derived from the biological wealth of the Amazon. But the legislators
are finding it difficult to be precise about who should benefit, who has rights to the biodiversity,
differentiating between scientific collecting and bioprospecting, and wondering whether such
legislation will stimulate or discourage bioprospecting. Lingering in memory is still-smoldering
anger from the early 1900's when rubber trees were transplanted to Southeast Asia, which the
Brazilians widely regarded as being stolen. (v9,#1)
Pennisi, Elizabeth, "ShakeUp to Proceed, but Conservation Center Stays Open," Science
292(2001):1034-1035. Grossman, Lev, "Mr. Small at the Smithsonian: Cutbacks in
Conservation," Time, May 8, 2001, p. 57. Lawrence Small, the new Secretary of the
Smithsonian, tried hard to close the Conservation Research Center (budget 5.2 million annually)
to save money, at the same time that he contined renting for the Zoo two pandas from the
Chinese (rental $ 10 million annually). He claimed the pandas are good publicity and help to
raise money for Smithsonian. Small is a banker appointed to revise Smithsonian finances;
previous secretaries have been scientists. His proposal provoked enormous protests from
conservation biologists, and he has relented, for the time being. (v.12,#2)
Pennisi, Elizabeth, "New Insect Order Speaks to Life's Diversity," Science 296(19 April
2002):445-446. A new species of insect has been discovered that is placed in a new order, the
first new insect order in almost a century. There are three known specimens from Tanzania and
Namibia, and, marvelously, a specimen preserved for 45 million years in amber. The new order
has been named Mantophasmatodea. The insects are carnivorous and stick-like. (v.13,#2)
Pennisi, Elizabeth, "A Shaggy Dog History," Science 298(22 November 2002):1540-1542. The
dog is better than primates at communication with humans. The origin(s) of the domestication of
dogs remains in dispute, probably in China, from a Chinese wolf. With several other articles in
this issue on the genetics and behaviors of dogs, a remarkably flexible species. (v.13,#4)
Pennisi, Elizabeth, "Social Animals Prove their Smarts," Science 312(23 June 2006):1734-1738.
A new generation of experiments reveals that group-living animals have a surprising degree of
intelligence. There has been ongoing debate about whether primates have a theory of mind.
New experiments suggest they know what other primates know and intend particularly when
food is involved, at least picking up behavioral cues. Nevertheless they lack the ability to realize
that another individual is thinking something wrong or that it has a false belief, which some
regard as a critical test of a theory of mind. Others think symbolic language is required for the
transmission of ideas from mind to mind. Meanwhile, scrub jays also notice who knows where
the food is hidden, and few think this requires a theory of mind. See Emery, N. J., and N. S.
Clayton, "Effects of Experience and Social Context on Prospective Caching by Scrub Jays,"
Nature 414(22 November 2001):443-446. So the debate about precursors of theory of mind in
animals continues.
Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Sorcerers of the Sea." Bioscience 46, no.4 (1996): 236. Making microbes
do our dirty work. (v7, #3)
Pennisi, Elizabeth. ADNA Study Forces Rethink of What It Means to Be a Gene.@ Science Vol.
316, no. 5831 (15 June 2007): 1556-57. Genes are more sprawling than once thought, with farflung protein-coding and regulatory regions that overlap with other genes. Only about 2% of the
human genome is protein-coding, but some 80% of the genes (once called Ajunk DNA@) are
expressed. The genome is super complex. One researcher (Thomas Gingeras) says this means
that Athe gene@ is no longer a useful concept. But Frances Collins, director of the Human
Genome Project, says that the gene Ais a concept that=s not going out of fashion@ and that Awe
have to be more thoughtful about it.@
Pennisi, Elizabeth. AU.S. Weighs Protection for Polar Bears.@ Science Vol. 315, no. 5808 (5
January 2007): 25. Polar bears are threatened by shrinking polar ice. Faced with a lawsuit by
the Center for Biological Diversity, Greenpeace, and National Resources Defense Council, the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has announced that it will decide within the next year whether to
list polar bears for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Pennock, David S., Dimmick, Walter W. "Critique of the Evolutionarily Significant Unit as a
Definition for `Distinct Population Segments' under the U.S. Endangered Species Act,
Conservation Biology 11(no.3, 1997):611. (v8,#2)
Pennock, Robert T. "Moral Darwinism: Ethical Evidence for the Descent of Man", Biology and
Philosophy 10(1995):287-307. Darwin's causal story of how the moral sense could develop out
of social instincts by evolutionary mechanisms of group selection. The form of utilitarianism
Darwin proposes involves a radical reduction of the standard of value to the concept of
biological fitness. This causal analysis, although a weakness from a normative standpoint, is a
strength when judged for its intended purpose as part of an evidential argument to confirm the
hypothesis of human descent. Pennock is in philosophy at the University of Texas.
Peña, Devon G. Mexican Americans and the Environment: Tierra y vida. Tucson: University of
Arizona Press, 2005. After beginning with an introduction to scientific and political ecology,
Peña presents an environmental history of Mexican-origin peoples in the US and Mexico and
shows how Norteño land use practices were eroded by the conquest of El Norte by the US. Peña
offers critiques of mainstream American environmentalism (natural resources conservation,
wilderness preservation, and professional environmentalism) and radical American
environmentalism (deep ecology, social ecology, ecofeminism, ecosocialism, and
bioregionalism) to develop an ecological politics of Mexican-origin peoples.
People and the Planet is a quarterly devoted to people-centered issues of population,
development and the environment. Worldwide Fund for Nature, forced to discontinue
publication of The New Road (on religion and environment), now co-sponsors People and the
Planet, along with IUCN, the World Conservation Union, the United Nations Population Fund,
and the International Planned Parenthood Foundation. Contact: John Rowley, editor, 1 Woburn
Walk, London WC1H 0JJ, UK. Fax 44 (country code) (0)71 (city code) 388 2398
Pepper, David, Eco-socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice. London and New York:
Routledge, 1993. Paper. 266 pages. Has concern for nature taken priority over our concern for
people? Must capitalism inevitably degrade environments and produce social injustice? How
can Marxist analysis improve the coherence of green politics? Pepper is in geography at Oxford
Brookes University. (v4,#3)
Pepper, David, Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 1996. 376
pages. Chapters: Defining Environmentalism. Some Fundamental Issues in Radical
Environmentalism. Pre-modern and Modern Ideas about Nature and Science: The Roots of
Technocentrism. Modern Roots of Ecocentrism. Postmodern Science and Ecocentrism:
Subjectivity, Ideology and the Critique of Classical Science. Ways Ahead. "Above all, a
historical and ideological perspective teaches us that there is no one, objective, monolithic truth
about society-nature/environment relationships, as some might have us believe. There are
different truths for different groups of people and with different ideologies. ... Each myth
functions as a cultural filter, so that adherents are predisposed to learn different things about the
environment and to construct different knowledges about it" (pp. 3-4). Pepper, having
introduced modern environmentalism, recommends a postmodern environmentalism. Of course,
postmodern environmentalism, like modern environmentalism, is just one more myth about the
way humans do and should relate to nature. Pepper is in geography at Oxford Brookes
University, Oxford, UK. (v7,#1)
Pepper, David, "Ecological Modernisation or the `Ideal Model' of Sustainable Development:
Questions Prompted at Europe's Periphery," Environmental politics 8 (No. 4, 1999 Winter): 1- .
(v.11,#4)
Pepper, David, ATensions and Dilemmas of Ecotopianism,@ Environmental Values 16(2007):
289-312. This paper examines some of many tensions associated with the utopian propensity
that underlies much thinking and action in radical environmentalism. They include the tensions
inherent within ecotopianism's approach to social change, its desire to embrace ecological
universals, its general propensity to face Janus-like in the direction of both modernity and
post-modernity, and its tendency towards a polarised stance on scale, and local and global issues.
These tensions create dilemmas that are not merely of academic interest: they have practical,
tactical and strategic implications, affecting the environmental movement's 'transgressive'
potential in the search for ecotopia. Pepper is in geography, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford,
UK.
Pepper, David. Eco-socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice: (London: Routledge, 1993).
Reviewed by James Meadowcroft in Environmental Values 4(1995):85-86. (EV)
Pepper, David. Eco-Socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice. Translator: Liu Ying.
(Jinan: Shandong University Press, 2005). (in Chinese)
Pepperberg, Irene Maxine, The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey
Parrots. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Alex is an African grey parrot,
bought in a pet shop. Taught some language, he can classify objects according to color and
substance, count up to six, understand the concepts of identity and difference, absence, and
relative size. He can recognize that objects continue to exist even when hidden. He has four
verbs: "want" (with variations), "go," "come here," and "tickle me." He can say "want corn" or
"want grape," and "wanna go chair." It is difficult to test whether Alex can do this only after and
because he has been taught language by social interaction with trainers (25 years of training),
although Pepperberg maintains that language training affects only the ease with which animals
can learn and not whether learning occurs. She takes considerable care not to overinterpret data,
and questions remain about how and how much learning takes place in the wild. Meanwhile,
bird-brained Alex is quite a talented bird! (EE v.12,#1)
Percesepe, Gary, ed., Introduction to Ethics: Personal and Social Responsibility in a Diverse
World. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995. Chapter 10 is "Ethics of Animals and the
Nonhuman Environment," with reprints from Thoreau, Bratton, Feinberg, Regan, Commoner,
Warren. (v9,#1)
Percival, Robert V., Alevizatos, Dorothy C., eds. Law and the Environment: A Multidisciplinary
Reader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. 464pp. $69.95 cloth, $29.95 paper. A
comprehensive examination of society's multidisciplinary response to the difficult challenges
posed by environmental problems. (v8,#1)
Percival, Robert V. and Dorothy Alevizatos. Law and the Environment: A Multidisciplinary
Reader. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press 1997. Review by Simon Sneddon,
Environmental Values 10(2001):127. (EV)
Percival, Robert V., and Alevizatos, Dorothy C., eds., Law and the Environment: A
Multidisciplinary Reader. Reviewed by Simon Sneddon, Environmental Values 10(2001):127.
Taylor, Prue, An Ecological Approach to International Law: Responding to Challenges of
Climate Change. Reviewed by Simon Sneddon, Environmental Values 10(2001):127. (EV)
Percival, Val, Homer-Dixon, Thomas. "Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case
of Rwanda," The Journal of Environment and Development 5(no.3, 1996):270. (v8,#2)
Perelman, Michael. "Myths of the Market: Economics and the Environment", Organization and
Environment, 16, (No. 2, 2003): 168-226. Adam Smith's farmworker paradox reflects the fact
that those who do the most essential work in society earn the least, just as his diamonds and
water paradox revolves around the low valuation that markets place on essential resources. This
article explores the perverse economic logic that leaves markets to run roughshod over both
humanity and nature, and examines how economists have either attempted to get to grips with, or
more commonly, tried to avoid or justify this phenomenon. Perelman is in economics at
California State University, Chico.
Peres, CA; Zimmerman, B, "Perils in Parks or Parks in Peril? Reconciling Conservation in
Amazonian Reserves with and without Use," Conservation Biology 15(no.3, 2001):793-797.
(v.12,#4)
Peres, Carlos A. et al (some 20 others), "Demographic Threats to the Sustainability of Brazil Nut
Exploitation," Science 302(19 December 2003):2112-2114. Overharvesting of Brazil nuts is
preventing many natural stands from reproducing, which is leading to ever older populations of
trees that could eventually cause the Brazil nut trade to crash. Brazil nut harvesting is a major
part of the rainforest economy and has been thought to be a sustainable way to prevent more
destructive activities such as ranching. Given the chance, Brazil nut trees can regenerate quite
well in the forest, but not at the current rate of harvesting. Accompanying commentary,
Stokstad, Erik, "Too Much Crunching on Rainforest Nuts?" Science 302(19 December
2003):2049.
Peretti, Jonah H., "Nativism and Nature: Rethinking Biological Invasion,"
Environmental Values 7 (1998): 183-192. The study of biological invasions raises troubling
scientific, political and moral issues that merit discussion and debate on a broad scale. Nativist
trends in Conservation Biology have made environmentalists biased against alien species. This
bias is scientifically questionable, and may have roots in xenophobic and racist attitudes.
Rethinking conservationists' conceptions of biological invasion is essential to the development of
a progressive environmental science, politics, and philosophy. KEYWORDS: conservation,
biological invasion, native, alien. Jonah H. Peretti is at University of California at Santa Cruz.
(EV)
Perfecto, Ivette; Rice, Robert A.; and Van Der Voort, Martha E. "Shade Coffee: A Disappearing
Refuge for Biodiversity." Bioscience 46, no.8 (1996): 598. Shade coffee plantations can contain
as much biodiversity as forest habitats. (v7, #3)
Pergams, Oliver R. W., and Patricia A. Zaradic. AEvidence for a Fundamental and Pervasive
Shift away from Nature-based Recreation.@ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(PNAS), PNAS Early Edition (2008). Available online at:
<www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0709893105>. After fifty years of steady increase in per
capita visits to natural parks, such as US national parks, visits have declined since 1987, with a
cumulative downturn of 18% to 25%. There are similar trends in Japan. The downturn is in
camping, hunting, and fishing, although not in hiking and backpacking. Other studies show that
interest in conserving nature and environmentally responsible behavior correlate highly with
direct contact with the natural environment, so declining nature participation has crucial
implications for current conservation efforts. The authors suggest that a major cause is
Avideophilia@ (increased electronic media/internet use). Pergams is in biology at the University
of Illinois; Zaradic is in the Environmental Leadership Program at Bryn Mawr College.
Pergams, Oliver R.W., and Patricia A. Zaradic. AEvidence for a Fundamental and Pervasive
Shift away from Nature-Based Recreation.@ Proceedings of the National Academies of Science
Vol. 105, no. 7 (2008): 2295-2300. There is a general downward trend in nature recreation. Per
capita visits to US national parks increased for fifty years prior to 1987, and have declined since.
The authors examine this and similar data. Such a downturn will, they predict, lower interest in
respect for and valuing of nature, and lower interest in conservation. They do find that hiking
and backpacking increased, but consider this a small percent of the overall total, including park
visits, hunting, fishing, bird-watching and more. See ANature-based Outdoor Recreation Trends
and Wilderness@ by H. Ken Cordell, Carter J. Betz, and Gary T. Green (International Journal of
Wilderness Vol. 14, no. 2 (2008): 7-9, 13).
Perhac, Jr., Ralph M. "Environmental Justice: The Issue of Disproportionality." Environmental
Ethics 21(1999):81-92. It is widely held that environmental risks which are distributed unequally
along racial or socioeconomic lines are necessarily distributed unjustly. While disproportionality
may result from the perpetration of procedural injustices: what might be termed environmental
racism, the question I am concerned with is whether disproportionality, in and of itself,
constitutes injustice. I examine this question from the perspective of three prominent theories of
justice that largely capture the range of our intuitions about fairness and justice: utilitarianism,
natural rights theory, and (Rawlsian) contractarianism. While each of these theories provides
clear grounds for objecting to the imposition of risk on individuals without their consent, none
provides grounds for thinking that eliminating disproportionalities along racial or socioeconomic
lines, in and of itself, is called for as a matter of justice. As a result, I suggest that the concern of
environmental justice should lie with identifying (and protecting) those at greatest risk, rather
than identifying correlations between average risk levels and morally arbitrary characteristics
possessed by individuals, such as race or socioeconomic status. (EE)
Perkins, Ellie. "Building Communities to Limit Trade: Following the Example of Women's
Initiatives," Alternatives 22(no.1, Jan. 1996):10- . Building strong communities depends
heavily on economic roles often filled by women and on approaches that women have been
foremost in expounding and exemplifying. (v6,#4)
Perkins, John H. Review of Nature Wars: People vs. Pests. By Mark L. Winston. Environmental
Ethics 21(1999):221-222.
Perkins, John H. Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 400pp. $60. Explores the political ecology of wheat
breeding in developed countries such as the U.S., India, Britain, and Mexico. Through a detailed
study of the history of the Green Revolution, this work stimulates questions about the
sustainability of agriculture and the future of human population growth. (v8,#1)
Perkins, John H. Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War.
Reviewed by Christian Hunold. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):195-197.
Perkins, John, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. San Francisco: Berett-Koelher, 2004. The
author worked for decades promoting the interests of corporations in developing countries,
increasingly to recognize that he was really an "economic hit man," part of an imperialist
capitalist corporate machine, ripping off those in the lesser developed countries.
Perkins, Matthew, "The Federal Indian Trust Doctrine and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection
Act: Could Application of the Doctrine Alter the Outcome in U.S. v. Hugs?" Environmental law
30(no. 3, 2000):701- . The Ninth Circuit's recent affirmation of the criminal convictions of
Frank and William Hugs, members of the Crow Indian Tribe, for violating the Bald and Golden
Eagle Protection Act even though the tribe members claimed their actions were protected by the
First Amendment's free exercise of religion. Outlines the history of Native American religious
rights and suggests that the federal Indian Trust Doctrine is a viable basis upon which Native
American religious freedom arguments may be asserted. (v.12,#2)
Perlin, John, A Forest Journey: The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization. New
York: W. W. Norton, 1989. 445 pages, $ 26.95. Without forests, there would have been no
civilization. Wood provided the principal fuel and building material for nearly every society
from the Bronze Age to the 19th century. But civilization has always meant the death of forests,
nearly always to the detriment of the civilization destroying its forests. (v1,#4)
Perlman, Dan L., Adelson, Glenn. Biodiversity: Exploring Values and Priorities in
Conservation. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc., 1997. 208pp. $36.95. The questions
scientists and policy makers must address when assessing and making policy that influences the
diversity of life forms. The aim is to cover the basic modular, statistical, and theoretical
approaches to the subject while exploring the applications of these approaches through case
studies. (v8,#1)
Perreault, Melanie. Review of African American Environmental Thought: Foundations. By
Kimberly K. Smith. Environmental Ethics 30(2008):435-436. (EE)
Perrett, Roy W. "Indigenous Rights and Environmental Justice." Environmental Ethics
20(1998):377-91. The modern environmental movement has a tradition of respect for
indigenous cultures and many environmentalists believe that there are important ecological
lessons to be learned from studying the traditional life styles of indigenous peoples. More
recently, however, some environmentalists have become more sceptical. This scepticism has
been sharpened by current concerns with the cause of indigenous rights. Indigenous peoples
have repeatedly insisted on their rights to pursue traditional practices or to develop their lands,
even when the exercise of these rights has implications in conflict with environmentalist values.
These conflicts highlight some important questions in environmental ethics, particularly about
the degree to which global environmental justice should be constrained by the recognition of
indigenous rights. I explore some of these issues and argue for the relevance of the "capability
approach" to environmental justice. Perrett is in philosophy, Massey University, Palmerston
North, New Zealand. (EE)
Perrings, C. Economics of Ecological Resources: Selected Essays. Cheletenham: Edward Elgar,
1997. Review by Clive Spash, Environmental Values 10(2001):125. (EV)
Perrings, Charles, Williamson, Mark, and Salmazzone, Silvana, eds., The Economics of
Biological Invasions. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000. Reviewed by Edwards-Jones,
Gareth, Environmental Values 12(2003):138-140. (EV)
Perrings, Charles; Maler, Karl-Goran; Folke, Carl; Holling, C.S.; and Jansson, Bengt-Owe, eds.
Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1996. 348 pages. $54.95 cloth. The findings of a research program that brought together
economists and ecologists to consider the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss. The
main cause is incentives that encourage resource users to ignore the effects of their actions. (v7,
#3)
Perrow, Martin R., and Davy, Anthony J., eds., Handbook of Ecological Restoration. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2002. A survey, with some attention to policy and ethics. The
authors are at University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. (v.13,#4)
Perry, Brian, and Keith Sones. APoverty Reduction Through Animal Health.@ Science Vol. 315,
no. 5810 (19 January 2007): 333-34. The global community needs to give greater thought and
investment to building scientific capacity in animal health research within developing countries.
Animal diseases severely constrain livestock enterprises in developing countries and are not
being given the attention they deserve.
Perry, Clifton. "We Are What We Eat." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):341-50. If it is immoral
to raise animals for the purpose of eating during a period of food scarcity because the process of
changing grain protein to animal protein is wasteful then it is surely immoral to waste animal
protein which was not raised for the purpose of eating, but which could nevertheless be eaten
during periods of food scarcity. Therefore, it is immoral not to eat human carrion during periods
of food scarcity. Perry is in the philosophy Department, San Jose State University, San Jose,
CA. (EE)
Perry, David A. Forest Ecosystems. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 500 pp.
Cloth, $80.00. Paper, $50.00. Twenty-three chapters in comprehensive survey of the structure
and functioning of forest ecosystems worldwide: temperate, tropical, and boreal. Climatic
influences on the distribution of forests and how global warming might shift that. Forest
dynamics, biological diversity, soils. Primary productivity, nutrient cycling, herbivory,
ecosystem stability, and factors contributing to ecosystem collapse, such as acid rain and
mismanagement. Principles of sustainable forest management. Perhaps the most outstanding
work on forest ecosystems in print. Perry is in ecosystem studies at Oregon State University.
(v6,#1)
Perry, Gregory M., and Pope, C. Arden, "Environmental Polarization and the Use of Old-Growth
Forests in the Pacific Northwest," Journal of Environmental Management 44(1995):385-397.
The allocation of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest comes not from orderly market
processes, but from chaotic and polarized political and legal conflicts. Analysis of the economic
factors of polarization, of differences in environmental ethics regarding old-growth forests, and
differences in time preferences. Resolving the debate over old-growth forests will be extremely
difficult. Perry is in Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University. Pope is at
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. (v.10,#1)
Perry, James. Water Quality: Management of a Natural Resource. Malden, MA: Blackwell
Science, Inc., 1996. 656pp. $64.95. A multi-disciplinary approach to the study of water by
building on the foundations of water chemistry and hydrology and expanding to cover subjects
such as preservation and biological diversity and ecosystem integrity, public health standards,
international waterways and policy, and the preservation of water resources. (v8,#1)
Persson, Torsten, Miljökunskap (The Study of the Environment). Lund: Studentlittertur, 1994.
In Swedish. "A number of environmental issues can be defined in terms of natural sciences but
ultimately it is a question of morality and ethics. What right have human beings to exploit nature
in a way which leads to the extinction of other species?" (p. 10). Prepared as a student text,
though subsequently with little discussion of environmental ethics. (v.12,#4)
Perz, Stephen, Robert Walker, Robert, and Marcellus Caldas. ABeyond Population and
Environment: Household Demographic Life Cycles and Land Use Allocation Among Small
Farms in the Amazon.@ Human Ecology Vol. 34, no. 6 (2006): 829-49.
Peter, Kenneth B. "Jefferson and the Independence of Generations." Thomas Jefferson's
argument against long-term debt and his theory of usufruct are used to show why each
generation is obligated to protect the independence of future generations. This argument forms
the theory of "Jeffersonian generational independence." The theory has wide implications for the
environmental movement because most environmental problems result in limitations on the
liberty of future generations. I compare and defend Jeffersonian generational independence from
two alternatives including the investment theory raised by James Madison and the problem of
generational interdependence raised by John Passmore or Edmund Burke. When the obligation to
protect the independence of future generations is taken seriously, liberalism can no longer
reasonably be used to defend environmental exploitation, since such exploitation amounts to an
attack on the liberty and independence which form its core values. Environmmental Ethics
24(2002):371-387. (EE)
Peterken, George F., Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate
Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. A rationale and practice for woodland
nature conservation and management. An account that is expectedly well informed scientifically,
but is also surprisingly philosophically sophisticated about to what extent woods in Britain and in
the United States can be considered "natural" in the light of various degrees of human influence,
management, restoration. The book starts with an analysis of "the concept of naturalness,"
distinguishing (1) original-naturalness, (2) present-naturalness, (3) past-naturalness, (4) potential
naturalness, and (5) future naturalness. Many woods are in a limbo between various qualities of
naturalness. North America has forests with all these elements; such a forest would be rare in
Europe. "It is more useful to regard naturalness as a continuous variable, ranging from
completely natural (100% natural) to completely artificial (0% natural). In some cases such
measures have to be differently applied in different parts of the same forest. An eight-point scale
for past-natural woodlands with three differing systems of management. The importance of time
lapse since the last management at various levels.
Selected studies in particular temperate and boreal forests, for example, the Joyce Kilmer
Memorial Forest in North Carolina and the Bialowieza Forest, Poland. Indian influences on
North American forests. (The records are equivocal; some U.S. forests were less "natural" than
ecologists initially supposed. At the same time, though "the Indians certainly burned woodland
close to home, elsewhere they merely augmented the naturally low frequency of lightning strike
fires. Considerable areas of essentially natural forests thus awaited the European settlers" (p. 52).
And much more. Peterken has served with various conservancy groups in the UK, such as the
Nature Conservancy Council and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (v.14, #4)
Peters, Debra; et al., "Integrating Patch and Boundary Dynamics to Understand and Predict
Biotic Transitions at Multiple Scales," Landscape Ecology 21 (no.1, January 2006): 19-33 (15).
Peters, Joe, "Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP)
Approach: Observations From the Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar," Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1998):17-47. ABSTRACT. Preservation of the
biological diversity and ecosystems in protected areas can be achieved through projects linking
conservation of the protected areas. with improved standards of living for resident peoples within
surrounding buffer zones. This is the hypothetical claim of the integrated conservation and
development project (ICDP) approach to protected area management. This paper, based on
several years of experience with the Ranomafana National Park Project in Madagascar, questions
the major assumptions of this approach from ethical and practical perspectives. The four basic
strategies available to lCDPs: protected areas, buffer zones, compensation, and economic
development, are analyzed and shown to be deficient or untested in the case of Ranomafana.
Recommendations are made to explore conservation models other than the western conception of
the national park, to modify the notion of a buffer zone outside the protected area, to redistribute
money or other resources directly to the poor people living in and around the protected areas, and
to eliminate the middle men in the development business. An appeal is made to focus on local
education, organization and discipline in order to promote self-determination and self-reliance
among resident peoples of protected areas. The paper argues that a public works program, similar
to the Roosevelt administration's Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s, funded through a
hard-currency endowment or other innovative financing mechanism, should be tried as a
replacement for the currently questionable lCDP approach at Ranomafana. KEY WORDS:
biodiversity, buffer zone, conservation, development, ethics, international aid, Madagascar,
national parks, protected areas, slash-and-burn. (JAEE)
Peters, Joe. "Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP)
Approach: Observations from the Ranornafana National Park Project, Madagascar. Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):17-47. (JAEE)
Peters, Karl E., "Humanity in Nature: Conserving Yet Creating." Zygon 24 (1989): 469-485. An
argument based on the philosophy of cosmic evolution against the dominant human-nature
dualism of Western thought. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Peters, Karl E., Dancing with the Sacred: Evolution, Ecology, and God. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity
Press International, 2002. A naturalistic, nonpersonal model of God, based on evolution and
ecology. God is a process: one aspect is the emergence of new possibilities in nature, human
history, and personal living; the other is the selection of some of these possibilities to continue.
The creative process is like a sacred dance. A contemporary creative struggle is to find ways of
living harmoniously with the rest of life on our ever-changing planet, otherwise we may degrade
and destroy the creative sacred process. Peters taught religion and philosophy, including
environmental ethics, at Rollins College, Winter Park, FL; he is now emeritus. (v.13,#4)
Peters, Rebecca Todd, In Search of the Good Life: The Ethics of Globalization. Continuum,
2005.
Peters, Robert H., A Critique for Ecology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 366
pages. $ 30.00 paper. Argues that much of ecology cannot be science because ecology often
provides no information or information of such poor quality that it can only be soft science. If
ecology and environmental science are to meet the needs of the present decade and next
millennium, researchers will need far more acute critical abilities than they have yet
demonstrated. Ecologists have minimized the importance of predictive power in assessing
scientific quality. Instead, they offer logical rationalization, historical explanation and
mechanistic understanding, and fall prey to numerous failings that confound any assessment of
the science. Predictions are often vague, inaccurate, qualitative, subjective, and inconsequential.
But ecology can be effective and informative, and predictive ecology is already a reality in
autecology, community ecology, limnology and ecotoxicology. A controversial book, about
which the Cambridge editors themselves were much divided. Peters is in biology at McGill
University, Montreal. (v5,#3)
Peters, Ted, ed. Genetics: Issues of Social Justice. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 1998. 262
pages. Moral and social aspects of genetics, including the human genome project and genetic
engineering. (v9,#1)
Petersen, David, ed. A Hunter's Heart, Honest Essays on Blood Sport. New York: Henry Holt,
1997. 331 pages. $ 25.00. Conflicting sides on the issues. Contains, among several dozen
contributions and extracts:
--Beck, Tom, "A Failure of the Spirit" (pp. 200-209), on the use of bait and dogs to hunt bears, a
practice that is illegal in many states.
--Carter, Jimmy, "A Childhood Outdoors" (pp. 35-46)
--Causey, Ann S., "Is Hunting Ethical?" (pp. 80-89)
--Wallace, George N., "If Elk Would Scream" (pp. 96-101)
--Posewitz, Jim, "The Hunter's Spirit" (pp. 136-142)
--Abbey, Edward, "Blood Sport" (pp. 11-16)
and many more. (v8,#1)
Petersen, David, ed., A Hunter's Heart: Honest Essays on Blood Sport. New York: Henry Holt
and Co., 1996. Among the contributors: Richard K. Nelson, Edward Abbey, Jimmy Carter,
Terry Tempest williams, Ann S. Causey, George N. Wallace, Mary Zeiss Stange, Stephen Bodio,
Ted Kerasote, Jim Posewitz, and others. (v.11,#3)
Petersen, Shannon. "Congress and Charismatic Megafauna: A Legislative History of the
Endangered Species Act." Environmental Law 29(No. 2, 1999):463- . When Congress
overwhelmingly passed the Endangered Species Act in 1973, it failed to anticipate that the Act
would become one of the strongest and most comprehensive of environmental laws. Instead,
most in Congress believed the Act would apply modest restrictions primarily to protect
charismatic megafauna representative of our national heritage, like bald eagles, bison, and
grizzly bears. (v10,#4)
Peterson, Anna L. Being Human: Ethics, Environment, and Our Place in Nature. Reviewed in
Environmental Ethics 25(2003):199-202. (EE)
Peterson, Anna L. Review of Christianity and Ecology: Seeking the Well-Being of Earth and
Humans. Edited by Dieter T. Hessel and Rosemary Radford Ruether. Environmmental Ethics
24(2002):105-108. (EE)
Peterson, Anna L., Being Human: Ethics, Environment, and Our Place in the World. Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press, 2001. Some chapters: Not of this world: Human
exceptionalism in Western traditions. The social construction of nature and human nature. The
relational self: Asian views of nature and human nature. Persons and nature in Native American
worldviews. Relationships, stories, and feminist ethics. Evolution, ecology and ethics. In and
of the world: Toward a chastened constructivist anthropology. Different natures. Peterson is in
religion at the University of Florida, Gainesville. (v.12,#2)
Peterson, Anna L., Being Human. Ethics, Environment, and Our Place in the World. Reviewed
by Lijmbach, Susanne. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):409-415.
(JAEE)
Peterson, Anna L. Review of David Landis Barnhill and Roger S. Gottlieb, eds. Deep Ecology
and World Religions: New Essays on Sacred Ground. Environmental Ethics 25(2003):215-219.
(EE)
Peterson, Anna L. Review of Living with Nature: Environmental Politics as Cultural Discourse.
Edited by Frank Fischer and Maarten A. Hajer. Environmental Ethics 23(2001):103-106. (EE)
Peterson, Anna L. Book Review of Nature, God and Humanity: Envisioning an Ethics of
Nature. By Richard L. Fern. Environmental Ethics 26(2004):221-222. (EE)
Peterson, Anna L. Review of Environmental Ethics, Ecological Theology and Natural Selection.
By Lisa H. Sideris. Environmental Ethics 27 (2005):217-220.
Peterson, Anna L. "Toward a Materialist Environmental Ethic." Environmental Ethics
28(2006):375-393. Environmental ethics has been dominated by an idealist logic that limits its
positive impact on the natural world about which environmental philosophers care deeply.
Environmental ethicists need to alter the ways we think and talk about what we value and the
relations among ideas, values, and actions. Drawing on the sociology of religion and Marxian
philosophy among other sources, a new approach may increase our understanding of how ideas
are lived out and how we might increase the impact of our ideas about the value of nature. (EE)
Peterson, Anna L. Review of Religion and the New Ecology: Environmental Responsibility in a
World in Flux. Environmental Ethics 29(2007):439-440. (EE)
Peterson, Anna, Review of Donna J. Haraway, When Species Meet (Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 2008). Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008):609-611.
Peterson, Anna, Reviews of Roger Gottlieb, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) and Roger Gottlieb, A Greener Faith: Religious
Environmentalism and Our Planet=s Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008):607-608.
Peterson, Anna. "Environmental Ethics and the Social Construction of Nature." Environmental
Ethics 21(1999):339-357. Nature can be understood as socially constructed in two senses: in
different cultures' interpretations of the nonhuman world and in the physical ways that humans
have shaped even areas that they think of as "natural." Both understandings are important for
environmental ethics insofar as they highlight the diversity of ways of viewing and living in
nature. However, strong versions of the social constructionist argument contend that there is no
"nature" apart from human discourse and practices. This claim is problematic both logically,
insofar as it fails to deconstruct the notion of culture, and ethically, insofar as it categorically
privileges human activities and traits. (EE)
Peterson, Anna. Review of Frans de Waal, Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in
Humans and Other Animals. Environmental Ethics 20(1998):437-40.
Peterson, C. H. and Bishop, M. J., "Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Beach
Nourishment," Bioscience 55(no. 10, October 2005): 887-896. With sea levels rising under
global warming, dredge and fill programs are increasingly employed to protect coastal
development from shoreline erosion. Such beach "nourishment" can bury shallow reefs and
degrade other beach habitats, depressing nesting in sea turtles and reducing the densities of
invertebrate prey for shorebirds, surf fishes, and crabs. Despite decades of agency mandated
monitoring at great expense, much uncertainty about the biological impacts of beach
nourishment nonetheless exists. Monitoring results are rarely used to scale mitigation to
compensate for injured resources. Reform of agency practices is urgently needed as the risk of
cumulative impacts grows.
Peterson, Courtney, A Comparison of the Environmental Rhetoric of Dave Foreman, Earth
First!, and Lois Marie Gibbs, Love Canal. M.A. thesis in the Department of Speech
Communication, Colorado State University, Spring 1998. A study in what makes rhetorical
strategies work for environmental activists. Both figures are effective activists; their differences
are found in philosophy and gender. The advisor was Professor Cindy L. Griffin. (v9,#2)
Peterson, D., and Goodall, J., Visions of Caliban: On Chimpanzees and People. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993.
Peterson, D. J., Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction. Boulder,
CO: Westview Press, 1993. 276 pages. Paper. "Objectively describes the terrible environmental degradation on one-sixth of the earth's surface. This is the most reliable and weighty report
available about the environment in the former Soviet Union. It should be read by all who are
interested in global environmental problems" -- Aleksei Yablokov, Russian State Counsellor for
Ecology and Public Health. Peterson is a fellow at the RAND/UCLA Center for Soviet Studies
in Santa Monica, CA. (v4,#4)
Peterson, Dale. Jane Goodall: The Woman who Redefined Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
2006. This book is reviewed by Meredith F. Small in AFrom Gombe to the World,@ Science
Vol. 315, no. 5818 (16 March 2007): 1498-99). Peterson is in English at Tufts University.
Peterson, David L. and Darryl R. Johnson, Eds. Human Ecology and Climate Change: People
and Resources in the Far North. Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1995. How global climate
change might alter the face of the northern regions of North America during the next century.
With a multidisciplinary team of contributors, the chapters cover meteorology, climate modeling,
wildlife biology, human ecology, and resource management, and take an objective look into the
future of natural resources and human populations in this region. (v7,#1)
Peterson, David L. and V. Thomas Parker, eds. Ecological Scale: Theory and Applications.
New York: Columbia University Press 1998. Reviewed by Jon Loverr. Environmental Values
9(2000):261.
Peterson, David. Heartsblood: Hunting, Spirituality, and Wildness in
America. Review by Gene Wunderlich, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
10(2001):354-358. (JAEE)
Peterson del Mar, David. Environmentalism. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd, 2006.
Peterson del Mar examines the history of environmentalism as conservation and preservation
movements and other forms of nature-loving. He argues that environmentalism has distracted us
from creating a sensible and sustainable relationship with the environment.
Peterson del Mar, David. Environmentalism. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd, 2006.
Peterson del Mar examines the history of environmentalism as conservation and preservation
movements and other forms of nature-loving. He argues that environmentalism has distracted us
from creating a sensible and sustainable relationship with the environment.
Peterson, E. Wesley, "Time Preference, the Environment and the Interests of Future
Generations", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):107-126. The behavior
of individuals currently living will generally have long-term consequences that affect the wellbeing of those who will come to live in the future. Intergenerational interdependencies of this
nature raise difficult moral issues because only the current generation is in a position to decide
on actions that will determine the nature of the world in which future generations will live. The
writings of both economists and philosophers concerned with the weight to attach to the interest
of future generations are reviewed and evaluated in this paper and the implications for
environmental policy are discussed. Peterson is in agricultural economics at the University of
Nebraska, Lincoln.
Peterson, Jonathan W., and Bouma-Prediger, Steven, "Ethical Analysis of Risk-based
Environmental Cleanup," Proteus: A Journal of Ideas 15(no. 2, 1998):19-24. An analysis of
RBCA, Risk Based Corrective Action, whereby only those sites that pose a significant risk to
human health and the environment undergo active remediation, since there are "too many sites,
too few dollars." RBCA has a number of important ethical assumptions involving distributive
justice. Application to a leaking gasoline tank in a western Michigan town. "We conclude that
RBCA is the most effective approach only if the ethical decision-making is based on the needs of
the moral patients and if those needs are equally weighted. RBCA is ineffective and
inappropriate if agency decisions regarding environmental cleanup are based solely on the merits
of the moral players" (p. 23). Peterson is in Geological and Environmental Sciences, BoumaPrediger in Religion, Hope College, Holland MI.
Peterson, Kaja. Nature Conservation in Estonia. Tallin, Huma Press, 1994. 48 pp. National
parks, nature reserves, landscape reserves, mire reserves, ornithological reserves, botanical
reserves, botanical-zoological reserves, geological reserves, nature parks and program areas.
(v7,#4)
Peterson, Markus J., and Peterson, Tarla Rai, "Ecology: Scientific, Deep and Feminist,"
Environmental Values 5(1996):123-146. The application of hierarchy theory to ecological
systems presents those who seek a radical change in human perspectives toward nature with a
unique window of opportunity. Because hierarchy theory has enabled scientific ecologists to
discover that the window through which one chooses to observe a system influences its reality,
they may now be more amenable to including the perspectives of deep and feminist ecologists
into their self-definition. A synergy between deep, feminist, and scientific ecology could
improve environmental policy by encouraging more ecofeminists to encompass the
marginalisation of nonhuman life-forms within the ethic of care, more deep ecologists to
encompass the issues of overconsumption and militarisation within the anthropocentricbiocentric polarity, and more scientific ecologists to scrutinise the politics behind their
investigations. KEYWORDS: Communication, deep ecology, ecofeminism, environmental
policy, scientific ecology. (EV)
Peterson, Markus J. and Tarla Rai Peterson, "A Rhetorical Critique of `Nonmarket' Economic
Valuations for Natural Resources." Environmental Values Vol.2 No.1(1993):47-66.
ABSTRACT: Various `nonmarket' economic valuation methods have been used to compute
`total' value of nonmarketed natural resources and related recreation. We first outline the history
of these valuation techniques and use the Exxon Valdez disaster response and the valuation of
whooping cranes, an endangered species, as examples of how these tools can constrain policy.
We then explain how, by excluding non-economic social spheres, economic valuation techniques
produce a terministic screen that deforms policy makers' vision of the ecological problems faced
by society. Using Luhmann's functionalist social theory, we demonstrate that when natural
resource managers privilege economic motives, they trivialize other social functions such as
education, politics, religion and law. This process presents a significant ethical dilemma for
democracies by first naturalizing, then ethicizing, existing patterns of domination.
KEYWORDS: Environmental ethics, functionalism, natural resources, nonmarket economic
valuation, rhetorical criticism, wildlife. Markus: Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences,
Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2258, USA. Tarla: Department of
Speech Communication and Theatre Arts, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
77843-4234, USA.
Peterson, Richard B. Conversations in the Rainforest: Culture, Values, and the Environment in
Central Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Perseus Books Group 2000. (v.12,#2)
Peterson, Rolf O., The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance. Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek
Press, 1995. 190 pages. Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, is the site of the longest running study
(35 years) of any mammal on the planet, and here is the story by a wildlife biologist who has
been there 25 of those years. The wolf population is now at the lowest recorded level. (v7,#1)
Peterson, Russell W., Patriots. Stand Up!: This Land Is Our Land; Fight to Take it Back.
Wilmington, DL: Cedar Tree Publishing, 2003. A devastating indictment of the Bush
administration by a former Republican governor of Delaware, former head of the Office of
Technology Assessment, former high official of both the Nixon and Ford administration, and a
former President of the Audubon Society. (v. 15, # 3)
Peterson, Tarla Rai and Horton, Cristi Choat, "Rooted in the Soil: How Understanding the
Perspectives of Landowners Can Enhance the Management of Environmental Disputes," The
Quarterly Journal of Speech 81(1995):139-166. The need to include the perspective of ranchers
in environmental disputes, specifically the dispute over the endangered golden-cheeked warbler
and its habitat. "Public discourse must enable divergent versions of collective identity to
emerge," and, in the case of the warbler, these versions of collective identity provided by the
ranchers and the environmentalists must be acknowledged and integrated if the warbler is to
survive. (v.8,#4)
Peterson, Tarla Rai, "The Meek Shall Inherit the Mountains: Dramatistic Criticism of Grand
Teton Nation Park's Interpretive Program," Central States Speech Journal 39(no. 2, 1988):121133. The author finds that Christian myths were used, effectively, in Grand Teton National Park
interpretation. (v.8,#4)
Peterson, Tarla Rai, Review of C.G. Herndl and S.C. Brown, Green Culture. Environmental
Values 7(1998):362.
Peterson, Tarla-Rai, Sharing the Earth: The Rhetoric of Sustainable Development. Columbia,
SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 240 pages. $ 30.00. (v9,#2)
Petrinovich, Lewis, Darwinian Dominion: Animal Welfare and Human Interests. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 1998. 448 pages. Humans have a set of cognitive abilities, developing from a
suite of emotional attachments, that make them unique among species. Although other animals
can think, suffer, and have needs, the interests of members of the human species should triumph
over comparable interests of members of other species. Animal liberation, morality and animal
research, the eating of animals, keeping animals in zoos and as pets, the importance of
biodiversity. The main issues and principles governing the resolution of animal/human
interactions and tradeoffs. (v.10,#1)
Petrucci, Mario. "Population: Time-Bomb or Smoke-Screen?" Environmental Values
9(2000):325-352. Abstract: `Overpopulation' is often implicated as a major causative factor of
poverty and environmental degradation in the developing world. This review of the populationresource debate focusses on Red, Green and neo-Malthusian ideologies to demonstrate how they
have ramified into current economic and development theory. A central hypothesis is that key
elements of Marxist analysis, tempered by the best of Green thought, still have much to offer the
subject. The contributions of capitalism to `underdevelopment', and its associated environmental
crises, are clarified and reasserted in a contemporary context. The concept of valuation vector is
also introduced, and a novel closure of Blaikie's `Chain of Explanation' is proposed. The Circuit
of Capital model thus created is applied to specific case-studies of resource-population conflict
so as to overturn the simplistic conventional connection held between population growth and
ecological devastation. The model highlights sequential causes of poverty arising from important
capital-based factors which might otherwise be overlooked. It can accommodate a variety of
Red-Green perspectives and its structural form is suited to the unravelling of complex
population-resource pressures in the multi-dimensional space of the modern global political
economy. KEYWORDS: Population, environment, Marxism, Green, Circuit of Capital,
valuation vector. Petrucci is at ?? (University College London), 79 Lincoln Crescent, Bush Hill
Park, Enfield, Middlesex EN1 1JZ. (EV)
Petsonk, Annie, Silverthorne, Katherine. "The Relevance of the UN Climate Treaty for U.S.
Environmental Lawyers," Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 3(no.3, Nov. 1995):4- .
Results of the Climate Conference sponsored by the UN and its relevance for environmental law
practitioners. (v6,#4)
Petts, Geoffrey, Calow, Peter, eds. River Restoration. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc.,
1995. 232pp. $49.95. Fifteen UK and overseas experts contribute, covering the nature of rivers,
river pollution, biological water quality assessment, water quality control, flow-allocation
management and environmentally sensitive engineering. (v8,#1)
Pettus, Ashley, "A Taste for Extinction," Harvard Magazine 107(no. 6, July/August 2004):13-14.
Madagascar's 69 primates are all endemic, and all endangered, along with many other animals.
Christopher Golden, a Harvard undergraduate, has done research to find that eating bushmeat is a
major contribution to their decline, in addition to deforestation. They even eat the indri, a
primate considered sacred because it is believed to be their ancestor, and they may eat it not only
because they are hungry but to increase their prestige. They also kill and eat the fosa, the island's
largest predator, and the aye-aye, a lemur, which are superstitiously considered to bring evil on
children and the elderly.
Petulla, Joseph M. American Environmentalism: Values, Tactics, Priorities. Reviewed in
Environmental Ethics 3(1981):375-76.
Petulla, Joseph M., "Objectivist and Relativist Science and Environmentalism," Philosophical
Inquiry 11 (nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1989):17-27. Objectivist and relativist assumption of
scientific and popular writings need to be clarified by their interpreters. Scientific knowledge is
commonly used by conflicting interest groups for a confusing array of political reasons in
advocacy causes. It would be better to state one's commitment and evidence than to appeal to
universal laws or principles of ecology or economics. Petulla is with the Environmental
Management Graduate Program, University of San Francisco.
Peverelli, Roberto, "Un'etica della terra. La riflessione filosofica di Holmes Rolston, III [The
Land Ethic: Philosophical Reflections of Holmes Rolston, III], Aut Aut: rivista di folosofia e di
cultura, Issue 316-317, July-October, 2003, pages 116-138. In Italian. This issue also contains
"Il fiume di vita: passato, presente e futuro," pages 139-144. a translation of Rolston's "The River
of Life: Past, Present, and Future," [originally in Ernest Partridge, ed., Responsibilities to Future
Generations (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1981), pp. 123-132].
Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, Final Report, 2008. Putting Meat on
the Table: Industrial Farm Animal; Production in America. Available online at:
<http://www.ncifap.org>. This is a major report following a two and a half year study that
concludes that industrial farm animal production as currently practiced poses unacceptable risks
to public health, environmental safety and quality, and the welfare of the animals. The negative
evidence is too great, and the scientific evidence is too strong to ignore. One of the major
consultants on ethical issues was Bernard Rollin in the Department of Philosophy at Colorado
State University.
Pezzey, John, "Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary Guide." Environmental Values Vol.1
No.4(1992):321-362. ABSTRACT: A definition of sustainability as maintaining `utility' (average
human wellbeing) over the very long term future is used to build ideas from physics, ecology,
evolutionary biology, anthropology, history, philosophy, economics and psychology, into a
coherent, interdisciplinary analysis of the potential for sustaining industrial civilization. This
potential is highly uncertain, because it is hard to know how long the `technology treadmill' of
substituting accumulated tools and knowledge for declining natural resource inputs to
production, can continue. Policies to make the treadmill work more efficiently, by controlling its
pervasive environmental, social and psychological external costs, and policies to control
population, will help to realize this potential. Unprecedented levels of global cooperation,
among very unequal nations, will be essential for many of these policies to work effectively.
Even then, tougher action may be required, motivated by an explicit moral concern for
sustainability. An evolutionary analysis of history suggests that technology and morality can and
will respond to a clearly perceived future threat to civilization; but we cannot easily predict the
threat, or whether our response will be fast enough. KEYWORDS: Economics, environment,
evolution, history, natural resources, policy, population, psychology, sustainability, technology.
UK CEED Research Fellow, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, 8 Woodland
Road, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK.
Pezzoli, K., "Science and Technology for Sustainability: North American Challenges and
Lessons," Journal of Environment and Development 11(no.3, 2002): 304-06. (v.13,#4)
Pezzoli, Keith, Human Settlements and Planning for Ecological Sustainability: The Case of
Mexico City. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. (v.9,#3)
Pezzoli, Keith. Human Settlements and Planning for Ecological Sustainability: The Case of
Mexico City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. 400 pp. $40. The heart of the book is the story
of what happened when residents of Los Belvederes, a group of Ajusco settlements, fought
relocation by proposing that Los Belvederes be transformed into "Colonias Ecolthe bo
Productivas", or productive ecology settlements. Through innovative organized resistance, their
grassroots movement generated environmental and social action that eventually won crucial state
support. (v.9,#4)
Pfaff, Donald W. The Neuroscience of Fair Play: Why We (Usually) Follow the Golden Rule.
New York: Dana Press, 2007. Because the Golden Rule is universalBBstated variously but
widely transculturalBBit is likely to have neurological bases. Pfaff=s altruism is, however,
mostly Areciprocal altruism@ (benefiting others with expectation of reciprocation).
Pfeffer, M., "A Review of: Thompson, Charles D., and Melinda F. Wiggins, eds. The Human
Cost of Food: Farmworkers' Lives, Labor, and Advocacy," Society and Natural Resources 18(no.
9, October 2005): 849-851.
Pfeffer, M. J., "Review of: Magdoff, Fred, John Bellamy Foster, and Frederick H. Buttel, eds.,
Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food and the Environment," Society and
Natural Resources 15(no.3, 2002): 290-91. (v.13,#2)
Phan-Huy, Sibyl Anwander, and Fawaz, Ruth Badertscher, "Swiss market for meat from
animal-friendly production - Responses of public and private actors in Switzerland," Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):119-136. Animal welfare is an important
societal issue in Switzerland. Policy makers have responded with a strict legislation on animal
protection and with two programs to promote animal friendly husbandry. Also private actors in
the meat industry initiated programs for animal friendly meat production to meet consumers'
expectations. Labeled meat has a market share of over 20%. Depending on the stakeholders
responsible for the labels, their objectives vary. While retailers want to attract consumers with
meat produced in an animal friendly and environmentally compatible manner and with products
of consistently good sensory quality, producers want to keep market shares and increase their
revenues. KEY WORDS: animal protection, agricultural policy, consumer behavior, meat
consumption, Switzerland. (JAEE)
Pharoah, Tim. "Reducing the Need to Travel: A New Planning Objective in the UK?" Land Use
Policy 13(no.1, Jan. 1996):23- . (v6,#4)
Phelan, Shane, "Intimate Distance: The Dislocation of Nature in Modernity." Pages 44-62 in
Bennett, Jane, and Chaloupka, William, eds., In the Nature of Things. Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press, 1993. "Nature" once meant "outside of culture," but,
deconstructed, such meaning is no longer available. Nature should now be thought of as
"intimate distance." "Recognition of nature as intimate distance reminds us simultaneously that
nature is us and our lives, but that those lives are the greatest, most mundane mystery we will
ever have" (p. 59). With attention to Rousseau and Nietzsche. Phelan teaches political science
at the University of New Mexico. (v9,#2)
Phelps, Norm, "When Hunting is Homework.," The Animals' Agenda 20 (No. 3, 2000 May 01):
30- . How hunting groups "infiltrate" schools to recruit young people to their dying pastime.
(v.11,#4)
Philander, S. George. Is the Temperature Rising? The Uncertain Science of Global Warming.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. 240 pp. $29.95. The basics of the Earth's climate
and weather. The relationship between scientific knowledge and public affairs. Philander
teaches geosciences at Princeton. (v.10,#1)
Philip Cafaro, Thoreau's Living Ethics: Walden and the Pursuit of Virtue, Reviewed by Ronald
Sandler, Environmental Values 15(2006):135-138.
Philipp, Steven F., "Race, Gender, and Leisure Benefits," Leisure Sciences 19(1997):191-207.
Phillip is in Health, Leisure, Sports, University of West Florida, Pensacola. Compares AfricanAmericans and European-Americans, men and women, on the values they find in recreation,
including outdoor recreation.
Philippon, Daniel J., Conserving Words: How American Nature Writers Shaped the
Environmental Movement. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. The subtle effects of
language and culture on how we know and might be led to save that part of the world we call
nature. Leopold's writings "illustrate the ways in which wilderness is as much a rhetorical
construction as a physical place." With much attention to metaphor. Philippon is in rhetoric at
the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. (v. 15, # 3)
Phillips, C. J. C. and Sorensen, J. Tind, "Sustainability in Cattle Production Systems", Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):61-74. Cattle production has the potential of
being an important component of sustainable agriculture globally. The ability to transform feed
not suitable for humans into high-quality food will be of great importance in the long-term for
feeding a growing population. To exploit the sustainable potential of cattle production systems,
problems of pollution and of health and welfare, which are associated with cattle production are
critically reviewed. The possibilities of integrating cattle production with other types of
production are evaluated. The possibilities of using organic cattle production systems as
prototypes os sustainable cattle production systems are explored. Phillips is in dairy research at
the School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University College of North Wales, Bangor,
Gwynedd. Sorensen is at the National Institute of Animal Science, Tjele, Denmark.
Phillips, Dana, "Thoreau's Aesthetics and `The Domain of the Superlative,'" Environmental
Values 15(2006): 293-305. Recently, 'ecocritics' have tried to show how literature might help us
weather the global environmental crisis both emotionally and intellectually. Their arguments
have been based, in part, on the assumption that despite its obvious strengths natural science has
well-defined intellectual and ethical 'limits', and that environmental values are (therefore) best
articulated by concerned humanists more in touch with the imagination. This essay addresses
some of the problems faced by green humanists in their uneasy, mistrustful relationship with
natural science, using passages from Thoreau as touchstone texts and juxtaposing those passages
with remarks made by Bachelard, Coleridge, Stevens, Nietzsche, and Kant. (EV)
Phillips, Dana, The Truth of Ecology: Nature, Culture, Literature in America. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2003. The contradictions of contemporary American nature writing, the need
for greater theoretical sophistication, and the possibilities for a less devotional, "wilder"
approach to ecocritical and environmental thinking.
Phillips, M. T., and Sechzer, J. A., Animal research and ethical conduct: An analysis of the
scientific literature: 1966-1986. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
Phillips, Melissa Lee, "Interdomain Interactions: Dissecting Animal Bacterial Symbioses,"
BioScience 56 (no.5, May 2006): 376-381 (6).
Phillips, Robert A. and Reichart, Joel, "The Environment as Stakeholder? A Fairness-Based
Approach," Journal of Business Ethics 23(2000):185- . (v.13, #3)
Phillips, Robert A., and Reichart, Joel, "The Environment as a Stakeholder: A Fairness-Based
Approach," Journal of Business Ethics 23(2000):185-197. Stakeholder theory is often unable to
distinguish those individuals and groups that are stakeholders from those that are not. This
problem of stakeholder identity has recently been addressed by linking stakeholder theory to a
Rawlsian principle of fairness. To illustrate, the question of stakeholder status for the nonhuman environment is discussed. This essay criticizes a past attempt to ascribe stakeholder
status to the non-human environment, which utilized a broad definition of the term
"stakeholder." This paper then demonstrates how, despite the denial of stakeholder status, the
environment is nonetheless accounted for on a fairness-based approach, through legitimate
organizational stakeholders. In addition, since stakeholder theory has never claimed to be a
comprehensive ethical scheme, it is argued that sound reason might exist for managers to
consider their organization's impact on the environment that are not stake-holder related.
Phillips teaches business, Georgetown University. Reichart teaches business, Fordham
University.
Phillips, Sarah T. "Lessons From the Dust Bowl: Dryland Agriculture and Soil Erosion in the
United States and South Africa, 1900-1950." Environmental History 4(No. 2, April 1999):245- .
(v10,#4)
Philosophica, Volume 39:1 (1987). Ghent University, Belgium. This is a special issue,
"probably the first philosophical journal on the European continent to devote an entire issue to
environmental ethics" (p. 3). The issue contains seven articles, but three of these focus on
problems with animal-rights (Tom Regan, "Pigs in Space," Evelyn Pluhar, "The Personhood
View and the Argument from Marginal Cases," and Raymond G. Frey, "The Significance of
Agency and Marginal Cases"). Articles by Robin Attfield, Dieter Birnbacher, Frank De Roose,
and J. Baird Callicott focus on broader problems in environmental philosophy. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Philosophy and The Ecological Problem, a special issue of Filozoficky Casopis
(Czechoslovakian Philosophy Journal). Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 13(1991):87-93.
Philosophy and Geography is sponsored by the Society for Philosophy and Geography and
published by Rowman and Littlefield Press. Editors: Andrew Light, Department of Philosophy,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E5, Canada, and Jonathan M. Smith,
Department of Geography, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843-3147. (v6,#4)
Phipps, Alison, "`The Mice Have Eaten the Lipstick': Performing amidst Creation in South-west
Germany," Ecotheology No 7 (July 1999):98-107.
Phuong, Tran Thi Thanh. "AFTA and Its Environmental Implications for Vietnam," The Journal
of Environment and Development 6(no.3, 1997):341. (v8,#3)
Phyne, John G. "Balancing Social Equity and Environmental Integrity in Ireland's Salmon
Farming Industry." Society and Natural Resources 9, no.3 (1996): 281. (v7, #3)
Piasecki, Bruce and Peter Asmus, In Search of Environmental Excellence: Moving Beyond
Blame. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. $ 9.95 paper. Traces the historical and recent
abuses of land, air, and water, but also describes many examples of public and private entities
successfully searching for and finding solutions. Government has a key role as facilitator and
coordinator. "The true test for American environmentalism is to achieve a better balance
between fear of ecological catastrophe and trust in our political system." (v1,#4)
Piasecki, Bruce, and Peter Asmus, In Search of Environmental Excellence: Moving Beyond
Blame. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. Pp. 203. This is a highly readable book on
environmental policy, examining the historical causes of environmental problems and proposing
workable solutions. The central idea is to move beyond name-calling and blame, so that we can
unify industry, government, and private citizen action in the development of alternative
appropriate technologies. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Piatek (Pi tek), Z., Etyka rodowiskowa. Nowe spojrzenie na miejsce cz owieka w przyrodzie
(Environmental Ethics. The new outlook on the Human status in Nature), Jagiellonian University
Press, Cracow, 1998. The standpoints of P. Taylor, J.B. Callicott, A.Leopold, T.Regan and P.
Singer are discussed. (v.13,#4)
Piatek (Pi tek), Z., "Przyroda i warto ci (Mother Nature and Values)", in: Warto bycia.
W adys awowi Stró ewskiemu w darze (The Value of Being. A gift-book for Prof. W.
Stró ewski), collective editing, Polish Philosophical Society, Warsaw-Cracow, 1993 (v.13,#4)
Piatek (Pi tek), Z., "Czy zmiany w kulturze mog zahamowa destrukcje Natury? (Can changes
in Culture check the destruction of Nature?)", in: Cz owiek, Kultura, Przemiany (Human,
Culture, Transitions), J. P azowski & M. Suwara (eds.), Jagiellonian University Press, 1998.
(v.13,#4)
Piatek, (Pi tek), Z., "Warto ci i ewolucja (Values and Evolution)", in: Nauka, Filozofia,
Warto ci (Science, Philosophy, Values), Kosmos-Logos Series, T. Grabi ska & M. abierowski
(eds.), Wroc;aw University of Technical Sciences Press, Wroc;aw, 1994. (v.13,#4)
Piatek, (Pi tek), Z., "Przetwarzanie informacji w wietle teorii ewolucji, czyli o poszukiwaniu
semantyki biosfery (Information Processing in the Light of the Theory of Evolution, or in search
of Semantics of the Biosphere)", in: Filozofia i logika. W stron Jana Wole skiego (Philosophy
and Logic. Towards Jan Wole ski - a gift-book), J. Hartman (ed.), AUREUS Publishers,
Cracow, 2000. (v.13,#4)
Pichon, Francisco J. "Settler Agriculture and the Dynamics of Resource Allocation in Frontier
Environments." Human Ecology 24, no.3 (1996): 341. (v7, #3)
Pickerill, J, "Review of: Derrick Purdue, Anti-GenetiX: The Emergence of the Anti-GM
Movement," Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 147-148.
Pickering, Andrew, "Asian Eels and Global Warming: A Posthumanist Perspective on Society
and the Environment," Ethics and the Environment 10(no. 2, 2005):29-43. My idea in this essay
is to talk about how some recent developments in my field--science and technology studies-might pass over into environmental studies. In particular, I want to talk about a certain
posthumanist perspective on the relation between people and things, because it transfers nicely
from thinking about people and machines to thinking about people and the environment. The
basic point is that the academic disciplines carve up the visible world in a systematic way. On
the one hand, the natural sciences, engineering, and so on, talk about a world of things from
which people are notably absent. Human beings might disturb ecosystems, but the job of the
ecologist is to understand the systems themselves, not the disturbances. We find a beautiful
disciplinary dualism: to the harder sciences goes the world of things: to the softer sciences goes
the world of people. But what about the interface of people and things, the zone of intersection?
Pickering is in sociology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (Eth&Env)
Pickering, David, and Bruce, David, "Ecology and Ecumenism in Europe: A Way Forward,"
Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan 99):9-21.
Pickering, K.T., Owens, L.A. An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues. Review by Olive
Spash, Environmental Values 7(1998):493.
Pickering, Kevin T., and Lewis A. Owen, An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues. New
York: Routledge, 1994. 336 pages. Paper, , 14.99. Chapters: Introducing Earth; Climate
Change and Past Climates; Greenhouse Effect; Acid Rain; Water Resources and Pollution;
Nuclear Issues; Energy; Natural Hazards; Human Impact on the Earth's Surface; Managing Our
Earth. Pickering is at the University of Leicester and Owen at the University of London. (v5,#1)
Pickett, S.T.A., Ostfeld, R.S., Shachak, M., and Likens, G.E., eds., The Ecological Basis of
Conservation. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997. Includes, for example:
--Fiedler, Peggy L., White, Peter S., and Leidy, Robert A., "The Paradigm Shift in Ecology and
Its Implications for Ecology," pages 83-91. (1) New ecology does not find some species better
adapted than others; it is more egalitarian about species. (2) Habitat fragmentation is more
complex than ecologists had envisioned. (3) Ecology as a science is not methodologically
equivalent to the sciences of chemistry, physics, mathematics; but this does not mean ecology is
a soft science. (4) The profound complexity of the natural world and the possibility of studying
one small piece of the puzzle does not guarantee that the results will be generalizable to a similar
piece next door. (5) Just as the individual is the fundamental unit in evolution, the population is
the fundamental unit in conservation.
--Leopold, A. Carl, "The Land Ethic of Aldo Leopold," pages 193-200.
--Zedler, Joy B., "Conservation Activism: A Proper Role for Academics?", pages 345-350.
--Wiens, John A., "The Emerging Role of Patchiness in Conservation Biology," pages 93-107.
"The `patchiness paradigm' in ecology, if it exists at all, is a very nebulous one without a
cohesive body of theory to guide research or management. Nevertheless, we know that the
patchiness of environments cannot be ignored" (p. 106). (v.10,#3)
Pickett, Steward, Ostfeld, Richard S., Shachak, Moshe, Likens, Gene E., eds. The Ecological
Basis of Conservation: Heterogeneity, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity. New York: Chapman and
Hall, 1997. 432 pp. $59.95. Conservation policy is moving toward conservation and management
of the interactive networks and large-scale ecosystems on which species depend. This book
offers a scientific framework for this new approach, providing a solid basis for stronger links
between ecology and public policy. (v8,#3)
Pickett, Steward T.A., Jurek Kolasa, and Clive G. Jones. Ecological Understanding: The Nature
of Theory and the Theory of Nature, 2nd edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2007. The authors
discuss ecology in terms of theory development, ecological integration, and scientific
understanding from a philosophical point of view. This is an important contribution to the
philosophy of ecology.
Piel, Gerard, Only One World: Our Own to Make and to Keep. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman,
1992. 367 pages. $ 21.95. An excellent overview of the impact of humankind on the biosphere,
tracing the agricultural and industrial revolutions and the ways in which these have disturbed
ecosystems. By the founder and publisher of Scientific American, who writes with urgency and
compassion. (v3,#2)
Pielou, E. C., After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1991. 366 pages. Vegetation responds slowly to climatic change,
and "if climate changes continuously, as it appears to, then vegetation may never succeed in
catching up with it. ... Plant (and animal) communities are in disequilibrium, continually
adjusting to climate and continually lagging behind and failing to achieve equilibrium before the
onset of a new climatic trend. (v3,#1)
Pienaar, U. De V., "An Overview of Conservation in South Africa and Future Perspectives,"
Koedoe: Research Journal for National Parks in the Republic of South Africa 34 (no. 1,
1991):73-80. With particular concern for a national environmental plan and policy that will
arrest and reverse current resource and environmental deterioration while at the same time
promoting approaches to attaining a better quality of life for all South African (v2,#4)
Pierce, Christine, and Donald VanDeVeer, eds., People, Penguins, and Plastic Trees, 2nd ed. $
35.00. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1995. 485 pages, paper. Here is the second
edition of the best-selling text first published in 1986, widely regarded as the easiest text to use
with freshmen and sophomores. Additions include: ecofeminism, deep ecology, Native
American land ethics, critiques of industrialized nations by those in less-industrialized nations,
environmental racism, sustainability, as well as the continuing issues: moral relations with
nonhumans, biocentric views, intrinsic value, biodiversity, animal liberation, land ethics. New
authors include: James Rachels, Mark Sagoff, Gary Varner, Val Plumwood, Donald Worster,
Harley Cahen, Karen Warren, Holmes Rolston, Bryan Norton, Vandana Shiva, Sara Stein,
Anthony Weston. Another, higher level and more theoretical (and more expensive) anthology by
the same editors is The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book. (Wadsworth alone has four texts
in environmental ethics.) Both editors are in philosophy at North Carolina State University.
(v5,#3)
Pierce, Jessica, Morality Play: Case Studies in Ethics. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2005. Chapter III is
"Habitat and Humanity," with case studies on famine in Ethiopia, hunting, ecoterrorism, dolphin
parks, sea turtles, the precautionary principle, cosmetic surgery for pets, seal hunting in Canada,
and more. Pierce is at the University of Colorado, Boulder. (v.14, #4)
Pierce, Jessica, and Jameton, Andrew, The Ethics of Environmentally Responsible Health Care.
Oxford University Press, 2004. The book is summarized in Jameton, Andrew, and Pierce,
Jessica, "Environment and health: Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities,"
Canadian Medical Association Journal 164(2001):365-369. Health care professionals and
organizations need to consider the long-term environmental costs of providing health care and to
reduce the material and energy consumption of the health care industry. This may seem a
surprising conclusion, given that average human health has, for the most part, improved in recent
decades despite environmental decline. Yet, these achievements are fragile. In the long term,
human health requires a healthy global ecosystem. There is no realistic way or current
technology available to replace declining natural ecosystem services (e.g., climate stabilization,
water purification, waste decomposition, pest control, seed dispersal, soil renewal, pollination,
biodiversity and protection against solar radiation) that are essential to health. Jameton is with
the Department of Preventive and Societal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, NB. Pierce is with the Department of Philosophy, University of Colorado at Boulder,
Boulder, CO. (v.14, #4)
Pierce, Jessica. Theologies for Our Time: Our Moral Relationship to the Earth, Ph.D. thesis at
the University of Virginia, in the Department of Religious Studies, May 1993. Theological
ethics is moving away from anthropocentrism and toward theocentrism. While the value of
nonhuman life is necessarily understood from the human perspective, it does not follow that
humans beings are the center or measure of all value. Ethics should be conceived primarily in
the language of response and responsibility, correcting a traditional formulation in terms of
principles and rules in terms of justice. This highlights community and the common good,
relates parts to whole, individuals to communities, and redescribes the community and common
good to include the nonhuman world. The work builds on James Gustafson's theocentric ethics,
and John B. Cobb's and Jay McDaniel's process theology. James F. Childress was the principal
advisor. Pierce is now Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive and Societal Medicine,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Box 984350, Omaha, NE 68196-4350. (v5,#1)
Pierre, Andrew J. "The Missing Link in Global Stability." The Christian Science Monitor, June
30, 1995, p. 19. (v6,#2)
Pietarinen, Juhari, "Ihminen ja luonnon arvo (Humans and the Value of Nature), in Teoreettisen
biologian seminaari (Proceedings of the Seminar in Theoretical Biology), December, 1977,
published by the Academy of Finland, 1978. ISBN 951-715-073-3. (v5,#2) (Finland)
Pietarinen, Juhari, "Principal Attitudes towards Nature," in Pekka Oja and Risto Telama, eds.,
Sport for All (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991), the Proceedings of the World
Congress of Sport for All, Tampere, Finland, June 1990. There are four attitudes: (1) Utilism
aims to use nature to achieve a high level of welfare for people, nature is a huge and valuable
source of energy and raw materials, people have an unlimited right to use nature for their
welfare, and technology makes this possible. (2) Humanism aims at the intellectual and moral
development of humans, nature contains the possibilities for cultural development, and people
have a right to use nature for promoting Socratic virtues, technology should be developed in
accordance with these goals of humanism. (3) Mysticism aims at the experience of unity with
nature, nature is essentially a spiritual and divine totality, a sanctity, the achievement of which is
the highest end for human life, science and technology are rejected if they undermine this. (4)
Naturism aims at the conservation of nature in as original and primordial condition as possible,
nature is a uniform system acting in accord with the laws of ecology, and humans are part of the
system, all parts of nature are of equal inherent value, which people should respect, all
technology that endangers the life of other species and causes ecological disturbances should be
rejected. Each of the four affects not only human work but the sports in which it is appropriate
for humans to participate. Perhaps it is necessary to have proponents of all four attitudes;
possibly no proper balance between people's interests and the tolerance of nature can be found.
Pietarinen teaches philosophy at the University of Turku, Finland. He has developed this
position in a series of papers in Finnish over twenty years and is the first philosopher
systematically to develop environmental philosophy in Finland. (Finland)
Pietarinen, Juhari, "Ihminen ja luonto: neljä perusasennetta (Humans and Nature: Four Basic
Attitudes" in Matti Kamppinen, ed., Elämänkatsomustieto (Studies in Worldviews on Life),
Helsinki: Gaudemus, 1987. (v5,#2) (Finland)
Pieterse, HJC 1991. God heers oor die natuur (Ps 29). In: Vos, C & Müller, J (eds): Mens en
omgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 126-134. (Africa)
Pietra , M., Bezpiecze stwo ekologiczne w Europie. Studium politologiczne (Ecological
Security in Europe. The Study from Political Science Perspective), UMCS (UMCS Press),
Lublin, 2000. (v.13,#1)
Pietra , M., Bezpiecze stwo ekologiczne w Europie. Studium politologiczne (Ecological
Security in Europe. The Study from Political Science Perspective), UMCS (UMCS Press),
Lublin, 2000.
Pilkey, Orrin H., Dixon, Katharine L. The Corps and the Shore. Washington, D.C.: Island Press,
1998. $24.95 cloth, $16.95 paper. 256 pp. (v9,#2)
Pilkey, Orrin, Dixon, Katharine. The Corps and the Shore. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1996. 256
pp. $22.95 cloth. Pilkey is one of the most outspoken coastal geologists in the U.S., and Dixon is
an educator and activist for national coastal policy reform. They provide a comprehensive
examination of the impact of coastal processes on developed areas and the ways in which the
U.S. Corps of Engineers has attempted to manage erosion along America's coastline. (v7,#4)
Pilkey, Orrin H., and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis. Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists
Can't Predict the Future. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. The authors complain
about too much unquestioning faith in models and forecasts by environmental professionals.
Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index. Yale Center of Environmental Law and Policy.
Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University. World
Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Joint Research Centre of the European Commission,
Ispra, Italy. Identifies specific targets for environmental performance and measures how close
each country comes to these goals. Such indicators as urban particulates, water consumption,
timber harvest rate, overfishing, energy efficiency, renewable energy, wilderness protection,
carbon dioxide per GDP, child morality. New Zealand, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic. the
UK come out at the top; Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Chad, Niger at the bottom (of some 130
nations). The U.S. is 28, China is 94. More at: www.yale.edu/epi.
Pilson, Diana, and Holly R. Prendeville, "Ecological Effects of Transgenic Crops and the Escape
of Transgenes into Wild Populations," Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2004, 35:149-174. Transgenes will have more specific target effects, intended results, and may
have fewer nontarget effects, unintended results. But the escape of trangenes into wild
populations by hybridization and introgression could lead to increased weediness or to the
invasion of new habitats by the wild population. Native species with which the wild plant
interacts could be negatively affected by transgenic wild plants. The authors are in biology,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln. (v.14, #4)
Pimentel, D, Brown, N., Vecchio, F., LaCapra, V., Hausman, S., Lee, O., Diaz, A., Williams, J.,
Cooper, S., and Newburger, E., "Ethical Issues Concerning Potential Global Climate Change on
Food Production", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 5(1992):113-146. The
projected changes in climate associated with global CO2 increases are expected to alter world
food production. Burning fossil fuel in the North American continent contributes more to the
CO2 global worming problem than in any other continent. The resulting climate changes are
expected to alter food production. The overall changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide,
insect pest, plant pathogens, and weeds associated with global warming are projected to reduce
food production in all regions. The authors are in entomology at the College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Pimentel, D., Berger, B., Filiberto, D., Newton, M., Wolfe, B., Karabinakis, E., Clark, S., Poon,
E., Abbett, E. and Nandagopal, S., "Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues,"
BioScience 54(no. 10, 2004): 909-918(10). The increasing demands placed on the global water
supply threaten biodiversity and the supply of water for food production and other vital human
needs. Water shortages already exist in many regions, with more than one billion people without
adequate drinking water. In addition, 90 of the infectious diseases in developing countries are
transmitted from polluted water. Agriculture consumes about 70 of fresh water worldwide; for
example, approximately 1000 liters (L) of water are required to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of
cereal grain, and 43,000 L to produce 1 kg of beef. New water supplies are likely to result from
conservation, recycling, and improved water use efficiency rather than from large development
projects. (v.14, #4)
Pimentel, D; Herz, M; Glickstein, M; Zimmerman, M; Allen, R; Becker, K; Evans, J; Hussain,
B; Sarsfeld, R; Grosfeld, A, "Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues," Bioscience
52(no.12, 2002): 1111-1120.
Pimentel, David, "Ethanol Fuels: Energy Security, Economics, and the Environment", Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4(1991):1-13. Problems of fuel ethanol production have
been the subject of numerous reports, including this analysis. The conclusions are that ethanol:
does not improve U.S. energy security; is uneconomical; is not a renewable energy source; and
increases environmental degradation. Ethanol production is wasteful of energy resources and
does not increase energy security. Considerably more energy, much of it high-grade fossil fuels,
is required to produce ethanol than is available in the energy output. About 72% more energy is
used to `produce a gallon of ethanol than the energy in a gallon of ethanol. Ethanol production
from corn is not renewable energy. Its production uses more non-renewable fossil energy
resources in growing the corn and in the fermentation/distillation process than is produced as
ethanol energy. Ethanol produced from corn and other food crops is also an unreliable and
therefore a non-secure source of energy, because of the likelihood of uncontrollable climatic
fluctuations, particularly droughts which reduce crop yields. The expected priority for corn and
other food crops would be for food and feed. Increasing ethanol production would increase
degradation of agricultural land and water and pollute the environment. In U.S. corn production,
soil erodes some eighteen times faster than soil is reformed, and, where irrigated, corn
production mines water faster than recharge of aquifers. Increasing the cost of food and
diverting human food resources to the costly and inefficient production of ethanol fuel raise
major ethical questions. These occur at a time when more food is needed to meet the basic needs
of a rapidly growing world population.
Pimentel, David, Westra, Laura, and Noss, Reed F.,eds. Ecological Integrity. Covelo, CA:
Island Press, 2000. 384 pp. Cloth $70. Paper $35. Since 1992 the Global Integrity Project has
brought together leading scientists and thinkers to examine the combined problems of threatened
and unequal human well-being, degradation of the ecosphere, and unsustainable economies.
Based on the proposition that healthy ecosystems are a necessary prerequisite for both economic
security and social justice, the project is built around the concept of ecological integrity and its
practical implications for policy and management. Ecological Integrity presents a synthesis and
findings of the project. (v.11,#4)
Pimentel, David, Pimentel, Marcia, eds. Food, Energy, & Society. Niwot, CO: University Press
of Colorado, 1997. 2nd ed. Individuals and nations as they face the inevitable dilemma of how
everyone can be fed, given the limits of land, water, energy, and biological resources. (v8,#2)
Pimentel, David, Shanks, Roland E., Rylander, Jason C. "Bioethics of Fish Production: Energy
and the Environment," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):144-164.
Aquatic ecosystems are vital to the structure and function of all environments on earth.
Worldwide, approximately 95 million metric tons of fishery products are harvested from marine
and freshwater habitats. A major problem in fisheries around the world is the bioethics of
overfishing. A wide range of management techniques exists for fishery, managers and policymakers to improve fishery production in the future. The best approach to limit overfishing is to
have an effective, federally regulated fishery, based on environmental standards and fishery
carrying capacity. Soon, overfishing is more likely to cause fish scarcity than fossil fuel
shortages and high energy prices for fish harvesting. However, oil and other fuel shortages are
projected to influence future fishery policies and the productive capacity of the fishery industry.
Overall, small-scale fishing systems are more energy efficient than large-scale systems.
Aquaculture is not the solution to wild fishery production. The energy input/output ratio of
aquacultural fish is much higher than that of the harvest of wild populations. In addition, the
energy ratios for aquaculture systems are higher than those for most livestock systems.
Keywords: bioethics, fish, energy, environment, food. Pimentel, Shanks, and Rylander teach in
the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. (JAEE)
Pimentel, David, ed., The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics. New York:
Chapman and Hall, 1993. 448 pages. $ 45, cloth. Environmental impacts of pesticide use and
value tradeoffs and ethical issues. Sometimes the pesticide use is as much for cosmetic purposes
as for real nutritional or health significance. (v4,#1)
Pimentel, David et al (and eight others), "Economic and Environmental Benefits of
Biodiversity," BioScience 47(1997):747-757. The annual economic and environmental benefits
of biodiversity in the United States total approximately $ 319 billion. Some aspects of
conserving biodiversity are expensive, although they may return major dividends. The economic
value to humans around the world is $ 2.9 trillion annually. By comparison, the gross domestic
product in the U.S. topped $ 7.6 trillion in 1996. For another study, see Costanza, Robert, and
twelve others, "The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital," Nature
387(15 May 1997):253-260, and note in ISEE Newsletter, v.8,#2. Costanza's group figured the
world total in the range of $ 16-54 trillion, with an average of $ 33 trillion per year. So the
numbers seem slippery, but everybody agrees they are huge. (v.8,#4)
Pimentel, David, Houser, James, White, Omar. "Water Resouces: Agriculture, the Environment,
and Society," Bioscience 47(no.2, 1997):97. An assessment of the status of water resources.
(v8,#1)
Pimentel, David and Marcia Pimentel, eds., Food, Energy, and Society, rev. ed. Niwot, CO:
University Press of Colorado, 1996. $ 39.95. 392 pages. In the fifteen years since the first
edition of this book was published, world energy supplies, especially fossil fuels, have dwindled
as their use has escalated. Availability of the other major resources required for human life also
has come under growing pressure. These include fertile land, water, and biological diversity.
The very integrity of these resources is threatened. David Pimentel is professor of insect
ecology, Marcia Pimentel teaches nutritional science in the College of Human Ecology, Cornell
University. (v7,#2)
Pimentel, David, "Environmental and Social Implications of Waste in U.S. Agriculture and Food
Sectors", Journal of Agricultural Ethics 3(1990):5-20. Because the agriculture/food sectors
appear to be driven by short-term economic and political forces, cheap energy, and agriculturalchemical technologies, waste and environmental/social problems in the agricultural/food sectors
are estimated to cost the nation at least $150 billion per year. Most of the waste and
environmental/social problems can be eliminated through better resource management policies
and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Pimentel is in entomology at New York
State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca.
Pimentel, David, Westra, Laura, and Noss, Reed F., eds. Ecological Integrity: Integrating
Environment, Conservation, and Health. $ 35.00 paper, $ 70.00 hardbound. Washington, DC:
Island Press, 2000. A result of the Global Integrity Project. The integrity concept. Historical
and philosophical perspectives. Sustainability and the integrity of natural resource systems.
Human and societal health. The economics and ethics of achieving global integrity. 21
contributions. In addition to the editors, contributors include James Karr, Robert Goodland, Orie
Loucks, Mark Sagoff, Peter Miller, Ernest Partridge, Robert Ulanowicz, Donald A. Brown, Alan
Holland, and others. Partridge's "Reconstructing Ecology" is a sustained critique of Mark
Sagoff's deconstructing of ecology; see separate entry. Also of particular interest: Ted
Schrecker, "The Cost of the Wild: International Equity and the Losses from Environmental
Conservation." (v.12,#1)
Pimentel, David, "Economics and Energetics of Organic and Conventional Farming", Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):53-60. The use of organic farming technologies
has certain advantages in some situations and for certain crops such as maize; however, with
other crops such as vegetables and fruits, yields under organic production may be substantially
reduced compared with conventional production. In most cases, the use of organic technologies
requires higher labor inputs than conventional technologies. Some major advantages of organic
production are the conservation of soil and water resources and the effective recycling of
livestock wastes when they are available. Pimentel is in agriculture and life sciences at Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY.
Pimentel, David et al., "Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues", BioScience
54(no.10, 1 October 2004):909-918(10). The increasing demands placed on the global water
supply threaten biodiversity and the supply of water for food production and other vital human
needs. Water shortages already exist in many regions, with more than one billion people without
adequate drinking water. In addition, 90 of the infectious diseases in developing countries are
transmitted from polluted water. Agriculture consumes about 70 of fresh water worldwide; for
example, approximately 1000 liters (L) of water are required to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of
cereal grain, and 43,000 L to produce 1 kg of beef. New water supplies are likely to result from
conservation, recycling, and improved water-use efficiency rather than from large development
projects.
Pimentel, David S., and Peter H. Raven, "Bt Corn Pollen Impacts on Nontarget Lepidoptera:
Assessment of Effects in Nature," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(no. 15,
July 18, 2000):8198-8199. The effect of Bt corn on butterfly populations appears to be relatively
insignificant, compared with other considerations. Bt corn permits reduced use of pesticides and
the use of pesticides required with non Bt corn (especially to kill the corn rootworm) has worse
environmental effects. Some 35% of food sold in U.S. supermarkets has detectable pesticide
residues, an undesirable effect. Pesticides cause the death of 70 million birds a year and kill
billions of insects, beneficial as well as harmful, each year. The beneficial insects are vital to
fruit and vegetable pollination, useful biological control agents, and many others. Such
environmental losses, due to pesticide killing of beneficial insects, are estimated at $1 billion a
year. Pimentel is in entomology, Cornell University. Raven is at the Missouri Botanical Garden,
St. Louis.
Pimentel, David. "Amounts of Pesticides Reaching Target Pests: Environmental Impacts and
Ethics." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 8(1995):17-29. Less than 0.1% of
pesticides applied for pest control reach their target pests. Thus, more than 99.9% of pesticides
used move into the environment where they adversely affect public health and beneficial biota,
and contaminate soil, water, and the atmosphere of the ecosystem. Improved pesticide
application technologies can improve pesticide use efficiency and protect public health and the
environment. (JAEE)
Pimentel, David; Hepperly, Paul; Hanson, James; Douds, David; Seidel, Rita, "Environmental,
Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems,"
BioScience 55 (no. 7, July 2005): 573-582. Various organic technologies have been utilized for
about 6000 years to make agriculture sustainable while conserving soil, water, energy, and
biological resources. Among the benefits of organic technologies are higher soil organic matter
and nitrogen, lower fossil energy inputs, yields similar to those of conventional systems, and
conservation of soil moisture and water resources (especially advantageous under drought
conditions). Conventional agriculture can be made more sustainable and ecologically sound by
adopting some traditional organic farming technologies. Response by Alex Avery, "Organic and
Conventional Agriculture Reconsidered," BioScience 55(2005):820-821, and see that entry.
Pimentel,D., Westra, L., and Noss, R., eds. Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment,
Conservation and Health. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000. (v.11,#3)
Pimm, Stuart L. Gareth J. Russell, John L. Gittleman, Thomas M. Brooks. "The Future of
Biodiversity." Science 269(1995):347-350. Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their
pre-human levels in taxonomically diverse groups in widely different environments. If all
species currently deemed threatened become extinct in the next century, the future rate will be 10
times the present rate. Many species not now threatened will also succumb. Estimates of future
extinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of which areas are rich in endemics. (v6,#3)
Pimm, Stuart L., The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and
Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. (v7,#2)
Pimm, Stuart L, et al. (two dozen others), "Can We Defy Nature's End?" Science
298(2002):2207-2208. Is saving remaining biodiversity still possible? Is protecting biodiversity
economically possible? Will protecting areas work? Should conservation research and
management be centralized or distributed? Should efforts concentrate on protection or on
slowing harm? Do we know enough to protect biodiversity?
Pinches, Charles. "Eco-minded: Faith and Action," Christian Century 115 (no. 22, August 1219, 1998):755-757. A review of Rasmussen, Larry L., Earth Community, Earth Ethics (Orbis,
1996), as well as a reflection over ecotheology. Pinches thinks ecotheologians, including
Rasmussen, are too trendy and not well grounded in systematic theology. Pinches teaches
theology at the University of Scranton, Pennsylvania. (v.9,#3)
Pinchot, Gifford, "What It All Means," Wild Earth 10(no. 2, Summer 2000):14- . (v.12,#2)
Pinchot, Gifford. Breaking New Ground. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $25. 546 pp.
The autobiography of the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, here reprinted. (v9,#2)
Ping, Ye, "On the Structure of Ecological Ethics," Seeking Truth, no. 2 (1992): 39-42. Article in
Chinese. The foundation, starting point, and ultimate end of ecological ethics is the coordination
of the ongoing relations between humans and nature. To develop an ecological ethics, there
must be development of the study of ecological moral philosophy as well as of the study of
ecological science. This involves both fundamental principles and application, theory and
practice; it couples attitudes and behaviors, personal norms and personal actions. Both this and
the preceding article criticize an exclusively anthropocentric ethics and begin to explore a
nonanthropocentric environmental ethics. Ye Ping is professor of philosophy, Northeast
Forestry University, Harbin, China. (v3,#1)
Pinkson, Tom, "Soul of the Wilderness: Wilderness Wisdom to Save our Souls--and the Planet,"
International Journal of Wilderness 3(no. 1, 1997):4-5, 48 On the summits, in the desert, the
forest, the ocean, we most easily can see that we humans are but a small part of the whole,
compared to the vast cyclic rhythms of creation. Pinkson is a psychologist, Sausalito, CA.
(v8,#2)
Pinnock, Clark, ed., The Openness of God: A Biblical Challenge to the Traditional
Understanding of God. Reviewed by J. Harley Chapman. American Journal of Theology and
Philosophy 18(no.1, 1997):100-105.
Pinstrup-Andersen, Per, and Peter Sandøe, eds. Ethics, Hunger, and Globalization: In Search of
Appropriate Policies. New York: Springer 2007. Contents include: (1) AIntroduction and
Summary@ by Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Peter Sandøe, (2) AEliminating Poverty and Hunger
in Developing Countries: A Moral Imperative or Enlightened Self-Interest?@ by Per PinstrupAndersen, (3) AEthics, Globalization, and Hunger: An Ethicist=s Perspective@ by Lou Marinoff,
(4) AThe Ethics of Hunger: Development Institutions and the World of Religion@ by Katherine
Marshall, (5) AWhat Hunger-Related Ethics Lessons Can We Learn From Religion?
Globalization and the World=s Religions@ by Richard S. Gilbert, (6) AFreedom from Hunger as
a Basic Human Right: Principles and Implementation@ by Asbjørn Eide, (7) AMillennium
Development Goals and Other Good Intentions: How to Translate Rhetoric Into Action@ by
Urban Jonsson, (8) AWhat We Know About Poverty and What We Must Do: Ethical and
Political Aspects of Empowerment@ by Sartaj Aziz, (9) AEthics and Hunger: A NonGovernmental Organization (NGO) Perspective@ by Tom Arnold, (10) AEconomic
Development, Equality, Income Distribution, and Ethics@ by Erik Thorbecke, (11) AOn the
Ethics and Economics of Changing Behavior in Food and Agricultural Production, Consumption,
and Trade: Some Reflections on What to Do@ by Joachim von Braun and Tewodaj Mengistu,
(12) AAgricultural and Food Ethics in the Western World: A Case of Ethical Imperialism?@ by
Peter Sandøe and Kathrine Hauge Madsen, (13) AEthics, Hunger, and the Case for Genetically
Modified (GM) Crops@ by Paul B. Thompson, (14) AReforming Agricultural Trade: Not Just
for the Wealthy Countries@ by M. Ann Tutwiler and Matthew Straub, (15) AAgricultural
Subsidy and Trade Policies@ by Devinder Sharma, (16) AFood Safety Standards in Rich and
Poor Countries@ by Julie A. Caswell and Christian Friis Bach, and (17) AConcluding
Reflections on the Role of Ethics in the Fight Against Poverty@ by Peter Sandøe, Karsten Klint
Jensen, and Per Pinstrup-Andersen.
PinstrupAndersen, P, "Feeding the World in the New Millennium: Issues for the New U.S.
Administration," Environment 43(no. 6, 2001):22-31. (v.13,#1)
Pinto, Vivek. Gandhi's Vision and Values: The Moral Quest for Change in Indian Agriculture.
Review by John McMurtry, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):243-246.
(JAEE)
Pinto-Correia, Teresa; Gustavsson, Roland; Pirnat, Janez, "Bridging the Gap between Centrally
Defined Policies and Local Decisions: Towards more Sensitive and Creative Rural Landscape
Management," Landscape Ecology 21 (no.3, April 2006): 333-346 (14).
Pirages, Dennis C., ed. Building Sustainable Societies: A Blueprint for a Post-Industrial World.
Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. 372pp. $54.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. This collection of articles
addresses the question whether the industrial model of human progress can be sustained in the
long run. It analyzes the social political, economic, and environmental implications as well as
potential solutions to the problem of resource-intensive growth. (v8,#1)
Pister, Edwin P. "Endangered Species: Costs and Benefits." Environmental Ethics
1(1979):341-52. Biologists are often placed in the difficult position of defending a threatened
habitat or animal with vague reasoning and faulty logic simply because they have no better
rationale at their immediate disposal. This places them at a distinct disadvantage and literally at
the mercy of resource exploiters and their easily assignable dollar values. Although the initial
dollar cost of delaying or precluding "development" may be significant, the long-term benefits of
saving the biological entities which might otherwise be destroyed are likewise great and are
measurable in concrete terms which society is only now beginning to appreciate. Case histories
are presented, a more profound rationale is explained, and the environmentalist is challenged to
make his case sufficiently effective to reverse the current exploitive trends which threaten so
many of Earth's life forms. Pister is at the California department of Fish and Game, Bishop, CA.
(EE)
Pister, Edwin P. (Phil), "Desert Fishes: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Endangered Species
Conservation in North America," Journal of Fish Biology (UK) 37(1990): Supplement A: 183187. In the 1960' and 1070's, protective legislation and basic research needed for conservation
efforts did not exist, and Pister recounts developing these. Desert aquatic communities were
among the first to need attention, and an interdisciplinary effort was mounted in an early
application of conservation biology. Pister was, until retirement, with the California Department
of Fish and Game and remains secretary of the Desert Fishes Council. This whole supplement is
the papers from a symposium, "The Biology and Conservation of Rare Fish," held by the
Fisheries Society of the British Isles, Lancaster, U.K., July 16-20, 1990. (v5,#4)
Pister, Edwin Philip, "Species in a Bucket, Natural History, January 1993. Phil Pister's
celebrated story of an emergency transfer of the Owens pupfish (Cyprinodon radiosus), an
endangered species in California, from one spring to another, when he held the entire population
of the species in two buckets. "For a few frightening moments, there was only myself standing
between life and extinction." Pister is a retired fisheries biologist with the Desert Fishes Council,
Bishop, California. (v4,#2)
Pister, Edwin P., "Ethics of Native Species Restoration: The Great Lakes," Journal of Great
Lakes Research 21, Supplement 1 (1995):10-16. Value issues are of increasing importance in
environmental decisions, although narrow academic backgrounds and traditional scientific
rigidity among decision makers have impeded proper consideration of ethics. Aldo Leopold's
land ethic and the developing discipline of environmental ethics provide a solid foundation for
restoration of habitats and native fauna in the Great Lakes. Such principles provides the best
chance for constructing biologically and ethically sound restoration programs. Pister is with the
Desert Fishes Council, Bishop, CA. (v.10,#1)
Pitcher, Alvin, Listening to the Crying of the Earth: Cultivating Creation Communities.
Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 1993. Paper. 157 pages. Chapter titles: What is happening to the
Earth? Why our social institutions are not responding well to the ecological crisis. Theological
foundations for responding. Being a part of a creation community. With appendices as case
studies and summary position statements. Quite usable in local churches, for general readers.
Does not deal with the major issues raised in philosophical environmental ethics. Pitcher is
professor emeritus of ethics and society at the Divinity School, University of Chicago. (v5,#2)
Pitcher, Alvin. Listen to the Crying of the Earth: Cultivating Creation Communities. Cleveland,
OH: Pilgrim Press, 1993.
Pitt, Jennifer Luecke, Daniel F. Valdes-Casilla, Carlos, "Two Nations, One River: Managing
Exosystem Conservation in the Colorado River Delta," Natural Resources Journal 40(no.4, Fall
2000):819-. (v.12,#4)
Pittman, Nigel C. A., and Jorgensen, Peter M., "Estimating the Size of the World's Threatened
Flora," Science 298 (1 November 1998):989. The most commonly cited figure is 13%, known to
be a serious underestimate, because it is inadequate for the tropics where most of the world's
plants grow. These authors re-evaluate the data and the results fall in the range of 22% to 47%.
A research project finding out more specifically just what plants are endangered would cost less
than $ 100 per species per year, or about $ 12 million a year studying all the biodiversity hot
spots. Pittman is with the Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University. Jorgensen is with
the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. (v.13,#4)
Pittock, A. Barrie. "Climate Change and World Food Supply and Special Issues of Global
Environmental Change and Food Policy," Environment 37(no. 9, Nov. 1995):25- . (v6,#4)
Pizzuto, J., "Effects of Dam Removal on River Form and Process," Bioscience 52(no.8, 2002)
(v.13,#4)
Place, Frank, and Keijiro Otsuka, "Population, Tenure, and Natural Resource Management: The
Case of Customary Land Area in Malawi," Journal of Environmental Economics And
Management 41(no.1, Jan., 2001): 13-. (v.12,#3)
Placter, Harald. "Functional Criteria for the Assessment of Cultural Landcapes," Chapter 34 in
Droste, Bernd von; Plachter, Harald, and Rössler, Mechtild, eds., Cultural Landscapes of
Universal Value (Jena, Germany: G. Fischer-Verlag, 1995), pages 393-404. In English. Cultural
landscapes result from the interaction of humans and nature. Landscapes are often characterized
by their structural or material features, but they can as well be characterized by their functional
features and the way these are interrelated, such as nutrients or energy supplied, which is a more
ecosystemic approach. This also reveals the degree to which the natural qualities of selfregulation and self-development may still be present on a culturally modified landscape. Placter
is professor for natural conservation at the University of Marburg, Germany. (v8,#2)
Plant, Christopher and Judith Plant, eds., Turtle Talk: Voices for a Sustainable Future. Santa
Cruz: New Society Publishers, 1990. 132 pp. $ 11.70 paper. Fourteen interviews with leaders
of the activist North American bioregional movement. The turtle has become the symbol of the
bioregional movement, from a native American name for the Earth: Turtle Island. (v1,#4)
Plater, ZJB, "Law and the Fourth Estate: Endangered Nature, the Press, and the Dicey Game of
Democratic Governance," Environmental Law 32(no.1, 2002):1-36. (v.13, #3)
Plater, Zygmunt J.B. "Environmental Law as a Mirror of the Future: Civic Values Confronting
Market Force Dynamics in a Time of Counter-Revolution", Boston College Environmental
Affairs Law Review 23(no.4,1996):733. (v7,#4)
Plater, Zygmunt J. B., Robert H. Abrams, and William Goldfarb. Environmental Law and
Policy: Nature, Law, and Society. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1992. 1033 pages, plus
indexes. About $50. With a periodic supplement, keeping it current, in a rather rapidly changing
field. Supplement for Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law, and Society. St. Paul, MN,
West Publishing Co., 1994. Softcover, 355 pages. One of the better, and halfway reasonably
priced, introductions to environmental law, suitable also for use with undergraduates. Based on
cases by subject area, with interpretive text. The supplement, for example, contains a new
chapter "Environmental Justice--Race, Poverty, and the Environment" (with analysis of the East
Bibb Twiggs Neighborhood Association vs. Macon-Bibb County, Georgia case) and a current
bibliography on environmental justice (pp. 40-45 in appendix) that lists many yet forthcoming
articles. Also recent relevant documents, such as the President's Executive Order 12898
(February 11, 1994) on environmental justice, and the EPA Title VI Rules. Plater is at Boston
College Law School, Abrams at Wayne State University Law School, and Goldfarb at Cook
College, Rutgers. (v6,#1)
Platt, Rutherford H., Barten, Pl K., and Pfeffer, Max J., "A Full, Clean Glass? Managing New
York City's Watersheds," Environment 42 (No. 5, 2000 Jun 01): 8- . New York may offer a
model for how a city can protect its water sources and ensure community involvement. (v.11,#4)
Platt, Rutherford, et al., Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Events.
Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999. To what extent does the likelihood of general federal
assistance (in the U.S.) serve to diminish the natural caution that individuals, communities, and
businesses might otherwise exercise in adjusting to natural hazards. Platt and colleagues find "a
legal edifice of byzantine complexity" that is deeply flawed and amounts to "driving with the
brakes on." The answers lie in reducing the federal aid and increasing local and individual
responsibility and control. Platt is in geography and planning law at the University of
Massachusetts. (v.12,#2)
Platt, Rutherford H., Rowan A. Rowntree and Pamela Muick, eds. The Ecological City-Preserving and Restoring Urban Biodiversity. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press,
1994. Paper, $ 17.95. Cloth, $ 45.00. Sixteen papers showing convincingly that the term
"ecological city" is not an oxymoron. There are urban ecosystems--wetlands, forested areas,
meadows, wildlife, and genuine landscapes in the urban environment--albeit too few and all too
often threatened with deterioration or loss. Existing resources can be protected, enlarged, and
improved if only their worth can be recognized and the necessary measures taken in time.
(v6,#3)
Player, Ian, Zulu Wilderness: Soul and Shadow. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1998.
Player's involvement with the conservation movement in South Africa, including a lifelong
friendship with a Zulu chief and game scout, Magqubu Ntombela. Their successful effort to save
the white rhino in Africa and their never ending effort to protect wilderness, a story placed in the
broader framework of South African history, Zulu history, apartheid, and the growing
environmental ethic in South Africa. (v.9,#3)
Pletscher, Daniel H., and Michael K. Schwartz, "The Tyranny of Population Growth,"
Conservation Biology 14(no.6, 2000): 1918- . (v.12,#3)
Pleune, Ruud, "Strategies of Environmental Organizations in the Netherlands regarding the
Ozone Depletion Problem," Environmental Values 5(1996):235-255. Strategies of
environmental organizations in the Netherlands regarding the ozone depletion problem have
been analyzed both at the cognitive level and at the operational level. The first objective of this
analysis was to describe their strategies over a period of time. Secondly, it aimed to increase
understanding of the linkage between cognitive and operational aspects of the strategies. The
third objective was to find out to what extent strategies are constant features of an organization
and how far they are defined by particular problems. The results indicate that each of the
organizations concerned with the ozone depletion problem adopted several different strategies,
that the strategies of the organizations did not change much over time, and that there was no oneto-one linking of different aspects of the strategy of the organizations. Strategies seem largely to
be defined by the problem encountered. KEYWORDS: Strategy, ecocentrism, anthropocentrism,
environmental organization, environmental movement, ozone depletion (EV)
Plotnik, Joshua M., Frans B. M. de Waal, and Diana Reiss, "Self-Recognition in an Asian
Elephant," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 103(November 7,
2006):17053-17057. Now elephants have joined a small group of animals that can recognize
themselves in a mirror (apes, dolphins--known only once). Researchers at the Bronx Zoo found
that an elephant could repeatedly used her trunk to examine a white X the researchers had
painted on her face in a location she could only see in the mirror. See also: Miller, Greg, "Jumbo
Reflections," ScienceNOW Daily News, 30 October 2006.
Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Non-human
Animals. Reviewed by Hugh Lehman. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
9(1996):187. (JAEE)
Pluhar, Evelyn B., "When Is It Morally Acceptable to Kill Animals?", Journal of Agricultural
Ethics 1(1988):211-224. In response to Professor Lehman's arguments on "the rights view", I
distinguish two versions of the rights view: the "equal" and the "unequal" rights view. I
conclude with a discussion of the merits of phasing out the meat production industry. Pluhar is
in philosophy at Penn State University-Fayette, Uniontown.
Pluhar, Evelyn B. Review of Regulation, Values and the Public Interest. Edited by K. M. Sayre
et al. Environmental Ethics 6(1984):271-74.
Pluhar, Evelyn, "Who Can be Morally Obligated to be a Vegetarian?" Journal of Agricultural
and Environmental Ethics 5(1992):189-216. I argue that Tom Regan's "liberty principle" either
contradicts his "equal rights view" or does not permit the slaughter of another for food. I show
that a different view recognizing the moral rights of nonhumans but according them less value
than normal adult humans, "the unequal rights view", would permit such action if human
survival or health depended upon it. Finally, I argue that current nutritional research does not
support George's contention that most humans would suffer if they ceased eating other animals
and their products. Pluhar is in philosophy at Pennsylvania State University Fayette Campus,
Uniontown.
Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman
Animals. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. $ 19.95 paper. 392 pages. (v6,#4)
Pluhar, Evelyn B. Review of Joan Dunayer, "Animal Equality", Organization and Environment,
15, (No. 4, 2002): 490-493. Pluhar is a professor of philosophy at the Pennsylvania State
University, Fayette campus.
Pluhar, Evelyn, "Vegetarianism, Morality, and Science Revisited", Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 7(1994):77-82. Professor Kathryn George's "Use and Abuse Revisited"
does not contain an accurate assessment of my "On Vegetarianism, Morality and Science: A
Counter Reply." I show that she has misrepresented my moral and empirical argumentation.
Pluhar is in philosophy at Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus, Uniontown.
Pluhar, Evelyn, Review of Lehman, Hugh, Rationality and Ethics in Agriculture. Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):181-186. (JAEE)
Pluhar, Evelyn B., "On Vegetarianism, Morality, and Science: A Counter Reply", Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):185-213. I recently took issue with Kathryn
George's contention that vegetarianism cannot be a moral obligation for most human beings. In
her 1992 response to my critique, George did not address my moral argumentation. In my
counter-reply, I argue that her rejection of my discussion of nutrition is based upon numerous
distortions, omissions, and false charges of fallacy. As I did in my earlier paper, I cite current
research, including George's own preferred source on the topic of vegetarianism, to support my
view. Pluhar is in philosophy at Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus.
Pluhar, Evelyn B. "The Justification of an Environmental Ethic." Environmental Ethics
5(1983):47-61. Tom Regan has made a very important contribution to the debate on
environmental ethics in his "On the Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethic." The
debate can be brought out yet more clearly by contrasting Regan's views with those of an
eminent critic of environmental ethics in Regan's sense, William K. Frankena. I argue that
Regan's position has much to recommend it, but has a fatal flaw which would render
environmental ethics unjustifiable. I suggest this flaw can be remedied by divorcing an
environmental ethic from a dubious ontological commitment. Reflection on metaethics,
ontological commitments, and the nature of ethical justification leads to a conclusion favorable
to an environmental ethic. Pluhar is in the philosophy department, Pennsylvania State
University, Fayette Campus, Uniontown, PA. (EE)
Pluhar, Evelyn, Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals.
Reviewed by Tom Regan. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):79-82.
(JAEE)
Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman
Animals. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. 370 pages. Paper, $ 19.95. Any sentient
cognitive being--one caring about what happens to him or herself--is morally significant,
supporting the moral status and rights of many nonhuman animals. Implications of this for
children and abnormal humans, and its relevance for population policies, animal testing,
euthanasia, hunting and the treatment of companion animals. Pluhar is in philosophy at
Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus, Uniontown. (v7,#1)
Pluhar, Evelyn B., "The Justification of an Environmental Ethic," Environmental Ethics
5(1983):47-61. An important discussion of the metaethical foundations of an environmental
ethic, particularly the nonnaturalistic individualism of Tom Regan. Pluhar reminds us that
substantive environmental ethics can take place only against a background of deep metaethical
problems. The search for "intrinsic value" in natural ethics may well be a fruitless task. (Katz,
Bibl # 1)
Pluhar, Evelyn, "Is There a Moral Relevant Difference Between Human and Animal
Nonpersons?", Journal of Agricultural Ethics 1(1981):59-68. It is commonly believed that we
humans are justified in exploiting animals because we are "higher" beings: persons who have
highly complex, autonomous lives as moral agents. I conclude that, although there is a morally
relevant difference between human nonpersons and most animal nonpersons, this difference is
not an indication of superior moral status. We would do better to abandon speciesism and the
assumption that personhood is morally paramount for a view which implies that both human and
nonhuman nonpersons are morally considerable and have a right to life. Pluhar is in philosophy
at Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus.
Pluhar, Evelyn B., "Two Conceptions of An Environmental Ethic and Their Implications." Ethics
and Animals Vol. 4, no. 4 (December 1983): 110-127. An analysis of the problems and strengths
of both holism and individualism. Pluhar attempts to blend the two positions, emphasizing the
importance of individual rights and interests, but also considering the aesthetic features of
nonsentient individuals and systems to be morally valuable. But this leaves unclear why we
should preserve ugly species and ecosystems. (Katz, Bibl # 1)
Pluhar, Evelyn, "Utilitarian Killing, Replacement, and Rights", Journal of Agricultural Ethics
3(1990):147-171. The ethical theory underlying much of our treatment of animals in agriculture
and research is the moral agency view. It is assumed that only moral agents, or persons, are
worthy of maximal moral significance, and that farm and laboratory animals are not moral
agents. I consider a number of ingenious recent attempts by utilitarians to defeat the killing and
replaceability arguments, including the attempt to make a place for genuine moral rights within a
utilitarian framework. Those who reject the restrictive moral agency view and find they cannot
accept utilitarianism's unsavory implications must look to a different ethical theory to guide their
treatment of humans and non-humans. Pluhar is in philosophy at Penn State University, Fayette
Campus, Uniontown.
Plumb, Jessica. "Patagonia's Rugged Beauty Has Its Share of Chills and Thrills." Christian
Science Monitor 89 (17 July 1997): 10, 12. Includes details of how to get there via plane, bus, or
boat. (v8,#3)
Plumwood, Val, "Intentional Recognition and Reductive Rationality," Environmental Values
7(1998): 397-421. Recognition of intentionality and the possibility of agency in nonhuman
others is a prerequisite for a process of mutual adjustment and dialogue that could replace current
reductive and dualistic human-centered theories. John Andrews' article in this issue of
Environmental Values is criticised for misattributing to me the view that intentionality could be a
sole criterion for moral worth - a view which I reject as unacceptably hierarchical and humancentered. To clarify my position, the values and limitations of different kinds of ranking are
discussed; and the concept of intentionality is explored, with particular reference to apparently
purposeful machines and to Dennett's theory of consciousness. KEYWORDS: consciousness,
dualism, moral extensionism, intentionality, panpsychism, ranking, reductionism. Val
Plumwood resides at Braidwood, NSW, Australia. (EV)
Plumwood, Val, "Babe: The Tale of the Speaking Meat," Animal Issues 1(1997):1-20. "The
problems in representing other species' communicative powers or subjectivities in terms of
human speech are real, but they do not rule out such representation in any general way, and they
pale before the difficulties of failing to represent them at all, or before the enormity of
representing communicative and intentional beings as lacking all communicative and mental
capacity ... (which is) a much greater inaccuracy and injustice than any anthropomorphism could
be" (p. 1). (v.11,#1)
Plumwood, Val, Imperial Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason. London: Routledge, 2002.
Reviewed by Twine, Richard, Environmental Values 12(2003):535-537. (EV)
Plumwood, Val, "Feminism and Ecofeminism: Beyond the Dualistic Assumptions of Women,
Men and Nature," The Ecologist 22(no. 1, January/February 1992):8-13. The identification of
men with culture and women with nature has been fiercely criticized by feminists who have
shown how it is used to justify the domination of both women and nature. While liberal
feminists have challenged the feminine ideal, and radical feminists have promoted the
replacement of patriarchal values with feminine ones, a thoroughgoing ecofeminism should
question the construction of both masculine and feminine identities. The article contains a box
summary: "Current Trends in Ecofeminism. Among these current trends (a position not shared
by Plumwood), "Cultural ecofeminism emphasizes the quest for a new spiritual relationship to
nature, and stresses personal transformation and the (re)empowerment of women and women's
values. Women are seen as having a superior relationship with nature which is sometimes taken
to be biologically determined, so that only a society in which women can limit or control the
number and influence of men will be free of aggressiveness and the destruction of nature." A
good short article for sorting out the different kinds of ecofeminism. Plumwood lectures at the
Department of General Philosophy, University of Sydney, Australia. (v5,#2)
Plumwood, Val, "Women, Humanity and Nature." Radical Philosophy 48 (Spring 1988): 16-24.
Excellent argument for the importance of the ecofeminst investigation into the connections
between the domination of women and the domination of nature. Plumwood seeks to address the
"naive" feminist view that consideration of a female-nature connection is a regressive move
re-emphasizing the traditional categories of female subjugation to male instrumental rationality.
She argues for the necessity of re-structuring a new degendered model of human nature that
transcends the old categories of masculine and feminine; we do not want to be left with a model
of human nature based on a naive female "closeness to nature" which denies "reason, intelligence
and control of life conditions" (p. 23). Instead we ought to see the connection between what is
human and what is natural. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Plumwood, Val, "Babe: The Tale of the Speaking Meat," Animal Issues 1(1997):1-20. "The
problems in representing other species' communicative powers or subjectivities in terms of
human speech are real, but they do not rule out such representation in any general way, and they
pale before the difficulties of failing to represent them at all, or before the enormity of
representing communicative and intentional beings as lacking all communicative and mental
capacity ... (which is) a much greater inaccuracy and injustice than any anthropomorphism could
be" (p. 1). (v10,#4)
Plumwood, Val, "Ecofeminism an Overview and Discussion of Positions and Arguments",
Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Supplement to 64 (1986)", 120-38. There are a number of
striking initial parallels between the treatment of women and that of nature, so that the
investigation of conceptual links between these kinds of domination seems a logical outcome of
the growth of both the environmental and feminist movements. The author claims, however, that
an exploration of the conceptual links between the domination of women and that of nature
reveals many serious difficulties. The author provides a critical outline of the positions in the
literature and suggests ways to salvage from ecofeminism a position which sheds valuable light
on the conceptual structure of domination, and makes important critical points about the western
philosophical tradition.
Plumwood, Val, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1994. 248 pages.
Paper. $ 17.95. The master form of rationality in Western culture has been systematically
unable to acknowledge dependency on nature. Feminist thought can contribute to radical green
thought and to the development of a better environmental philosophy. Some chapter titles:
Feminism and Ecofeminism; Dualism: the Logic of Colonisation; Mechanism and Mind/Nature
Dualism; Ethics and the Instrumentalising Self; Deep Ecology and the Denial of Difference,
Changing the Master Story. Says Nancy Fraser (Northwestern University), "Puncturing the myth
of `the angel in the ecosystem,' Plumwood aims to develop a genuinely critical ecological
feminism." Plumwood teaches in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Tasmania,
Australia. (v5,#1)
Plumwood, Val, Review of Morgan, Marlo, Mutant Message Down Under and Jackson, Michael,
At Home in the World. Environmental Ethics 18(1996):431-435. (EE)
Plumwood, Val, "Inequality, Ecojustice and Ecological Rationality," Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98
/ Jan 99):185-218.
Plumwood, Val, "Prospecting for Ecological Gold Amongst the Platonic Forms: a Response to
Timothy Mahoney," Ethics and the Environment 2(1997):149-168. Timothy Mahoney discovers
and champions an ecologically benign account of Plato in opposition to my own critical analysis
of the reason-centeredness, reason-nature dualism, and nature and body devaluation in the
Platonic dialogues, in which multiple linked dualism of reason and nature associated with
systems of oppression provide major organizing principles for Platonic philosophy. I show first
that Mahoney's criticisms of my interpretation involve some careless and mistaken readings of
my own text. Second, I argue that Mahoney's account of nature is significantly different from
Plato's, and that his interpretation of Plato is an overly generous and idealized one which plays
on the multiplicity and elasticity of the concept of nature and the notorious vagueness of the
concept of participation to conflate, among other things, Plato's attitude to celestial nature with
his attitude to biological nature. Mahoney's interpretation involves setting aside the issue of
Plato's most offensive and revealing passages of earth disparagement, ignoring the network of
social meanings from which Plato's philosophy emerges. Finally, I give some reasons why
Mahoney's accounts of participation and nature, even considered as a reworking of Plato, would
be highly problematic as the foundation for an ecological philosophy. Plumwood is currently a
visiting professor at the University of Montana. (E&E)
Plumwood, Val, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. (London: Routledge, 1993). Reviewed by
Julie Cook. Environmental Values 6(1997):245-246.
Plumwood, Val, "Plato and the Bush", Meanjin, 49 (1990): 524-36. How does philosophy in
Australia treat the issue of how humans can or should relate to the natural world? The question is
particularly interesting in the light of current interest in the environment, and because of the
presence in this country of two cultures, Aboriginal and white, which contrast markedly on the
issue of relations to the land. The author discusses the two Australian philosophical traditions
and the conflict between them, by focusing on two figures, one historical and one contemporary.
Plato's philosophy of nature, the basic elements of which are followed by a succession of
rationalist philosophers, is contrasted to first-hand statements of Aboriginal relationship to the
land. These first-hand accounts, it is claimed, must replace accounts of Aboriginal views
obtained through the filter of white anthropologists. What emerges is a worldview in which,
first, there is a constant interchange of forms between human and non-human spheres. Second,
obligations concerning the land are central to social, moral and religious life. Third, human
social identity and individual identity are intimately connected to the land. A critical scrutiny of
our own past philosophical traditions together with a dialogue with Aboriginal worldviews
promises to open some new perspectives, and to enable better recognition of some of the wisdom
of those who inhabited the land for so long before us, whose record of care contrasts so
remarkably with our own.
Plumwood, Val, "Androcentrism and Anthrocentrism: Parallels and Politics," Ethics and the
Environment 1(no. 2, 1996):119-152. The critique of anthrocentrism has been one of the major
tasks of ecophilosophy, whose characteristic general thesis has been that our frameworks of
morality and rationality must be challenged to include consideration of nonhumans. But the core
of anthrocentrism is embattled and its relationship to practical environmental activism is
problematic. I shall argue here that although the criticisms that have been made of the core
concept have some justice, the primary problem is not the framework challenge or the core
concept itself, but rather certain problematic understandings of it which have developed in
environmental philosophy. In the case of the intrinsic/instrumental distinction, much of the
criticism turns on unrealistic expectations about what the distinction means and what it can do; in
the case of anthropocentrism, a perverse reading which I will call cosmic anthrocentrism has
invited many of the criticisms which have been widely seen as fatal to the concept. Using
concepts and models originating in feminist theory and other liberation critiques, I outline an
alternative, feminist rereading of anthrocentrism. I argue that this model is theoretically
illuminating and capable of meeting major objections that the perverse readings have invited.
Critics of the core distinctions have almost universally identified the two core concepts and
issues of anthrocentrism and instrumental/intrinsic value. The analysis I present will show how
these concepts and issues are connected, but also why there is more to anthrocentrism than the
failure to recognise the intrinsic value of nature, and why anthrocentrism rather than intrinsic
value should be the major conceptual focus of environmental critique. It will also show why the
framework challenge is of practical importance to the green movement and why anthrocentrism
is a serious problem in contemporary life. Plumwood lives in Australia where (according to the
contributor's notice) she is a forest dweller, bushwalker, and crocodile survivor. (E&E)
Plumwood, Val, Environmental Culture. New York: Routledge, 2002. Rather than looking at
the symptoms of environmental degradation to find out what has gone wrong in our thinking,
Plumwood looks at the roots of our thinking. She argues that we need to move away from the
isolated, individualistic and liberal conception we have of our place in nature and see humanity
as part of our ecological world-view, not standing outside it.
A detailed and passionate argument for forms of culture that are logically and
pragmatically superior to those cultures built on rationalism, idealism, empiricism, and other
philosophical systems that encourage moral distance. Plumwood's focus is on the ways common
Western philosophical and practical conceptions of knowledge, goodness, and existence have
ignored the grand and absolute significance of the natural world and have therefore brought us to
the brink of global ecological disaster.
The ecological crises we currently face are the result of arrogant cultures, based in
arrogant philosophical views, that deny the face that humans are dependent on nature, men
dependent on women, and those with economic and decision-making power are dependent on the
disempowerment of others.
Instead of thinking of the project of ethics as a matter of extending the boundaries of
human-centered thought and recognizing the value of others in relation to human worth,
Plumwood suggests that we begin with basic respect for all life and approach others with an
ethos of intentional recognition and openness. (v.12,#4)
Reviewed by Chris Cuomo, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2002.11.03. Online at:
http://ndpr.icaap.org/content/archives/2002/11/cuomo=plumwood.html
Plumwood, Val, "The Concept of a Cultural Landscape: Nature, Culture and Agency in the
Land," Ethics and the Environment 11(2006):115-150. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Report issued in April 2005 shows how severely our civilisation is degrading and overstressing
the natural systems that support human life and all other lives on earth. An important critical
challenge, especially for the eco-humanities, is to help us understand the conceptual frameworks
and systems that disappear the crucial support provided by natural systems and prevent us from
seeing nature as a field of agency. This paper considers the currently popular concept of a
cultural landscape as an example of a concept that downplays natural agency, and discusses the
epistemology of nature scepticism and nature cynicism that often accompanies its vogue in the
humanities. Can some philosophical disentangling of senses of nature (often considered the most
complex term in the language) allow sceptics their main points without placing them on such a
strong collision course with the requirements of commonsense and survival? Plumwood is at the
Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.
(Eth&Env)
Plumwood, Val, AAnimals and Ecology: Toward a Better Integration,@ Food for Thought: The
Debate over Eating Meat, edited by Steve F. Sapontzis (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2004.
Plumwood, Val, Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason (London: Routledge,
2002). Plumwood argues that distortions of reason and culture created dangerous forms of
ecological denial thatCthrough economics, ethics, politics, science, and spiritualityCgave us an
illusory sense of our independence from nature that made us insensitive to dependencies,
ecological limits, and interconnections; she drew from democracy, feminism, globalization, and
postcolonialism to develop an alternative dialogical interspecies ethics and materialist spirituality
of place.
Plumwood, Val, AEthics and Instrumentalism: A Reply to Janna Thompson,@ Environmental
Ethics Vol. 13, no. 2 (1991): 139-49.
Plumwood, Val, APaths Beyond Human-Centeredness: Lessons from Liberation Struggles,@ An
Invitation to Environmental Philosophy, edited by Anthony Weston (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1999).
Plumwood, Val, AAndrocentrism and Anthropocentrism: Parallels and Politics,@ Ethics and the
Environment Vol. 1, no. 2 (1996): 119-52.
Plumwood, Val, AThe Politics of Reason: Towards a Feminist Logic,@ Australasian Journal of
Philosophy Vol. 71, no. 4 (1993): 436-62.
Plumwood, Val, APlato and the Bush: Philosophy and the Environment in Australia,@ Thinking
Vol. 9 (1991): 39-46.
Plumwood, Val, ATasteless: Towards a Food-Based Approach to Death,@ Environmental
Values 17(2008):323-330. In this posthumously published paper Val Plumwood reflects on two
personal encounters with death, being seized as prey by a crocodile and burying her son in a
country cemetery with a flourishing botanic community. She challenges the exceptionalism
which sets the human self apart from nature and which is reflected in the choice between two
conceptions of death, one of continuity in the realm of spirit, the other a reductive materialist
conception in which death marks the end of the story of the self. Both perspectives structure out
the basis of animal existence - that we are all food, and through death nourish others. She
commends an animistic materialist approach, where life is seen as in circulation and where
mortuary practices might affirm death as an opportunity of life for others in the ecological
community.
Plumwood, Val, AThe Concept of a Cultural Landscape: Nature, Culture and Agency in the
Land@ Ethics and the Environment Vol. 11, no. 2 (2006): 115-50.
Plumwood, Val, AThe Environment,@ A Companion to Feminist Philosophy, edited by Alison
M. Jaggar and Iris Marion Young (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998).
Plumwood, Val, AEcofeminism: An Overview and Discussion of Positions and Arguments,@
Australasian Journal of Philosophy Supplement to Vol. 64 (1986): 120-38.
Plumwood, Val, AThe Ecopolitics Debate and the Politics of Nature,@ Ecological Feminisms,
edited by Karen J. Warren (London: Routledge, 1994).
Plumwood, Val, AWilderness Skepticism and Wilderness Dualism,@ The Great New
Wilderness Debate, edited by J. Baird Callicott and Michael P. Nelson (Athens: University of
Georgia Press, 1998).
Plumwood, Val, AIntegrating Ethical Frameworks for Animals, Humans, and Nature: A
Critical Feminist Eco-Socialist Analysis,@ Ethics and the Environment Vol. 5, no. 2 (2000):
285-322.
Plumwood, Val, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge, 1993). Plumwood
develops a feminist critique to argue that the master form of western culture=s rationality was
unable to acknowledge its dependence on nature, women, and other dominated groups of people
that were constructed as inferior; this rational distortion shaped the basic categories of western
thought and threatened the survival of people and nonhuman nature.
Plumwood, Val, ADo We Need a Sex/Gender Distinction?,@ Radical Philosophy Vol. 51, no. 1
(1989): 2-11.
Plumwood, Val, AWomen, Humanity and Nature,@ Radical Philosophy Vol. 48, no. 1 (1988):
16-24.
Plumwood, Val, AIntentional Recognition and Reductive Rationality: A Response to John
Andrews,@ Environmental Values Vol. 7, no. 4 (1998): 397-421.
Plumwood, Val, AToward a Progressive Naturalism,@ Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature:
Theory and Practice, edited by Thomas Heyd (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005).
Plumwood, Val, AJourney to the Heart of Stone,@ Culture, Creativity and Environment: New
Environmentalist Criticism, edited by Fiona Becket and Terry Gifford (Amsterdam: Rodopi,
2007).
Plumwood, Val, ANature, Self, and Gender: Feminism, Environmental Philosophy, and the
Critique of Rationalism,@ Hypatia Vol. 6, no. 1 (1991): 3-27.
Plumwood, Val. "Human Vulnerability and the Experience of Being Prey." Quadrant, March
1995, pp. 29-34. Quadrant is an Australian literary and academic magazine (46 George St.,
Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, a Melbourne suburb, ISSN 033-5002. Also published as "Being Prey,"
Terra Nova 1 (no. 3, Summer 1996):32-44. Reflections on her attack by a crocodile in Kakadu
National Park, Australia, on February 5, 1985. Plumwood was attacked while canoeing, and
rolled three times as the crocodile attempted to drown her. She reached a steep, muddy bank with
a paperbark tree with low branches, and made several efforts to escape. "As I leapt again into the
same branch, the crocodile again propelled itself from the water, seizing me once more, this time
round the upper left thigh." Escaping at great ordeal, she later reflects, "The human species has
evolved not only as predator, but also as prey, and this has very likely given us capacities to
scent danger which we cannot now recognise or account for." She contrasts aboriginal and
colonial attitudes toward nature, masculine bias in extensive media coverage of her attack, and
reflects over the conquest of nature and human vulnerability. "The illusion of invulnerability is
typical of the mind of the colonizer; and as the experience of being prey is eliminated from the
face of the earth, along with it goes something it has to teach about the power and resistance of
nature and the delusions of human arrogance. In my work as a philosopher, I now tend to stress
our failure to perceive human vulnerability, the delusions of our view of ourselves as rational
masters of a malleable nature."
Plumwood, Val. "Integrating Ethical Frameworks for Animals, Humans, and Nature: A Critical
Feminist Eco-Socialist Analysis." Ethics and the Environment 5(2000):285-322. ABSTRACT: I
discuss in this article ways a critical feminist-socialist ecology envisage the projects of animal
ethics and defense in a form both might begin to be both more integrated and more effective as a
liberatory theory and political movement than the present offerings of animalist theories.
Mainstream (mainly male and abstract) animal ethics theory has many substantial achievements
to its credit. It has effectively contested the dominant human-centered assumption that ethics,
mind, and communicative capacity are confined to the human sphere, and begun to drive
mainstream philosophy towards a revision of Cartesian human/nature dualism. Some
ecofeminist and eco-socialist theorists especially have developed a powerful critique of
human/animal dualisms and their role in rendering food practices as well as science practices
sites for both human and gender domination. (E&E)
Plumwood, Val. See also Routley, Val.
Plumwood, Val. "Has Democracy Failed Ecology? An Ecofeminist Perspective."
Environmental Politics 4(Winter 1995):134. (v7,#2)
Plumwood, Val. "Ethics and Instrumentalism: A Response to Janna Thompson." Environmental
Ethics 13(1991):139-149. I argue that Janna Thompson's critique of environmental ethics
misrepresents the work of certain proponents of non-instrumental value theory and overlooks the
ways in which intrinsic values have been related to valuers and their preferences. Some of the
difficulties raised for environmental ethics (e.g., individuation) are real but would only be fatal if
environmental ethics could not be supplemented by a wider environmental philosophy and
practice. The proper context and motivation for the development of non-instrumental theories is
not that of an objectivist value theory but rejection of the human domination and chauvinism
involved in even the broadest instrumental accounts of nature as spiritual resource. Plumwood
is in the philosophy department, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. (EE)
Plumwood, Val. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. Translators: Ma Tianjie and Li Lili.
(Chongqing: Chongqing Publishing House, 2007). (in Chinese)
Plumwood, Val. AIn Memoriam: Val Plumwood,@ International Society for Environmental
Ethics Newsletter 19, no. 2, Spring/Summer, 2008, pp. 3-9. Memories and tributes to Val
Plumwood, died February 29, 2008. Online at: http://www.cep.unt.edu/ISEE/index.htm
Pobee, JS 1985. "Creation faith and responsibility for the world." Journal of Theology for
Southern Africa 50, 16-26. (Africa)
Pocalyko, Steve, "Ethyl Corp. v. Environmental Protection Agency: Circuit Court Limits EPA
Administrator's Discretion under Waiver Provisions of the Clean Air Act", Tulane
Environmental Law Journal, 9(No.1, 1995):183- . (v7,#1)
Podoba, Juraj. "Rejecting Green Velvet: Transition, Environment and Nationalism in Slovakia."
Environmental Politics 7(no.1, Spring 1998):129- . (v10,#4)
Poe, Gregory L. "Maximizing the Environmental Benefits per Dollar Expended : An Economic
Interpretation and Review of Agricultural Environmental Benefits and Costs." Society &
Natural Resources 12(No. 6, Sept. 1999):571- . (v10,#4)
Poff, N. L., and Hart, D. D., "How Dams Vary and Why It Matters for the Emerging Science of
Dam Removal," Bioscience 52(no.8, 2002): 659-68. (v.13,#4)
Pogge, Thomas W., ed. Global Justice. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. The
dramatic political, economic, and technological changes of the last decade raise new moral
challenges. Contributors from several countries analyze the central moral issues arising in the
emerging global order, bringing this to bear on the complex and evolving international politics of
the new millenium. Pogge is in philosophy at Columbia University. (v.13,#2)
Poguntke, T., "Green Parties in National Governments: From Protest to Acquiescence?,"
Environmental Politics 11(no.1, 2002): 133-45. (v.13,#2)
Pohl, Otto, "European Environmental Rules Propel Change in U.S.," New York Times, July 6,
2004, p. D4. The EU often has higher environmental standards than the US, and when Europe
moves ahead the U.S. sometimes must follow, reluctantly or not in exports to Europe. The EU is
now the pacemaker in showing what is possible, especially in phasing out toxics, which
American industry may complain they can't afford to eliminate. U.S. industry may lobby in
Brussels against the tighter standards. (v.14, #4)
Pohl, Sarah. "Technology and the Wilderness Experience." Environmental Ethics
28(2006):147-163. Environmental Ethics 28(2006):147-183. As mechanical devices become
lighter, sleeker, and cheaper, the issue of technology in wilderness becomes an increasingly more
important ethical concern because many high-tech luxuries or devices stand to separate the
backcountry traveler from the very goals he or she hopes to actualize by recreating in wilderness.
As recreationists, we need to determine which items are essential and which are distracting,
separating important "equipment" from needless "devices," and exercising the self-control to
carry only what we need. This process can be called "responsible simplicity." It is in the
backcountry traveler's best interest to exercise responsible simplicity, to choose only the devices
necessary to actualize the telos, or goal, of one's wilderness experience. A critique of the
appropriateness of technology in the backcountry should entail examining devices in their
context and also by their relationship to other technologies brought into the backcountry. From a
virtue ethics standpoint, responsible simplicity can promote the integrity of wilderness recreation
by providing oversight with regard to what goods are internal to the practice. It can also allow
room for "wilderness" in our everyday lives in association with David Strong's notion of
"counterbalancing" and Albert Borgmann's notions of "eloquent reality" and "focal practices."
(EE)
Poiani, Karen A., Richter, Brian D., and Richter, Holly E., "Biodiversity Conservation at
Multiple Scales: Functional Sites, Landscapes, and Networks," Bioscience 50 (No. 2, Feb 01
2000): 133- . (v.11,#2)
Pointing, Clive, A Green History of the World, Chinese translation, translator: Wang Yi and
Zhang Xueguang. Publisher: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2002.
Pointing, Clive, A Green History of the World. New York: St. Martin's Press, $ 24.95. The
Earth's degradation began with Adam and Eve's expulsion into the garden (rather than out of it),
that is into agriculture, which was, in turn, followed by industry. A sweeping history of spiral
and decay that leaves the land exhausted and civilization destroying itself. If Pointing is right,
Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr. Ecocide in the USSR (q.v) only show that the
Communists reached this end first. (v3,#2)
Poirier, R., and Ostergren, D., "Evicting People from Nature: Indigenous Land Rights and
National Parks in Australia, Russia, and the United States," Natural Resources Journal 42(no.2,
2002): 331-52. (v.13,#4)
Pois, Robert, National Socialism and the Religion of Nature. London: Croon Helm Publishers,
1986. (v8,#3)
Poisner, Jonathan. "A Civic Republican Perspective on the National Environmental Policy Act's
Process for Citizen Participation." Environmental Law 26, no.1 (1996): 53. Civic republicans
advocate a model of democratic participation that requires broad public participation in a
deliberative decision-making process to arrive at a "common good." Poisner advances this
model by reviewing the citizen participation provisions of the National Environmental Policy
Act and developing criteria that would enable citizens to take a more active role in fulfilling the
Act's requirements. (v7, #3)
Pojman, Louis, ed. Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. Foreword by
Holmes Rolston, III. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1994. 503 pages. Paper. Part One
(Theory) and Part Two (Applications) have 36 articles each; 20 topical subsections; the Rio
Declaration is an Epilogue. Pojman strives to include articles on both sides of issues, not merely
articles advocating environmentalist viewpoints. Included are Leopold, Rachel Carson, Callicott,
Naess, Lovelock, Gould, Hardin, Ehrlich, Commoner, Singer, Regan. Also Albert Schweitzer
and Al Gore. An analytic philosopher with several important articles, books and anthologies,
Pojman is especially adept at selecting and editing readings for undergraduates. In addition to
the usual topics, there are sections on non-Western perspectives (Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and
African), future generations, and human population issues (three sections).
Pojman, Louis P., Global Environmental Ethics. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.,
2000. 393 pages.
1. The Environment: A Global Perspective
2. What is Ethics?
3. Ethical Relativism: Who's to Judge What's Right and Wrong?
4. Egoism, Self-Interest, Altruism
5. Classical Ethical Theories and the Problem of Future Generations
6. The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis (Anthropocentrism)
7. Animal Rights: Sentience as Significant
8. Does Nature Have Objective Value?
9. Ecocentric Holism: The Land Ethic
10. Contemporary Environmental Philosophy: Biocentric Egalitarianism
11. Population: General Considerations
12. Population and World Hunger
13. Air Pollution, the Greenhouse Effect, and Ozone Depletion
14. Water Pollution, Pesticides, and Hazardous Wastes
15. Energy: The Ethics of Power
16. Preservation of Wilderness and Species
17. Economics, Ethics, and the Environment
18. The Challenge of the Future: From Dysfunctional to Sustainable Society
There is also a test bank to accompany this text, prepared by E. R. Klein, Flagler College.
Pojman teaches philosophy at the United States Military Academy, West Point. (v.10,#1)
Pojman, Louis P., ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, second
edition. 568 pages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998. Another second edition of
another popular text. This one was first issued by Jones and Bartlett, 1994. One of the new
features is an exchange between Holmes Rolston and Ernest Partridge on intrinsic values in
nature, with some of the material written for this volume. Beyond the usual topics, there is
material on the Gaia hypothesis, world hunger, immigration (with a commissioned article,
Lindsey Grant, "The Central Immigration Issue: How Many Americans?") and risk assessment
(with a commissioned article by Kristin Shrader-Frechette, "A Defense of Risk-Cost-Benefit
Analysis." Pojman teaches philosophy at the U. S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. (v9,#1)
Pojman, Louis P., ed., Life and Death: A Reader in Moral Problem, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth Publishing Co., 2000. Section X is on "Animal Rights." Kant, Peter Singer, R. G.
Frey, Tom Regan, Robert White, Carl Cohen, James Rachels. Pojman is at the West Point
Military Academy. (v.10,#3)
Pojman, Louis P., ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. Boston:
Jones and Bartlett, 1994. $ 35 paper. A big reader, by a well-known biology publisher now
moving into philosophy of biology, expected to compete with the VanDeVeer and Pierce, ed.,
The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book. Arranged in a pro and con dialogue, 72 readings on
20 topics, in 18 sections, emphasizing a mix of theory and practice. Study questions follow each
reading. The historical roots of our ecological crisis, animal rights, biocentrism, a land ethic,
deep ecology, intrinsic natural value, ecofeminism, the Gaia hypothesis, the preservation of
biodiversity, obligations to future generations, Asian concepts of nature and the human relation
to it, world population, world hunger, pollution, wastes, energy policy, nuclear power, climate
change, sustainable development, economics, ethics, and environmental policy. Five
commissioned articles, and Vice-President Gore. Foreword by Holmes Rolston. Pojman is
professor of philosophy at the University of Mississippi. (v4,#3) (v4,#4)
Pojman, Louis P., Life and Death: Grappling with the Moral Dilemmas of Our time. Boston:
Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc, 1992. 175 pages. Includes sections on "Morality and the
Tragedy of the Commons" and on "Animal Rights." A reader, Life and Death: A Reader in
Moral Problems, with sixty readings, will be released in August to accompany this text. (v3,#1)
Pojman, Louis, ed. Philosophy: The Quest for Truth, 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing Co., 1995. Contains Peter Singer, "The Case for Animal Liberation," and Carl
Cohen, "The Case Against Animal Rights." Pojman teaches philosophy at the United States
Military Academy, West Point, and is also the editor of an environmental anthology. (v6,#3)
Pojman, Louis P., ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, 3rd ed.
Belmont CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Publishing Co., 2001. The third edition of a quite
successful anthology, its success proved by its repeated re-issuing. New in this edition: Rolston,
Holmes, III, "Naturalizing Values: Organisms and Species" and Ned Hettinger's response (see
that entry); Jamieson, Dale, "Against Zoos"; Mies, Maria, "Deceiving the Third World: The
Myth of Catching-up Development"; and Sapontzis, S. F., "What Animal Liberation Is and Isn't
About." Pojman teaches philosopy at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. (v.11,#1)
Polasky, S., Camm, J.D., and Ding, R., "Choosing reserve networks with incomplete species
information," Biological Conservation 94 (No. 1, 2000): 1- . (v.11,#4)
Polasky, S; Solow, AR, "The value of information in reserve site selection," Biodiversity and
Conservation 10(no. 7, 2001):1051-1058. (v.13,#1)
Polesetsky, Matthew. "Will a Market in Air Pollution Clean the Nation's Dirtiest Air? A Study of
the South Coast Air Quality Management District's Regional Clean Air Incentives Market,"
Ecology Law Quarterly 22(no.2, 1995):359- . (v6,#4)
Poli, Corrado and Peter Timmerman, eds., L'Etica in Politiche Ambientali (Ethics in
Environmental Policy). Rome: Gregoriana Liberia Editrice. 1991. This volume results from the
First International Conference on Ethics and Environmental Policies, held in Borca di Cadore,
Italy, in 1990. The second such conference was just held at the University of Georgia in April,
see above. The main sponsoring foundation is Fondazione Lanza, via Dante 55, 35139 Padova,
Italy. Phone 049/8756788. Contents (translations from the Italian), Gabrielle Scimemi, "Ethics
in Environmental Policy: An International Perspective"; Franz Böckle, "Environmental Ethics:
Philosophical and Theological Foundations"; Antonia Autiero, "A Hope for Our Planet"; Frederick Ferre, "The Environment and the Problem of Evil"; Warwick Fox, "Anthropocentric and
Nonanthropocentric Foundations of Environmental Decision-Making"; Sebastiano Maffettone,
"Ethics in Environmental Policy"; Kristin Shrader-Frechette, "Ethics in Environmental Policy:
Public Action and Populist Reforms"; Corrado Poli, "Environmental Impact Assessment and
Value Judgments: Foundations for New Techniques"; Barbara Rhode, "Environmental Damage
and the Application of Criminal Law"; Kenneth E. Boulding, "Environmental Ethics and Earth's
Economic Systems"; Charles Howe, Ethics, Environment, and Economic Practice"; Peter Brown,
"Fiduciary Responsibility and the Greenhouse Effect"; Ratna Murdia, "Environmental Impact
and Deforestation in India"; Carlos B. Gutierrez, "Ethics, Politics, and Economics applied to a
Safari in Amazonia"; Thomas Heyd, "Sustainable Development: Panacea or Impossibility?
Some Implications for Implementing Ethics." An English translation of this work is in progress.
(v3,#1)
Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming (Washington: National Academy Press, 1991). A
report by the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy of the National Academies
of Science and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine. The United States could cut emissions
of greenhouse gases by 10% to 40% for little or no cost. Meanwhile ozone destruction worsens.
New satellite data show that the ozone shield over the United States is eroding twice as fast as
had been assumed. See Science, April 12, 1991. (v2,#1)
Polishchuk, Leonard V., "Conservation Priorities for Russian Mammals," Science 297(16 August
2002):1123. Conservation of slow-reproducing, long-lived, large-bodied species is especially
challenging and especially in Russia, for example with the Siberian tiger and the polar bear. But
Russian resources for conservation, though directed at the tiger and bear, are overlooking over
species such as the desman (a cat-sized mole-like animal, much trapped for its fur), on the
endangered species list. Polishchuk is in ecology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Moscow. (v.13,#4)
Polk, Danne, "Good Infinity/Bad Infinity: Il y a, Apeiron, and Environmental Ethics in the
Philosophy of Levinas," Philosophy in the Contemporary World 7(no. 1, Spring):35-40.
Although Levinas does not specifically articulate an environmental ethic, he certainly has a
concept of nature, from which can be drawn the human, primordial relationship to the elemental.
This involves two types of infinity, environmental imperatives toward both the body's exclusive
relationship to nature and to the interpersonal relationships between the self and other human
beings. Apeiron is undifferentiated material nature. Polk is in philosophy, Villanova University.
(v.11,#3)
Polk, Danne W., "Gabriel Marcel's Kinship to Ecophilosophy" Environmental Ethics
16(1994):173-186. Gabriel Marcel spent most of his life developing a phenomenology of human
intersubjectivity. While doing so he discovered the extent to which an authentic human
community depends upon the relationship it has to nonhuman nature. By exploring Marcel's
critique of technology, as well as his religious phenomenology, I show the proximity to which
Marcel's philosophy approaches the current egalitarian response of the radical ecology
movement. Even though the bulk of Marcel's work is concerned with human intersubjectivity,
his writings advocate a transcendence of anthropocentricism to what Marcel calls
"cosmocentricism," an existential attitude toward the world which submits to the sacredness of
all beings, as well as to the bioregions within which all earthly creatures share the sacraments of
life. Polk is in philosophy, Villanova University, Villanova, PA. (EE)
Pollack, Andrew, "Genes from Engineered Grass Spread for Miles, Study Finds," New York
Times, September 21, 2004, P. A1, C4. Genes from genetically engineered grass can spread
much farther than previously known, up to 13 miles in windblown pollen. Monsanto and Scotts
have developed a strain of creeping bentgrass for use on golf courses that is resistant to the
widely used herbicide Roundup. The altered grasses would allow groundkeepers to spray the
herbicide in their greens and fairways, while leaving the grass unscathed. But environmental
groups and the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management worry that the grass would
spread to areas where it is not wanted or transfer its herbicide resistance to weedy relatives,
creating superweeds immune to the weedkiller. The Forest Service has said that the grass "has
the potential to adversely impact all 175 national forests and grasslands." (v.14, #4)
Pollack, Andrew, "U.S. and Allies Block Treaty On Genetically Altered Goods," New York
Times (2/25/99): A1. U.S. blocks international treaty on trade in genetically altered goods. The
U.S., Canada, Australia, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay blocked a Biosafety Protocol supported
by 130 nations that would have required exporters of genetically-altered organisms and seeds to
get explicit permission from importing nations. The treaty was aimed at preventing possible
environmental harm from such trade. The six major agricultural exporters objected to the
inclusion of commodities like wheat and corn, arguing that they are meant for eating and
processing and do not enter the environment. They were afraid that the protocol would be used
as an excuse to block billions of dollars in farm exports. From 25 to 45 percent of corn, cotton
and soybeans grown in the U.S. has been genetically modified. The Biosafety Protocol was an
outgrowth of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed to at the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth
Summit. The U.S. Senate has still not ratified this convention because of fear it would harm the
biotechnology industries. (v.10,#1)
Pollack, Andrew, "Biotech's Sparse Harvest," New York Times, February 14, 2006. Genetically
engineered crops have mostly benefited farmers by making it easier for them to control weeds
and insects, but the promise of healthier and tastier foods is still unfulfilled. Big companies are
not interested in it, for fear of customer resistance. Smaller companies do not have the resources
to do it. Where some results have been achieved, there are often problems; it's more nutritious,
but it doesn't taste good, or there are side effects. Corn with more lysine, an amino acid, is being
fed to farm animals. Considerable work has been done with soybeans to change the fat
composition to more desirable fats, with mixed success. Often traditional breeding works about
as well, without customer resistance.
Pollack, Andrew, "Can Biotech Crops Be Good Neighbors?" New York Times, September 26,
2004. The answer is quite uncertain. (v.14, #4)
Pollan, Michael, Second Nature: A Gardener's Education. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,
1991. There are two problems with a purist ethic toward nature. (1) Seemingly pristine parts of
nature are more changed by humans already than we like to realize. (2) There is no guidance for
what to do with areas that are not pristine. "`All or nothing,' says the wilderness ethic, and in
fact we've ended up with a landscape in America that conforms to that injunction remarkably
well. Thanks to exactly this kind of either/or thinking, Americans have done an admirable job of
drawing lines around certain sacred areas (we did invent the wilderness area) and a terrible job of
managing the rest of our land. The reason is not hard to find: the only environmental ethic we
have has nothing useful to say about those areas outside this line. Once a landscape is no longer
`virgin' it is typically written off as fallen, lost to nature, irredeemable. We hand it over to the
jurisdiction of that other sacrosanct American ethic: laissez-faire economics. ... Essentially, we
have divided our country in two, between the kingdom of wilderness, which rules about eight
percent of America's land, and the kingdom of the market, which rules the rest" (p. 188-189).
(v7,#1)
Pollan, Michael, "Only Man's Presence Can Save Nature," Journal of Forestry 88(no.7, July,
1990):24-33. A panel with Daniel B. Botkin, Dave Foreman, James Lovelock, Frederick Turner,
and Robert D. Yaro. The theme is the shifting definitions of nature and of humans. Some
opinions: "We are foolish to believe that all our problems are solvable, especially by technology
or sociology." "The quintessential element of nature [is] us. Humankind is more what nature is
than anything else." "The Indians changed the ecology of North America totally." "We
shouldn't treat nature as if it's a machine--take it apart, rebuild it, and substitute new parts. The
rule should be: change nature at nature's rates and in nature's ways." Michael Pollan is executive
editor of Harper's Magazine, in which this earlier appeared. And he ought to have better sense
than to use a sexist title like this. Maybe his environmentalist opinions are suspect on this
account alone. (v3,#3)
Pollan, Michael , The Omnivore=s Dilemma: The Search for a Perfect Meal in a Fast-Food
World (London: Bloomsbury, 2006). Reviewed by Michael Allen Fox, Environmental Values
17(2008):113-116.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore=s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin Press, 2006. The AAmerican paradox@ is that we are a Anotably unhealthy people
obsessed by the idea of eating healthily.@ Pollan eats four meals, following the origins and
results of the food eaten. One is from an Iowa farm with confined animal feeding operation.
One is a meal from an organic supermarket. One is on a small farm in Virginia run by a farmer
who creatively exploits natural symbioses of plants and animals. The last is in the huntergatherer food chain. In closing he reflects on Athe perfect meal,@ with a true accounting of its
benefits and costs.
Pollock, Rebecca, "Crystal Waters," Alternatives 26 (No. 3, 2000 Summer): 36- . Australian
ecovillage is a world-recognized pioneer in low-impact living. (v.11,#4)
Pollock-Ellwand, Nancy, "Cultural Landscapes and Environmental Ethics: The Case of Puslinch
Township's Historic Roadside Trees", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
7(1994):189-204.
Pollock-Ellwand, Nancy. "The Need for Holism: A Landscape and Pluralist Perspective",
Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):94. (v7,#4)
Pollution in the Arctic and Antarctic. Polar Record, vol. 37, no. 202, July 2001 is a theme issue
devoted to pollution and its remediation in frozen ground, Arctic and Antarctic, permafrost, fuel
spills, waste disposal, landfills. (v.12,#3)
Polson, Sheila. "A Troubled Environment Seen Through the Art of Children." The Christian
Science Monitor 89.87 (1 April 1997): 13.
Polunin, N., "Humility And The Environment," Environmental Conservation 26 (No. 4, Dec 01
1999): 243- . (v.11,#2)
Polunin, Nicholas. "Editorial: Humans' Real Place on Earth." Environmental Conservation 22,
no.4 (1995): 289. (v7, #3)
Pompe, Jeffrey J. and Rinehart, James R., Environmental Conflict: In Search of Common
Ground. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. (v.13, #3)
Pompetzki, Monika, "Papers," Environments 28(no.2, 2000): 11-. Domination, Alienation,
Integration: Three Models of Human-Environment Relations Applied to Land Use in Niagara.
(v.12,#3)
Poortinga, W., Steg, L., and Vlek, C., "Environmental Risk Concern and Preferences for EnergySaving Measures," Environment and Behavior 34(no.4, 2002): 455-78. (v.13,#4)
Pope, Carl, "Television Misses the Picture," Sierra 81 (no. 2, March/April 1996):12-14.
Environmental coverage on the three networks has declined by 60 percent since 1989; the
decline is not due to lack of environmental news or interest, but possibly to the pressures of
owners and advertisers. Ted Turner and Tom Brokaw are notable exceptions. Pope is executive
director of the Sierra Club. (v7,#1)
Pope, Carl and Paul Rauber, Strategic Ignorance: Why the Bush Administration is Recklessly
Destroying a Century of Environmental Progress. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 2004.
Searing criticism of the Bush administration for compromising environmental gains of the last
century. Risk analysis, pollution standards, federal lands, Alaska, global warming, American
decline in environmental leadership, and more.
Popke, E., "Poststructuralist Ethics: Subjectivity, Responsibility and the Space of Community,"
Progress in Human Geography 27(no. 3, 2003): 298-316. (v 14, #3)
Popp. Trey, "Nature Hits the Roof," Science and Spirit 16 (no. 6, Nov./Dec. 2005):15-18. Plant
a prairie on your roof. An emerging trend for environmental, religious, and aesthetic reasons is
green roofs that create an urban canopy where nature is restored on the rooftop. Ford Motor
Company makes some of its biggest trucks under the world's biggest green roof, 10 acres that
provides habitat for local wildlife, saves the plant 7% of energy costs, minimizes storm water
runoff, absorbs harmful emissions.
Popper, Deborah and Popper, Frank, "The Buffalo Commons: Using Regional Metaphor to
Envision the Future," Wild Earth 9 (No. 4, Wint 1999): 30- . (v.11,#2)
Population and Environment is an interdisciplinary journal. A special issue on "Roots of
Environmental Neglect" is forthcoming. Articles feature the comparative importance of
population, affluence, depletion of natural resources, new technologies, ideology, ethics, social
domination, anthropocentrism, biocentrism. The journal especially publishes articles that seek to
integrate and reconcile these viewpoints, or to enrich this debate by grounding it in such
disciplines as history, philosophy, political science, psychology, anthropology, economics,
biology, literature, and archeology. (v8,#1)
Population and Environment, an interdisciplinary journal, is soliciting contributions for a
forthcoming special issue on "Roots of Environmental Neglect." Reviews of prevailing
viewpoints (e.g., the comparative importance of population, affluence, depletion of natural
resources, new technologies, ideology, ethics, social domination, anthropocentrism, biocentrism)
are welcome. Equally welcome are contributions which seek to integrate and reconcile these
viewpoints, or which seek to enrich this debate by grounding it in such disciplines as history,
philosophy, political science, psychology, anthropology, economics, biology, literature, and
archeology. Please send papers, in duplicate, to Dr. Moti Nissani, Guest Co-Editor,
Interdisciplinary, Studies Program, 5700 Cass Ave., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202,
USA; Email: [email protected]; Fax: (313) 577-8585; Tel.: (810) 543-0536 (home &
message). (v8,#2)
Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies is now in volume 13, an
important journal that may be overlooked by those interested in environmental ethics. The editor
is Virginia Abernethy, Department of Psychiatry, AA-2206 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN
37232. Phone: 615/322-6608. The publisher is Human Sciences Press, Inc., 233 Spring Street,
New York, NY 10013-1578. Phone 212/620-8000. A free sample copy is available. A sample
paper, by Virginia Abernethy is: "The True Face of Compassion: Immigration Policy and Other
Ways to Help." "The steadily intensifying national debate on immigration is incorrectly cast
with pro-immigration `humanitarians' on the one hand and hard-nosed, tight-border, `Americafirsters' on the other. This scenario distorts an underlying question, which is how to encourage
and support third world countries in confronting their own, very serious problems. From this
perspective, positions both for and against high immigration share the common ground of having
a compassionate intent." "Immigration policy is one of the very few means by which the U. S.
may be able to influence the trend of world population growth. ... Barriers to immigration
which lead to zero population growth in the U.S. make us a credible international example. ...
Only then will the most innovative, even dissident, people beyond our border be persuaded to
remain at home, where they are needed to confront and lead the way out of the misery which
inevitable results from failure to recognize limits." (Thanks to Ron Engel.) (v4,#1)
Porritt, J, "Sustainability without Spirituality: a Contradiction in Terms?," Conservation Biology
16(no.6, 2002): 1465.
Porritt, Jonathon, "The Common Heritage: What Heritage? Common to Whom?" Environmental
Values Vol.1 No.3(1992):257-268. ABSTRACT: Global commons are natural goods which
transcend national boundaries. A brief glance at management of oceans and terrestrial commons
is succeeded by fuller discussion of rainforests, over which nations claim property rights, yet
which perform global services. Leasing out could effect a desirable transfer of funds from North
to South. Sustainable development requires these or other large incentives towards
environmental protection in developing countries, but land and institutional reform are crucial to
success. In conclusion, the anthropocentric ethic implicit in all such solutions is contrasted with
the ecocentric one which may be necessary to preserve the biosphere in the future.
KEYWORDS: Biosphere, global commons, rainforests, property rights, stewardship,
sustainability. 30 Swinton Street, London WC1X 9NX, UK.
Porritt, Jonathon, Capitalism as if the World Matters. London: Earthscan, 2005. Our
unsustainable world. 1. Conflicting Imperatives. 2. Sustainable Development for Real. 3.
Re-engaging with Economic Growth. 4. Unsustain-able Capitalism? 5. Through the Global
Looking Glass. 6. The Five Capitals Framework. 7. Natural Capital. 8. Human Capital. 9.
Social Capital. 10. Manufactured Capital. 11. Financial Capital. 12. Confronting Denial. 13.
Changing the Metrics. 14. Business Excellence. 15. Civil Society. 16. Visions and Values. 17.
Converging Imperatives.
Porteous John Douglas. Environmental Aesthetics: Ideas, Politics, and Planning. New York:
Routledge, 1996. (v.8,#4)
Porter, Douglas R. Managing Growth in America's Communities. Covelo, CA: Island Press,
1997. 215 pp. $29.95 paper. The author describes the regulatory and programmatic techniques
that have been most useful, obstacles to be overcome, and specific strategies that have been
instrumental in achieving successful growth management programs. Also included are
informational sidebars written by leading experts in growth management. (v8,#2)
Porter, Gareth. "Natural Resource Subsidies and International Policy: A Role for APEC," The
Journal of Environment and Development 6(no.3, 1997):276. (v8,#3)
Porter, Richard C., The Economics of Water and Waste in Three African Capitals. Brookfield,
VT: Ashgate, 1997. 154 pp. $55.95. The successes and failures of the policies and outcomes of
three differing approaches to the problems of providing adequate urban service in the cities of
Accra, Harare, and Gaborone.
Porter, Richard C., The Economics of Water and Waste in Three African Capitals. Brookfield,
VT: Ashgate, 1997. 154 pp. $55.95. The successes and failures of the policies and outcomes of
three differing approaches to the problems of providing adequate urban service in the cities of
Accra, Harare, and Gaborone.
Portney, Kent E., Controversial Issues in Environmental Policy: Science vs. Economics vs.
Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1992. 181 pages. $ 15.50 paper. $ 31.95
cloth. How value disputes have found their way into the policymaking process, pitting the
values of science, technology, economics, and environmental conservation against the practice of
politics. Portney is at Tufts University. (v4,#3)
Portney, Paul R., and Weyant, John P., eds., Discounting and Intergenerational Equity.
Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1999. 224 pages. $ 33 hardback. The contributor
economists generally embrace discounting for evaluating projects with timeframes of forty years
or less, with the discount rate to reflect the opportunity costs of capital. But beyond the forty
year mark, much discomfort sets in. Very large costs to the future are worth nothing today. In
fact, using the 7 percent discount rate that the Office of Management and Budget recommends
for such purposes, the present inhabitants of Earth should not spend more than $ 2 each today to
prevent the loss of the entire gross domestic product (GDP) of the whole world two hundred
years from now. Several contributors doubt that standard cost-benefit analysis is useful at all for
problems with significant intergenerational consequences. A major problem is climate change;
the usual discounting warrants spending rather little today to prevent great losses to future
persons. Portney is president of Resources for the Future; Weyant is in engineering-economic
systems at Stanford University. (v.10,#3)
Portney, Paul and John Weyant, eds. Discounting and Intergenerational Equity. Washington:
Resources for the Future, 1999. Review by Colin Price
Environmental Values 10(2001):553. (EV)
Posewitz, Jim, Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethic and Tradition of Hunting. Helena, MT: Falcon
Press, 1994. Paper. $ 5.95. Cloth, $ 17.95. "As hunters we enjoy the rare privilege of
participating in the natural process rather than only observing it from a distance. We become, for
a time a predator like the human hunters of our distant origins. We are however, a minority; and
if we are to continue, we must do it in a way that is acceptable to the majority." "You need to be
familiar with the field, the woods, the marsh, the forest, or the mountains where you hunt. If you
work hard and long at this aspect of hunting, you can become a part of the place you hunt. You
will sense when you start to belong to the country. Go afield often enough and stay out long
enough and it will happen. Little by little you will become less of an intruder. More animals will
seem to show themselves to you. You are no longer a stranger in their world; you have become
part of it. Many people hunt for a lifetime without learning this, and they miss the most
rewarding part of being a hunter." Already over 100,000 copies of this book have been used in
hunter education programs in thirty states. Posewitz is a longtime Montana conservationist, and
founder of Orion, The Hunters Institute. (v5,#4)
Posey, D., Balee, W., eds. Resource Management in Amazonia. Bronx, NY: The New York
Botanical Garden, 1989. 304pp. $59 paper. Examines the resource-use practices of eight tribal
groups as well as the caboclos, non-tribal rural farmers, fisherman, and foragers in Amazonia,
the world's largest expanse of tropical rain forest. In a variety of habitats--flood-plain and
upland forests, savannas, highlands, black and clear water rivers--these peoples have developed
management practices that can provide new insights for the conservation and wise use of these
threatened ecosystems.
Posey, D. A., Dutfield, G., Plenderleith, K. "Collaborative Research and Intellectual Property
Rights," Biodiversity and Conservation 4(no.8, Nov. 1995):892- . (v6,#4)
Posey, Darrell Addison, ed. Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. Review by Richard
Folitz, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):93-96.
Folitz, Richard. Review of Darrell Addison Possey, ed., Cultural and Spiritual Values of
Biodiversity, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):93-96. (JAEE)
Posey, Darrell A., ed., Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity: A Complementary
Contribution to the Global Biodiversity Assessment. London: Intermedate Technologies, and
Nairobi, UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 1999. A hefty volume of 731 largeformat, double-column pages. Some thirty contributors include David Suzuki, Baird Callicott,
James Nash, Mark Sagoff, Oren Lyons, Vandana Shiva, and Rosemary Radford Ruether, as well
as first-hand testimonies from representatives of indigenous groups around the world. Posey is at
the Department de Ciências Biológicas, Universidad Federal do Maranhao, Sao Luis, Maranhao,
Brazil. (v.11,#3)
Posner, Richard, Catastrophe. New York: Oxford Unviersity Press, 2004. The odds of the
occurrence of one or more catastrophes are growing quickly because of "the breakneck pace of
scientific and technological advance." These possible catastrophes include rapid climate change,
which "is to a significant degree a byproduct of the success of capitalism in enormously
increasing the amount of world economic activity ... and is a great and growing threat to anyone's
idea of human welfare." About this, conservatives are "in a state of denial." Posner is often
known for his economic approach to making decisions but, unfortunately, catastrophe "turns out
to be an unruly subject for economic analysis." Posner is a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit.
Post, James A., "Managing As If the Earth Mattered," Business Horizons 34, no. 4 (1991): 3238. Managers can no longer ignore environmental problems; they must manage as if the earth
mattered, because in fact it does. (v4,#2)
Post, Stephen G., editor in chief, Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd edition. 5 vols. New York:
Macmillan Reference, 2003. Some articles relevant to environmental philosophy and animal
issues: (These are mostly carried over from the 2nd edition, Warren T. Reich, editor-in-chief,
Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster, 1995, with Holmes Rolston, III as area editor
for environmental ethics and animal welfare issues.
-Sagoff, Mark, "Agriculture and Biotechnology"
-Singer, Peter, "Animal Research: Philosophical Issues"
-Regan, Thomas, "Animal Welfare and Rights: I. Ethical Perspectives on the Treatment and
Status of Animals"
-Linzey, Andrew, "Animal Welfare and Rights. II. Vegetarianism"
-Rolston, Holmes: "Animal Welfare and Rights. III. Wildlife Conservation and Management"
-Linzey, Andrew, "Animal Welfare and Rights: IV. Pet and Companion Animals"
-Dunlap, Julie, "Animal Welfare and Rights: V. Zoos and Zoological Parks"
-Bernard E. Rollin, "Animal Welfare and Rights: VI. Animals in Agriculture and Farming"
-Jamieson, Dale, "Climate Change"
-Lauritzen, Paul, "Cloning III: Religious Perspectives"
-Rolston, Holmes, "Endangered Species and Biodiversity"
-Callicott, J. Baird, "Environmental Ethics: Overview"
-Naess, Arne, "Deep Ecology"
-Callicott, J. Baird, "Environmental Ethics: III. Law and Ethics"
-Warren, Karen J., "Environmental Ethics: IV. Ecofeminism"
-Sagoff, Mark, "Environmental Policy and Law"
-Peters, Philip J., "Future Generations, Obligations to"
-Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, "Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances"
-Newton, Lisa H., "Life"
-Lennox, James A., "Nature" (v.14, #4)
Postma, Dirk Willem. Why Care for Nature? In Search of an Ethical Framework for
Environmental Responsibility and Education. New York: Springer, 2006. Postma critiques the
Education for Sustainable Development framework used by environmental educators and in its
place develops an ethical framework for responsibility and care of nature that is inspired by our
commitment to collective practices and by our sensual-aesthetic acquaintanceship with natural
surroundings in our everyday activities.
Potgieter, JH 1991. Natuur, Skriftuur en die mens is getuies van God (Ps 19). In: Vos, C &
Müller, J (eds): Mens en omgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 105-113. (Africa)
Pottast, Thomas, "Inventing Biodiversity: Genetics, Evolution, and Environmental Ethics,"
Biologisches Zentralblatt (now Theory in Biosciences/Theorie in den Biowissenschaften)
115(nos. 2/3, 1996):177-188. In English. A historical survey of the concept of biodiversity.
There are two components: genetic diversity, arising from the study of cultivated plants, and
species diversity, arising from the study of evolutionary history. The first person to combine
these was Otto Herzfeld Frankel, Australian plant geneticist and breeding scientist, in 1970 and
again in 1974, using the term "evolutionary responsibility," his precursor to the later term
"environmental ethics." Biodiversity conservation includes both economic dimensions and
natural history dimensions, both with implications for nature conservation. (Presumably Frankel
features genetic biodiversity conservation, else there was already Leopold, Carson, Muir, active
in environmental ethics.) Pottast is at the Center for Ethics in the Sciences and the Humanities,
University of Tubingen, Germany. (v.10,#1)
Potter, B., "A Review of: Smouts, Marie Claude. Tropical Forests, International Jungle: The
Underside of Global Ecopolitics," Society and Natural Resources 18(no. 10,
November/December 2005): 939-941.
Potter, B., "Predatory Politics: Group Interests and Management of the Commons,"
Environmental Politics 11(no.2, 2002): 73-94. (v.13,#4)
Potter, Christopher S. "Terrestrial Biomass and the Effects of Deforestation on the Global
Carbon Cycle." Bioscience 49(No.10, Oct. 1999):769- . Results from a model of primary
production using satellite observations. (v10,#4)
Potter, Clive. "Beyond Soil Conservation." Environment 38, no.7 (1996): 25. Current U.S. soil
conservation programs are better at meeting political goals than environmental ones, according
to this review of a report by the Office of Technology Assessment. (v7, #3)
Potter, H. R., "Review of: Gottlieb, Robert, Environmentalism Unbound: Exploring New
Pathways for Change," Society and Natural Resources 15(no.2, 2002): 189-91. (v.13,#2)
Potter, RB, "Environmental problems in an urbanizing world," Land Use Policy 19(no.2,
2002):188- . (v.13, #3)
Potter, Stephen, An Environmental Ethic for Business (with special reference to the Electricity
Supply Industry), Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September
1990.
Potter, Stephen, An Environmental Ethic for Business (with special reference to the Electricity
Supply Industry), Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September
1990. (v7,#1)
Potter, Van Rensselaer, "Fragmented Ethics and `Bridge Bioethics'," Hastings Center Report
29(no. 1, 1999):38-40. Environmental ethics can be a bridge between the two cultures: the
sciences and the humanities. An environmental ethic seeks the preservation and restoration of
the natural landscape, plants, and animals; clean air; plentiful, nonpolluted water; and large areas
in the wild state. It can serve as a bridge between pluralist interests in society, and bridge
humans to nature, also serve as a bridge to the future. Potter is professor emeritus in oncology at
the University of Wisconsin. (v.10,#1)
Potter, Van Rensselaer, "Evolving Ethical Concepts," BioScience 27(1977):251-253. Analyses
the origins of environmental ethics in the 1970's, and earlier precedents, finding Rolston a key
figure, in contrast to Hardin.
Potter, Van Rensselaer, Global Bioethics: Building on the Leopold Legacy. Michigan State
University Press, 1989. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 11(1989):281-85.
Potter, Van Rensselaer, Discussion section: "Real Bioethics: Biocentric or Anthropocentric?,"
Ethics and the Environment 1(no.2, 1996):177-183. Environmental ethics is done by
philosophers operating within the strict canons of the discipline. Environmental ethics has been
pursued as the traditional ethics of pure reason. Real bioethics is not pure, traditional, reasoning
ethics. Real bioethics is done by realistic scientists and concerned biologists and physicians who
have an intuition to help build a "Bridge to the Future" whether of not their effort is labeled
"bioethics." Among this cohort is Physicians for Social Responsibility and the editors of their
new journal, Medicine and Global Survival. These people are not professional ethicists. As
realists they see the survival and well-being of the human species as a matter or organizational
morality--a civic society directed to the "common good" world-wide, as soon as possible, and
with a long-range perspective. Real bioethics is not merely biocentric or merely anthropocentric.
Instead. real; bioethics calls for an idealistic mix of biocentrism and the kind of humanism that
is concerned with the needs, interests, and welfare of human beings, or, in other words, and
enlightened or realistic anthropocentrism that acknowledges the central role f the biosphere in
the continued existence and "common good" of the human species, as previously discussed in
connection with global bioethics, a subject foreign to environmental ethicists. From any point of
view, real bioethics falls in the context of the ideals of two Wisconsin professors who lived in the
early part of the twentieth century, Aldo Leopold and Max Otto. Potter was, until retirement,
professor of oncology at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research at the University of
Wisconsin. He claims to have coined the word "bioethics" in 1970. (E&E)
Pottinger, Lori, "Dammed If You Do," The Ecologist 31(no.1, 2001 Feb 01): 50-. The new
report from the World Commission on Dams is a strong condemnation of much of the world's
dam-building. (v.12,#3)
Poudevigne, I. and Baudry, J., "The Implication of Past and Present Landscape Patterns for
Biodiversity Research: Introduction and Overview," Landscape Ecology 18(no. 2, 2003): 223225.
Pounds, J. Alan, Fogden, Michael P., and Campbell, John H., "Biological Response to Climate
Change on a Tropical Mountain," Nature 398(15 April 1999):611-615. Recent warming has
caused changes in species distribution and abundance on a tropical mountain in Costa Rica; the
extent of these effects is unclear. Twenty of fifty species of frogs and toads have disappeared.
Some data suggests this is from lifting cloud levels due to climate warming. One species is the
locally endemic golden toad (Bufo periglenes), which could be the first extinction due to global
warming. See related article, Still, Christopher J., et al., "Simulating the Effects of Climate
Change on Tropical Montane Cloud Forests," Nature 398(15 April 1999):608-610. (v.10,#2)
Pouta, Eija, and Mika Rekola, "The Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Willingness to
Pay for Abatement of Forest Regeneration," Society & Natural Resources 14(no.2, 2001): 93-.
(v.12,#3)
Pouta, Eija; Sievanen, Tuija; Neuvonen, Marjo, "Recreational Wild Berry Picking in Finland:
Reflection of a Rural Lifestyle," Society and Natural Resources 19 (no.4, Number 4/April 2006):
285-304 (20).
Pouteau, Sylvie, "The Food Debate: Ethical Versus Substantial Equivalence," Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 15(no. 3, 2002):291-303. Substantial equivalence (SE)
has been introduced to assess novel foods. including genetically modified (GM) food, by means
of comparison with traditional food. Besides a number of objections concerning its scientific
validity for risk assessment, the main difficulty with SE is that it implies that food can be
qualified on a purely substantial basis. SE embodies the assumption that only reductive scientific
arguments are legitimate for decision-making in public policy due to the emphasis on legal
issues. However, the surge of the food debate clearly shows that this technocratic model is not
accepted anymore. Food is more than physico-chemical substance and encompasses values such
as quality and ethics. These values are legitimate in their own right and require that new
democratic processes are set up for transverse, transdisciplinary assessment in partnership with
society. The notion of equivalence can provide a reference scale in which to examine the various
legitimate factors involved: substance (SE), quality (Qualitative Equivalence: QE), and ethics
(Ethical Equivalence: EE). QE requires that new qualitative methods of evaluation that are not
based on reductive principles are developed. EE can provide a basis for the development of an
Ethical Assurance as a counterpart of Quality Assurance in the food sector. In France, a second
circle of expertise is being set up to address the social issues in food public policy beside
classical risk assessment by the first circle of expertise. Since ethics is likely to become an
organizing principle of the second circle, the equivalence ethical framework can prove
instrumental in this context. KEY WORDS: equivalence ethical framework, "Ethical
Assurance," second circle of expertise, food integrity, genetically modified (GM) food,
legitimate factors, quality, substantial equivalence.
Pouteau is with the Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INRA, Versailles cedex, France. (JAEE)
Pouyat, R. V., "Science and Environmental Policy--Making Them Compatible," BioScience
49(1999):281-286.
Povilitis, Anthony J. "On Assigning Rights to Animals and Nature." Environmental Ethics
2(1980):67-71. Watson argues that living entities do not have intrinsic or primary rights, such as
the right to existence, unless they are capable of fulfilling reciprocal duties in a self-conscious
manner. I suggest that (1) Watson's "reciprocity framework" for rights and duties is excessively
anthropocentric, (2) that it is founded on the incorrect-assumption that the Golden Rule refers to
mutual rather than individual duties, and (3) that Watson arbitrarily equates moral rights with
primary rights. Since "intrinsic" rights are, in effect, assigned rights, the assignment of rights to
a given entity is viewed as a function of its perceived value. Thus, in emphasizing differences
between man and other living entities, Watson chooses Cartesian values in assigning rights.
Conversely, the ecological and evolutionary relatedness of living things forms the basis for
considering rights within the naturalist tradition. Povilitis is a senior wildlife ecologist for VTN
Wyoming, Sheridan, WY. (EE)
Povilitis, Tony, "Toward a Robust Natural Imperative for Conservation," Conservation Biology
15(no.2, 2001): 533-. (v.12,#3)
Povinelli, Daniel J., Folk Physics for Apes: The Chimpanzee's Theory of How the World
Works. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chimpanzees think about the physical world
in a way radically different from our own. Whereas humans can reason about imperceptible
physical forces such as gravity, mass, and inertia, chimpanzees can only reason about perceptible
things such as the learned association between dropping a rock onto a palm nut and then eating
the fleshy meat inside. Research to support these conclusions. Our human cognitive departure
from nonhuman primates is more dramatic than previously believed. Povinelli is at the
Laboratory of Comparative Behaviorial Biology, University of Southwestern Louisiana. For a
generally negative review, see Hauser, Marc D., "Elementary, My Dear Chimpanzee," Science
291(19 January 20001):440-441. Povinelli, he claims, worked with young and inexperienced
chimpanzees (under 10 years old), and his experimental methodology was not careful enough.
(EE v.12,#1)
Powell, Chris, "A Chance at History," Wildlife in North Carolina 65 (no. 3, March 2001):6-10.
Restoration of elk to the Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina, hunted to extinction in the
1700's. Twenty-five elk are being released each year. (v.12,#2)
Powell, Frona M., "The Public Trust Doctrine: Implications for Property Owners and the
Environment," Journal of Environmental Law and Practice 5 (July 1997):30-. The application of
public trust doctrine in the current debate over the extent to which government may regulate
private property to protect the public environment. (v.8,#4)
Powell, Paul D. "Can Principles of Evolution and Ecology Be Applied to the Problem of HIV
Infection/AIDS", Biodiversity Letters 3(no.1, 1996):14. (v7,#4)
Power, Mary E.; Tilman, David; and Menge, Bruce A. "Challenges in the Quest for Keystones."
Bioscience 46, no.8 (1996): 609. Identifying keystone species is difficult--but essential to
understanding how loss of species will affect ecosystems. (v7, #3)
Power, Thomas Michael. Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies. Covelo, CA: Island Press,
1996. 350 pp. $29.95 cloth. An economist argues that the quality of the natural landscape is an
essential part of a community's permanent economic base and should not be sacrificed in shortterm efforts to maintain employment levels in industries that are ultimately not sustainable.
Power analyzes areas where environmental protection measures have been enacted to examine
the impact of protected landscapes on local economies. (v7,#4)
Power, Thomas Michael. Review of For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward
Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. By Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb,
Jr. Environmental Ethics 15(1993):85-90.
Power, Thomas Michael. Environmental Protection and Economic Well-Being: The Economic
Pursuit of Quality. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996. 268pp. $24.95 paper. A critique of the
"folk economics" that dominates economic development discussions. Power applies the
theoretical and empirical results of economic research to local development issues, and analyzes
economic development policy in the context of the "total economy," not merely in terms of
commercial business activity. (v8,#1)
Power, Thomas Michael, Extraction and the Environment: The Economic Battle to Control our
Natural Landscapes. Washington; Island Press, 1995. 350 pages. The quality of the natural
landscape is an essential part of a community's permanent economic base and should not be
sacrificed to short-term goals. Case studies from ranching, mining, and timber industries.
(v8,#2)
Power, Thomas Michael. Lost Landscapes and Failed Economics: The Search for a Value of
Place. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $32.50 cloth, $17.95 paper. 350 pp. (v9,#2)
Powers, Alan, Bird Talk: Conversations with Birds. Berkeley, CA: Frog, Ltd. 2003. Distributed
by North Atlantic Books, P. O. Box 12327, Berkeley, CA 94712. An experimental walk through
the city and countryside of several continents while listening, watching, and replying to birds.
Powers brings a musician's ear and delight in language and the oral communication of the poet,
Renaissance scholar, and college teacher to the question, "What are birds saying when they talk
to each other?"
Powers, C. John. Review of Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds.
Edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Williams. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):207-210.
Powers, C. John. Review of Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, and
Humans. Edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Berthrong. Environmental Ethics
22(2000):207-210.
Powers, Melissa, "The Spirit of the Salmon: How the Tribal Restoration Plan Could Restore
Columbia Basin Salmon," Environmental Law 30(no.4, 2000): 867-. Columbia River salmon
have undergone significant losses in populations due to habitat degradation and destruction. In
the face of continued salmon population declines and the real threat of extinction, several fish
management entities have developed various salmon recovery plans over the years. Ms. Powers
argues for state and federal agencies to adopt the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission's
"Spirit of the Salmon" tribal restoration plan. She contends that the tribal restoration plan is the
best hope for salmon recovery in the Columbia River Basin. Ms. Powers details the plan's main
elements, how the plan could lead to salmon recovery, and the significance of the plan as a
unique exercise of tribal sovereignty. (v.12,#3)
Powledge, F, "Chesapeake Bay Restoration: A Model of What?," BioScience 55 (no. 12,
December 2005): 1032-1038.
Poyck, Elizabeth A. "Environmental Indemnities: Drafting Out the Defects." Journal of
Environmental Law and Practice 4, no.1 (1996): 5. Recent case law interpreting environmental
indemnities and the lessons to learn from these cases. (v7, #3)
Prades, Jose A., and Dunlap, Riley E., "Sociological Perspectives on Global Environmental
Change," International Sociology. Part One, vol. 13, no. 4 (December 1998): articles:
--Eugene A. Rosa and Thomas Dietz, "Climate Change and Society: Speculation, Construction
and Scientific Investigation."
--Allan Mazur, "Global Environmental Change in the News: 1987-90 vs. 1992-96."
--Riley E. Dunlap, "Lay Perceptions of Global Risk: Public Views of Global Warming in CrossNational Context."
--Michael Redclift and Colin Sage, "Global Environmental Change and Global Inequality:
North/South Perspectives."
Part Two, consisting of articles by Prades, Markku Wilenius and by Herbert Giner and David
Tabara, voll 14, no. 1 (March, 1999). (v.9, # 4)
Prades, José, Robert Tessier, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt, eds., Environnement et développement:
Questions éthiques et problèms socio-politiques. Montreal: Éditions Fides, 1992. 376 pages.
Canadian $ 27.95. Fifteen chapters on sustainable development, acid rain, environmental ethics,
religion and ecology, economy and ecology. (v5,#1)
Prades, José, Robert Tessier, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt, eds., Instituer le développement
durable: Éthique de l'écodécision et sociologie de l'environnement (Instituting Sustainable
Development: Ethics of Ecodecision and Environmental Sociology). Montreal: Éditions Fides,
1994. 306 pages. Canadian $ 29.95. Thirteen chapters: G. Baum on the social basis of
environmental ethics, M-C. Gervais and B. Dumas on environmental knowledge, R. Tessier on
ethics and acid rain, J. Hofbeck and E. Hofbeck on the Great Whale hydroelectric project, R.
Babin on sustainable development in New Brunswick, O. Boiral on Quebec's sustainable
development strategy, and others. (v5,#1)
Prades, José, Robert Tessier, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt, eds., Gestion de l'environnement
éthique et société (Managing the Environment, Ethics, and Society). Montreal: Éditions Fides,
1991. 376 pages. Canadian $ 27.95. Fourteen chapters, including J. Prades on environmental
ethics, J. P. Waaub on growth versus sustainable development, R. Tessier on the foundations of
environmental ethics, L. Gagnon on international dimensions of ecologism, U. Thomas on
UNEP, J. Hofbeck on deep ecology, G. Baum on Polanyi and the ecological crisis, G. Lane on
environmental and social ethics, M. Boutin on religion and ecology, E. Gaboury on women and
environmental ethics. With a closing essay by Pierre Dansereau, Canada's leading ecologist.
Prades and Tessier are at the University of Quebec in Montreal and Villancourt is at the
University of Montreal. (v5,#1)
Pralle, Sarah B. Branching Out, Digging In: Environmental Advocacy and Agenda Setting.
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2007. Strategic competition, conflict expansion,
venue-shopping among policy advocates over who makes public decisions and on what basis.
Lessons about how to restructure debates. Examples from British Columbian Forest politics, and
from Clayquot Sound in British Columbia. Examples from U.S. Forest Service policy in
Northern California. The Quincy Library Group.
Pralle, Sarah B., Branching Out: Digging in: Environmental Advocacy and Agenda Setting
(Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press). Reviewed by Vanessa Timmer, Environmental
Values 17(2008):547-549.
Prance, Ghilian, "Appropriate Technology and Christian Belief," Green Cross, summer, 1996, p.
18. (v7,#4)
Prato, Tony, and Dan Faigre, eds. Sustaining Rocky Mountain Landscapes: Science, Policy, and
Management for the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. Washington, DC: Resources for the
Future Press, 2007. Contents include: (1) ASearching for Ecosystem Sustainability@ by Tony
Prato and Dan Fagre, (2) ACrown of the Continent Ecosystem: Profile of a Treasured
Landscape@ by Ben Long, (3) ANative Peoples and Archaeology of Waterton-Glacier
International Peace Park@ by Brian O.K. Reeves, (4) AEconomic Growth and Landscape
Change@ by Tony Prato, Dan Fagre, and Ramanathan Sugumaran, (5) ASustaining Wildland
Recreation: Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities@ by Stephen F. McCool and John C. Adams,
(6) AAlpine Ecosystem Dynamics and Change: A View from the Heights@ by George P.
Malanson, David R. Butler, and Dan Fagre, (7) AConserving Biodiversity@ by Michael Quinn
and Len Broberg, (8) AAquatic Ecosystem Health@ by F. Richard Hauer, Jack A. Stanford,
Mark S. Lorang, Bonnie K. Ellis, and James A. Craft, (9) AConserving Water Resources@ by
James M. Byrne and Stefan Kienzle, (10) APaleo-Perspectives on Climate and Ecosystem
Change@ by Greg Pederson, Cathy Whitlock, Emma Watson, Brian Luckman, and Lisa
Graumlich, (11) AModeling and Monitoring Biophysical Dynamics and Change@ by Dan
Fangre, (12) AEcosystem Responses to Global Climate Change@ by Dan Fagre, (13) AFire
Regimes and Their Management@ by Robert E. Keane and Carl Key, (14) ACumulative Effects
Analysis and the Crown Managers Partnership@ by Michael Quinn, Danah Duke, and Guy
Greenaway, (15) ATransboundary Conservation and the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation
Initiative@ by Marguerite H. Mahr, (16) AAdaptive Ecosystem Management@ by Tony Prato,
(17) AChallenges of Managing Glacier National Park in a Regional Context@ by Tara Carolin,
Steve Gniadek, Sallie Hejl, Joyce Lapp, Dawn LaFleur, Leo Marnell, Richard Menicke, and Jack
Potter, (18) AResolving Transboundary Conflicts: The Role of Community-based Advocacy@
by Steve Thompson and David Thomas, and (19) AAchieving Ecosystem Sustainability@ by
Tony Prato and Dan Fagre.
Pratt, Dallas. Alternatives to Pain in Experiments on Animals. Reviewed in Environmental
Ethics 4(1982):273-79.
Pratt, Scott L., "The given land: Black Hawk's conception of place," Philosophy and Geography
4 (No. 1, 2001): 109-125. In the wake of a war against the United States and the displacement of
his people from their lands at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi Rivers, the Sauk leader,
Black Hawk, prepared an autobiography published in 1833. At the center of his work was an
attempt to offer his readers a strategy that would make it possible for the Sauk and other Native
peoples to coexist with the Americans of European descent who had come to the Mississippi
valley. The autobiography, from this perspective, represents more than another statement of a
Native American "worldview." Instead, it offers an assessment and a response to a crisis of
survival. At issue for Black Hawk are neither property rights nor the troubles of communication
between cultures, but rather ways of seeing and understanding the place that sustained the life of
his people. Here, the land is not merely something valued, but rather the ground that organizes
the meaning of things and events. It is the breakdown of this logic of place, both within the
Native community and outside it that precipitated the disastrous war and it is the recovery of this
logic through the narrative of Black Hawk's autobiography that he raises the possibility of
cultural survival. This paper reexamines Black Hawk's project and provides resources for
reading it both as philosophy and as an instance of a conception of place that can contribute to
ongoing efforts to promote the coexistence of cultural differences in the land of Black Hawk's
people. Pratt is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oregon. (P&G)
Pratt, Vernon, with Howarth, Jane, and Brady, Emily, Environment and Philosophy. London and
New York: Routledge, 2000. 275 pages. , 14.00 An introduction to environmental ethics,
concentrating on the philosophical presuppositions, and making these accessible those outside
philosophy, especially to those in environmental science. Two great structures of modern
Western civilization are particularly questioned: individualism and science. Chapters: 1.
Introduction. 2. Objective nature. Science. 3. We are all one life. Romanticism, reaction to
science, ending in deep ecology. 4. The exploitation of nature and women. Ecofeminism. 5.
Phenomenology and the environment (by Jane Howarth). 6. Coping with individualism. 7.
Lines into the future. The biological conception of life, biocentrism. Evolutionary origins and
kinship of life. 8. Ecology and communities. Leopold's land ethic. 9. The importance of being
an individual. Identity issues. 10. The aesthetics of the natural environment (by Emily Brady).
The authors are all in philosophy at Lancaster University, U.K. (v10,#4)
Pray, Leslie. "Habitat Lost: Inbreeding Depression and Extinction." Wild Earth 9(No. 2,
Summer 1999):12- . (v10,#4)
Preece, Rod, ed., Awe for the Tiger, Love for the Lamb: A Chronicle of Sensibility to Animals.
London: Routledge, 2003. The most significant statements of sensibility to animals in the
history of thought, West and East. Preece is at Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada. (v. 15, # 3)
Preece, Rod and Lorna Chamberlain, Animal Welfare and Human Values. Waterloo, Ontario:
Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993. Canadian $ 45.00. Cloth. (v4,#4)
Preece, Rod, Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities. Vancouver, BC:
University of British Columbia Press, 1999. 305 pages. (EE v.12,#1)
Preece, Rod. Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities.
Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999, 336pp. Reviewed by Marhe Kiley-Worthington. Environmental
Values 9(2000):399.
Preiser, Wolfgang F. E., and Baker H. Morrow. Review of A World with a View: An Inquiry
into the Nature of Scenic Values. By Christopher Tunnard. Environmental Ethics
1(1979):375-78.
Prendergast, John R., Rachel M. Quinn, and Lawton, John H., "The Gaps Between Theory and
Practice in Selecting Nature Reserves." Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology 13(No. 3, June 1999):484- . (v10,#4)
Prendergast, Kate, "The Green Infiltration of Agriculture," Science and Spirit 11(no. 4,
November/December 2000):16-17. Many environmental groups believe industrialized
agriculture deserves a sizeable blame for the world's ecological ills, and they are putting
increasing pressures on these companies to be more ecologically responsible. (v.11,#4)
Prendville, Brendan, Environmental Politics in France. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994. 190
pages. $ 49.95. Prendville is in sociology at the University of Rennes 2, Brittany. (v5,#3)
Prescott, Helen, Nature and Self, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster
University, September 1994.
Prescott, Helen, Nature and Self, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster
University, September 1994. (v7,#1)
Prescott-Allen, R., and Prescott-Allen, C., eds. Assessing the Sustainability of Uses of Wild
Species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission, 1996. (v.10,#1)
Press, D, "Who Votes for Natural Resources in California?," Society and Natural Resources
16(no.9, 2003):835-846. (v.14, #4)
Press, Daniel, Doak, Daniel F., Steinberg, Paul. "The Role of Local Government in the
Conservation of Rare Species," Conservation Biology 10(no.6, 1996):1538. (v8,#1)
Press, Robert M. "Borlaug: Sowing 'Green Revolution' Among African Leaders." The Christian
Science Monitor, 29 June 1994, p. 9. (v5,#2)
Pressey, R.L., and R.M. Cowling, "Reserve Selection Algorithms and the Real World,"
Conservation Biology 15(no.1, Feb. 2001): 275-. (v.12,#3)
Prestemon, Jeffrey P. "The Effects of NAFTA Expansion on US Forest Products Exports,"
Journal of Forestry 95(no.7, 1997):26. (v8,#3)
Preston, Christopher J. "Epistemology and Intrinsic Values: Norton and Callicott's Critiques of
Rolston." Environmental Ethics 20(1998):409-28. Debates over the existence of intrinsic value
have long been central to professional environmental ethics. Holmes Rolston, III's version of
intrinsic value is, perhaps, the most well known. Recently, powerful critiques leveled by Bryan
G. Norton and J. Baird Callicott have suggested that there is an epistemological problem with
Rolston's account. In this paper, I argue first that the debates over intrinsic value are as pertinent
now as they have ever been. I then explain the objections that Norton and Callicott have raised
against Rolston's position. In the main body of the paper, I attempt to show that Rolston's
position can accommodate these objections. In this defense of Rolston's position, I have two
goals: first, to show that the notion of non-subjective intrinsic value in nature is coherent, and
second, to illuminate the places where further philosophical work on intrinsic value remains to
be done. Preston is in philosophy at the University of Montana, Missoula. (EE)
Preston, Christopher, Grounding Knowledge: Environmental Philosophy, Epistemology, and
Place. Athens: University of Georgia, 2003. An exploration of what Paul Shepard once called
"the strange and necessary relationship between place and mind." The author gathers evidence
from science studies, cognitive science, evolutionary biology, ecological psychology,
anthropology, religious studies, and narrative experience for the claim that physical
environments play a structuring role in the knowledge claims that we make. The result is a broad
and philosophically informed account of what is often referred to as "a sense of place." Once the
connection between place and mind has been made, Preston makes a straightforward case for the
epistemic significance of place, arguing that places (and natural environments in particular)
should be valued as important epistemic and cognitive sources. Preston is in philosophy,
University of South Carolina.
Preston, Christopher J. "Conversing with Nature in a Postmodern Epistemological Framework."
Environmental Ethics 22(2000):227-240. In a recent contribution to this journal, Jim Cheney
argues for a postmodern epistemological framework that supports a conception of inquiry as a
kind of "conversation" with nature. I examine how Cheney arrives at this metaphor and consider
why it might be an appealing one for environmental philosophers. I note how, in the absence of
an animistic account of nature, this metaphor turns out to be problematic. A closer examination
of the postmodern insights that Cheney employs reveals that it is possible to stress the agency of
nature in epistemology without having to draw on the metaphor of conversation. I conclude that
this alternative account is not only more plausible, but can probably do the same ethical work as
the problematic metaphor of inquiry as conversation. (EE)
Preston, Christopher J., Reintegration with Nature: Against Dualist Metaphysics. Colorado State
University Master's thesis. Completed fall 1992. Cartesian metaphysics separates humans from
nature; both environmental philosophy and environmental science (especially Barbara
McClintock) offer possibilities for metaphysical reintegration with nature. (v3,#4)
Preston, Christopher J. Review of Philosophy and Geography I: Space, Place, and Environmental
Ethics. Edited by Andrew Light and Jonathan Smith. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):215-218.
Preston, Christopher J. Review of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy and Geography II: The
Production of Public Space. Edited by Andrew Light and Jonathan Smith. Environmental Ethics
22(2000):215-218.
Preston, Christopher J. and Steven H. Corey. "Public Health and Environmentalism: Adding
Garbarge to the History of Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics 27 (2005):3-21. There
exists in the United States a popular account of the historical roots of environmental philosophy
which is worth noting not simply as a matter of historical interest, but also as a source book for
some of the key ideas that lend shape to contemporary North American environmental
philosophy. However, this folk wisdom about the historical beginnings of North American
environmental thinking is incomplete. The wilderness-based history commonly used by
environmental philosophers should be supplemented with the neglected story of garbage and
sanitation in North American urban areas during the nineteenth century. This supplemented
history changes the conceptual territory over which North American environmental philosophy
roams. This new territory is better suited to a number of important local and international
environmental challenges. (EE)
Preston, Christopher J., "Epistemology and Environmental Philosophy: Introduction," Ethics
and the Environment 10(no. 2, 2005):1-4. Introduction to a theme issue on environmental
epistemology. Preston is in philosophy, University of Montana. (Eth&Env)
Preston, Christopher J., "The Promise and Threat of Nanotechnology: Can Environmental Ethics
Guide Us?, HYLE 11(no. 1. Spring 2005): 19 44. Preston is in philosophy, University of
Montana. Jointly published with TECHNE.
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/
Preston, Christopher J., and Wayne Ouderkirk, eds., Nature, Value, Duty: Life on Earth with
Holmes Rolston, III. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2006. Publisher's Description:
"Gifford Lecturer and Templeton Prize winner Holmes Rolston, III is widely known as the father
of environmental ethics. From his authorship of one of the first articles in professional
environmental philosophy ("Is There an Ecological Ethic?" 1975) to his most recent article on
the place of humanity in the cosmos ("Generating Life on Earth: Five Looming Questions" 2007)
no author has taken a more prominent role in mapping out the terrain in environmental
philosophy. His writings range between natural philosophy and theology and include detailed
presentations of an interlocking position that includes aesthetics, value theory, natural resource
policy, wilderness advocacy, and sustainable development." Nature Value and Duty: Life on
Earth with Holmes Rolston, III is a collection of contemporary writings on the work of Holmes
Rolston, III. The authors contributing to this volume are a mixture of senior scholars in
environmental ethics and new voices in philosophy and in literature. Together they provide an in
depth evaluation of many of the topics discussed by Rolston. They probe the strengths and
weaknesses of his work and suggest valuable correctives. Rolston himself, in a detailed reply to
each of his critics at the end of the volume, reveals where some of these criticisms sting him the
most and in the process provides one of the most detailed and articulate defenses of his position
ever offered."
Contents:
-Katie McShane, "Rolston's Theory of Value"
-Keekok Lee, "Biotic and Abiotic Nature: How Radical is Rolston's Theory?"
-Christopher J. Preston, "Refining Rolston: A Natural Ontological Attitude towards Natural
Values"
-Mark Wynn, "In Rolston's Footsteps: Human Emotions and Values in Nature"
-Ned Hettinger, "Religion in Rolston's Environmental Ethics"
-Lisa Sideris, "Writing Straight with Crooked Lines: Holmes Rolston's Ecological Theology and
Theodicy"
-Allen Carlson, "`We see beauty now where we could not see it before': Rolston's Aesthetics of
Nature"
-Eugene Hargrove, "Rolston on Objective and Subjective Beauty in Nature"
-Brenda Hausauer, "Words Gone Wild: Language in Rolston's Philosophy of Nature"
-Victoria Davion, "Caring for Nature: An Ecofeminist's View of Rolston on Eating, Hunting, and
Genetics"
-Clare Palmer, "Rethinking Animal Ethics in Appropriate Context: How Rolston's Work Can
Help"
-John Lemons, "Nature Diminished or Nature Managed: Applying Rolston's Environmental
Ethics to National Parks"
-James W. Sheppard and Andrew Light, "Rolston on Urban Environments"
-Holmes Rolston, III, "Living on Earth: Dialogue and Dialectic with my Critics"
Preston is in philosophy, University of Montana; in philosophy, Empire State College, Saratoga
Springs, NY.
Reviews:
Robinson, Christopher C., Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008):477-484.
Eric Katz, Environmental Ethics 30(2008):89-92.
Preston, Christopher J., "Animality and Morality: Human Reason as an Animal Activity,"
Environmental Values 11(2002):427-442. Those in animal and environmental ethics wishing to
extend moral considerability beyond the human community have at some point all had to counter
the claim that it is reason that makes human distinct. Detailed arguments against the significance
of reason have been rare due to the lack of any good empirical accounts of what reason actually
is. Contemporary studies of the embodied mind are now able to fill this gap and show why
reason is a poor choice for a criterion to distinguish us from non-human animals. I use studies of
the embodied mind to show that rationality is integrally connected to our animal and animate
nature and hence not a significant point of departure between human and non-human animals.
(EV)
Preston, Christopher J., Saving Creation: Nature and Faith in the Life of Holmes Rolston, III.
San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press, 2009. Preston documents the evolution of Rolston's
theology of nature and concern for saving creation from his childhood in the Shenandoah Valley
of Virginia through his four decades at Colorado State University, where Rolston gained an
international reputation as the "father of environmental ethics." The biography starts with
Rolston's being dismissed as pastor of a Southwest Virginia church for being "too wild," and
ends with Rolston's giving the Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh and receiving the Templeton Prize
in Religion from Prince Philip in Buckingham Palace. Preston is in the Philosophy Department,
University of Montana. More detail at :
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/Preston.htm
Preston, Christopher J., ASynthetic Biology: Drawing a Line in Darwin's Sand, A Environmental
Values 17(2008):23-39. Maintaining the coherence of the distinction between nature and artefact
has long been central to environmental thinking. By building genomes from scratch out of 'biobricks', synthetic biology promises to create biotic artefacts markedly different from anything
created thus far in biotechnology. These new biotic artefacts depart from a core principle of
Darwinian natural selection - descent through modification - leaving them with no causal
connection to historical evolutionary processes. This departure from the core principle of
Darwinism presents a challenge to the normative foundation of a number of leading positions in
environmental ethics. As a result, environmental ethicists with a commitment to the normative
significance of the historical evolutionary process may see synthetic biology as a moral 'line in
the sand'.
Preston, Christopher J.,Wayne Ouderkirk (eds): Nature, Value, Duty: Life on Earth with Holmes
Rolston, III (Berlin: Springer, 2007). Reviewed by Christopher C. Robinson in Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008):477-484.
Preston, Christopher. "Intrinsic Value and Care: Making Connections through Ecological
Narratives," Environmental Values 10(2001):243-264. Vitriolic debates between supporters of
the intrinsic value and the care approaches to environmental ethics make it sound as though these
two sides share no common ground. Yet ecofeminist Jim Cheney holds up Holmes Rolston's
work as a paragon of feminist sensibility. I explore where Cheney gets this idea from and try to
root out some potential connections between intrinsic value and care approaches. The common
ground is explored through Alasdair MacIntyre's articulation of a narrative ethics and the
development of the notion of an ecological and evolutionary tradition. Keywords: care, intrinsic
value, narrativity, tradition, ecology and evolution. Christopher J. Preston is in the Department
of Philosophy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. (EV)
Preston, Guy, "Integrated Environmental Management: Will It Be Worth Having," Africa Environment and Wildlife 1 (no. 1, May-June 1993):31-35. Environmental management in
South Africa is coming to have much of the force of law, and this is desirable. It aims to insure
that negative impacts of development proposals are minimized and positive aspects enhanced, in
such a way that the social costs of development proposals, those borne by society, rather than the
developer, be outweighed by the social benefits. In fact, integrated environmental management
is often ineffectual because it is watered-down by interest groups; in result developers make a
lot of money at considerable costs of environmental degradation that have to be borne by the
community. There is far too great an emphasis on development rights and scant regard for
development responsibilities. In one case (Hout Bay), poor policy planning resulted in 95% of
the planning bill being footed by taxpayers. Preston is head of research in the Environmental
Evaluation Unit at the University of Cape Town. (v6,#3)
Preston, Guy and Helen Rees, "Now is the Time: Confronting South Africa's Population
Growth," Africa - Environment and Wildlife 2(no.6, November/December 1994):27-32. In
South Africa, population policy has been an almost taboo subject: highly politicized,
manipulated, and, many would say, functionally ignored by previous governments. The urgent
need for a sound policy has to be squarely faced--with South Africa's current population set to
double within the next 30 years. There is no time for dithering if the country is to shake off its
past and emerge with hope and optimism for a new era. In Africa, the whole continent, it is
projected that the 1990 population of about 642 million people will increase by 2050 to 3,090
million, an increase of 500%. Preston is an environmental scientist at the University of Cape
Town; Rees is a medical practitioner and chair of the South African Planned Parenthood
Association. (v6,#3)
Preston, Richard, The Hot Zone. New York: Random House, 1994. 300 pp. $ 23.00. Claims
that there is great danger to human life from viruses and other diseases that are native to tropical
forests, and which serve a typical ecological role in those ecosystems, but which, when spreading
to humans in cities, can play havoc and bring death. The HIV virus, originally in green monkeys
in Central Africa, is an example. Another is the Marburg strain of the Ebola virus, detected in
Marburg, Germany in 1967 in a shipment of monkeys, and which is highly lethal in humans.
This book was first serialized in The New Yorker. (v5,#4)
Preston, Ronald H. "The Question of a Just, Participatory, and Sustainable Society." Bulletin of
the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 63 (Autumn 1980): 95-117.
Preston-Whyte, Rob and Graham House, eds. Rotating the Cube: Environmental Strategies for
the 1990's (South Africa). Durban: Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences,
and Indicator Project South Africa, University of Natal, April 1990. With chapters on water, air,
fire, the rape of the land, industry and environment, and humans and their environment. A
revealing study. Some 28 authors are involved. The editors are in geography and environmental
science at the University of Natal. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 14(1992):87-91. (v6,#3)
Preston-Whyte, Rob and Graham House. Rotating the Cube: Environmental Strategies for the
1990's (South Africa). Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 14(1992):87-91.
Pretty, J; Smith, D, "Social Capital in Biodiversity Conservation and Management,"
Conservation Biology 18(no.3, 2004):631-638. (v. 15, # 3)
Pretty, Jules, "Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources," Science 302(12
December 2003):1912-1924. "The term social capital captures the idea that social bonds and
norms are important for people and communities. ... Four features are important: relations of
trust; reciprocity and exchange, common rules, norms, and sanctions, and connectedness in
networks and groups." Local communities have often shown in the past that with high social
capital people can co-operate for collective management of resources. Since the early 1990's
some 400,000 to 500,000 local groups have been established, typically with 20-30 active
members. Sometimes local groups are divisive and degrade their environments, but with high
social capital they do not. Pretty also dislikes "the wilderness myth," the idea that some
ecosystems are relatively pristine and ought to be preserved as such, without locals managing
them for their use. (The author does not address the pressures of global capitalism on such local
groups; also one wonders why the need for re-naming community trust and cooperation with the
economist's term "capital.") Pretty is in biology, University of Essex, UK.
Pretty, Jules, Andy Ball, Ted Benton, Julia Guivant, David R. Lee, David Orr, Max Pfeffer, and
Hugh Ward, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society. London: SAGE
Publications, 2007. This anthology is written from multi-disciplinary perspectives and is
organized into seven sections: (1) environmental thought: past and present, (2) valuing the
environment, (3) knowledges and knowing, (4) political economy of environmental change, (5)
environmental technologies, (6) redesigning natures, and (7) institutions and policies for
influencing the environment. Contributors include Ulrich Beck, Ted Benton, Warwick Fox,
Amory Lovins, Mary Mellor, David W. Orr, Val Plumwood, David J. Rapport, Tom O=Riordan,
and many others.
Pretty, Jules, Andy Ball, Ted Benton, Julia Guivant, David R. Lee, David Orr, Max Pfeffer, and
Hugh Ward, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society. London: SAGE
Publications, 2007. This anthology is written from multi-disciplinary perspectives and is
organized into seven sections: (1) environmental thought: past and present, (2) valuing the
environment, (3) knowledges and knowing, (4) political economy of environmental change, (5)
environmental technologies, (6) redesigning natures, and (7) institutions and policies for
influencing the environment. Contributors include Ulrich Beck, Ted Benton, Warwick Fox,
Amory Lovins, Mary Mellor, David W. Orr, Val Plumwood, David J. Rapport, Tom O=Riordan,
and many others.
Pretty, Jules. The Living Land: Agriculture, Food and Community Regeneration in Rural
Europe. Review by Stewart Lockie, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
14(2001):106-108. (JAEE)
Pretty. Jules. Review of J. Hodges J. and I. K. Han, eds.,, Livestock, Ethics and Quality of Life,
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):85-87. (JAEE)
Price, Colin, Review of Fankhauser, Samuel, Valuing Climate Change. (London: Earthscan,
1995). Environmental Values 6(1997):368-369. (EV)
Price, Colin, Time, Discounting and Value. Reviewed by Terry Barker, Environmental Values
7(1998):116.
Price, Colin, Time, Discounting and Value. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. 393 pages.
Addresses the issue of valuing the future, discounting it, as economists commonly do. The claim
here is that in many such applications this is a misleading procedure; moreover it is one which
may be acting as a "scientific" cover to promoting the interests of the present generation at the
expense of the future. (v9,#2)
Price, Colin. Review of Paul Portney and John Weyant, eds., Discounting and Intergenerational
Equity, Washington: Resources for the Future, 1999,
Environmental Values 10(2001):553. (EV)
Price, Jane, "Barriers to the Development of Sustainable Waste Management in New York City,"
Environments 27 (No. 2, 1999): 15- . (v.11,#2)
Price, Jennifer, Flight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Modern America. New York: Basic
Books, 1999. Our changing attitudes toward what we think of as "nature," especially as our
culture becomes increasingly complex and mechanical. Critiques of "nature" as presented in
shopping malls, TV nature programs, and popular culture. Price has studied ornithology at the
graduate level, but thinks pink flamingos tell us more about nature in America today. (v.11,#3)
Price, M. F., "Review of: Gunderson, Lance H., and Holling, C. S., Panarchy: Understanding
Transformations in Human and Natural Systems (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002),"
Biological Conservation 114(no. 2, 2003): 308-309.
Price, Martin F. "People in Biosphere Reserves: An Evolving Concept", Society & Natural
Resources 9(no.6, 1996):645. (v7,#4)
Price, S. J., Marks, D. R., Howe, R. W., Hanowski, J. M. and Niemi, G. J., "The Importance of
Spatial Scale for Conservation and Assessment of Anuran Populations in Coastal Wetlands of
the Western Great Lakes, USA," Landscape Ecology 441-454(no. 4, May 2005):
Price, V. B., "Saved by Scarcity?," Natural Resources Journal 42(no.1, 2002): 1-20. (v.13,#4)
Priddel, D., N. Carlile, M. Humphrey, S. Fellenberg and D. Hiscox, "Rediscovery of the `extinct'
Lord Howe Island stick-insect (Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier)) (Phasmatodea) and
recommendations for its conservation," Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no. 7, 2003): 13911403. (v 14, #3)
Pridham, Geoffrey, "Towards Sustainable Tourism in the Mediterranean? Policy and Practice in
Italy, Spain and Greece," Environmental Politics 8(no. 2, Summer 1999):97- . (v.11,#1)
Pridham, Geoffrey, Verney, Susannah, and Konstadakopulos, Dimitrios. "Environmental Policy
in Greece: Evolution, Structures and Process," Environmental Politics 4(no.2, Summer
1995):244- . (v6,#4)
Prieditis, N, "Evaluation Frameworks and Conservation System of Latvian Forests," Biodiversity
and Conservation 11(no.8, 2002): 1361-75. (v.13,#4)
Prieditis, Normunds, "Status Of Wetland Forests And Their Structural Richness In Latvia,"
Environmental Conservation 26 (No. 4, Dec 01 1999): 332- . (v.11,#2)
Primack, RB, "Evaluating Conservation Biology Textbooks," Conservation Biology 17(no.5,
2003):1202-1203. (v.14, #4)
Primack, Richard C., Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates,
1993. 475 pages. $ 28.95 hardbound. The first unified introduction to the science of
conservation biology. Part III is on "The Value of Biological Diversity" and includes a chapter,
"The Ethical Value of Biological Diversity." The opening chapter, "What Is Conservation
Biology?" contains a "Statement of Ethical Principles." Primack is in the biology department,
Boston University. (v4,#2)
Primack, Richard B., Lovejoy, Thomas E., eds. Ecology, Conservation, and Management of
Southeast Asian Rainforests. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. 300 pp. $35 cloth, $28
paper. Essays on tropical forest by policy officials and scientists from the countries in the region,
an overview of the timber industry in southeast Asia, a comparison of tropical rainforests with
those in other parts of the world, and descriptions of plant and animal communities of the region
and efforts to preserve them. (v7,#4)
Primack, Richard B., Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates,
1993. 564 pages. $ 28.95 cloth. The first unified, systematic introduction to conservation
biology. (Earlier works are largely anthologies.) Six parts, 22 chapters, 1,000 references. Lots
of diagrams and illustrations. Part III is on "The Value of Biological Diversity, and Chapter 10
is on "The Ethical Value of Biological Diversity." Primack is professor of biology at Boston
University, an authority on rare plants in Massachusetts and on the ecology of tree communities
in Malaysia. He is the book review editor for Conservation Biology. (v4,#3)
Primack, Richard, and Cafaro, Philip, "Environmental Ethics," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2:
545-555. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that seeks knowledge of human flourishing and
right conduct toward others, so that we may act upon it. Modern philosophers have tended to
limit their ethical concern to human beings, but throughout history people have also attempted to
cultivate proper relationships to nature. Recently philosophers have turned to this topic, largely
in response to environmental degradation and the loss of biodiversity, and have created a new
discipline: environmental ethics. Environmental ethicists attempt to specify appropriate human
relationships to the nonhuman, natural world. In the course of their work they have developed
strong ethical arguments for preserving biodiversity. They have also challenged conventional
views of happiness and human welfare and the materialistic values at the base of much modern
life. While environmental ethics treats the full range of environmental issues, from air pollution
to nuclear risk assessment, this article focuses on ethical issues directly related to the
preservation of biodiversity. (v.11,#4)
Primack, Richard B., Essentials of Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer
Associates, Publishers, 1998. Second edition of a popular text. Contains: "A Statement of
Ethical Principles," pp. 19-21, with one of the principles: "Biological diversity has intrinsic
value." "Species possess value regardless of their economic, scientific, or aesthetic value to
human society. This value is conferred not only by their evolutionary history and unique
ecological role, but also by their very existence." "Ethical Values: A Duty to Protect Biological
Diversity," pp. 125-130. "Each species has a right to exist." "Each species has value for its own
sake--an intrinsic value unrelated to human needs or desires." Primack is in biology at Boston
University. (v.9,#3)
Primack, Richard, Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, Ma: Sinauer Associates,
1993. In six months time, this work has been adopted for use in conservation biology classes in
over ninety colleges and universities. See Newsletter, 4, 2. (v5,#1)
Primack, Richard B. A Primer of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates,
1995. 230 pages. $18.95. A short course for those who are not up to Primack's longer
Essentials of Conservation Biology, now widely used in colleges, but over twice as long and
twice as expensive. Primack is in biology at Boston University. (v6,#1)
Primack, Richard, "Conservation Biology in Action: Case Studies." In J. Bottrill, ed., The
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: MacMillan Press, 2002. Volume 5, pp. 88-95,
(v.13,#4)
Primack, Richard, and Cafaro, Philip, "Environmental Ethics." In Levin, Simon Asher,
Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (San Diego: Academic Press [Harcourt], 2001), vol. 2:545-555.
(v.13,#1)
Primack, Richard, Rozzi, Ricardo, Feinsinger, Peter, Dirzo, Rodolfo, and Massardo, Francisca,
and others, Fundamentos de conservación biológica: Perspectivas latinoamericanas. Fondo de
Cultura Económica, Carretera Picacho-Ajusco 227, 14200 México, D. F., 2001. ISBN 968-166428-0. Richard Primack's well known text in conservation biology here in an edition adapted
for Latin America. (v.12,#4)
Primavesi, Anne, Sacred Gaia: Holistic Theology and Earth System Science. London:
Routledge, 2000. James Lovelock's Gaia theory considers the Earth as a whole, with its
evolution and the evolution of life upon it merging into a single process. Primavesi develops the
religious implications of this theory and presents a theology rooted in "awe at the sacredness of
the whole earth system." Lovelock says: "A splendid book. I now see why thoughts of Gaia are
as much in the realms of theology as of science." Theology is an earth science. Primavesi is at
Bristol University. (v.11,#4)
Primm, Steven A. "A Pragmatic Approach to Grizzly Bear Conservation." Conservation
Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 1026. (v7, #3)
Primm, Steven A.,and Clark, Tim W. "Making Sense of the Policy Process for Carnivore
Conservation." Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 1036. (v7, #3)
Prince, Hugh C., Wetlands of the American Midwest: A Historical Geography of Changing
Attitudes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 395 pages. (v9,#2)
Princen, Thomas, The Logic of Sufficiency. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005. We need to
learn how to change people's behavior and formulate a changed-consumption world. This leads
to a principle of "consumption sufficiency" that can reach beyond the goal of resource efficiency.
Includes an analysis of "efficiency" as well as "sufficiency." The Pacific Lumber Company in
California could have logged redwoods in perpetuity with a model of sufficiency, but adverse
discount rates and other institutional deficiencies won out over sustainable profits tomorrow. By
contrast a lobster fishery in Maine, with co-management shared by local lobstermen and state
authority has surmounted the problems of common-property rights and has produced a
sustainable lobster industry. Princen is in sociology, University of Michigan.
Princen, Thomas, Maniates, Michael, and Conca, Ken, eds., Confronting Consumerism.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. 14 chapters, ten authors. Spending efficiency, responsible
shopping, consumer sovereignty ("the consumer knows best"), consumption externalities both
environmental and social, eco-technologies, quality of life/quantity of livelihood, the economics
of happiness. Many authors are deliberately provocative, though none propose a no-growth
economy. Consumption is an issue not only in rich countries, but in developing and transition
countries. In developing nations there are over a billion people with enough income to enjoy an
affluent lifestyle. Their aggregate purchasing power (as measured in local terms) already
matches that of the United States. China alone will soon exert an environmental impact to rival
that of the United States. Reviewed by Norman Myers in Nature 418 (22 August 2002):819-820.
Princen, Thomas, The Logic of Sufficiency. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005.
Sufficiency on global environmental scales.
Pringle, Hugh, Ian Watson, Ian, and Ken Tinley. ALandscape improvement, or ongoing
degradation reconciling apparent contradictions from the arid rangelands of Western Australia.@
Landscape Ecology Vol. 21, no. 8 (2006): 1267-79.
Pringle, P, "Hunger and the Biotech Wars," World Policy Journal 20(no.2, 2003):43-50. (v.14,
#4)
Pringle, R. M., "The Origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria," Bioscience 55(no.9, September
2005): 780-788. The ways in which economic, social, and political forces lead to species
introductions are an important, if overlooked, aspect of ecology and conservation. The nonnative
Nile perch (Lates niloticus) in Lake Victoria, and the ecological changes associated with the
species' establishment and expansion there, has elicited tremendous attention from biologists.
Yet it has never been clear why, when, or by whom the fish was introduced. Here I outline the
history of fishery research and management in East Africa and explore the circumstances that led
to the introduction of the Nile perch. The evidence suggests that repeated secretive introductions
were made in the mid 1950s by members of the Uganda Game and Fisheries Department as part
of a bifurcated effort to improve sport fishing on the one hand and to bolster fisheries on the
other. Fisheries scientists affiliated with the East African Fisheries Research Organization
opposed the introduction, but were ineffective; I suggest that this failure stemmed partially from
their inability to engage effectively with political processes.
Prins, Gwyn, ed., Threats Without Enemies: Facing Environmental Insecurity. London:
Earthscan, 1993. , 12.95. 197 pages. We seem unable to comprehend and take relevant action
to protect environmental security; the threats, though massive and ominous, are too incremental,
insidious, and associated with the good things of life. There is no enemy, against which we can
organize. Contributions from Prince Charles, Crispin Tickell, Jessica Tuchman Mathews,
Jeremy Leggett, Kevin Gray, and others. Prins is part of the Global Security Programme at
Cambridge. (v4,#4)
Prinsloo, WS 1991. Sing 'n lied tot lof van ons Here omdat Hy groot is (Ps 147). In: Vos, C &
Müller, J (eds): Mens en omgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 158-163. (Africa)
Prior, Michael, "Economic Valuation and Environmental Values," Environmental Values
7(1998): 423-441. The origins of both economic and philosophical value theory are examined
and shown to be closely related. The status of neo-classical value theory is that it is internally
flawed in any attempt to describe the real world. Cost-benefit analysis as it applies to the
valuation of environmental agents relies upon the claim that this neo-classical theory has a
particular status in optimal welfare maximisation and, therefore, suffers the same problems of
internal consistency. Economic valuation of the environment is not a scientific process derived
from external law but a social process relying upon social agreement. Alternatives to economic
valuation are considered and may possess a more plausible social base. However, all
environmental valuation is at odds with beliefs based upon the existence of objective and
intrinsic values. KEYWORDS: Economics, axiology, values, cost-benefit analysis,
environmental assessment. Michael Prior resides at Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, UK. (EV)
Pritchard, Greg R., Econstruction: The Nature/Culture Opposition in Texts about Whales and
Whaling, 2004, Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Arts, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
422 pages. This thesis investigates the perceived opposition between "culture" and "nature",
presented as a dominant, biased and antagonistic relationship, engrained in the language of
Western culture. By focusing on whale texts (including older narratives, whaling books, novels
and other whale-related texts), it explores the portrayal of whales and the natural world. And,
lastly, it suggests that Schopenhaurean thought, which has affinities in Moby-Dick, offers a
cogent approach to ecocritically reading literature. The advisor was Brian Edwards. (v.14, #4)
Pritchard, J, "Review of: Mark Daniel Barringer, Selling Yellowstone: Capitalism and the
Construction of Nature", Environmental History (no.2, 2003):331-332.
Pritchard, James, Preserving Natural Conditions: Science and the Perception of Nature in
Yellowstone National Park. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kansas, 1996. 510 pages. (v10,#4)
Pritchard, Michael S., and Wade L. Robinson. "Justice and the Treatment of Animals: A
Critique of Rawls." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):55-61. Although the participants in the initial
situation of justice in John Rawls' Theory of Justice choose principles of justice only, their
choices have implications for other moral concerns. The only check on the self-interest of the
participants is that there be unanimous acceptance of the principles. But, since animals are not
participants it is possible that principles will be adopted which conflict with what Rawls calls
"duties of compassion and humanity" toward animals. This is a consequence of the initial
situation's assumption that principles of justice can be determined independently of other moral
considerations. We question this assumption, and show that satisfactory modifications of Rawls'
initial situation undermine its contractarian basis and require the rejection of exclusively selfinterested participants. Pritchard and Robison are at the department of Philosophy, Western
Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. (EE)
Pritchard, Roger, Review of International Environmental Negotiation. Environmental Values
3(1994):183. (EV)
Probst, Katherine N., Don Fullerton, Rovert E. Litan, and Paul R. Portney. Footing the Bill for
Superfund Cleanups: Who Pays and How? Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1995.
176 pages. $ 12.95 paper. Liability for cleanup costs, taxes to raise revenues, and hotly debated
alternatives in the 1994 reauthorization debate with the U.S. Congress. (v6,#3)
Proctor, James D., "Geography, Paradox and Environmental Ethics," Progress in Human
Geography 22 (no. 2, 1998):234-255. As a diverse and divided discipline, geography embodies
tensions central to the paradoxical nature of human dwelling on earth, from which questions of
environmental ethics arise. This article reviews major ontological and epistemological tensions
within geography--that between nature and culture, and objectivism and subjectivism-emphasizing the ways in which common resolutions to these tensions often represent flawed
strategies of avoiding paradox. It then connects these tensions to important philosophical
dimensions of environmental ethics. I argue that normative environmental ethics must be built
on an adequate sensitivity to the nature/culture tension, and that environmental meta-ethics-specifically, the problem of relativism as applied to environmental discourse--must be similarly
informed by the object/subject tension. The most fundamental contribution geography can make,
therefore, lies in establishing a philosophical space for environmental ethics that takes paradox
seriously and avoids its simplistic resolutions. Proctor is in geography, University of California,
Santa Barbara. (v.13,#2)
Proctor, James D. "Will the Real Land Ethic Please Stand Up?" Journal of Forestry 94(no.2,
Feb.1996):39. (v7,#1)
Proctor, James D., "Resolving Multiple Visions of Nature, Science, and Religion," Zygon:
Journal of Religion and Science 39(2004):637-657. Five metaphors, or "visions" of nature. (1)
evolutionary nature, (2) emergent nature, (3) malleable nature, (4) nature as sacred, (5) nature as
culture. This is somewhat like the blind men and the elephant. But given inescapable metaphor,
the ultimate truth about nature may be unavailable, and the best we can hope for is limited
metaphor. Proctor is in geography, University of California, Santa Barbara. (v. 15, # 3)
Proctor, James D. and Smith, David M., "Geography and Ethics: Journeys in a Moral Terrain,"
Philosophy and Geography 5 (No. 1, 2002): 119-122. Book reviewed by Thompson, Allen.
(P&G)
Proctor, JD and Larson, BMH, "Ecology, Complexity, and Metaphor," BioScience 55 (no. 12,
December 2005): 1065-1068. Complexity has recently risen to prominence in ecology as part of
a broader interest that suggests its status is something more than just a scientific theory or
property of reality. It may be helpful to consider complexity, and related terms such as "self
organization," as recent metaphors deployed to advance knowledge on fundamental questions in
ecology, including the relationship between parts and wholes, and between order and disorder.
Though not commonly viewed as such, metaphors are an indispensable component of science,
and should not be appraised as true or false, but rather in terms of how they help or hinder
knowledge. By understanding metaphor as a necessary ally and not a threat to ecological
knowledge, we may enrich our contextual understanding of complexity while continuing to
invoke it in useful ways. The special section introduced by this article features essays by two
prominent experts in ecology, complexity, and metaphor: science studies -- scholar Evelyn Fox
Keller and theoretical ecologist Simon Levin.
Proescholdt, Kevin, Rapson, Rip, Heinselman, Miron L. Troubled Waters: The Fight for the
Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. St. Cloud, MN: North Star Press, 1995. (v8,#2)
Proffitt, Fiona and Pallava Bagla, "Circling in on a Vulture Killer," Science 306(8 October
2004):223. Oriental white-backed vultures (Gyps bengalensis) were once probably the world's
commonest large birds of prey, circulating India's skies in the millions, devouring dead livestock
and removing rotting carcasses that could spread disease to humans. In two decades these
vultures have declined by 99% in India. Scientists believe that the cause is a veterinary drug used
on hoofed livestock (diclofenac), although this has not been entirely proved. One (but only one)
Indian state is phasing out the drug. But it may be too late to save the vultures. (v.14, #4)
Proffitt, Fiona, "Reproductive Failure Threatens Bird Colonies on North Sea Coast," Science
305(20 August, 2004):1090. The sea-bird breeding colonies on Britain's north sea coast,
especially in the Orkneys and Shetlands, had the poorest reproductive success on record.
Affected are kittiwakes, arctic terns, guillemots, razorbills, arctic skuas, and great skuas. The
problem seems to be a shortage of sand eels, a small bottom-dwelling fish, that is a major food
source. One cause may be global warming, another may be overfishing by the Danish fishing
fleet. (v. 15, # 3)
Project and Policy Appraisal: Integrating Economics and the Environment. Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994. 346 pages, $40. Also available in French. This
manual provides a detailed description of such techniques as the monetary valuation of
environmental damage, the pricing of environmental resources, and the role of discounting.
Practical examinations of the use of these techniques in both industrial and developing countries
are given. (v6,#1)
Proops, John, Review of Free Market Environmentalism. Environmental Values 3(1994):185.
(EV)
Proops, John, Review of Anderson, Victor, Alternative Economic Indicators. Environmental
Values Vol.1 No.1(1992):87.
Proops, John, Review of Adams, John, Risk. Environmental Values 5(1996):181-182. (EV)
Proops, John, Review of Costanza, Robert, ed., Ecological Economics. Environmental Values
Vol.1 No.2(1992):176.
Prothero, Andrea. Review of L.D. DeSimone, and F. Popoff, Eco-Efficiency: The Business Link
to Sustainable Development. Environmental Values 8(1999):119. (EV)
Protopapadakis, Evaggelos , Ecological Ethics. Athens: Sakkoula, 2005 (in Greek).
Pruetz, Jill D., and Paco Bertolani. ASavanna Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) hunt with
tools.@ Current Biology Vol. 17, no. 5 (2007): 412-17. (With commentary from AAnimal
Cognition: Bring Me My Spear@ by Richard W. Byrne, Current Biology Vol. 17, no. 5 (2007):
R164-65.) Researchers in Senegal recently spotted wild chimpanzees biting the tips of sticks,
which the chimps then used like spears to jab small primates called bushbabies. There are 22
such observations, though only once was a bushbaby actually killed, and critics wonder if
perhaps the chimps were not more probing around than hunting with spears. But the researchers
are convinced they used spears to hunt. Bushbabies are nocturnal and hide in holes in trees in
the day. Chimps do regularly hunt mammals with their hands and teeth. See also the brief story:
ASpear-Wielding Chimps Seen Hunting Bush Babies@ by Ann Giddons,@ Science Vol. 315,
no. 5815 (23 February 2007): 1063.
Prugh, Thomas, with Robert Costanza, John H. Cumberland, Herman Daly, Robert Goodland,
and Richard B. Norgaard, Natural Capital and Human Economic Survival. Sunderland, MA:
Sinauer Associates, 1995. Sustainability is threatened by nothing so much as a shortage of
natural capital. The global ecosystem, which provides a vast array of indispensable resources
and services to human beings, can be seen as a form of capital that can never be replaced by any
combination of human labor, wealth, and technology. Yet Earth's natural capital endowment is
under severe strains from rapidly increasing human economic activity and population. One step
toward sustainability would be to "get the prices right" by properly valuing natural capital (which
might add, for instance, $ 51,000 to the price of an automobile!). (v6,#4)
Pryde, Philip R., ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. 364 pages. $ 59.85. Environmental legacies of the Soviet
period and current trends, a geographical approach. Pryde is in geography at San Diego State
University. (v5,#3)
Pugh, Cedric, ed. Sustainability, the Environment and Urbanisation. London: Earthscan
Publications Ltd., 1996. 224pp. ,16.95. This provides an overview of the major environmental
issues in Third World cities such as poor sanitation and water quality, air pollution and hoursing
problems. It looks at the broad economic context behind the problems and examines the
conceptual issues of sustainability infrastructure and health programs, as well as assessing
environmental appraisal methods. (v8,#1)
Pugh, Cedric. "Methodology, Political Economy and Economics in Land Studies for Developing
Countries." Land Use Policy 13, no.3 (1996): 165. (v7, #3)
Pugh, George Edgin. The Biological Origin of Human Values. Reviewed in Environmental
Ethics 1(1979):181-85.
Pugh, J., "New Climate-Change Data Place Policymakers in the Hot Seat," Bioscience 53(no. 6,
2003): 542-543. (v 14, #3)
Pulido, Laura, Environmentalism and Economic Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the
Southwest. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1996. 320 pages. $ 17.95 paper. The
United Farm Workers 1965-71 pesticide campaign and a grazing conflict between a Hispano
cooperative and mainstream environmentalist in New Mexico. Pulido argues for developing an
inclusive environmental ethic that is at once economically empowering and respectful of ethnic
and cultural diversity. (v7,#2)
Pullen, Andrew S., Conservation Biology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. A new
text. Pullen is at the University of Birmingham, UK. (v.13,#4)
Pullin, A, "Protecting Biological Diversity: Roles and Responsibilities", Biological Conservation
111(no.2, 2003):278-279.
Pullin, AS, "The Farm as a Natural Habitat: Reconnecting Food Systems with Ecosystems",
Biological Conservation 112(no.3, 2003):461.
Purdy, Kathleen D., "Environmental Ethics." Pages 267-270 in John K. Roth, ed., International
Encyclopedia of Ethics. London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1995. Quite business
oriented.
Purser, Ronald E., Park, Changkil, and Montuori, "Limits to Anthropocentrism: Toward an
Ecocentric Organization Paradigm?" Academy of Management Review 20(1995):1053-1089.
Historical anthropocentrism requires a linear perspective, a camera theory of knowledge, and
human-nature dualism. These ideas are reproduced in organizational science and management
practice. We now need an ecocentric approach, and here an environmental management
paradigm is contrasted with an ecocentric responsibility paradigm. Corporate environmentalism
and so-called "greening-business" are based in the environmental management paradigm, and
incommensurable with the ecocentric responsibility paradigm. Out of the latter could grow an
ecocentric organizational paradigm. Purser is in Organization Development, Loyola University,
Chicago. Pari is in Organization Behavior, Case Western Reserve University. Montuori is in
Systems Science, Saybrook Institute and College of Notre Dame, San Francisco. (v.10,#1)
Puth, Linda M., and Karen A. Wilson, "Boundaries and Corridors as a Continuum of Ecological
Flow Control: Lessons from Rivers and Streams," Conservation Biology 15(no.1, Feb. 2001):
21-. (v.12,#3)
Putman, Daniel. "Tragedy and Nonhumans." Environmental Ethics 11(1989):345-53. The
concept of tragedy has been central to much of human history; yet, twentieth century
philosophers have done little to analyze what tragedy means outside of the theater. Utilizing a
framework from MacIntyre's After Virtue, I first discuss what tragedy is for human beings and
some of its ethical implications. Then I analyze how we use the concept with regard to
nonhumans. Although the typical application of the concept to animals is thoroughly
anthropocentric, I argue first that the concept of tragedy can be applied directly to nonhumans (a)
because the loss of potential for some nonhumans may be as a great or greater than loss of
potential for some humans to whom the concept applies and (b) because tragedy depends on
what is valued and, for those creatures that do not conceptualize death, the destruction of the
present moment through pain and suffering is the ultimate loss, and second that self-awareness in
the human sense is not necessary for tragedy. Putman is in the philosophy department,
University of Wisconsin Center-Fox Valley, Menasha, WI. (EE)
Putman, R. J. "Ethical Considerations and Animal Welfare in Ecological Field Studies,"
Biodiversity and Conservation 4(no.8., Nov. 1995):903- . (v6,#4)
Putnam, Hilary, The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2002. The fact/value dichotomy has found an all-too-prominent place
in popular culture and philosophical thought, the idea that while factual claims can be rationally
established or refuted, claims about value are wholly subjective, not capable of being rationally
argued for or against. Although it is on occasion important and useful to distinguish between
factual claims and value judgments, the distinction becomes positively harmful when identified
with a dichotomy between the objective and the purely "subjective." Putnam is in philosophy,
Harvard University.
Putz, Francis E., Geoffrey M. Blate, and John Robinson, "Tropical Forest Management and
Conservation of Biodiversity: An Overview," Conservation Biology 15(no.1, Feb. 2001): 7-.
(v.12,#3)
Pyare,S; Berger, J, "Beyond demography and delisting: Ecological recovery for Yellowstone's
grizzly bears and wolves", Biological Conservation 113(no.1, 2003):63-73.
Pye-Smith, Charlie and Grazia Borrini Feyerabend, with Richard Sandbrook. The Wealth of
Communities. Earthscan Publications (UK) amd Kumarian Press (USA), 1994. 224 pages,
,10.95. $18.95. Ten case studies of community-based, environmentally sound development in
support of a strategy called Primary Environment Care (PEC), in which a people organize and
act to meet needs (income, health, housing), while taking care of their environment. (v6,#1)
Pykala, J., "Effects of Restoration with Cattle Grazing on Plant Species Composition and
Richness of Semi-Natural Grasslands," Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no. 11, 2003): 22112226.
Pyle, Robert Michael, The Thunder Tree: Lessons from an Urban Wildland. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1993. When people connect with nature, they do so in a specific place; roots in the earth
can be as important as roots in a family. For Bob Pyle, that place was the High Line Canal in
Colorado. As a boy in the 1950's he discovered it, largely a wasteland, an accidental wilderness
on the edge of a growing city. As he grew up, the canal became his sanctuary, his teacher, the
place where he developed a passion for the natural world. The title comes from a cottonwood
tree that saved his life in a freak hailstorm. By showing how the course of a life can be changed
by a piece of land, Pyle argues that if we fail to preserve our opportunities to explore nature, we
will diminish human lives and human culture immeasurably. Pyle's Wintergreen won the John
Burrough's Medal for the best natural history book of 1987. He is an ecologist in Gray's River,
Washington, and an expert on butterflies. (v6,#4)
Pyne, SJ, "Review of: J. Donald Hughes, An Environmental History of the World: Humankind's
Changing Role in the Community of Life", Environmental History 8(no.2, 2003):316.--Rappole,
JH; King, DI; Rivera, JHV, "Coffee and Conservation" Conservation Biology 17(no.1,
2003):334-336.
Pyne, Stephen J., Andrews, Patricia, and Laven, Richard D., Introduction to Wildland Fire. New
York: John Wiley, 1996. With sections on aboriginal fires. (v10,#4)
Pyne, Stephen J., Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982. Pyne argues that most of America was so highly managed
by Indians with fires that they set that we cannot now meaningfully recover what the forest was
like without humans.
Pyne, Stephen J., "The Fires This Time, and Next," Science 294(2 November 2001):1005-1006.
Fire belongs on landscapes, especially in the American West. A new problem is the enormous
impact of industrial combustion. One could say there are two kinds of fires: burning fossil
biomass and burning living biomass. Fire suppression in American history has been not only by
putting out fires but by driving out native Americans, who set many fires. A new problem is
fires on quasi-wild lands, urban/wild interface fires, with many persons now inhabiting fireprone forests. Humans need to be active fire managers on their landscapes.
"It is strange that we have so little sense of how to incorporate ourselves in this scene as
active agents. We have, after all, enjoyed a species monopoly over fire over the entire course of
human existence, and our myths almost universally attribute to fire our Faustian rise to
ecological ascendancy. Yet we are peculiarly self-effacing when confronted with the challenge
to reclaim our role as keepers of the flame. We should get over it." Pyne is a fire historian at
Arizona State University. (v.12,#4)
Pyne, Stephen J, How the Canyon Became Grand: A Short History. New York: Viking, 1998.
The social construction of the Grand Canyon. Pyne depicts "another Canyon, the one that most
visitors actually see, a cultural Canyon, the Grand Canyon as a place with meaning. This
landscape has been shaped by ideas, words, images, and experiences. Instead of faults, rivers,
and mass wasting, the processes at work involved geopolitical upheavals and the swell of
empires, the flow of art, literature, science, and philosophy, the chisel of mind against matter.
These determined the shape of Canyon meaning. ... Here a great civilization encountered a great
natural phenomenon. Neither was the same afterward. ... [The Canyon] has meaning, and that
meaning depends less on the scene's physical geography than on the ideas through which it can
be viewed and imagined. Those ideas ... have actively shaped the Canyon's meaning, without
which it could hardly exist as a cultural spectacle. The Grand Canyon was not so much revealed
as created" (pp. xii-xiii). Pyne is an environmental historian at Arizona State University, best
known for his works on the history of fire.
Fortunately, there are other accounts of the natural history of the canyon, revealing its
geological creation over millennia before its social creation in the last century, though
environmental historians will no doubt soon be at work on the social construction of that natural
history too, including the Vishnu schist and the river that runs through it.
Pyne, Stephen J, "The Perils of Prescribed Fire: A Reconsideration," Natural Resources Journal
41(no.1, Wint 2001):1-. (v.12,#4)
Pyra, Leszek, "Suffering and the Rights of Animals," paper (available in English) at the
Jagiellonian University Symposium on Ethics, Suffering as Human Experience, Cracow, Poland,
June 6-8, 1994. See Wawrzyniak, Jan, "Suffering as a Transcendental Value."
Qi Y.; Henderson M.; Xu M.; Chen J.; Shi P.; He C.; Skinner G.W., "Evolving core-periphery
interactions in a rapidly expanding urban landscape: The case of Beijing," Landscape Ecology
19(no.4, 2004):375-388(14). (v. 15, # 3)
Qian Jianxing, "Environment Ethics: Foundation, Mechanism and Efficacy", Lingxia
Shehuikexue (Lingxia Social Sciences) 3(2000)45-50. In Chinese. (EE v.12,#1)
Qin Shu-Sheng. AThe Ecological Ethics Survey of Technology.@ Science, Economy, and
Society No. 4 (2007): 45-48.
Qing Shitai, "The eco-ethical thoughts of Daoism and its modern implication", Journal of
Sichuan Uni., 2002(1)
Quammen, David, "Dirge for a Butterfly," Outside 19 (no. 11, November 1994):39-42 & ff. But
maybe the Uncompahgre fritillary isn't as dead as it seems. The butterfly, endemic to two
Colorado mountains, is thought by some scientists to be going extinct naturally, and they argue
that we should then do nothing to save it (see Newsletter v.5, #1). The butterfly, which prefers
wet, north-facing slopes at 13,000 feet, is a larvae for two years, an adult only for a week, when
it is disinclined to colonize new areas. Its habitat is drying out, and there is habitat further north
to which it presumably might be moved. Meanwhile, the most recent work on the butterfly, by
Amy Seidl of Colorado State University, finds that numbers have somewhat rebounded, possibly
because pressures from sheep and collectors have been removed. (v5,#4)
Quammen, David, "Planet of Weeds," Harper's 297(no. 1781, October 1998):57-69. Tallying the
losses of Earth's animals and plants, inmixed with an interview with David Jablonski,
paleontologist at the University of Chicago. Five major extinctions in evolutionary history.
Efforts today to estimate probable extinctions. "The consensus among conscientious biologists is
that we're headed into another mass extinction, a vale of biological impoverishment
commensurate with the big five" (pp. 58-59). Mathematical models will prove partially wrong,
but importantly onto huge losses of biodiversity. Escalating populations, escalating
consumption, human relocation of species deliberately and accidentally, will leave us with a
planet of weeds. (v.10,#3)
Quammen, David, Monster of God: The Man-Eating Predator in the Jungles of History and the
Mind. New York: W. W. Norton, 2003. History, legends, psychological and philosophical
reflections on the big predators that are, or can become, man-eating: lions, tigers, the brown bear,
sharks, the Nile crocodile, leopards, possibly cougars, and others. In the 1900s tigers (usually
females) were regularly killing and eating some 800 persons a year; over a number of years one
tiger alone killed possibly 400 persons before Jim Corbett shot her. The conservation of such
predators; or, Quammen thinks more likely, their eventual extinction in the wild. Alas, a dark
and scary forest may have been a good thing.
Quarterly Review of Principles for Sustainability. The Citizens Network for Sustainable
Development, Working Group on Ethics, is publishing a new NGO and quarterly. The mission
of the working group is to revive efforts to produce an Earth Charter. The April Quarterly
included brief articles by or excerpts from: Donald Brown, Frances Spivy-Weber, John Lemons,
Roger Paden, Herman Daly as summarized by Laurie Timmermann, Donald B. Conroy, Pope
John Paul II's letter on ecology, and Safei El-Denn Hamed. Chair and Editor is: Angela
Oliveira-Harkavy, 9422 Goshen Lane, Burke, VA 22015 USA, FAX 703-425-0741. (v5,#2)
Querling, Jonathan, "Resistance takes root," The Ecologist 30(no. 9, Dec. 1, 2000):57- . The
anti-GM movement in the US is catching up with its counterpart in Europe, as evidenced by the
growth of crop-pulling actions. (v.12,#2)
Quiatt, Duane and Junichiro Itani, eds., Hominid Culture in Primate Perspective. Niwot, CO:
University Press of Colorado, 1993. 320 pages. $ 32.50. Human culture and animal behavior
are commonly thought to differ importantly through the use of tools, inventing symbols, making
words, and so on. But these primatologists think that their research indicates that the differences
between human culture and primate behavior are increasingly difficult to identify. Quiatt is
professor of anthropology at the University of Colorado at Denver; Itani is with the Laboratory
of Human Evolution at Kyoto University. (v4,#2)
Quiet in the Canyon!" The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 89, 13 January 1997, p. 20.
Quigley, Peter. "Rethinking Resistance: Environmentalism, Literature, and Poststructural
Theory." Environmental Ethics 14(1992):291-306. I argue that with the advent of
poststructuralism, traditional theories of representation, truth, and resistance have been seriously
brought into question. References to the "natural" and the "wild" cannot escape the
poststructural attack against foundational concepts and the constituting character of humancentered language. I explore the ways in which environmental movements and literary
expression have tended to posit pre-ideological essences, thereby replicating patterns of power
and authority. I also point to how environmentalism might be reshaped in light of
poststructuralism to challenge power without reference to authority. Quigley is at the
Humanities and Social Science department, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott,
AZ. (EE)
Quinby, Peter, Trombulak, Steve, and Henry, Michael, "Opportunities for Wildlife Habitat
Connectivity between Algonquin Provincial Park and the Adirondack Park," Wild Earth 10(no.
2, Summer 2000):75- . (v.12,#2)
Quinn, Daniel. Ishmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit. New York: Bantam Books,
1992, 1995. A novel where the narrator is taught that we are killing the earth along with
ourselves and it is nearly too late to check our fate, all by a remarkable teacher, Ishmael, who
turns out to be a gorilla. (v6,#3)
Quinn, Frank. "Water Resources: From a Supply and Development to a Demand Management
and Restoration Approach", Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):105.
Quinn, Frederick, To Heal the Earth: A Theology of Ecology. Nashville, TN: Upper Room,
1994. 159 pages. paper. Environmental reflection and ecological concern set in the context of
biblical scholarship, drawing from both the Old and New Testaments and the works of the early
church fathers. (v7,#2)
Quivik, F. L., "Review of: Ellen E. Wohl, Virtual Rivers: Lessons from the Mountain Rivers of
the Colorado Front Range," Environmental History 7(no.3, 2002): 517-18. (v.13,#4)
Raab, Thomas and Frodeman, Robert, "What is it like to be a geologist? A phenomenology of
geology and its epistemological implications," Philosophy and Geography 5 (No. 1, 2002): 6981. In previous work we have described the nature of geologic reasoning and the relation
between the geological observer and the outcrop which is the object of their study. We now turn
to further consideration of the epistemological aspects of geology that have been largely
neglected by 20th century epistemology. Our basic claim is that the experiential facts of
geological fieldwork do not fit with a philosophy of science that has evolved out of
considerations on the laboratory sciences. Shifting our focus from the lab to the field offers a
more embodied, historical, and fallibilistic understanding of geology. Raab is a Post-Doctoral
researcher at the Academy of Arts Düsseldorf, Germany. Frodeman is Hennebach Professor in
the Humanities at the Colorado School of Mines. (P&G)
Rabb, G. B., and Sullivan, T. A., "Coordinating Conservation: Global Networking for Species
Survival," Biodiversity and Conservation 1995(4):536-543. (v.10,#1)
Rabb, J. Douglas. "From Triangles to Tripods: Polycentrism in Environmental Ethics."
Environmental Ethics 14(1992):177-83. Callicott's basic mistake in his much-regretted paper
"Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" is to think of the anthropocentric, zoocentric, and
biocentric perspectives as mutually exclusive alternatives. An environmental ethics requires,
instead, a polycentric perspective that accommodates and does justice to all three positions in
question. I explain the polycentric perspective in terms of an analogy derived from the
pioneering work of Canadian philosopher Rupert C. Lodge and distinguish it from both
pragmatism and moral pluralism. Rabb is in the philosophy department, Lakehead University,
Ontario, Canada. (EE)
Rabb, J. Douglas "The Vegetarian Fox and Indigenous Philosophy: Speciesism, Racism, and
Sexism." I critique the oppressive society in which Michael A. Fox's Deep Vegetarianism was
written and which Fox too attempts to criticize and change. Fox proves himself to be among a
handful of Western philosophers open-minded enough to acknowledge and attempt to learn from
North American indigenous values and world views. For this reason, he should be commended.
In defending his thesis that a vegetarian life style is morally preferable, he draws upon
indigenous thought, feminist philosophy, and antidomination theories, arguing that speciesism,
racism, and sexism can all be traced back to the same mind-set of oppression, domination and
exploitation. Unfortunately, identifying the oppressive mind-set is not ipso facto escaping it. I
show that Fox in his explication and use of indigenous thought actually perpetuates the very
oppression and exploitation he argues against. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):275-294. (EE)
Rabie, A 1989. Bejeën God se aarde met ontsag. Woord en Daad 321, 2-3. (Africa)
Rabinor, ZD, "Sustainable Development and Management of Ecotourism in the Americas:
Preparatory Conference for the International Year of Ecotourism, 2002," Journal of Environment
and Development 11(no.1, 2002):103-106. (v.13, #3)
Rachels, James, Created from Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1990. $ 19.95. Rachels enlists Darwin in the animal rights movement.
Darwin opposed the use of steel traps against vermin and could become enraged at someone
abusing a horse. He disliked vivisection. More importantly, Darwin narrowed the discontinuity
between humans and animals, showed our kinship with animal life both in origins and biological
character. This perhaps devalues human life from the classical concepts of human dignity, but it
also elevates the worth of animal life. Rachels is professor of philosophy, University of
Alabama at Birmingham. (v1,#3)
Rachels, James, The Moral Implications of Darwinism. Oxford University Press, 1990. How
Darwinism and evolutionary history brings humans and animals closer together both
descriptively in science and prescriptively in morals. See note in Fall 1990 Newsletter.
Comparable in many ways to Rodd's book, but one thing that is not comparable is the price.
Rachels' is only $ 19.95 for 256 pages; Rodd's is $ 55.00 for 280 pages. Fortunately, the logic in
Oxford's books is better than the logic of their pricing. (v1,#4)
Rachlow, Janet L., Berger, Joel. "Conservation Implications of Patterns of Horn Regeneration in
Dehorned White Rhinos," Conservation Biology 11(no.1, 1997):84. (v8,#2)
Radcliffe, S. A., "Geography of Development: Development, Civil Society and Inequality:
Social Capital Is (Almost) Dead?," Progress in Human Geography 28(no. 4, 2004): 517-527(11).
(v.14, #4)
Radcliffe, SA, "Development and geography: towards a postcolonial development geography?"
Progress in Human Geography 29 (no. 3, June 2005): 291-298.
Radcliffe, Samuel J., "Core Values, Ethics, and Forestry." Pages 151-158 in Forestry Forum:
The Land Ethic. Bethesda, MD: The Society of American Foresters, 1998. Radcliffe is
president, George Banzhaf & Company, Milwaukee. (v.12,#3)
Radcliffe, Samuel J., "A Professional Code of Ethics for the 21st Century: The Ethics
Committee's Proposal," Journal of Forestry 98 (no. 7, July 2000):16-21. Report by the chair of
the Society of American Forester's Ethics Committee, proposing a new Code of Ethics for the
SAF. Radcliffe is president, George Banzhaf & Company, Milwaukee. (v.12,#3)
Radcliffe, Samuel J., "A Professional Code of Ethics for the 21st Century: The Ethics
Committee's Proposal," Journal of Forestry 98 (No. 7, 2000 July 01): 16- . This fall, SAF will
vote on whether to adopt a completely revised Code of Ethics. The chair of the Ethics Committee
discusses the committee's rationale for the proposed revision. (v.11,#4)
Radcliffe, Sarah A, "Geography of development: development, civil society and inequality social capital is (almost) dead?", Progress in Human Geography 28(no.4, 1 August 2004):517527(11).
Radder, Hans, "Exploiting Abstract Possibilities: A Critique of the Concept and Practice of
Product Patenting," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 17(2004):275-291.
Developments in biotechnology and genomics have moved the issue of patenting scientific and
technological inventions toward the center of interest. In particular, the patentability of genes of
plants, animals, or humans and of genetically modified (parts of) living organisms has been
discussed, and questioned, from various normative perspectives. This paper aims to contribute to
this debate. For this purpose, it first explains a number of relevant aspects of the theory and
practice of patenting. The focus is on a special and increasingly significant type of patents,
namely product patents. The paper provides three general arguments against the concept and
practice of product patenting. The first argument briefly considers the claim that patents are
legitimate because they promote socially useful innovation. Against this claim, it is argued that
product patents may hamper rather than promote such innovation. The second and main
argument concludes that product patents are not adequately based on actual technological
inventions, as they should be according to the usual criteria of patentability. The principal moral
issue is that product patents tend to reward patentees for inventions they have not really made
available. The final argument proposes a method for patenting the heat of the sun. Assuming
that granting this patent will be generally considered absurd, the argdment exposes a further,
fundamental problem of the concept and practice of product patenting. Keywords: (product)
patents, biotechnology and genomics, experimental science and technology, reproducibility of
inventions. The author is on yhr Faculty of Philosophy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands. (JAEE)
Radermacher, Walter. Review of I. Musu and D. Siniscalco, eds., National Accounts and the
Environment. Environmental Values 8(1999):524. (EV)
Radkau, Joachim. Natur und Macht: Eine Weltgeschichte der Umwelt [Nature and Power: A
World History of the Environment]. Munich: C.H. Beck Verlag, 2000.Review by Udo Simonis,
Environmental Values 10(2001):274. (EV)
Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment, translated by
Thomas Dunlap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. This was originally published
as Natur und Macht: Weltgeschichte der Umwelt in 2002. Radkau provides an overview of
world environmental history that revolves around a number of key topics focused on primeval
symbioses of humans and nature, energy and resource use, colonialism, limits of nature, and
globalization.
Radmer, Richard J. "Algal Diversity and Commercial Algal Products." Bioscience 46, no.4
(1996): 263. New and valuable products from diverse algae may soon increase the already large
market for algal products. (v7, #3)
Radner, Daisie and Michael Radner. Animal Consciousness (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 13(1991):187-91.
Radosevich, Steven, "Weed Ecology and Ethics," Weed Science 46(1998):642-646.
Environmental ethical issues have dominated discussions among weed scientists for years, for
example the decade long debate over 2,4,4-T use in forestry. Because weeds are a conqsequence
of how we grow food, the sutdy of both ecological and human components of agroecosystems
should allow weed scientists to construct management strategies that more fully address the
production, environmental, and social implications of weeds and weeding. Radosevich is in
forestry, Oregon State University. (v.10,#3)
Rae, Eleanor. Women, The Earth, The Divine. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1997. 150pp. $15
paper. Rae surveys the present situation of women and the basics of ecofeminism and explores
the link between the oppression of women and the exploitation of nature. (v8,#1)
Raeburn, Paul, "Clamor Over Genetically Modified Foods Comes to the United States," New
York University Environmental Law Journal 8(no.3, 2000):610- . (EE v.12,#1)
Raffensberger, Carolyn, and Joel A. Tickner, eds., Protecting Public Health and the
Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999.
(v. 15, # 3)
Raffensperger, Carolyn and Joel Tickner, Eds. Protecting Public Health and the Environment:
Implementing the Precautionary Principle. Review by Paul Thompson, Journal of Agricultural
and Environmental Ethics 10(2001):351-354. (JAEE)
Raghu, S., et al., "Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?" Science 313(22 September
2006):1742. Some of the species proposed as biofuels appear to turn invasive in some
ecosystems.
Raglon, Rebecca, Scholtmeijer, Marian, "Shifting Ground: Metanarratives, Epistemology, and
the Stories of Nature," Environmental Ethics 18(1996):19-38. Recent discussions concerned with
the problematical human relationship with nature have justifiably focused on the important role
that language plays in both defining and limiting knowledge of the natural world. Much concern
about language among environmental thinkers has been focused at the semantic levelCproposing
and analyzing definitions of certain key terms, such as anthropocentric, biocentric, wilderness,
ecology, or holistic. Work at the semantic level, however, has had very little effect in challenging
the scientific metanarrative of nature which is based on the primacy of objective knowledge.
Using examples from three postmodern stories, we suggest that the only real challenge to the
way humans presently construct and understand their relationship to nature can be found at the
narrative level. In our discussion of these stories, we show that nature ceases to be a passive,
designified object of the human eye. The result of these narrative shifts is a conception of nature
composed of other subjects and other realities rather than a nature rendered meaningless by
objectivity. Raglon is in women's studies, University of British Columbia. Scholtmeijer is at the
University of Northern British Columbia. (EE)
Räikkä, Juha, "Coercive population policies, procreative freedom, and morality," Philosophy and
Geography 4 (No. 1, 2001): 67-77. I shall briefly evaluate the common claim that ethically
acceptable population policies must let individuals to decide freely on the number of their
children. I shall ask, first, what exactly is the relation between population policies that we find
intuitively appealing, on the one hand, and population policies that maximize procreative
freedom, on the other, and second, what is the relation between population policies that we tend
to reject on moral grounds, on the one hand, and population policies that use coercive methods
such as laws or economic incentives and deterrents, on the other. I shall argue that when
changing a population policy, it may be morally desirable to affect people's procreative decisions
more rather than less, and that sometimes it may be morally desirable to prefer a population
policy that does not maximize procreative freedom to a population policy that does maximize it.
I shall also point out that indirect population policies that use incentives and deterrents are not
necessarily incompatible with liberal principles. Finally, I try to show what is assumed by those
who defend the view that coercive population policies are morally wrong in all circumstances.
Räikkä is Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Turku. (P&G)
Rainbow, Stephen. "Greens Within an Alliance: The New Zealand Experience," Environmental
Politics 4(no.3, Fall 1995):475- . (v6,#4)
Raines, Ben, "Rare Fish Found in Grand Bay (Alabama\Mississippi)," Mobile (Alabama)
Register, November 22, 2004, p. 1A, 4A. The rare opossum pipefish has been found in Grand
Bay, a few feet from the Alabama/Mississippi state line. Mississippi has protected its part of the
bay, but Alabama has not and has been considering permitting prospecting for natural gas there.
The fish is a candidate species for the endangered species list; the only other known population is
on the Atlantic coast of Florida. The fish is unusual in that the males are "pregnant," or, more
accurately, the males have a belly pouch in which they brood the eggs. The pipefish is long and
slim, about the size of and looks like a greenish pencil. There are other species of pipefish but
this one is unusual for the mid-belly brooding pouch, hence the name "opossum" pipefish. (v.14,
#4)
Raines, Ben, "Experts: Fish Rally When Gill Nets Gone," (Mobile Alabama) Press Register,
October 6, p. 1A, 16A. Alabama permits gill netting off its coasts. Other states, Florida,
Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana have essentially stopped permitting gill netting, with a rebound of
fish populations. Scientists now say that Alabama's liberal commercial regulations are depleting
stocks of desirable fish in Alabama waters, also having a quite adverse effect from "by catch,"
fish and other marine animals that are not desired but are nevertheless caught and killed in the
half-mile long nets that sweep from bottom to surface. With 120 licensed gill netters Alabama
can have more than 54 miles of nets stretched out in its waters on any given night. Alabama
requires gill netters to operate at night, so as not to disturb sports fishing during the day, but
sportsmen complain that by dawn there are no fish left.
Raines, Ben, "ConocoPhillips Withdraws LNG Proposal," Mobile (Alabama) Press-Register,
June 9, 2006, pp. 1A, 4A. ConocoPhillips has now withdrawn its controversial proposal to build
an off-shore liquid natural gas terminal eleven miles off the Alabama coast. Liquid natural gas
arrives in tankers at minus 260 degrees and must be warmed to convert it into a usable product.
Here it was to be warmed using 150 million gallons of seawater a day, sucked in with eggs and
larvae of marine species, including some of the Gulf's most popular recreational and commercial
fish species, as well as shrimp and crabs. The environmental damage was judged unacceptable.
The Alabama governor had said that he would veto the terminal.
Raines, Ben. AState=s Sad Salamander.@ Mobile Alabama Press-Register (June 17, 2008): 1A,
4A. The Red Hills salamander lives in wet burrows in the deep hollows of Alabama=s Red Hills
and is endemic there. It has tiny legs and hardly walks, but it burrows with a thick skull. The
salamander is listed as a threatened species. Only about 150 acres, less than one percent of its
range, is protected, and there is illegal dumping even there. The Alabama Department of
Transportation did abandon plans to widen a highway for a truck passing lane with some
concerns about salamander populations.
Rainey, Thomas B., "Siberian Writers and the Struggle to Save Lake Baikal," Environmental
History Review, vol. 15, no. 1, spring 1991. Rainey is professor of history and environmental
studies at the Evergreen State College, Olympia Washington. (v2,#2)
Raizis, Anthony, "The Plight of Animals in Romania," The Animals' Agenda 15 no. 2 (March
1995): 28- . Romania's totalitarian regime took its toll on animals. A research scientist
describes the efforts being made to establish humane standards of animal care and control in
Romania, where the average salary is $100 a month in U.S. dollars, and the average family
spends three quarters of that amount on food. (v6,#2)
Rajan, S. Ravi, "Disaster, Development and Governance: Reflections on the "Lessons" of
Bhopal," Environmental Values 11(2002):369-394. The paper firstly uses the case study of the
Bhopal gas disaster to understand why many scholars and activists seek alternatives to "big"
development. Secondly, it critically examines the claims that have been made in this regard in
the literature in political ecology, science and technology studies and environmental governance,
and in doing so, articulates a framework of questions for the next generation of research and
advocacy. (EV)
Rajan, Sudhir Chella. "Automobility, Liberalism, and the Ethics of Driving." Environmental
Ethics 29(2007):77-90. Automobility, or the myriad institutions that foster car culture, has rarely
if ever been put under the lens of liberal political theory, even though driving is one of the most
common and widely accepted features of daily life in modern societies. When its implied
promise of guaranteeing both freedom and equality is examined more closely, however, it
appears that the ethical implications of driving may be darker than initially supposed.
Automobility may indeed be in violation of both the Kantian categorical imperative and
Gewirth's principle of generic consistency, even though there has thus far been remarkably little
ethical analysis to reveal these possibilities. It is conceivable that liberal political theory has
turned a blind eye to automobility precisely because the latter has naturalized us into accepting
what Roberto Unger has called a routine of Afalse necessity,@ so that driving is now virtually
imperceptible as a social fact worthy of critical analysis. (EE)
Ralls, Katherine, Demaster, Douglas P., Estes, James A. "Developing a Criterion for Delisting
the Southern Sea Otter under the U.S. Endangered Species Act," Conservation Biology 10(no.6,
1996):1528. (v8,#1)
Ramakrishna, Kilaparti and George M. Woodwell, eds., World Forests for the Future. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. $ 18.50. 208 pages. Both authors are at Woods Hole
Research Center. (v4,#1)
Ramelkamp, Betsy. "Birds of a Feather Quacked Together." The Christian Science Monitor,
vol. 88, 14 Nov. 1996, p. 16.
Ramjoué, Celina, AThe transatlantic rift in genetically modified food policy,@ Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 20(2007):419-436. The regulatory structures underlying
United States and European Union policies regarding genetically modified (GM) food and crops
are fundamentally different. The US regulates GM foods and crops as end products, applying
roughly the same regulatory framework that it does to non GM foods or crops. The EU, on the
other hand, regulates products of agricultural biotechnology as the result of a specific production
process. Accordingly, it has developed a network of rules that regulate GM foods and crops
specifically. As a result, US regulation of GM foods and crops is relatively permissive, whereas
EU regulation is relatively restrictive. Why are genetically modified food policies in the United
States and the European Union so strikingly different? In the light of the recent World Trade
Organization dispute on agricultural biotechnology, it may seem that economic interests are the
driving force behind policies. While they are certainly part of the picture, the issue is far more
complex. This paper argues that three different elements help explain differences between US
and EU GM food policies. First, an investigation of US and European policies of the 1970s and
1980s on recombinant DNA research and of events leading up to early GM food and crop
regulation allows a deeper understanding of current policy. Second, scrutinizing underlying
values and norms can uncover the beliefs that condition current GM food and crop policy. Third,
an analysis of involved actors= views and levels of success in influencing policy is essential to
understanding US and EU policies. Keywords: agricultural biotechnology - comparative public
policy - genetically modified crops - genetically modified food - public policy - regulation.
Ramjoué is at the European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
Ramlogan, Rajendra. "Environmental Refugees: A Review." Environmental Conservation 23,
no.1 (1996): 81. (v7, #3)
Ramphal, Shridath, Our Country, the Planet. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1992. 291 pages,
paper. Chapters on: a fragile world, air and water, earth and fire, the profligate rich, the
powerless poor, population, a feudal world, ethics of survival, muddling through or worse,
enlightened change. Sir Shridath Ramphal is a former foreign minister of Guyana and a member
of the Brundtland Commission. He is President of the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
(v4,#1)
Ramphele, Mamphela, ed., Restoring the Land: Environment and Change in Post-Apartheid
South Africa. London: Panos Publications, 1991. ISBN 1-870670-27-2. 216 pages, paper. By a
study group of nearly two dozen persons, from all races, from law, media, philosophy,
universities, unions. Sample chapter titles: A Land out of Balance; The Legacy of `Homeland'
Policy; A Desert for the Deserted; Blighted Environment; Life in the Townships; Smoke over
Soweto; People, Parks and Politics; Rural Democracy Revisited; A Fragile Land (Namibia).
(v5,#2)
Ramphele, Mamphela. "Wilderness as a Resource for Healing in South Africa." International
Journal of Wilderness 2, no. 2 (August 1996): 33-38. Wilderness offers a social leveling space
that permits a healing process to occur even in the fractured South African society. Ramphele is
an anthropologist and vice chancellor of the University of Cape Town. (v7, #3)
Ramsay, Maureen. Human Needs and the Market. Brookfield, Vt. Ashgate, 1992. 240pp. $63.95
hardcover.
Ramsay, Paul, Revival of the Land--Creag Meagaidh National Nature Reserve. Battleby, Perth
PH1 3EW (Scotland): Scottish National Heritage, 1997. , 7.50 paper. Ecological restoration on a
9700 acre reserve in the Inverness-shire, in the highlands of Scotland. In 1985 the then Nature
Conservancy Council (now the Scottish National Heritage) purchased an estate, Creag
Meagaidh, and undertook ecological restoration on a scale never before attempted, a project that
has generated wide interest in land management, forestry, and conservation circles in the United
Kingdom. Of particular interest because of the long human occupancy of the area and the long
history of use and abuse, and the question what sort of restoration ought to be done and was
possible. (v8,#3)
Ramutsindela, M, "Land reform in South Africa's national parks: a catalyst for the human-nature
nexus," Land Use Policy 20(no.1, 2003): 41-49.
Ranchor Prime, Hinduism and Ecology, 118 pages. In a series; the others are: Batchelor,
Martine, and Kerry Brown, ed., Buddhism and Ecology, 114 pages. Breuilly, Elizabeth and
Martin Palmer, ed., Christianity and Ecology, 118 pages. Khalid, Fazlun with Joanne O'Brien,
ed., 111 pages. Rose, Aubrey, ed., Judaism and Ecology, 142 pages. The editors in each case
include a variety of perspectives from that tradition (Prime is a single author, but interviews
various persons). All in paper. London: Cassell Publishers Limited, for the World Wide Fund
for Nature, 1992. $ 5.99 each. A review of the series is in CTNS (Center for Theology and
Natural Sciences) Bulletin 16 (no. 3, Summer, 1996):18-19.
Ranco, Darren J. Review of Mexican Americans and the Environment: Tierra y vida. By Devon
G. Pena. Environmental Ethics 29(2007):111-112. (EE)
Randolph, Richard O., Race, Margaret S., and McKay, Christopher P., "Reconsidering the
Theological and Ethical Implications of Extraterrestrial Life," CTNS (Center for Theology and
the Natural Sciences) Bulletin 17 (no. 3, Summer 1997):1-8. With some inquiries into
environmental ethics on Mars. Ought it to be resuscitated and made habitable? Or is it more
appropriate to let it remain lifeless. Can it have intrinsic worth if lifeless? (v.9,#4)
Randolph, Richard O., "The Importance of a Health Public Discourse on the Environment,"
CTNS (Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, Berkeley) Bulletin 16 (no. 1, Winter
1996):1-6. With reflections on how Albert Gore's Earth in the Balance has done and can do this.
Randolph is a Ph.D. candidate at the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley. (v7,#2)
Randolph, Richard O., "Environmental Ethics and Its Implications for a Hierarchy of Sciences,"
CTNS (Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences) Bulletin 18 (no. 4, Fall 1998):2-9. The
next step in the development of environmental ethics, especially from a Christian perspective, is
a richer, more complete integration of the natural and social sciences. Aldo Leopold is already
prophetic here, arguing that in a genuine environmental ethic humans must see themselves as
members and participants within the biological community, discovered by the natural sciences,
as well as within the social community, in which the governing forces are politics, technology,
engineering, economics. Randolph is a Ph.D. candidate at the Graduate Theological Union,
Berkeley. (v.10,#3)
Randolph, Sal, "Free words to free manifesta: Some experiments in art as gift," Ethics and the
Environment 8(no. 1, 2003):61-73. Randolph secretly puts copies of her book into bookstores:
"The book was called Free Words, and was an art project of mine. Its content was a list of 13,000
words I had collected over ten years. I had uncopyrighted the text, placing it in the public domain
(no rights reserved), and labeled the book as free. No price tag, no barcode, no ISBN. The back
cover said only "this book belongs to whoever finds it." I had printed 1,000 copies of it, and the
idea was to create a kind of situation. Someone who came across the book would have to decide
what it was and who really owned it. If they wanted it, they would have to decide whether to
walk out with it like a shoplifter, or whether to negotiate something with the sales clerk.
Randolph is an independent artist in New York. (E&E)
Randorf, Gary. "An Arctic Dream--Torngat National Park." Wild Earth 6, no.1 (1996): 27. (v7,
#3)
Rang Shijie Geng Mei Hao--For a Better World (in both Chinese and English).
Commemorative book, by China Environment News and the China Environmental Culture
Promotion Association, about 40 pages, based on special issue Chinese stamps that promote
environmental conservation. The stamps are quite artistically done, and the accompanying
essays are on such topics as water, desertification, the Three Gorges, the narcissus, Dujiang
Dam, forests, the Dunhuang Cave Frescoes, sturgeon, the Luanhe River Diversion Project, the
red ibis, Dinghu Mountain, the giant panda, Wulingyuan scenic area, Pere David's deer, Wuyi
Mountain, Suzhou, the garden city. "The love for nature and the country has always existed in
the virtues of the Chinese history." (Thanks to Xu Guangming, Suzhou Institute of Urban
Construction and Environmental Protection.)
Rangan, Haripriya, and Marcus B. Lane, "Indigenous Peoples and Forest Management:
Comparative Analysis of Institutional Approaches in Australia and India," Society & Natural
Resources 14(no.2, Feb. 2001): 145-. (v.12,#3)
Rangarajan, Mahesh, ed., The Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife. Vol. II: Watching and
Conserving. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Remarkable changes in attitudes toward
wildlife in India in the last century, from conquest and slaughter to conservation. Many of the
accounts are from former hunters who point out a different relationship between humans and
animals as they record observations of wildlife for the joy of it. Contemporary accounts include
a new class of naturalists who give equal attention to smaller animals and trees. (v.12,#2)
Rankin, A, "On how both capitalism and communism diminish the status of the individual," The
Ecologist 31(no.5, 2001):42-43. (v.12,#4)
Rankin, Richard, ed., North Carolina Nature Writing: Four Centuries of Personal Narratives and
Descriptions. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1996. 26 selections. From the
preface: "It was impossible for the earliest colonial explorers and settlers to imagine progress
apart from the subjugation of nature. As we approach the twenty-first century, many North
Carolinians recognize the need to balance the productive potential of the earth and environmental
health and wholeness. Nature writing represents a literature of inspiration and hope for those
who would conserve our natural heritage" (p. xv). Rankin, a historian, is in administration,
Queens College, Charlotte, NC. (v.12,#2)
Ransel, Katherine P., "The Sleeping Giant Awakens: PUD No.1 of Jefferson County v.
Washington Department of Ecology," Environmental Law 25 no. 2 (1995): 255- . Ransel is the
public interest lawyer who represented the plaintiffs in Jefferson County. She analyzes the U.S.
Supreme Court's 1994 decision that confirms the right of states to impose minimum instream
flow requirements on federal hydroelectric projects and discusses its implications. (v6,#2)
Rao, Brinda. "Dominant Constructions of Women and Nature in Social Science Literature."
Capitalism, Nature, Socialism Pamphlet 2. New York: Guilford Publications, 1991. (v7, #3)
Rao, M; McGowan, PJK, "Wild-Meat Use, Food Security, Livelihoods, and Conservation,"
Conservation Biology 16(no.3, 2002):580-583.
Rao, P. K., Environment and Development: A Policy Framework. Lawrenceville, NJ: Pinninti
Publishers, 2002. Is eradication of poverty and intergenerational welfare part of the Sustainable
Development (SD) approach? Is there a distinction between sustainability and SD? Are green
taxes useful? Why do we need a World Environment Organization (WEO) and what are its
organizational prerequisites? What reforms are relevant at international and national levels? P.
K. Rao is an economist who has worked at Harvard and Rutgers Universities. (v.13, #3)
Raoult-Walk, Anne-Lucie, and Bricas, Nicolas, "Ethical Issues Related to Food Sector Evolution
in Developing Countries: About Sustainability and Equity," Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 15(no. 3, 2002):325-334. After a century of major technical advance,
essentially achieved by and for the industrialized countries, the evolution of the food sector in
southern countries should no longer be thought of in terms of a "headlong pursuit." In the present
context of demographic growth, urbanization, poverty and disparities, environmental
degradation, and globalization of trade, new priorities have emerged, and new ethical questions
have been raised, mainly related to sustainability and equity. This paper analyses these ethical
concerns in the following terms: can the model of food sector development initiated by the
industrialized countries be applied to the entire world on a sustainable and equitable basis, given
the effects of this development with regard to the energy consumed, the changes in dietary
behavior and related nutritional problems, the new demands in terms of food safety, the
questions of biodiversity, ownership of knowledge, cultural identities, gender issues, and Man's
relationship to food and Nature? KEY WORDS: biodiversity, cultural identity, developing
countries, dietary behavior, energy, equity, food safety, gender issue, knowledge property,
sustainability. The authors are in Montpellier, France. (JAEE)
Raphael, Ray, More Tree Talk: The People, Politics, and Economics of Timber. Washington,
DC: Island Press, 1994. 352 pages. Paper, $ 17.00. A sequel to Tree Talk in 1981. A running
narrative that focuses on people's lives and livelihood in the midst of a declining resource base
and increasing regulatory policies. Without an understanding of the economic and political
factors that interfere with good forest management, all the scientific knowledge and the best
intentions of on-site workers will come to no avail. Raphel is a writer in northern California,
who grows timber and teaches school. (v5,#1)
Rapp, Friedrich. Analytical Philosophy of Technology. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
5(1983):361-65.
Rappaport, Ann, and Sarah Hammond Creighton. Degrees That Matter: Climate Change and the
University. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2007. This book is directed toward practical
guidance for academic students, faculty, and staff. The authors, both involved in Tufts=
University Climate Initiative, argue that colleges and universities can serve as communities for
strategizing and organizing effective action, laboratories for learning and centers of research, and
models for how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, all directed toward mitigating global
climate change.
Rapport, David J., "What Constitutes Ecosystem Health?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
33(1) (1989):120-132. There are analogies and disanalogies between human health and ecosystem health. Three measures of ecosystem health are: the identification of critical characteristics
or vital signs, measures of the counteractive capacity to handle stress loadings, risk factors from
certain anthropogenic stresses. Naturally healthy ecosystems can be more periodic or fluctuate
more widely than sometimes thought. What counts as a healthy managed ecosystem, including
an agro-ecosystem? A useful article, reasonably short, and readable by students. (v1,#3)
Rapport, David, Robert Costanza, Paul R. Epstein, Connie Gaudet and Richard Levins, eds.
Ecosystem Health. Oxford: Blackwell Scientifific Publications, 1998. Reviewed by Ian
Spellerberg. Environmental Values 9(2000):389.
Rapport, David J. Review of Laura Westra and John Lemons, eds., Perspectives on Ecological
Integrity. Environmental Values 8(1999):116. (EV)
Rapport, David J. "Ecosystem Health: More than a Metaphor?" Environmental Values
4(1995):287-309. There is considerable discussion about the nature of the health metaphor as
applied to ecosystems. One does notneed to accept the analogy of ecosystem as `organism' to
reap insight into the diagnosis of ecosystem ills by applications of approaches pioneered in the
health sciences. Ecosystem health can be assessed by the presence or absence of signs ecosystem
distress, by direct measures of ecosystem resilience or counteractive capacity, and by evaluation
of risks or threats from human activity and natural forces which may decrease the supply of
ecological services. The focus of this essay is on what is and what is not implied by the
ecosystem health metaphor. It also elaborates a research agenda for this
emerging transdiciplinary science. One can argue that beyond the metaphor is the potential for
systematic diagnosis of ecosystem ills, development of indicators of ecosystem health,
development of early warning indicators of ecosystem dysfunction, development of diagnostic
protocols and preventive strategies for maintaining ecological services. KEYWORDS:
Ecosystem stress; early warning indicators; ecosystem health; ecosystem medicine. Rapport is in
environmental science, University of Guelph. (EV)
Rapport, David J., Connie L. Gaudet, and Peter Calow, eds. Evaluating and Monitoring the
Health of Large-Scale Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, 1995. $60. Defining ecosystem health,
quantitative indices for ecosystem health assessment, diagnostic approaches, recovery and
rehabilitation, methodological issues on design and analysis. Rapport is at the University of
Guelph, Ontario and president of the International Society for Ecosystem Health. (v6,#1)
Rappuoli, Rino, Miller, Henry I., and Falkow, Stanley, "The Intangible Value of Vaccination,"
Science 297(9 August 2002):937-937. Developing and distributing vaccines has high social
value, but is not very profitable for pharmaceutical companies. Yet poor health, according to the
World Bank, is a main obstacle to the economic development of poor countries. More
vaccination would be a first step to improved economies. Present economic studies of vaccines
probably underestimate the benefits to society by a factor between 10 and 100. (v.13,#4)
Rasband, James R, "The Rise of Urban Archipelagoes in the American West: A New
Reservation Policy," Environmental Law 31(no.1, 2001):1-. Mr. Rasband suggests that there are
unfortunate echoes of nineteenth century Indian policy in current public land policy and argues
for less certainty and greater skepticism about the nobility of our new preservation preference.
He argues that participation of rural communities is critical to a principled public lands policy.
(v.12,#4)
Rasband, JR, "Priority, Probability, and Proximate Cause: Lessons from Tort Law About
Imposing ESA Responsibility for Wildlife Harm on Water Users and Other Joint Habitat
Modifiers," Environmental Law 33(no.3, 2003):595-656. (v.14, #4)
Rashid, Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. Reviewed by Batabyal,
Amitrajeet A., Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):93-96. (JAEE)
Rasker, R, "An Exploration Into the Economic Impact of Industrial Development Versus
Conservation on Western Public Lands," Society and Natural Resources 19 (no. 3, March 2006).
Rasker, Raymond, and Hackman, Arlin. "Economic Development and the Conservation of
Large Carnivores." Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 991. (v7, #3)
Rasmussen, Larry L. Earth Community, Earth Ethics. Geneva: World Council of Churches,
1996. 384pp. $26.50 paper. Environmental ethics from a Christian perspective, although the
author warns at the outset that the term "environment" is misleading if it is understood to refer
only to that which surrounds us, a world separate from ourselves. The situation of the earth
today shows that "the world around us is also within. We are an expression of it; it is an
expression of us. We are made of it; we eat, drink and breathe it ... This is not so much
`environment' as the holy mystery of creation." (v.7,#4)
Rasmussen, Larry, "The Late Great Planet Poll," Christian Century, October 9, 1991. A satire
relating a poll among Earth's species whether the arrival of humankind was a good thing. (v2,#4)
Rasmussen, Larry L. "The Planetary Environment: Challenge on Every Front," Theology and
Public Policy 2(no. 1, 1990).
Rasmussen, Larry, "Toward an Earth Charter," Christian Century 108 (no. 30, October 23,
1991):964-967. The Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro is inviting NGO's, including Christian
Churches, for guidance in formulating an Earth Charter. What might Christian say, drawing on
the World Council of Churches' Canberra Assembly? Models are dominion, stewardship,
partnership, sacramentalism, ecofeminism, a prophet-teacher model, and an evolutionary.
Rasmussen proposes an evolutionary sacramentalist cosmology. The Rio conference is really an
assignment in philosophical metaphysics that can be made operational on a global scale.
Rasmussen is professor of social ethics at Union Theological Seminary, New York.
Rasmussen, Larry L. Earth Community Earth Ethics. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. 1996.
366 pp. Paper $20. Probably the most insightful analysis yet produced from a theological
perspective of social justice and ecological concerns, though Michael Northcott's The
Environment and Christian Ethics still excels in his dialogue with philosophers. "An attempt to
lean into the world in a way that receives earth, with its distress, graciously" (p. 319). A green
critique of history, of the human desires for dominion over earth that have driven Western
science, development, technology, industry, politics, and religion since the Enlightenment. An
underlying theme is "justice, peace, and the integrity of creation" (World Council of Churches),
where Rasmussen was influential.
To conceive of humans as apart from nature, rather than a part of nature is
"nature/humanity apartheid" (pp. 32-33, 328). "The essence of sin in this perspective is to try to
rise above nature" (p. 274), seeking arrogant dominion over nature, denying the wholeness of
creation. But, Rasmussen, as an ethicist, in the end has to notice some apartness. "Humans, as a
part of nature, cannot escape their distinctive work as moral creatures" (p. 347). We intervene
in "a nature too casual about pain, suffering, and death" (p. 347).
"For all their power as articulations of faith amidst several historical crises, canonical
Protestant theologies from the 1930's to the 1970's were miserably deficient as cosmologies.
They located human beings in the cosmos in ways that alienated us from the rest of nature and
set the living substance of nature's infinite variety over against us. Nature was submissive
objects at the disposal of creative subjects, human beings. ... A cosmic community of a million
living subjects became little more than a collection of user-friendly objects. ... The need now is
for those symbols that effect a `reenchantment of the world' that edges out the deadly cosmology
of mindless and valueless nature ... in which the Spirit is the energy and power of God present in
all creation as its very animation. ... The Spirit's presence is not amidst, nor its work for, one
species only." Rasmussen is Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Social Ethics at Union Theological
Seminary, New York. (v9,#2)
Rasputin, Valentin, Siberia on Fire. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1989.
Selected, translated, and introduced by Gerald Mikkelson and Margaret Winchell. 230 pages.
Rasputin is one of the most influential leaders of his country's environmental protection
movement, deeply concerned over the resources of Siberia, and their exploitation. He writes
with skill and the translation is excellent. "Every now and then I recall the `philosophy' of one
old man, Grandpa Yegor, from my own native village, which still stood on the banks of the
Angara River back then (but was being moved to make way for a large dam, inundating much of
the area). ... Illuminated by the sunset that caressed the Angara, we were sitting on some logs
when Grandpa Yegor ... nodded vaguely toward the river--before us unfolded a scene of rare
beauty ... `If you want to know, I never harmed my own land.' ... I cannot say that the Siberian's
feeling for the land of his forefathers is more intense than that of a European Russian, but it is
undoubtedly fresher and more self-engrossed, more tangible, it would seem, more personal. ...
[But] Siberians today are ceasing to exist as the composite of their former stable features and are
outliving their distinctiveness, wearing it out like old clothes" (pp. 174-175). Rasputin, a literary
figure in Siberia, lives in Irkutsk and spends much of his time in a cottage on the Angara River
near Lake Baikal. (Thanks to Phil Pister.)
Rastetter, Edward B., "Validating Models of Ecosystem Response to Global Change",
Bioscience, 46(No.3, 1996):190- . How can we best assess models of long-term global change?
Ratcliffe, Derek. "More thoughts on nature conservation and the voluntary principle."
Environmental Values 4(1995):71-72. John Francis' article (Environmental Values 3: 267-71) is
a welcome exposure of a serious problem, but skates around the political nature of the voluntary
principle and fails to challenge its validity head-on. The voluntary principle is an integral part of
the current British Government's ideological obsession with minimising controls and the
intervention of the state. Applied to nature conservation, it is particularly intended to protect the
rights of property in land. Ratcliffe resides in Cambridge, U.K. (EV)
Raterman, Ty. "An Environmentalist=s Lament on Predation." Environmental Ethics
30(2008):417-434. That some animals need to prey on others in order to live is lamentable.
While no one wants predators to die of starvation, a world in which no animal needed to prey on
others would, in some meaningful sense, be a better world. Predation is lamentable for four
primary reasons: (1) predation often inflicts pain on prey animals; (2) it often frustrates prey
animals= desires; (3) anything other than lamentationCwhich would include relishing predation
as well as being indifferent to itCis in tension with sensitivity to many other forms of hardship
and suffering; and (4) lamenting is demanded by the virtues of compassion and gentleness. One
can lament predation even while acknowledging respects in which predation is genuinely
praiseworthy. One can esteem admirable traits developed through and displayed in predation
without esteeming the mechanism through which they are developed or the activity in which they
are displayed. In addition, appreciating the check on population that predation provides does not
preclude lamenting predation. While holding these positions does involve (in some sense)
opposing nature itself and failing to appreciate predators for exactly what they are, doing so does
not disqualify a person as an environmentalist. Finally, one can lament predation without being
logically committed thereby to preventing or disrupting it. (EE)
Ratner, B., "A Review of: O'Rourke, Dara. Community Driven Regulation: Balancing
Development and the Environment in Vietnam," Society and Natural Resources 18(no. 7, August
2005): 672-674.
Rauch, Jonathan, "Will Frankenfood Save the Planet?" The Atlantic Monthly, October 2003,
pages 103-108. "Over the next half century genetic engineering could feed humanity and solve a
raft of environmental ills--if only environmentalists would let it." Rauch is a correspondent for
The Atlantic. (v.14, #4)
Raustiala, Kal. "Domestic Institutions and International Regulatory Cooperation: Comparative
Responses to the Convention on Biological Diversity," World Politics 49(no.4, 1997):482.
(v8,#3)
Raustiala, Kal. "The Political Implications of the Enforcement Provisions of the NAFTA
Environmental Side Agreement: The CEC as a Model for Future Accords." Environmental Law
25 (no. 1, 1995): 31-- . A powerful and effective Commission for Environmental Cooperation
(CEC) could use the enforcement provisions of NAFTA's environmental side agreement against
the United States in a way that would reduce agency- and technology-forcing statutes and lessen
the substantive scope of environmental legislation. (v6,#1)
Raustiala, Kal., Victor, David G. "Biodiversity Since Rio: The Future of the Convention on
Biological Diversity." Environment 38(May 1996):16. The Convention on Biological Diversity
has serious conceptual and practical shortcomings, and it will take a special effort to make it an
effective instrument for preserving biodiversity. (v7,#2)
Rauwald, KS; Moore, CF, "Environmental Attitudes as Predictors of Policy Support Across
Three Countries," Environment and Behavior 34(no.6, 2002): 709-739.
Ravaioli, Carla. Economists and the Environment: A Diverse Dialogue. Atlantic Highlands, NJ:
Humanities Press, Zed Books, 1995. Economists from a range of intellectual positions engage in
conversations with the author. Contributors include Milton Friedman, John Kenneth Galbraith,
Immanuel Wallerstein. (v7,#1)
Raval, Shashir R., "The Gir National Park and the Maldharis: Beyond `Setting Aside'." Pages
68-86 in West, Patrick C., and Brechin, Steven R., Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social
Dilemmas and Strategies in International Conservation. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona
Press, 1991. The Gir National Park is situated in the western Indian state of Gujarat, home to
diverse wildlife, including panthers, jackals, jungle cats, hyena, spotted deer, Indian gazelle,
nilgai, and antelope. It also protects the last population of the Asiatic lion, a subspecies distinct
from the African lion, smaller in size, with shorter mane, and different behavioral characteristics.
The Asiatic lion once roamed throughout southwest Asia through Greece and northern Africa.
Only about 250 remain in the park.
The park has been under some kind of protection for most of the twentieth century, but
there are still about 4,800 Maldhari people living in and around the park. Typically poor, they
herd cattle, and make ghee from the milk. Lions occasionally prey on their cattle. Their cattle
overgraze the park and diminish wildlife on which the lions might prey. The Maldhari people
poison the lions. There are varied and complex factors, but a basic choice seems clear: Either
choose the Maldhari or the Asiatic lion.
Raven Peter H., "Science, Sustainability, and the Human Prospect," Science 297 (9 August
2002):954-958. The presidential address of a noted conservationist to the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, with as much ethics in it as science. We looked forward to a
world with (Franklin Delano Roosevelt's) four freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom to
worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear. Where have those dreams gone? Most of the
world is no better off today than then, despite advances in science and technology. Americans
enjoy more privilege than most and show little responsibility for a planetary future in crisis. "It
is against our common interests that hundreds of millions of women and children, living in
extreme poverty, are unable to make the best use of their abilities. Such discrimination, whether
we focus on it or not, is morally abhorrent" (p. 957). Raven is director of the Missouri Botanical
Garden, St. Louis. (v.13,#4)
Raven, Peter. AAppreciating Diversity: Human and Botanical.@ Public Garden Vol. 22, no. 2
(2007): 5-7. Raven introduces a themed issue on the work of botanical gardens in international
plant conservation, with education and culturally-based appeals integral to plant conservation.
Raven directs the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Ravetz, Jerome R., "Food Safety, Quality, And Ethics--A Post-Normal Perspective," Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 15(no. 3, 2002):255-265. I argue that the issues of food
quality, in the most general sense including purity, safety, and ethics, can no longer be resolved
through "normal" science and regulation. The reliance on reductionist science as the basis for
policy and implementation has shown itself to be inadequate. I use several borderline examples
between drugs and foods, particularly coffee and sucrose, to show that "quality" is now a
complex attribute. For in those cases the substance is either a pure drug, or a bad food with druglike properties; both are marketed as if they were foods. An example of the inadequacy of old
ways of thinking is obesity, whose causes are as yet outside the purview of medicine, while its
effects constitute an epidemic disease. The new drug/food syndrome needs a new sort of science,
what we call "post-normal." This is inquiry at the contested interfaces of science and policy;
typically it deals with issues where facts are uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high, and
decisions urgent. With the perspective of post-normal science, we can better understand some
key issues. We see that "safety" is different from "risk," being pragmatic, moral, and recursive.
Also, we understand that an appropriate foundation for regulation and ethics is not so much
"objectivity" as "awareness." In an age when "consumers" are becoming concerned "citizens,"
the relevant science must become post-normal. KEY WORDS: ethics, food safety, post-normal
science, quality. Ravetz is with The Research Methods Consultancy Ltd., London. (JAEE)
Ravetz, Joe. City-Region 2020. London: Earthscan, 2000. Review by John Whitelegg,
Environmental Values 10(2001):558. (EV)
Ray, Charles. "1995 River Operations Under the Endangered Species Act: Continuing the
Salmon Slaughter." Environmental Law 26, no.2 (1996): 675. (v7, #3)
Ray, Dixy Lee, Trashing the Planet. Washington, D. C.: Regnery Gateway, 1990. $ 18.95. Ray,
former chair of the Atomic Energy Commission, lambasts environmental activists and their
puppets in the media for confusing and frightening the public about complex scientific issues.
Her answer for the most part is technology. "A well tended garden is better than a neglected
woodlot." (v1,#4)
Ray, Jenisse, Ecology of a Cracker Childhood. Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 1999. Memoirs
of a Georgia "cracker" (poor white farmer) childhood, with a keen sense of her ancestors' history
and attachment to the land. Part autobiography and part ecological treatise. Her experiences as a
naturalist and environmental activist working there. (v.12,#4)
Ray, Justina C. and Ginsberg, Joshua R. "Endangered Species Legislation beyond the Borders of
the United States." Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society of Conservation Biology
13(No. 5, Oct. 1999):956- . (v10,#4)
Raymond, L., "The State of the Natural Resources Literature Sovereignty Without Property?
Recent Books in Public Lands Scholarship," Natural Resources Journal 43(no. 1, 2003): 313329.
Raymond, L; Fairfax, SK, "The "Shift to Privatization" in Land Conservation: A Cautionary
Essay," Natural Resources Journal 42(no.3, 2002): 599-640.
Raymond, Lee R., "Climate Change: Don't Ignore the Facts," The Lamp 78 (no. 3, Fall 1996): 23. The Lamp is the Exxon publication sent to shareholders. "Achieving economic growth
remains one of the world's critical needs.... Precipitous, poorly considered action on climate
change could inflict severe economic change on industrialized nations and dramatically change
your way of life. Those who say otherwise are drawing on bad science, faulty logic or unrealistic
assumptions. We must reject policies that will clearly impose a heavy burden of costs but offer
benefits that are largely speculative and undefined." Good, short, industry-view piece sure to
provoke discussion in class. Couple it with Wilkinson, Rick, "Living with Tigers," immediately
following in that issue. Dixon is Chairman, Exxon Corporation. (v8,#1)
Raymond, Leigh. "The Ethics of Compensation: Takings, Utility, and Justice." Ecology Law
Quarterly 23, no.3 (1996): 577. (v7, #3)
Rayner, Steve, and Malone, Elizabeth L, eds., Human Choice and Climate Change. Four
volumes: Volume 1: The Societal Framework. Volume 2: Resources and Technology. Volume
3: Tools for Policy Analysis. Volume 4. What Have We Learned? Abingdon, Oxon, UK:
Marston Book Services and Battelle Press, 1998. (v9,#1)
Raynolds, Laura, Douglas Murray, and John Wilkinson, eds. Fair Trade: The Challenges of
Transforming Globalization. London: Routledge Press, 2007. Contents include: (1)
AGlobalization and its Antinomies: Negotiating a Fair Trade Movement@ by Douglas L. Murray
and Laura T. Raynolds, (2) AFair / Alternative Trade: Historical and Empirical Dimensions@ by
Laura T. Raynolds and Michael A. Long, (3) AFair Trade in the Agriculture and Food Sector:
Analytical Dimensions@ by Laura T. Raynolds and John Wilkinson, (4) ANorthern Social
Movements and Fair Trade@ by Stephanie Barrientos, Michael E. Conroy and Elaine Jones, (5)
AFair Trade Bananas: Broadening the Movement and Market in the United States@ by Laura T.
Raynolds, (6) AFair Trade Coffee in the U.S.: Why Companies Join the Movement@ by Ann
Grodnik and Michael E. Conroy, (7) AMainstreaming Fair Trade in Global Production
Networks: Own Brand Fruit and Chocolate in UK Supermarkets@ by Stephanie Barrientos and
Sally Smith, (8) AFair Trade in the Global South@ by John Wilkinson and Gilberto
Mascarenhas, (9) AFair Trade Coffee in Mexico: At the Center of the Debates@ by MarieChristine Renard and Victor Pérez-Grovas, (10) AThe Making of the Fair Trade Movement in
the South B The Brazilian Case@ by John Wilkinson and Gilberto Mascarenhas, (11) AFair
Trade and Quinoa from the Southern Bolivian Altiplano@ by Zina Cáceres, Aurelie
Carimentrand, and John Wilkinson, (12) AReconstructing Fairness: Fair Trade Conventions and
Worker Empowerment in South African Horticulture@ by Sandra Kruger and Andries du Toit,
and (13) AFair Trade: Contemporary Challenges and Future Prospects@ by Laura T. Raynolds
and Douglas L. Murray.
Reader, John, Africa: A Biography of the Continent. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.
London: Hamish Hamilton, 1997. 801 pages. "Africa as a dynamic and exceptionally fecund
continent, where the evolution of humanity is merely one of many developmental trajectories
that are uniquely evident there. The narrative follows the development of the continent from its
earliest manifestation to the present; it identifies the physical processes which have determined
the course of the developmental progressions and, where relevant, defines the ecological context
in which they occurred. Human evolution is an important case in point, because critical stages of
human evolution were adaptive responses to the ecological imperatives of the African
environment" (p. xi). "Once established for a few generations, civilization might seem durable
enough to last forever. But the skin of enlightened self-interest is very delicate, easily eroded,
and the human capacity for unspeakable barbarity lies just beneath its surface. Africa's horrors
are chilling examples of what people are capable of doing to another when short-term
exploitation has taken over from long-term regulation, when the notion of accountability has
been swept aside and the promise of the future is hidden by the trials of surviving in the present.
Africa's tragedies diminish everyone, for humanity evolved in Africa, and we hold everything in
common--not least our destiny, now that the limits of global exploitation are understood" (pp. xxi). "Africa is the `dark continent,' ... the place where a very particular form of darkness is
found--the darkness of humanity" (p. x). Reader is a British/African photojournalist. (v.9,#3)
Reading, R.P., Clark, T.W., Griffith, B. "The Influence of Valuational and Organizational
Considerations on the Success of Rare Species Translocations," Biological Conservation
79(no.2/3 1997):217.
Reading, Richard P., Miller, Brian J., and Kellert, Stephen R., "Values and Attitudes toward
Prairie Dogs," Anthrozoos 12(no. 1, 1999):43-52. A survey of 900 residents of Montana, rural,
urban, ranchers, members of conservation organizations. On average, all sample groups except
members of conservation organizations displayed little regard for prairie dogs, with the level of
antagonism increasing from conservation organization members to urban residents, rural
residents, and finally ranchers. Still, the average respondent from each group supported
maintaining some prairie dogs. Reading and Miller are with the Denver Zoo and Northern
Rockies Conservation Cooperative. Kellert is with Yale University School of Forestry and
Environmental Studies.
Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L., Don E. Wilson, and E. O. Wilson, eds. Biodiversity II:
Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources. Washington: National Academy Press,
1996. 560 pages. $ 34.95. The sequel to E. O. Wilson, Biodiversity, published now almost a
decade ago, and one of the more influential of the books of the last decade. 32 papers from a
symposium by 47 authors. Part 1: what biodiversity is and why it is important. Part 2: how many
species are there, and why we do not know. Other indices of biodiversity, such as molecular
markers. Part 3: known and potential losses of species, again with much that we do not know.
Part 4: taxononic groups of organisms of special interest. Part 5: search for solutions, new
directions, and applications. Part 6: the institutional and information infrastructure of
conservation.
Some new emphases are: electronic data collection and analysis, the proposed U.S.
National Biodiversity Information Center, application of techniques from the human genome
project to species identification and classification, the Gap Analysis Program of the National
Biological Survey, the significant contribution of museum collections to identifying and
categorizing species. Reaka-Kudla is in zoology at the University of Maryland, Don Wilson is at
the Smithsonian Institution, and E. O. Wilson is in zoology at Harvard University. (v8,#1)
Real, Leslie A. "Sustainability and the Ecology of Infectious Disease." Bioscience 46(no.2,
Feb.1996):88. Diseases and their pathogenic agents must be viewed as important parts of any
ecosystem management strategy. (v7,#1)
Reams, Margaret A., Geaghan, James P., and Gendron, Raye C., "The Link Between Recycling
and Litter: A Field Study," Environment and Behavior 28, no. 1 (Jan. 1996): 92- . (v6,#4)
Rebuffoni, Dean. "`Big' Red Forces Rethink on Floods." The Christian Science Monitor 89.103
(23 April 1997): 1.
Rechel, Jennifer, "After the Fires: The Ecology of Change in Yellowstone National Park,"
Landscape Ecology 21 (no.3, April 2006): 463-464 (2).
Redclift, M.R., J. N. Lekakis and G. P Zanias, eds. Agriculture and World Trade Liberalization:
Socio-Environmental Perspectives on the Common Agricultural Policy. Review by D. P.
Stonehouse, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):102-106. (JAEE)
Redclift, Michael, ed. Sustainability: Life Chances and Livelihoods. London: Routledge, 1999.
Review by Inge Ropke Environmental Values 10(2001):422. (EV)
Redclift, Michael R. Frontiers: Histories of Civil Society and Nature. Cambridge: The MIT
Press, 2006. Nature and society in frontier areas, as contested zones in which rival versions of
civil society vie with one another, often over the definition and management of nature itself. A
dialectical process in which human societies and their environments influence and illuminate one
another. The frontier can be seen as a crucible in which both nature and civil institutions develop
and Aco-evolve.@
Redclift, Michael, "Sustainable Development: Needs, Values, Rights." Environmental Values
Vol.2 No.1(1993):3-20. ABSTRACT: `Sustainable development' is analyzed as a product of the
Modernist tradition, in which social criticism and understanding are legitimized against a
background of evolutionary theory, scientific specialization, and rapid economic growth. Within
this tradition, sustainable development emphasizes the need to live within ecological limits, but
allows the retention of an essentially optimistic idea of progress. However, the inherent
contradictions in the concept of sustainable development may lead to rejection of the Modernist
view in favour of a new vision of the world in which the authority of science and technology is
questioned and more emphasis is placed on cultural diversity. KEYWORDS: Development,
environment, modernism, needs, post-modernism, sustainability, values. Wye College,
University of London, Near Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK.
Redclift, Michael R. Frontiers: Histories of Civil Society and Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press, 2006. Redclift defines frontier areas as contested zones in which rival versions of civil
society vie with one another, and he examines five case studiesthe Spanish Pyrenees, the forest
frontier of Canada, coastal Ecuador, the Yucatán peninsula, and the Mexican Caribbean
coastwhere civil societies emerged in frontier areas to either legitimize private holdings or
manage common property. He argues that the frontier is a crucible where both civil institutions
and nature develop and co-evolve in a dialectical fashion, and resistance to economic market
pressures in frontier areas can create new avenues for political activity and the representation of
cultural identity.
Redclift, Michael R. Frontiers: Histories of Civil Society and Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press, 2006. Redclift defines frontier areas as contested zones in which rival versions of civil
society vie with one another, and he examines five case studiesthe Spanish Pyrenees, the forest
frontier of Canada, coastal Ecuador, the Yucatán peninsula, and the Mexican Caribbean
coastwhere civil societies emerged in frontier areas to either legitimize private holdings or
manage common property. He argues that the frontier is a crucible where both civil institutions
and nature develop and co-evolve in a dialectical fashion, and resistance to economic market
pressures in frontier areas can create new avenues for political activity and the representation of
cultural identity.
Redclift, Michael. "Environmental Security and the Recombinant Human: Sustainability in the
Twenty-first Century," Environmental Values 10(2001):289-300. Examining the concepts of
"security" and "sustainability", as they are employed in contemporary environmental discourses,
the paper argues that, although the importance of the environment has been increasingly
acknowledged since the 1970s, there has been a failure to incorporate other discourses
surrounding "nature". The implications of the "new genetics", prompted by research into
recombinant DNA, suggest that future approaches to sustainability need to be more cognisant of
changes in "our" nature, as well as those of "external" nature, the environment. This broadening
of the compass of "security" and "sustainability" discourses would help provide greater insight
into human security, from an environmental perspective. Keywords: Nature, discourse,
recombinant DNA, security, sustainability, carbon politics. Michael Redclift is in the Department
of Geography, Kings College London, London, UK. (EV)
Redford, Kent H., "The Ecologically Noble Savage," Orion Nature Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 3, 1990,
pp. 25-29. Indigenous knowledge is important because "it reflects the accumulated wisdom of
unique cultures ... and occasionally, though only occasionally, it offers methods that, when
modified, can be of use to inhabitants, native and nonnative, in the modern Neotropics." Nevertheless "the ecologically noble savage" is a myth; "the recently accumulated evidence ... refutes
this concept of ecological nobility." "These people behaved as humans now do; they did
whatever they had to to feed themselves and their families," often with adverse environmental
results. Redford is with the Center for Latin American Studies and the Department of Wildlife at
the University of Florida. (v4,#1)
Redford, Kent and Richter, Brian, "Conservation of Biodiversity in a World of Use," Wild Earth
10(no. 2, Summer 2000):9- . (v.12,#2)
Redford, Kent H., and Andrew Taber, "Writing the Wrongs: Developing a Safe-Fail Culture in
Conservation," Conservation Biology 14(no.6, Dec. 2000): 1567-. (v.12,#3)
Redford, Kent, "Natural Areas, Hunting, and Nature Conservation in the Neotropics," Wild Earth
10(no.3, Fall 2000):41- . (EE v.12,#1)
Redford, Kent H. and Christine Padoch, eds., Conservation of Neotropical Forests: Working
from Traditional Resource Use. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992. 475 pages.
Redford is in he Department of Wildlife and Range Science at the University of Florida. Padoch
is at the New York Botanical Garden. (v4,#2)
Redford, KH, "Review of: Mahesh Rangarajan, India's Wildlife History: An Introduction",
Environmental History 8(no.2, 2003):318-319.
Redick, Thomas P., "Biotechnology, Biosafety and Sustainable Development," Natural
Resources and Environment 12 (Fall 1997):114-. (v.8,#4)
Redifer, John., and Davis, Sandra. "Building Regimes in Groundwater Policy: Contaminating
the Message." Society and Natural Resources 9, no.2 (1996): 177. (v7, #3)
Redlinger, Robert Y. et al., Wind Energy in the 21st Century: Economics, Policy, technology and
the Changing Electric Industry. Reviewed by Daniel Weisser, Environmental Values
12(2003):405-407. (EV)
Redpath, SM; Arroyo, BE; Leckie, FM; Bacon, P; Bayfield, N; Gutierrez, RJ; Thirgood, SJ,
"Using Decision Modeling with Stakeholders to Reduce Human-Wildlife Conflict: a RaptorGrouse Case Study", Conservation Biology 18 (no.2, 2004): 350-359.
Reed Christopher, "Driving Birds Away," Harvard Magazine 107 (no. 5, May-June, 2005):1113. Ecologist Richard T. T. Forman has discovered that grassland birds (such as bobolinks and
meadowlarks) are quite susceptible to the noise from busy highways. They will tolerate 3,0008,000 vehicles per day, are affected seriously by two-lane highways with 15,000-30,000 vehicles
per day, and will neither breed nor go within three-quarters of a mile of multi-lane highways
with over 30,000 vehicles per day. Tree nesting birds are not similarly affected. His theory is
that grassland birds depend on warning clicks to their nestlings, hidden in nests in the grass,
when predators are nearby. Such clicks cannot be heard by the nestlings because of the traffic
noise. In busy New England, this quite adversely affects grassland birds.
Reed, Edward S., Toward an Ecological Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
224 pp. $ 35.00. The human niche, and the psychology by means of which humans, and
animals, make their way through the natural, and social, worlds. Reed is at Franklin and
Marshall College. (v9,#1)
Reed, MG, "An Introduction to Sustainable Development, 2nd Ed. Jennifer Elliott,"
Environments 29(no.3, 2001):119-120. (v.13, #3)
Reed, Peter, and David Rothenberg, eds., Wisdom in the Open Air: The Norwegian Roots of
Deep Ecology. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. Seven Norwegian
thinkers, including Zapffe, Naess, Kvaloy, Faarlund, Galtung, and Dammann. With a
bibliography of further works. (Norway)
Reed, Peter, "Man Apart: An Alternative to the Self-Realization Approach," Environmental
Ethics 11(1989):53-69. A discussion from within the perspective of deep ecology suggesting an
alternative to the principle of self-realiztion. Reed emphasizes the sense of "otherness" and
"holiness" of nature. He attempts to make sense of the notion of "awe" and to make it a
respectable philosophical position. But Reed realizes that all deep ecology (including his view)
rests on intuitions that may not be universal. (Reed died in an avalanche in March 1987. The
philosophical community has lost an able commentator on deep ecology.)
Reed, Peter and David Rothenberg, eds., Wisdom in the Open Air: The Norwegian Roots of
Deep Ecology. University of Minnesota Press, 1992. 288 pages. $ 44.95 cloth, $ 18.95 paper.
A collection of papers by prominent Norwegian thinkers on humanity and nature, most never
before published in English. (v3,#2)
Reed, Peter. "Man Apart: An Alternative to the Self-Realization Approach." Environmental
Ethics 11(1989):53-69. Seeing nature as ultimately separate from us rather than as a part of us is
the source of a powerful environmental ethic. The work of Martin Buber, Rudolf Otto, and Peter
Wessel Zapffe forms the conceptual framework for a view of nature as a Thou or a "Wholly
Other," a view which inspires awe for the nonhuman intrinsic value in nature. In contrast to the
Self-realization approach of Naess and others, intrinsic value is here independent of the notion of
a self. This approach suggests an ethic of humility and respect for nonhuman nature--to the
degree that the continued existence of humans should be considered an open question. Reed
worked at the Council of Environmental Studies in Oslo, Norway from the fall of 1986 until his
accidental death in March 1987. (EE)
Reed, Rebecca A.; Johnson-Barnard, Julia; and Baker, William L. "Contribution of Roads to
Forest Fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains." Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 1098.
(v7, #3)
Rees, Amanda, "Anthropomorphism, Anthropocentrism, and Anecdote: Primatologists on
Primatology," Science, Technology, & Human Values 26(no.2, Sprg 2001):227-. (v.12,#4)
Rees, Martin, Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental
Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future in This Century--On Earth and Beyond. New York:
Basic Books (Perseus), 2003. Foreboding dangers on this planet are so horrendous that human
life will not be safe until we colonize elsewhere in space--and maybe not safe even then. Rees is
a prominent British astronomer. Reviewed in Science 301(12 September 2003):1483-1484.
(v.14, #4)
Rees, William E., and Wackernagel, Mathis, Our Ecological Footprint. Gabriola Island, B.C.,
Canada: New Society Publishers, 1996. The authors propose an ecological worldview in
contrast with the prevailing expansionist worldview. "An ecological economic perspective
would see the human economy as an inextricably integrated, completely contained, and wholly
dependent subsystem of the ecosphere" (p. 4) "The ecological footprints of individual regions
are much larger than the land areas they physically occupy" (p. 16)
Rees, William, "Ecological Footprint, Concept Of," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2: 229-244.
Ecological footprint analysis is a quantitative tool that represents the ecological load imposed on
the earth by humans in spatial terms. Thus, the ecological footprint of a defined population is the
total area of land and water ecosystems required to produce the resources that the population
consumes, and to assimilate the wastes that the population generates, wherever on earth the
land/water are located. Ecofootprinting can be used to assess the ecosystem area effectively
"appropriated" in support of any specified human population or economic activity. (v.11,#4)
Reflections: Newsletter of the Program for Ethics, Science, and the Environment, Department of
Philosophy, Oregon State University, Special Issue 3, August 1998, is devoted to Aldo Leopold,
after fifty years. "Aldo Leopold: A Critical Celebration of his Land Ethic." With short
contributions by Peter List (Oregon State University), Laura Westra (University of Windsor,
Canada), Lawrence E. Johnson (Flinders University, Australia), Kathleen Dean Moore (Oregon
State University), Karen J. Warren (Macalaster College), Holmes Rolston, III (Colorado State
University), Robin Attfield (University of Wales, Cardiff), Alan McQuillan (forest management,
University of Montana), Richard E. Roy (environmental law, Northwest Earth Institute, Portland,
OR), Kristin Shrader-Frechette (University of Notre Dame), J. Baird Callicott (University of
North Texas). Copies by request from Courtney S. Campbell, Coordinator, Program for Ethics,
Science, and the Environment, Department of Philosophy, Hovland 101, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3902. 541/737-5648. e-mail: [email protected]
Reforesting Scotland is published twice a year, Spring and Autumn, a publication of Reforesting
Scotland, a group devoted to the restoration of Scottish forests, raising awareness and promoting
understanding of the deforestation of Scotland and its implications in ecological, social, and
economic terms. It seeks to develop community participation in ecological restoration, forest
management, and integrated land use. Sam Murray is administrator. Reforesting Scotland, 21a
Coates Crescent, Edinburgh, EH3 7AF, Scotland. Phone 44 (0)131 226 2496. Fax 44 (0)131
226-2503. Website: http://www.scotweb.co.uk/Environment/reforest. (v9,#1)
Regan, Tom, "Ethical Perspectives on the Treatment and Status of Animals" (Animal Welfare
and Rights), Encyclopedia of Bioethics, revised ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference,
Simon and Schuster, 1995), 159-71. (v6,#2)
Regan, Tom, ed. Animal Sacrifices. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 10(1988):181-82.
Regan, Tom, Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights. Lanham, MD: Rowman and
Littlefield, 2004. Regan asks readers to confront the miserable conditions we have inflicted on
animals--not only in the familiar cases of factory farming, product testing, and hunting, but in
less well-documented areas such as greyhound racing and circus performances. Advocates for
animal rights are not crazy extremists, but thoughtful people who follow an argument to its
logical conclusion, and when others do so animals everywhere will benefit.
Regan, Tom, Animal Rights, Human Wrongs: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy. Lanham,
MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. The argument for animal rights through the exploration of
two questions central to moral theory: What makes an action right? What makes an act wrong?
Contractarianism, utilitarianism, and Kantian ethics. A theoretical framework to ground a
responsible pro-animal rights perspective. How asking moral questions about other animals can
lead to a better understanding of ourselves. Regan is emeritus professor of philosophy at North
Carolina State University.
Regan, Tom, The Thee Generation: Reflections on the Coming Revolution. Temple University
Press, forthcoming January 1991. $ 24.95. Essays with the central philosophical theme that an
anthropocentric ethics cannot be rationally defended and that moral consideration extends further
than humans to include animals and a responsibility to protect the larger community of life.
"The human life is but one life form among many, and what distinguishes us from the larger
community of life is not our power to subdue but our responsibility to protect." Includes essays
in biomedical research, feminism and vivisection, child pornography (paradigmatically wrong by
a logic from which it also follows that vivisection is wrong), abolishing animal agriculture, on
Christians and what they eat, on the harmony and also irreconcilable differences between
ecofeminists and deep ecologists, especially Carolyn Merchant, Marti Kheel, George Sessions
and Bill Devall. Those interested in environmental ethics will be especially interested in Regan's
analysis of environmental holism (Leopold's land ethic) in the essay on animal agriculture.
Christians will be interested in Regan's analysis of whether Christians ought to eat meat. (v1,#2)
Regan, Tom, ed., Animal sacrifices: Religious perspectives on the use of animals in science.
Philadelphia: Temple Univesity Press, 1986.
Regan, Tom, ed., Earthbound: New Introductory Essays in Environmental Ethics. New York:
Random House, 1984. Pp. x, 371. This is the third anthology in a series that attempts to provide
high quality introductory essays on various ethical problems. It covers a wide range of issues,
but not all equally well. Tibor R. Machan's essay on "Pollution and Political Theory" (pp. 74106) has little to do with environmental ethics; it is just another argument for libertarianism.
Annette C. Baier's "For the Sake of Future Generations," (pp. 214-246) is hardly an introductory
essay. Rather than present an overview of future generations arguments, she examines Parfit's
identity problem in some detail--an argument that will confuse the beginning student for whom
the book is designed. The last two essays, Alastair Gunn, "Preserving Rare Species," (pp. 289335) and Edward Johnson, "Treating the Dirt," (pp. 336-365) are each clear comprehensive
reviews of issues that form the heart of environmental ethics. Also of interest are: K. S. ShraderFrechette, "Ethics and Energy," (pp. 107-146), which canvasses several arguments in favor of
both soft and hard energy policies. Neither policy is "risk-free" despite the rhetoric of
environmentalists who advocate soft energy. The real issue is thus the "ethical desirability of
particular risk displacements" (p. 122). Mark Sagoff, "Ethics and Economics in Environmental
Law" (pp. 147-178), provides a good introduction to, and a criticism of, economic rationality
(cost-benefit analysis) and its relation to social policy. It is legislative procedures, and not costbenefit analyses, which best express the social values, goals, and ideals of the citizen and the
community. William Aiken, "Ethical Issues in Agriculture," (pp. 247-288), provides not only an
introduction to the ethics of agricultural issues but also an excellent review of the major
anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric theories of environmental ethics. Aiken tries to
develop a compromise position he calls "eco-humanism": this view places value both in natural
ecological systems and in the human ability for self-conscious cognitive activity. The book also
includes an introductory essay on ethics by Tom Regan, an essay on the urban environment by
Dale Jamieson, and an essay on the use of ocean resources by Robert L. Simon. One major flaw
of this text is that there is no comprehensive bibliography. (Katz, Bibl # 1) Reviewed in
Environmental Ethics 7(1985):373-75.
Regan, Tom, The Philosophy of Animal Rights. A booklet for distribution from Culture and
Animals Foundation (address above), $ 2. There are bulk rates. During the past year, Regan has
taken his appeal for animal rights to South Korea, Switzerland, Italy, and Spain. In the U.S., he
has spoken on over fifteen campuses. (v3,#2)
Regan, Tom, "Animals, Treatment of," in Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker, eds.,
Encyclopedia of Ethics, in 2 vols, Vol. II (New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1992), pages 4246.
Regan, Tom, and Peter Singer, eds. Animal Rights and Human Obligations. (Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2nd ed., 1989.) Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 1(1979):365-70.
Regan, Tom, Review of Pluhar, Evelyn, Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human
and Nonhuman Animals. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):79-82.
Regan, Tom, ed., Matters of Life and Death. First published by Random House, now bought by
McGraw Hill. 2nd ed., 1986. 3rd ed., 1993. Chapter 9 is Peter Singer, "Animals and the Value
of Life." Chapter 10 is J. Baird Callicott, "The Search for an Environmental Ethic." In the first
edition this chapter was by William T. Blackstone. (v2,#4)
Regan, Tom, "Animal Rights and Welfare," in Donald M. Borchert, ed., The Encyclopedia of
Philosophy Supplement. New York: Macmillan Reference, Simon and Schuster and Prentice
Hall International, 1996. Brief survey and brief bibliography. (v7,#2)
Regan, Tom, ed. Matters of Life and Death: New Introductory Essays in Moral Philosophy.
Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 3(1981):181-85.
Regan, Tom. "On the Connection between Environmental Science and Environmental Ethics."
Environmental Ethics 2(1980):363-67. I critically assess Don Marietta's thesis that obligations
are not dictates of reason but rather are imbedded in a person's "world view." The notion of "a
view of the world" is both vague and leads to consequences common to all forms of subjectivism
in ethics, since world views can and sometimes do vary from person to person. Marietta cannot
avoid these consequences by arguing that some views of the world are "more reasonable" than
others, since counting rationality as an appropriate basis for choosing between world views is
itself to favor a particular view of the world. Neither then can Marietta consistently argue for the
preferability of a world view which grounds our obligations regarding the ecosystem in
environmental science. Given his general position, this can only tell us what he prefers, not what
is preferable. Regan is at the department of philosophy and religion, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh. (EE)
Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. Berkley: University of California Press, 1983.
Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 7(1985):365-72.
Regan, Tom. "The Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethic." Environmental Ethics
3(1981):19-34. A conception of an environmental ethic is set forth which involves postulating
that nonconscious natural objects can have value in their own right, independently of human
interests. Two kinds of objection are considered: (1) those that deny the possibility (the
intelligibility) of developing an ethic of the environment that accepts this postulate, and (2) those
that deny the necessity of constructing such an ethic. Both types of objection are found wanting.
The essay concludes with some tentative remarks regarding the notion of inherent value. Regan
is at the department of philosophy and religion, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. (EE)
Regan, Tom. All That Dwell Therein. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 7(1985):81-86.
Regan, Tom. "Animal Rights, Human Wrongs." Environmental Ethics 2(1980):99-120. In this
essay, I explore the moral foundations of the treatment of animals. Alternative views are
critically examined, including (a) the Kantian account, which holds that our duties regarding
animals are actually indirect duties to humanity, (b) the cruelty account, which holds that the
idea of cruelty explains why it is wrong to treat animals in certain ways; and (c) the utilitarian
account, which holds that the value of consequences for all sentient creatures explains our duties
to animals. These views are shown to be inadequate, the Kantian account because some of our
duties regarding animals are direct duties to animals; the cruelty account because it confuses
matters of motive or intent with the question of the rightness or wrongness of the agent's actions;
and the utilitarian account because it could be used to justify identifiable speciesistic practices. I
defend a fourth view. Only if we postulate basic moral rights in the case of humans, can we
satisfactorily account for why it is wrong to treat humans in certain ways, and it is only by
postulating that these humans have inherent value that we can attribute to them basic moral
rights. Consistency requires that we attribute this same kind of value to many animals. Their
having inherent value provides a similar basis for attributing certain basic moral rights to them,
including the right not to be harmed. Possession of this right places the onus of justification on
anyone who would harm these animals. I set forth conditions for such a justification which those
who would abuse animals have failed to meet. Regan is at the department of philosophy and
religion, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. (EE)
Regan, Tom. The Empty Cage: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights. Translators: Mang Ping
and Ma Tianjie. (Beijing: Chinese Politics and Law University Press, 2005). (in Chinese)
Regan,Tom. "Obligations to Animals are Based on Rights: Individual Rights Are Not Grounded
in Prejudice." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 8(1995):171-180. Some feminist
philosophers criticize the idea of human rights because, they allege, it encapsulates male bias; it
is therefore misguided, in their view, to extend moral rights to non-human animals. I argue that
the feminist criticism is misguided. Ideas are not biased in favour of men simply because they
originate with men, nor are ideas themselves biased in favour of men because men have used
them prejudicially. As for the position that women should abandon theories of rights and
embrace an ethic that emphasizes care: women who made this choice would not so much liberate
themselves from "the patriarchy" as they would conform to its representation of women as
emotional, subjective and irrational. There is, then, no good reason to withhold ascribing rights
to non-human animals, based on the criticisms of rights made by some feminists. (JAEE)
Regenstein, Lewis G., Replenish the Earth: A History of Organized Religion's Treatment of
Animals and Nature. New York: Crossroad/Continuum, 1990. 256 pages. $ 14.94 paper.
"Includes the Bible's message of conservation and kindness to animals." (v1,#4)
Regier, Henry A., "Ecosystem Integrity in the Great Lakes Basin: An Historical Sketch of Ideas
and Actions," Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 1(1992):25-37. A study of the concepts of
"ecosystem" and "integrity" in the binational political arena in the Great Lakes Basin, since
1970. Regier traces a series of documents that have helped to clarify and make operational these
terms, a process in which he himself has been participant. Regier is at the Institute for
Environmental Studies, University of Toronto. (v3,#3)
Regier, Henry A., "The Notion of Natural and Cultural Integrity," in Stephen Woodley, James
Kay, and George Francis, eds., Ecological Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems
(Waterloo, Ontario: Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, and St. Lucie Press,
1993). "A living system exhibits integrity if, when subjected to disturbance, it sustains an
organizing, self-correcting capability to recover toward an end-state that is normal and `good' for
that system. End-states other than the pristine or naturally whole may be taken to be `normal and
good.'" "There is room for choice in the kinds of ecosystems with integrity that humans might
prefer. In human-dominated ecosystems, it is really a matter of: `What kind of garden do we
want? What kind of garden can we get?'" Also: "Forecasts of future ecosystems are not possible,
but some future imagining of preferred ones is." Regier is at the Institute for Environmental
Studies, University of Toronto. (v4,#3)
Regier, Henry. "Self Organization and the Ecosystem Approach: the New Science and the New
Scholarship", Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):153. (v7,#4)
Regosin, Jonathan V., and Frankel, Michelle, "Conservation Biology and Western Religious
Teachings," Conservation Biology 14 (2000):322-324. Two Jewish conservation biologists call
attention to how Jewish teachings promote awareness of the interconnections of humans with
their environment, as well as a reverence for that environment. Regosin is with the Nature
Conservancy; Frankel is in biology, Boston University. (v.11,#3)
Rehmann-Sutter, Christoph, "Biological Organicism and the Ethics of the Human-Nature
Relationship," Theory in Biosciences/Theorie in den Biowissenschaften 119(2000):334-354. A
"hermeneutic approach" to organisms where their description as organisms matters ethically.
The term "organism" seems to have been introduced in the early 1700's in contrast to
"mechanism." "Organism" can be used to transcend "mechanism" and to specify the ontological
difference. This ontological analysis has ethical implications. Rehmann-Sutter is with the
Institute für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin der Universität Basel, Switzerland.
Rehmann-Sutter, Christoph. "Involving Others: Towards an Ethical Concept of Risk." Risk:
Health, Safety & Environment 9 (1998): 119-36. Criticizes the economic concept of risk that is
widely used as the standard model in risk assessment literature, and develops an outline for an
ethical concept of risk based on jurisprudential discussions on causation. Combines risk
assessment procedures with the perspective of an ethic of care. (v.9,#3)
Rehmann-Sutter, Christoph; Vatter, Adrian; Seiler, Hansjörg. Partizipative Risikopolitik.
Opladen/Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1998. 366 pp. DM 58. ISBN 3-531-13222-9. In
German. This book contains the results from an interdisciplinary research project on technicoecological risks, their implications for political and ethical thinking, and the need to develop new
democratic political institutions. The project was based at the University of Basel in Switzerland.
Several models for a democratic management of technico-ecological risks are screened and
evaluated. An adapted form of mediation seems to fit best the given environmental
requirements. A thorough analysis of the ethical problem of imposing risks intends to show the
biggest hindrances for participative politics and to describe the positive effects for the political
culture. Included perspectives are ethics, political science, and jurisprudence. Existing
experiences are combined into a detailed new practical concept that should be implementable.
(v.9,#3)
Rehmann-Sutter, Cristoph. 1996 Leben Beschreiben: Ueber Handlungszusamme, "Hange in der
Biologie." Wurzburg: Konigshausen & Neumann, 1996. 392 pages. SFr. 70.90. In German.
The first part of the book deals with molecular biology as a paradigm of modern scientific
description of living nature, and tries to analyze hidden pre-thoeretic (moral) decisions in its
specific approach. The second part is a discussion of Aristotle's biology in the context of moral
philosophy based on the dichotomy between "poiesis" and "praxis" (Nichomachean Ethics). The
third part draws a trans-functionalistic description of life as organic practice: processes are in
themselves the goal of being lived. (v7, #3)
Reice, Seth R., The Silver Lining: The Benefits of Natural Disasters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 2001. Every tornado's funnel cloud, every forest fire's billowing cloud of
smoke, every flood's raging water has tremendous benefits for the ecosystem it impacts. The
shortsightedness of conceiving such events as disastrous to nature, and the resulting misinformed
environmental policy, and how to form better policy. Reice is in biology and ecology at the
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. (v.12,#4)
Reice, Seth R., "Nonequilibrium Determinants of Biological Community Structure," American
Scientist 82(1994):424-435. Biological communities are always recovering from the last
disturbance, their "normal" state. Natural systems are so frequently disturbed that equilibrium is
rarely achieved. On the other hand, disturbance is scale dependent. If the area studied is large
enough, all disturbances are predictable and "normal." If a disturbance is predictable, the biota
can and will adapt to it; a disturbance that is unpredictable will have a greater impact.
Disturbance and heterogeneity, not equilibrium, generate biodiversity. Disturbance should be
viewed as both natural and beneficial to the world's biodiversity. We need to value, nurture, and
preserve our planet's biodiversity. Understanding that heterogeneity and disturbance are
important contributors to biodiversity will help us achieve these goals. Reice is in ecology at the
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. (v5,#4)
Reichart, Joel E., "A New Environmental Ethic" (Critical Review of Laura Westra, A Proposal
for Environmental Ethics), Business Ethics Quarterly 5(1995):795-804. (v7,#2)
Reichelderfer, Katherine H., "The Expanding Role of Environmental Interests in Agricultural
Policy," Resources (Resources for the Future), Winter 1991, No. 102. (v2,#2)
Reichenbach, Bruce R., "On Obligations to Future Generations," Public Affairs Quarterly
6(1992):207-225. (v3,#2)
Reichenbach, Bruce R., and Anderson, V. Elving. On Behalf of God: A Christian Ethic for
Biology. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995. 348 pages. Paper. With
a section on environmental ethics. "Conservation of the tropical forests must include measures to
control human population growth, to find family-sustaining jobs for the disenfranchised rural
poor, and to curb the developed world's exploitation of the developing world's resources." Any
environmental ethic must tie into "a broader ethic that considers social, economic, political and
spiritual problems and obligations." Reichenbach is in philosophy at Augsburg College,
Minneapolis. Anderson, now retired, taught genetics at the University of Minnesota. (v7, #3)
Reichert, Joshua. "Shark-Eating Men Threaten Wolves of the Deep." The Christian Science
Monitor, vol. 89, 3 Jan. 1997, p. 19.
Reid, Duncan, "The End of Matter: Some Ecojustice Principles in the Neo-Patristic Vision,"
Ecotheology No 7 (July 1999):59-70.
Reid, Herbert, and Taylor, Betsy, "John Dewey's aesthetic ecology of public intelligence and the
grounding of civic environmentalism," Ethics and the Environment 8(no. 1, 2003):74-92. This
paper argues for the importance of John Dewey's aesthetic philosophy to recent efforts to
cultivate civic environmentalism while critiquing narrowly conservationist environmentalisms.
We call for a strong version of civic environmentalism oriented towards holistic integration of
ecological concerns into all aspects of social, political, economic, and cultural life. Both authors
are at the University of Kentucky. (E&E)
Reid, John W., Bowles, Ian A. "Reducing the Impacts of Roads on Tropical Forests,"
Environment 39(no.8, 1997):10. Conservationists have several options for preventing the
damage that roads do to tropical forests, but to exercise them they will have to get more involved
in the decisionmaking process. (v8,#3)
Reid, Walter V., "Biodiversity, Ecosystem Change, and International Development: Issues for
the New U.S. Administration," Environment 43(no.3, Apr. 2001): 20-. Unless major steps are
taken to restore and protect the Earth's ecosystems, scientists predict that tens of thousands of
species will likely go extinct. Why is it in the best interest of the United States to address the
biodiversity problem? What domestic and international actions should the U.S. administration
take? (v.12,#3)
Reid, Walter V. and Kenton R. Miller, Keeping Options Alive: The Scientific Basis for
Conserving Biodiversity. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, October 1989. 1709
New York Avenue, N. W. Washington, DC 20006. $ 10.00. (v1,#2)
Reiger, J. F., "Review of: William Mcgucken, Lake Erie Rehabilitated: Controlling Cultural
Eutrophication, 1960s-1990s," Environmental History 7(no.3, 2002): 521-22. (v.13,#4)
Reiger, John F. Review of Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. By Curt Meine. Environmental
Ethics 11(1989):369-72.
Reigota, Marcos, "Brazilian Art and Literature: Oswald de Andrade's Contribution to Global
Ecology." Pages 359-365 in Murphy, Patrick D., ed., Literature of Nature: An International
Sourcebook. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1-57958-010-6. Oswald de
Andrade (1890-1954) was a Brazilian intellectual and poet, a critic of the modern transformation
of Brazilian society, with significant ecological insights. Reigota is at the Universidade de
Sorocaba, Brazil. (v.10,#2)
Reigota, Marcos, "Tempo e Ecologia. Time and Ecology," Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana:
Revista Internacional de Filosofia Iberoamericana y Teoría Social, Año 3, No. 5, JulioDiciembre 1998. As we analyze the notion of time in ecology, we must consider the history of
life, its relation, to culture, values and representations that reflect the complex daily relationships
between human beings throughout evolution of the Earth. The human presence is important on
the evolutionary time scale, no matter how small it is. In ecological time there are elements that
are inseparable and complementary. They are the improvised (unusual) instant, the limitless
historical, geological and biological time and the question about the possibilities to come.
Reigota is at the Universidade de Sorocaba, Brazil. (v.10,#2)
Reila, Heiki, Teoloogiline keskkonnaeetika ja inimkeskne traditsioon. Mónede uudsete
keskkonnaeetika lähete vórdlev analüüs (Environmental Ethics and the Tradition of
Anthhropocentrism. A Comparative Analysis of Some New Approaches in Contemporary
Theological Ethics Confronting Environmental Problems) (in Estonian). University of Tartu,
Estonia, Master's Thesis, 1996. Three approaches are featured: (1) stewardship, chapter 2, with
Ronald Preston and James Gustafson as examples; (2) Christian ecofeminism (chapter 3), with
Rosemary Radford Reuther and Sallie McFague as examples; and (3) the reverence for life
(Chapter 4), with Andrew Linzey as an example. The three are critical of classical Christianity
on grounds of (1) the dominion of man, (2) androcentrism, and (3) speciesism. There is a
discussion of anthropocentrism versus non-anthropocentrism, and an argument that Christianity
has been mostly anthropocentric. There is a need to shift to a more complicated ethics, based on
biological and ecological knowledge. The advisor was Jaanus Noormägi. Reila is a Lutheran
pastor at Vandra, Estonia (Address: Heiki Reila, Vändra EE 3461, Estonia). (v8,#2)
Rasmussen, Larry. Earth Community, Earth Ethics. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1996.
Reilly, Sean. AAlabama Sturgeon Vanishing.@ Mobile (AL) Press Register (December 9, 2007):
1A, 4A. Only one Alabama sturgeon has been caught in eight years. Biologists now fear there
are too few for a captive breeding program. The fish is a listed endangered species, about 30
inches long, and one of only 25 sturgeon species in the world. At the turn of the last century,
Alabama harvested 42,000 pounds of sturgeon. Biologists think the principal trouble is that
damming of rivers has interrupted its spawning cycle.
Reilly, William K. on intrinsic value. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chief in a
speech prepared for a gathering of Catholic leaders in Washington, declared that "natural
systems have an intrinsic value--a spiritual worth--that must be respected for its own sake." A
new "spiritual vision" of conservation and "an ethic of environmental stewardship grounded in
religious faith ... could be a powerful force." Quoted in the Los Angeles Times, April 19, 1990,
p. A3. (v1,#2)
Reiman, R. John, Toward an Ecological Ethic, Ph.D. thesis at Vanderbilt University, December
1991, in the Graduate Department of Religion. Reiman attempts a systematic introduction to a
comprehensive environmental ethic. Chapter titles: Chapter 1: Nature and Humanity
(Cartesianism, is/ought, facts/values; evolution and ecology). Chapter 2. Value Theory and the
Use and Protection of the Natural World (value theory, the degradation of the natural world,
conservation and preservation). Chapter 3: Approaches to Environmental Ethics (deontological
and utilitarian approaches; cost/benefit analysis, holism). Chapter IV: The Boundaries of An
Ecological Ethic (responsibilities to future generations, the extension of moral community, the
question of human capacity seriously to consider the natural environment as a realm of duty).
The thesis builds principally from the work of Holmes Rolston and of H. Richard Niebuhr.
Thesis advisors were Howard Harrod and Peter Paris. (v5,#1)
Reimer, Monica, "Competitive Injury as a Basis for Standing in Endangered Species Act Cases",
Tulane Environmental Law Journal, 9(No.1, 1995):109- . (v7,#1)
Reiner, David M., "Climate Impasse: How the Hague Negotiations Failed," Environment
43(no.2, Mar. 2001): 36-. The recent climate negotiations at The Hague, which promised to
build on progress made during earlier talks, ended in disappointment. Ambiguities in the Kyoto
Protocol and the intransigence of individual nations and alliances contributed to this failure.
(v.12,#3)
Reinhart, Daniel P., et al, "Effects of Exotic Species on Yellowstone's Grizzly Bears," Western
North American Naturalist 61(no. 3, 2001):277-288. Exotic species may lead to the loss of
substantial quality grizzly bear foods, including much of the bison, trout, and pine seeds that
Yellowstone grizzly bears currently depend on. (v.12,#3)
Reisner, Ann and Walter, Gerry, "Journalists' Views of Advertiser Pressures on Agricultural
News", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7(1994):157-172. All major
journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue
influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural
information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping
studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Large
minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which
agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to
influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed
slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.
Reisner and Walter are in agricultural communications and education at the University of
Illinois, Urbana.
Reisner, Marc and Sarah Bates. Overtapped Oasis. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
14(1992):93-94.
Reisner, Marc, Game Wars: The Undercover Pursuit of Wildlife Poachers. Viking, 294 pp, $
19.95. Features Dave Hall, a special agent with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, recounting
the exploits, dangers, and sheer adventure of undercover work to prevent the incredible
destructive, cruel, and illegal slaughter of animals. Also some philosophizing about the
American hunting ethic: "To a starving European peon, who was shot on sight if he entered the
duke's wildlife preserve, a game law was simply another instrument of oppression. ... In a nation
of immigrants just liberated from landlessness and crowdedness and monarchy, game laws, like
forestry laws and zoning laws and gun-control laws, were resisted with a singular passion. The
yeoman American citizen, intoxicated by his right to bear arms, made giddy by the omnipresent
wildlife he could hunt at will, could not recalibrate his values as the game ran out, could not
constrain his impulse (always described as a God-given right) to hunt." Reiser and Hall also
explore the absence of a hunting ethic in Asia, the largest market for ivory and the destination of
98 percent of the illegal elephant ivory. (v2,#2)
Reisner, Marc. Cadillac Desert. Rev. ed. New York: Penguin. $14.00. (v5,#2)
Reiss, Michael J. and Straughan, Roger, Improving Nature: The Science and Ethics of Genetic
Engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Chapters: Practicalities of genetic
engineering. Moral and ethical concerns. Theological concerns. Genetic engineering of
microorganisms. Of plants. Of animals. Of humans. Public understanding of genetic
engineering. Useful and comprehensive introduction to the issues. Reiss is a biologist at
Homerton College, Cambridge, and also a priest in the Church of England. Straughan is a moral
philosopher, University of Reading, UK. (v.13,#4)
Reiss, Michael J., Straughan, Roger. Improving Nature? The Science and Ethics of Genetic
Engineering. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 288 pp., index. Review by Eva
M. Buccioni, Dept. of Philosophy, University of Guelph, Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 11(1998):54-55.
Reiss, Michael J. and Roger Straughan. Improving Nature? The Science and Ethics of Genetic
Engineering. Reveiw by Eva M. Buccioni Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
11(1999):49-55. (JAEE)
Reiss, Michael. "Ethical Considerations at the Various Stages in the Development, Production,
and Consumption of GM Crops." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
14(2001):179-190. The aim of this paper is to clarify the ethical issues surrounding GM crops by
examining the various stages or levels in their development, production, and consumption.
Previous work about the acceptability or non-acceptability of GM crops has tended to conflate
these various levels, partly as a result of which GM crops are all-too-often simply said to be
"good" or "bad." There are, though, various problems with such a binary categorization. I look in
particular at the duties of scientists, companies, regulatory systems, farmers, retailers, and
consumers. Keywords: consensus, crops, discourse ethics, genetic modification. Reiss is at the
Institute of Education University of London, London, UK. (JAEE)
Reiss, Michael. Review of: Berry, R. J., God's Book of Works. Environmental Values
13(2004):138-138. (EV)
Reitan, Eric H., "Deep Ecology and the Irrelevance of Morality," Environmental Ethics
18(1996):411-424. Both Arne Naess and Warwick Fox have argued that deep ecology, in terms
of `Self-realization,' is essentially nonmoral. I argue that the attainment of the ecological Self
does not render morality in the richest sense `superfluous,' as Fox suggests. To the contrary, the
achievement of the ecological Self is a precondition for being a truly moral person, both from the
perspective of a robust Kantian moral framework and from the perspective of Aristotelian virtue
ethics. The opposition between self-regard and morality is a false one. The two are the same. The
ecological philosophy of Naess and Fox is an environmental ethic in the grand tradition of moral
philosophy. Reitan teaches philosophy, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA. (EE)
Reitan, Eric, "Private Property Rights, Moral Extensionism and the Wise-Use Movement: A
Rawlsian Analysis," Environmental Values 13(2004):329-347. Efforts to protect endangered
species by regulating the use of privately owned lands are routinely resisted by appeal to the
private property rights of landowners. Recently, the `wise-use' movement has emerged as a
primary representative of these landowners' claims. In addressing the issues raised by the
wise-use movement and others like them, legal scholars and philosophers have typically
examined the scope of private property rights and the extent to which these rights should
influence public policy decisions when weighed against other moral considerations. Whether
from an anthropocentric standpoint or from a perspective of moral extensionism, the key
question seems to be the extent to which prima facie property rights are overridden by other
moral interests, not whether such rights claims can reasonably be appealed to at all in public
discussions of environmental justice. I argue, however, that a morally extensionist perspective
not only introduces more potential defeaters of prima facie property rights, but actually strips
appeals to private property rights of their moral significance. Hence, I argue on Rawlsian
grounds that appealing to private property rights in the way that the wise-use movement does is
unreasonable in a pluralistic society. In so doing, I show that a Rawlsian perspective may be
more congenial to the interests of moral extensionists than is typically thought. Reitan is in
philosophy, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. (EV)
Reitze, Arnold W., Jr., Air Pollution Control Law: Compliance and Enforcement. Washington,
DC: Environmental Law Institute, 2002. $ 100. Analysis and guide to the Clean Air Act and the
body of air pollution control law. Court decisions. Reitze is in law, George Washington
University Law School. (v.13,#1)
Reitze, Jr., Arnold W., "Population, Consumption, and Environmental Law," Natural Resources
and Environment 12 (Fall 1997):89-. (v.8,#4)
Rejmanek, M. "A Theory of Seed Plant Invasiveness: The First Sketch", Biological Conservation
78(no.1/2, 1996):171.
Rekola, M., E. Pouta, and C.-Z. Li, "Incommensurable Preferences in Contingent Valuation: The
Case of Natura 2000 Network in Finland," Environmental Conservation 27(no.3, Sept. 2000):
260-. (v.12,#3)
Relph, Edward. Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography. Reviewed in Environmental
Ethics 5(1983):181-83.
Remington, D. L., "Ecology, Evolution, and the Genome: A "Whole Elephant" Readers Guide,"
BioScience 54(no. 10, 2004): 950-965(16). (v.14, #4)
Remington, David L, "Ecology, Evolution, and the Genome: A "Whole-Elephant" Readers
Guide", BioScience 54(no.10, 1 October 2004):950-965(16).
Remmerde, Jon. "Tic, Tac, Toe: Trees in a Row." The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 89, 27
Feb. 1998, p. 17.
Remond-Gouilloud, Martine. Du Droit de detruire: essai sur le droit de l'environnement.
Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 14(1992):371-72.
Ren Chunxiao, "Some Philosophical Argumentation about Ecological Ethics", Fudan Xuebao
(Fudan Journal) 2(2000): 44-49. In Chinese. (EE v.12,#1)
Ren Junhua. AOn the Value of the Confucian Ideas of Ecological Ethics in Modern Society.@
Studies in Dialectics of Nature No. 3 (2006): 63-66.
Ren Yongtang, "The Main Approach to Green Higher Education." Huanjing yu Shehui, a
Quarterly, (Environment and Society), vol.3, no. 2 (June 30, 2000). In Chinese. (EE v.12,#1)
Renner, Rebecca, "Conflict Brewing over Herbicide's Link to Frog Deformities," Science 298(1
November 2002):938-938. Is the use of atrazine related to the decline of amphibians, turning
male frogs into hermaphrodites? Earlier experiments suggested yes, but later experiments are
more inconclusive. (v.13,#4)
Rensenbrink, John. The Greens and the Politics of Transformation. Reviewed in Environmental
Ethics 15(1993):185-90.
Renzong, Qiu, editor-in-chief, Guowai Zirankexue Zhexuewenti 1990 (International
Philosophical Problems in Natural Science 1990), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute
of Philosophy. Beijing: Social Science Press, 1991. ISBN 7-5004-0885-4/B 181. There are
section introductions, but all the articles are translations from Western books and journals.
Section I is on Philosophy of Science: Scientific Materialism. Section II is on Science and
Society: The Relationship between Human Beings and Nature. The section editor is Yu
Mouchang, Institute of Philosophy, who gives an introduction to environmental ethics, "Current
Focus of the Study of the Relationship between Human Beings and Nature." The section
contains three articles (1) G. A. Davedova, "Problems of the Relationship between Human
Beings and Nature in Marxist Historical Philosophy" (pp. 104-129, translated from Russian; (2)
M. B. Kushkova, Human Beings and Nature (pp. 130-145, translated from Russian; (3) Holmes
Rolston, III, "Is There an Ecological Ethic? (pp. 146-157, translated by Ye Ping (Northeast
Forestry University, Harbin) from English in Philosophy Gone Wild, originally in Ethics.
Section III is on Philosophical Problems of Nature: the Self-Organization of Nature. It contains
a dozen articles, for example Ilya Prigogine on irreversible thermodynamics and several articles
inquiring how evolutionary creation has taken place through the self-organization of nature. In
China, this book has sold well, though many books of this kind in China are as much
"distributed" to libraries and agencies as sold. Already about 3000 copies have been sold or
distributed. (China)
Repetto, Robert, "Accounting for Environmental Assets," Scientific American 266 (no. 6,
June):94-100. A country can cut down its forests, erode its soils, pollute its aquifers, and hunt its
wildlife to extinction, but its measured income is not affected as these asserts disappear.
Impoverishment is taken for progress. Repetto is with the World Resources Institute in
Washington, formerly a professor of economics at Harvard University. (v3,#3)
Repetto, Robert, Rothman, Dale S., Faeth, Paul, Austin, Duncan. Has Environmental Protection
Really Reduced Productivity Growth? Washington, D.C.: World Resource Institute, 1996. 46pp.
$14.95 paper. This report shows how the conventional measure of productivity growth
misrepresents the industrial process by taking into account only pollution abatement costs and
ignoring pollution damages averted. (v8,#1)
Repetto, Robert, compiler, The "Second India" Revisited. Washington, DC: World Resources
Institute, 1994. $ 14.95 paper. 90 pages. A study produced by a team of nine Indians and
others. The "Second India" is the near doubling of the population of India in the last twenty
years. The much-admired green revolution in agriculture, coupled with a quadrupling of the rate
at which contraceptives are used, has enabled India to do little more than mark time in per capita
food production in the last twenty years. Though parts of India, where women have better
education and higher status, have reduced births to the replacement rate, in much of India the rate
is over five births per woman. Population is still increasing, and India's population is projected
to exceed that of China in the next century. There is no foreseeable method of continuing the
green revolution to feed such population growth. Also, the increased food production has come
at considerable environmental degradation. Repetto is a senior economist at the World
Resources Institute.
Repetto, Robert. Jobs, Competitiveness, and Environmental Regulation: What are the Real
Issues? Washington, D.C.: World Resource Institute, 1995. 60pp. $12.95 paper. Repetto shows
how greater use of market incentives in regulatory policy, reduction of economically
unwarranted subsidies, better use of cost-benefit analysis in regulatory decision-making, and
other measures could help the United States protect the environment with far greater economic
efficiency. (v8,#1)
Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, The, vol. 10, nos. 3 and 4, a double
issue, summer/fall 1990, contains the following short articles:
Mark Sagoff, "The Greening of the Blue Collars."
H. P. Young, "Sharing the Burden of Global Warming."
Peter G. Brown, "Greenhouse Economics: Think Before You Count."
Leo Marx, "Post-Modernism and the Environmental Crisis." (v2,#1)
Reppert, Barton, "The Biodefense Buildup: Fallout for Other Research Areas?," BioScience
55(no.4, April 2005):310-310(1).
--Reprinted in Richard G. Botzler and Susan J. Armstrong, eds., Environmental Ethics:
Divergence and Convergence (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998), pp. 71-86.
--Reprinted in Susan J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics:
Divergenceand Convergence, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004), pages 74-87.
--Reprinted in Michael Boylan, ed., Environmental Ethics (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Hall, 2001), pages 228-247.
--Reprinted in David Schmidtz and Elizabeth Willott, eds., Environmental Ethics: Introductory
Readings (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pages 33-38.
--Reprinted, translated into Chinese, in Ch'iu Jen-tsung, ed., Kuo wai tzy jan k'o hsueh che hsueh
wen t'i (Philosophical Problems in Foreign Natural Science). Chung-kuo she hui k'o hsueh, 1994.
Beijing: Chinese Social Science Press, 1994. ISBN 7-5004- 1514-1. Pages 276-295.
Download/print in PDF format (in Chinese):
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/Env-Eth-V-D-N-W.pdf>
--Reprinted, translated into Spanish as "Ética ambiental: Valores y deberes en el mundo natural,"
pages 293-317 in Teresa Kwiatkowska and Jorge Issa, eds, Los caminos de la ética ambiental
(The Ways of Environmental Ethics) (C.P. 06470, Mexico, D.F.: Plaza y Valdés Editores, 1998).
--Summarized with commentary by Panagiotis Perros, Philosophy, National University in
Athens, Greece, 2004. In Greek. Online at
<http://filosofia.gr/ecoethics/>.
Alternatively, download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Rolston-Greek.htm>.
--Reprinted in James P. Sterba, ed., Earth Ethics: Environmental Ethics, Animal Rights, and
Practical Applications (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1995), pp. 317-328.
--Reprinted in James E. White, ed., Contemporary Moral Problems, 6th ed. (Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth Publishing Co., 2000), pages 585-594.
--Reprinted in Frederick A. Kaufman, Foundations of Environmental Philosophy: A Text with
Readings (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2003), pp. 67-73.
--Reprinted in J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer, eds., Environmental Philosophy: Critical
Concepts in the Environment (London: Routledge, 2005), vol. 4, pp. 263-277.
Rescher, Nicholas, Complexity: A Philosophical Overview. Somerset, NJ: Transaction
Publishers, 1998. The world is enormously sophisticated and nature's complexity is literally
inexhaustible. As a result, projects to describe and explain natural science can never be
completed. The nature of complexity and its bearing on our world and how we manage our
affairs within a socially, technologically, and cognitively complex environment with vast
management problems and risks of mishap. "Technological escalation" is a sort of arms race
against nature in which scientific progress requires more powerful technology for observation
and experimentation, and, conversely, scientific progress requires the continual enhancement of
technology. The increasing complexity of science and technology means problems growing
faster than solutions, and major management and decision problems. Rescher is in philosophy at
the University of Pittsburgh. (v.9,#3)
Rescher, Nicholas. Risk. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 9(1987):91-95.
Rescher, Nicholas. Unpopular Essays on Technological Progress. Reviewed in Environmental
Ethics 4(1982):363-67.
Research in Philosophy and Technology, vol. 12, Spring 1992, is an entire volume on
Technology and the Environment. Articles: Part One: Technology and Environmental Ethics: J.
A. Doeleman, "Environment and Technology: Speculating on the Long Run"; David Strong,
"The Technological Subversion of Environmental Ethics"; José M. de Cózar, "Technology, The
Natural Environment, and the Quality of Life"; Andrew Light, "The Role of Technology in
Environmental Questions: Martin Buber and Deep Ecology as Answers to Technological
Consciousness. Part Two: Ethics versus Activism? An Exchange: Paul Durbin, "Environmental
Ethics and Environmental Activism"; George Allan, "Environmental Philosophizing and
Environmental Activism"; Paul Durbin, "Reply to George Allan." Part Three: Technological
Hazards, Economics and Environmental Management: Alastair S. Gunn, "Engineering Ethics
and Hazardous Waste Management: Why Should We Care About Future Generations?'; Kristin
Shrader Frechette, "Calibrating Assessors of Technological and Environmental Risk'; Hans Lenk
and Matthias Maring, "Ecology and Ethics: Notes about Technology and Economic
Consequences"; Earl R. MacCormac, "Environmental Management: Values, Knowledge, and
Categories." Part IV: Technology and Harvesting the Earth: Egbert Schuurman, "Crisis in
Agriculture: Philosophical Perspectives on the Relation Between Agriculture and Nature'; Nancy
Farm Männikkö, "If a Tree Falls in the Forest: A Refutation of Technological Determinism."
Part Five: Technology and Nature: Struggle or Synthesis? Eric Katz, "The Big Lie: Human
Restoration of Nature"; Eric Higgs, "Musings at the Confluence of the Rivers Techné and
Oikos." (For a reply by Richard Sylvan to the Katz paper, see Sylvan, "Mucking with Nature,
noted in the Newsletter, Winter 91.) Also included: Eric Katz, "Environmental Ethics: A Select
Annotated Bibliography II, 1988-1990. Part I appeared in Research in Philosophy and
Technology 9(1989): 251-285, "Environmental Ethics: A Select Annotated Bibliography, 19831987. These two bibliographies form the best introduction to the recent literature in the field.
Contact: JAI Press, Inc., 55 Old Post Road--No. 2, P. O. Box 1678, Greenwich, CT 06836-1678.
Phone 203/661-7602. Research in Philosophy and Technology is edited by Frederick Ferré,
Department of Philosophy, University of Georgia. Volume 13, 1993 will be on Technology and
Feminism; volume 14, 1994, on Technology and Everyday Life. (v3,#1)
Reser, Joseph P. "Whither Environmental Psychology? The Transpersonal Ecopsychology
Crossroads," Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 15, no. 3 (September 1995): 235-57.
Ecospychology and its relationship to psychology and environmental psychology, with particular
attention to Theodore Rozak. The nature and role of the "self" as the ultimate target and agent of
meaningful change. Ecopsychology in Australia, and indigenous "earth wisdom." The
prognosis for the greening of psychology is explored. Reser is in psychology at James Cook
University, Townsville, Australia. (v7, #3)
Resnik, David, "Bioethics of Gene Therapy." In J. Bottrill, ed., The Encyclopedia of Life
Sciences. London: MacMillan Press, 2002. Volume 3, pp. 166-173. (v.13,#4)
Resources (Resources for the Future) Vol. 165 (Spring 1007). This is a themed issue entitled
APutting a Value on Nature=s Services,@ mostly with attention to putting an economic value on
nature=s services. The claims are of considerable success and simultaneously of much
frustration about what values get left out or inadequately measured thereby. In AThe Endpoint
Problem,@ James W. Boyd claims: ALook at an average refereed economic valuation of
something in nature and what you=ll see is a very narrow view of nature@ (p. 27).
Resources for Green Work, Alternatives 27(no. 1, Winter 2001):33- . Alternatives provides a
sample of some of the many green work resources. (v.12,#2)
Resources for the Future (ISSN 0048-7376), a quarterly publication of news and policy analysis,
is sent free to individuals and institutions. The Spring 1994 issue contains the following articles:
Winston Harrington and Margaret A. Walls, "Shifting Gears: New Directions for Cars and
Clean Air"; Anna Alberini, David Edelstein, and Virginia D. McConnell, "Will Speeding the
Retirement of Old Cars Improve Air Quality?"; Vicki Been, "Unpopular Neighbors: Are Dumps
and Landfills Sited Equitably?"; and David Gardiner and Paul R. Portney, "Does Environmental
Policy Conflict with Economic Growth?" To obtain a free subscription, write: Resources for the
Future, 1616 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036-1400. (v5,#2)
Ress, Judith, "Conference Report: Introduction to the Shared Garden Seminar, Washington
1997," Ecotheology No 4 (Jan 1998):77-82.
Restani, M. and Marzluff, J. M., "Funding Extinction? Biological Needs and Political Realities in
the Allocation of Resources to Endangered Species Recovery," Bioscience 52(no.2, 2002): 16978. (v.13,#2)
Restani, M. and Marzluff, J. M., "Avian Conservation under the Endangered Species Act:
Expenditures Versus Recovery Priorities," Cons. Biology 15(2001): 1292-99. (v.13,#2)
Restoration Ecology is the journal of the Society for Ecological Restoration, now in its sixth
volume. Published by Blackwell Science. Society of Ecological Restoration, University of
Wisconsin, Madison Arboretum, 1207 Seminole Highway, Madison, WI 53711. (v9,#1)
Restoration Ecology is a newly launched journal, the official journal of the Society for
Ecological Restoration. Blackwell Scientific Publications will publish it. Both practical and
fundamental considerations are to be covered. Restoration ecology is defined as the intentional
alteration of a site to establish an indigenous, historic ecosystem. Contact: William Niering,
Department of Botany, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, CT 06320.
(v4,#1)
Retallack, S., "Why Are We Failing the Planet? Why Has Economic Development Not Solved
the Problems of the World?," Ecologist 32(no.7, 2002): 12-17. (v.13,#4)
Retallack, Simon, "Where next for the WTO?," The Ecologist. 30 (No. 2, 2000 Apr 01): 30- .
Simon Retallack reviews last year's `Battle of Seattle' and asks whether December's protests can
change the World Trade Organisation for the better. (v.11,#4)
Retallack, Simon, "God Protect Us from Those Who `Protect the Skies.'" The Ecologist. 27
(Sept. 1997):188-. The Montreal Protocol celebrated its tenth anniversary last September.
Initially hailed as a landmark in environmental protection, what actually emerged was an
agreement as ridden with holes as the ozone layer it was designed to protect. (v.8,#4)
Reuther, Rosemary Radford. Integrating Ecofeminism, Globalization, and World Religions.
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. Economic conflicts, polarization of corporate
globalization, conflicts based on religious identities, ecological degradation, and the possibilities
for a different world order. The importance of gender in shaping the present crisis. The
importance of religious orientations in its solution.
Reuther, Rosemary Radford, Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing. San
Francisco: Harper and Row, 1992. $ 22.00, hardcover. "Ecological healing is a theological and
psychic-spiritual process." "Classical traditions did not only sacralize patriarchal hierarchy over
women, workers, and the earth. They also struggled with what they perceived to be injustice and
sin and sought to create just and loving relations between people in their relation to the earth and
to the divine. Some of this effort to name evil and struggle against it reinforced relations of
domination and created victim-blaming spiritualities and ethics. But there are also glimpses in
this heritage of transformative, biophilic relationships. These glimpses are a precious legacy that
needs to be separated from the toxic waste of sacralized domination." "A healed relation to each
other and to the earth calls for a new consciousness, a new symbolic culture and spirituality"
(Introduction). Reuther does not want either a male God or a female Gaia. Reuther is professor
of theology at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. (v3,#4)
Reuther, Rosemary Radford, "Ecofeminism: First and Third World Women," Ecotheology No 2
(Jan 1997):72-83.
Reuther, Rosemary R., "Ecofeminism: First and Third World Women," Ecotheology, No. 2,
January, 1998, p. 72- . (v9,#2)
Reuther, Rosemary Radford, Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing. San
Francisco: Harpers, 1992. 288 pages. $ 22.00 cloth. Reuther sifts through the legacy of the
Christian and Western cultural heritage to critique beliefs and stories that have negatively
influenced our relationships with each other and with the Earth. "A healed relation to each other
and to the earth calls for a new consciousness, a new symbolic culture and spirituality." "We
must see the work of ecojustice and the work of spirituality as interrelated, the inner and outer
aspects of one process of conversion and transformation." John Cobb says, "Reuther brings her
encyclopedic knowledge of the history of human life on this planet to bear on questions more
often treated in sweeping generalizations. ... This is Christian theology at its best: toughminded, convincing, and dealing with matters of utmost importance." (v3,#3)
ReVelle, Penelope, and Charles ReVelle, The Global Environment: Securing a Sustainable
Future. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 1992. Cloth. 480 pages. Designed as a text. Part I.
Ecology: The Background. Part II. Human Population Issues. Part III. Land and Wildlife. Part
IV. Energy Resources and Recycling. Part V. Air and Water Resources. Part VI. Sustainable
Global Societies. With two dozen box essays by guest authorities. A sample: Paul D. Raskin,
"Sustainability and Equity." The authors are at Johns Hopkins University. (v5,#1)
Revesz, Richard L. Foundations of Environmental Law and Policy. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1996. 352pp. $19.95 paper, $45 cloth. A collection of 40 readings by lawyers,
economists, environmentalists, and legal scholars, which introduce students to the major
theoretical approaches in the field. A companion volume to case materials for use as a textbook
for environmental law policy. (v8,#1)
Revesz, Richard L., Foundations of Environmental Law and Policy, Oxford Press
Revkin, Andrew C., "A Far-Reaching Fire Makes a Point About Pollution," New York Times,
July 27, 2004, D1. Fires in Alaska have dropped soot on Louisiana. Satellites are revealing
much wider distribution of air pollutants than earlier supposed. (v. 15, # 3)
Revkin, Andrew C., "New Research Questions Uniqueness of Recent Warming," New York
Times, October 5, 2004, p. D2. New research, or at least new methods of analysis of old data,
suggest that there has been more global warming at times in the last 1,00 years than previously
thought. But the research does not challenge the claim that the present global warming is human
caused. (v.14, #4)
Revkin, Andrew, "Bush Offers Plan for Voluntary Measures to Limit Gas Emissions," New York
Times (2/15/02): A6 and Suzanne Daley, "Europeans Give Bush Plan on Climate Change a
Tepid Reception," New York Times (2/15/02): A6. Bush's global warming plan. In March of
2001, U.S. President George Bush rejected the international treaty (known as the Kyoto
Protocol) aimed at cutting CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by 2012, a treaty that has been agreed to
(although not yet ratified) by almost every other industrial power and developing country. Bush
had argued that the treaty would burden the U.S. economy "throwing millions of U.S. citizens
out of work" and that it unfairly exempted major developing countries from reductions. The
U.S. is the single largest producer of greenhouse emissions, generating 20% of the total. Now
the Bush Administration has announced that it would respond to concerns about global warming
with voluntary measures aimed at slowing the rate of growth in CO2 emissions, while letting
their total amount continue to rise. This voluntary approach would be encouraged by $4.6 billion
in tax credits for renewable energy sources and use of more efficient cars, and by future emission
trading incentives. According to President Bush, "My approach recognizes that economic
growth is the solution, not the problem"--for a thriving economy is necessary to build the wealth
necessary to improve conditions on the planet. A French climate change official argued that the
Bush proposal showed that the U.S. wanted change "at no cost and in a way that would not in
any way challenge the American lifestyle and especially its consumption." He also worried that
the Bush approach will destabilize support for the Kyoto pact as countries less rich than the U.S.
wonder why they should act forcefully when the U.S.'s approach is so modest. (v.13,#1)
Revkin, Andrew C., "Report to Endorse Expanding Forests To Fight Global Warming," New
York Times, Feb. 16, 2001, p. A1, A5. Scientists endorse expanding forests and buying and
selling credits to fight global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is
endorsing two strategies that have been points of contention between the U.S. and Europe in
efforts to complete a climate treaty. The panel concludes that by protecting existing forests and
planting new ones, countries could blunt warming by sopping up 10-20 percent of the heattrapping carbon dioxide. Also the cost to industrialized countries could be cut in half if they
were allowed to buy and sell credits earned by those that make the deepest reductions in carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases. (v.12,#3)
Revkin, Andrew, "Hunting for Oil: New Precision, Less Pollution" New York Times (01/30/01):
D1. New oil-drilling techniques that are environmentally less harmful. With the ongoing debate
over whether to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, it may be useful to
understand some of the new oil discovery and extraction technologies touted by industry as
environmentally friendly. Instead of peppering the surface with wells over a broad area, new
supercomputer simulations of the deep earth and new drilling equipment allow wells to be
constructed on small gravel pads with drills branching out underground for four or five miles
following thin layers containing oil. Instead of waste pits that overflow with drilling mud,
contaminated water, spilled oil, and discarded chemicals, waste, garbage, and rock cuttings can
now be ground into a slurry and pumped into the ground 2000 feet beneath the 2000 foot-thick
permafrost. Roads that were once built of gravel mined from river beds and that spread far and
wide on the fragile tundra can now be built from ice (either from water pumped from tundra
ponds or from ice scraped from ponds and laid down like gravel). Ice roads melt away in the
spring thaw and leave few traces. Even the maze of pipelines which are an unavoidable means
of collecting the oil can be raised to allow animals to duck underneath and are punctuated with
elevated elbows so that less oil is spilled if one section is punctured. Both sides agree that the
new surveying techniques are a mixed blessing environmentally. Although no longer using
dynamite, the new three-dimensional seismic technology that performs ultrasound on the earth
involves the use of vibrating 10-ton vehicles that do not travel on ice roads but crisscross the
open tundra in a much more intensive way than with the old surveying techniques. Scars are left
on the tundra and there is a greatly increased chance of encountering and disrupting wildlife.
The new surveying techniques have raised the success rate from 1 producing well for each 10
exploratory wells to 5 in 10. One environmental critic responding to the elaboration of these new
technologies says that once the work shifts from exploration to extraction of oil, the result is
always a sprawl of pipelines, roads, crew quarters, and fuel depots: "In the end, even with all
this technology, you've got a massive industrial complex."
Revkin, Andrew, The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the
Amazon Rain Forest (Houghton Mifflin, 1990, $ 19.95). Chico Mendes was a Brazilian frontier
union leader, an organizer of a national federation of wild rubber tappers in the state of Acre. He
came to the United States and England to promote the conservation of the forests, which the
rubber tappers wish to maintain as "extractive reserves," a battle fought against land speculators
who were burning down immense stretches of forest. The wild rubber trees grow scattered in the
primary forest, but this requires 700 acres to obtain an amount of latex that can be gotten from a
single acre of planted rubber, especially from planted Asian rubber. Mr. Mendes was murdered
in December 1988, one of several hundred activists killed in Brazil that year. Subsequently there
has been much interest in him as a martyr for both the cause of the poor and environmental
conservation. (v1,#3)
Revkin, Andrew C., "Save the Whales! Then What?" New York Times, August 17, 2004, p. D1,
D4. Some whale species have recovered well. Pressure is building to resume hunting of whales
like the plentiful minke, and international regulators are negotiating quotas and rules. (v. 15, # 3)
Revkin, Andrew C., "A Message in Eroding Glacial Ice: Humans Are Turning Up the Heat,"
New York Times, Feb. 12, 2001, p. A1, A4. Kilimanjaro's icecap is on a hasty retreat, at a pace
such that the snows of Kilimanjaro will disappear in fifteen years. Snow and ice on tropical
alpine mountains is disappearing fastest of all, though this is retreating from Montana to Mount
Everest to the Swiss Alps. Scandinavia seems to be an exception, apparently because shifting
storm tracks in Europe are dumping more snow there. Various adverse effects on people and
wildlife. (v.12,#3)
Revkin, Andrew C., "Big Arctic Perils Seen in Warming," New York Times, Saturday, October
30, 2004, p. A1, p. A3. An eight nation survey finds that wildlife is at risk. Enviromental alarms
for a region that may not be able to adapt. Also sea levels will rise around the world. The survey
involved 300 scientists, as well as elders from the native communities in the region. (v.14, #4)
Revkin, Andrew W., "Report Tallies Hidden Costs of Human Assault on Nature," New York
Times, April 5, 2005, p. D2. The United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, now
released, is a sweeping report that measures damage not so much to nature itself but to the things
nature does for people. More than 1,300 ecologists and other researchers from 95 countries
participated. The report is generally bleak and alarming, although it recognizes some successes.
Sixty percent of ecosystem services to humans have been degraded by human activities, both
through direct actions like overfishing and through indirect ones, like the tendency of
deforestation to raise the risk of floods.
Many of the regions where such natural assets are being most rapidly degraded are also
the world's poorest, compounding the problems to stem poverty, disease, and hunger in
developing countries. Wealthy countries are also contributing greatly to some problems, for
example in nitrogen runoff that disrupts coastal waters or in global warming. Tropical forests are
being degraded, but the report also highlights arid areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where
drought, combined with ever-growing populations and demands for water, has contributed to
recent social upheavals and bloodshed in Sudan. A lead author of the report is Harold A.
Mooney, biologist at Stanford University. The report is online at:
www.millenniumassessment.org
Revkin, Andrew, "A West African Monkey Is Extinct, Scientists Say," New York Times
(9/12/00): A20. Primate goes extinct. For the first time in several centuries a member of the
primate orderBthe taxonomic group to which humans belongBhas become extinct. Miss
Waldron's red colobus, a loud-mouthed, red-cheeked monkey from the rainforest of Ghana and
Ivory Coast has not been seen since the 1970s and a seven-year effort to visit every remaining
piece of its habitat ended without finding any evidence of its presence. Biologists fear that this is
the beginning of a stream of extinctions of West African primates and other wildlife.
Fragmentation of forests by roads and logging leaves isolated islands of animals that are then
easily trapped or shot by hunters supplying the lucrative trade in bush meat that ends up in urban
restaurants. (v.11,#4)
Revkin, Andrew C., "China Is Bright Spot in Dark Report on the World's Diminishing Forests,"
New York Times, November 15, 2005. Widespread tree planting in China has slowed the rate at
which the Earth's forested area is dwindling, but the clearing of tropical forests, much of it in
areas never previously cut, continues to grow, according to a new United Nations Report. The
study is published by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and is online at:
fao.org/forestry
China's new forest policy has resulted in a turnaround, from a loss of about 3,000 square miles of
forest a year in the 1990's to a gain of about 4,000 square miles annually since 2000. See also
Global Forest Watch:
globalforestwatch.org
Revkin, Andrew C., "No Escape: Thaw Gains Momentum," New York Times, October 25, 2005.
All the computer modelling predicts sea-ice will largely disappear under global warming by
2050, though some models predict this can be with erratic warming and cooling in some regions.
Melting of the Greenland ice cap has become a major concern. Although the ice cap has grown
a little thicker, due to recent increase in snowfall, the edges of the icecap are melting faster, with
net loss. That ice cap contains as much water as is in the Gulf of Mexico, and melting would
raise sea levels worldwide more than twenty feet.
Revkin, Andrew C., "Eavesdropping on Secrets of Elephant Society," New York Times, January
9, 2001, pp. D1, D4. Reporting the work of Katharine Payne, Bioacoustics Research Program,
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, on low frequency elephant communication. She concludes:
"Our hope is to get out of our own minds a little bit and into the minds of these amazing animals.
... They are at least as emotional and as attached to family members as human beings are.
They are very much aware of the experience of others." (EE v.12,#1)
Revkin, Andrew, "New Studies Warn of Effects of Melting Polar Ice," New York Times. 23
March 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/23/science/23cndmelt.html.
According to new observations and analysis by teams of scientists, the growing human influence
on earth's climate could lead to an irreversible rise in sea levels by eroding Earth's vast polar ice
sheets. One team used computer models of climate and ice and found that about 2100, average
temperatures could be 4 degrees warmer. However, many experts say there are still uncertainties
about timing, extent and causes.
Revkin, Andrew C., "Antarctic Glaciers Quicken Pace to Sea; Warming is Cited," New York
Times, September 24, 2004. Warmer coastal air and water have accelerated the melting of
Antarctica's ice shelves and increased the flow of glaciers into the sea. Some of the warming may
be natural; some of it is human-caused. Similar shifts have been measured in the Arctic. (v.14,
#4)
Revkin, Andrew C. AArctic Melt Unnerves the Experts.@ New York Times (October 2, 2007).
Reprinted with further commentary in The Polar Times Vol. 3, no. 12 (January 2008) 3-5.
Scientists were astonished by the shrinking of the Arctic ice cap during the summer of 2007,
unparalleled in over a century. One million square miles (six Californias) of open water
appeared beyond the average since satellites made possible accurate measurements in 1979.
Warming and also winds that pushed freed ice further south were responsible. One result is that
the north polar nations of Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and the United States
have started making claims about military control, shipping routes, fishing rights, and mineral
rights to what lies under the Arctic Ocean. Russia has planted a capsule with a flag at 13,200
feet beneath the (still frozen) surface at the North Pole, claiming that the Lomonosov Ridge
beneath is an extension of its continental shelf and that the 460,000 square miles of resource-rich
Arctic waters fall under the Kremlin=s jurisdiction. See also AWater Wrestling@ by Moki
Kokoris (The Polar Times Vol. 3, no. 12 (January 2008): 6).
Revkin, Andrew. APoorest Nations Will Bear Brunt as World Warms.@ New York Times (April
1, 2007): 1, 6. While wealthy countries spend billions on themselves in preparation form global
warming, they spend only millions on other nations, the latter of whom will bear the most
damage from drought and rising sea levels caused by the wealthy nations.
Reyers, B; Fairbanks, DH; Wessels, KJ; VanJaarsveld, AS, "A multicriteria approach to reserve
selection: addressing long-term biodiversity maintenance," Biodiversity and Conservation
11(no.5, 2002):769-793. (v.13, #3)
Reynolds, Elizabeth. Review of The Splendor of Creation: A Biblical Ecology. By Ellen
Bernstein. Environmental Ethics 29(2007):435-436. (EE)
Reynolds, John D., Mace, Georgina M., Redford, Kent H., and Robinson, John G., eds.,
Conservation of Exploited Species. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. Sustainable
use of exploited populations. Reynolds is at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
(v.13,#4)
Reynolds, Laura, T., Douglas Murray, and John Wilkinson, eds., Fair Trade: The Challenges of
Transforming Globalization (London: Routledge, 2007). Reviewed by Philip H. Howard in
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008)::495-497.
Rhodes, Barbara K. and Rice Odell, A Dictionary of Environmental Quotations. New York:
Simon and Schuster, 1992. $ 35.00. 343 pages. 3700 quotations from proverbs, slogans,
bumper stickers, speeches, periodicals, scientific papers, and philosophical works. Arranged
alphabetically in 143 categories, and within categories chronologically. Ranges from early
Greek history through George Bush. Author and subject index. (v3,#4)
Rhodes, M, Book Review: Irrigated Eden The Making of an Agricultural Landscape in the
American West. By Mark Fiege. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1999. Human Ecology
30(no.1, 2002):139-142. (v.13, #3)
Ribe, RG, "Is Scenic Beauty a Proxy for Acceptable Management? The Influence of
Environmental Attitudes on Landscape Perceptions," Environment and Behavior 34(no.6, 2002):
757-780.
Ribot, Jesse C.; Magalhaes, Antonio Rocha; and Panagides, Stahis, eds. Climate Variability,
Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the Semi-Arid Tropics. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1996. 270 pages. $74.95 cloth. Rather than focus on the "impacts" that result
from climatic fluctuations, the authors look at the underlying conditions that cause social
vulnerability. By using case studies from across the globe, the authors explore past experiences
with climate variability, and the likely effects of--and the possible policy responses to--the types
of climatic events that global warming might bring. (v7, #3)
Ricciardi, Anthony, Steiner, William , W.M, and Simberloff, Daniel, "Computers in Biology:
Toward a Global Information System of Invasive Species," Bioscience 50 (No. 3, Mar 01 2000):
239- . (v.11,#2)
Ricciardi, Anthony and Rasmussen, Joseph B. "Extinction Rates of North American Freshwater
Fauna." Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society of Conservation Biology 13(No. 5,
Oct. 1999):1220- . (v10,#4)
Rice, Robert A. "Noble Goals and Challenging Terrain: Organic and Fair Trade Coffee
Movements in the Global Marketplace." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
14(2001):39-66. Social relations associated with conventional agricultural exports find their
origins in long term associations based on business, family, and class alliances. Working outside
these boundaries presents a host of challenges, especially where small producers with little
economic or political power are concerned. Yet, in many developing countries, alternative trade
organizations (ATOs) based on philosophies of social justice and/or environmental well-being
are carving out spaces alongside traditional agricultural export sectors by establishing new
channels of trade and marketing. Coffee provides a case in point, with the fair trade and certified
organic movements making inroads into the market place. In their own ways, these movements
represent a type of economic and social restructuring from below, drawing upon and developing
linkages beyond the traditional boundaries of how coffee is produced and traded. An
examination of the philosophies of the fair trade and organic coffee movements reveal that the
philosophical underpinnings of both certified organic and fair-trade coffee run counter to the
historical concerns of coffee production and trade. Associations of small producers involved in
these coffees face stiff challenges - both internal and external to their groups. More work,
especially in "situ" fieldwork aimed at uncovering the challenges, benefits, tensions, and
successes, is needed to understand better the ways these networks operate in the dynamic agrofood complex. Keywords: Alternative trading organizations. certified organic, coffee, fair trade.
Rice is at the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C.
(JAEE)
Rich, Bruce, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the
Crisis of Development. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.
Rich, Catherine, and Travis Longcore, eds., Educational Consequences of Artificial Night
Lighting. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005. Contributors explore the dark side of lighting up
the night, "photopollution." Lights confuse many animals, for example they disorient sea turtle
hatchlings. They disorient many nocturnal animals that use only the rod system for night vision,
and bright lighting saturates their retinas. Upward of half of all Americans live in locations
where it does not become sufficiently dark for the human eye to complete the transition from
cone to rod vision. Hundreds of thousands of nocturnal bird migrants are killed each year by
aircraft warning lights on towers, a situation that could be much improved if red lights, which
disorient birds, were replaced with white lights, which reduce the disorienting. The editors run
the Urban Wildlands Group, a nonprofit conservation organization in Los Angeles.
Richard, Wildred E., "The International Appalachian Trail," International Journal of Wilderness
3(no. 1, 1997):33-38. An extension of the Appalachian Trail running north another 435 miles
into Canada, in New Brunswick and Quebec, is now being worked out. Richard is a wilderness
guide and adjunct professor of geography at the University of Southern Maine. (v8,#2)
Richards, John F., ed., Land, Property, and the Environment. Oakland, CA: ICS (Institute for
Contemporary Studies) Press, 2002. (v.13,#1)
Richards, Norm R., Beechey, Tom J. "Planning and Managing for Protected Heritage Areas in
Ontario: Accomplishments, Challenges, Directions:, Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):42.
Richards, Rebecca T., and Creasy, Max. "Ethnic Diversity, Resource Values, and Ecosystem
Management: Matsutake Mushroom Harvesting in the Klamath Bioregion." Society and Natural
Resources 9, no.4 (1996): 359. (v7, #3)
Richards, Rebecca Templin. "What the Natives Know: Wild Mushrooms and Forest Health,"
Journal of Forestry 95(no.9, 1997):4. (v8,#3)
Richards, Roberta M., How Should We Think About Loggers and Owls? Principles for an
Applied Environmental Ethic, Ph. D. thesis at the University of Southern California, School of
Religion, May 1994. Our dominant moral traditions, rooted in anthropocentrism, offer little
guidance about how to resolve public policy conflicts when these involve the balancing of
human and extra-human goods. Richards develops a theory grounded in process theologian John
Cobb's "rich experience" conception of value; one ought to maximize rich experience. She
develops nine moral principles for achieving this goal. These can be used generally in
environmental conflicts, but are here specifically applied to the conservation of endangered
species, and, more specifically still, to the loggers versus owls crisis that has paralyzed the
Pacific Northwest. William W. May is the dissertation advisor. Copies from Micrographics
Department, Doheny Library, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0912. Roberta M. Richards, 238 S.
Berendo St., # 302, Los Angeles, CA 90004-5721. (v5,#1)
Richardson, CW, "Mary Joy Breton, Women Pioneers for the Environment," Environmental
History 6(no.2, 2001):328-329. (v.12,#4)
Richardson, Jean. Partnerships in Communities: Reweaving the Fabric of Rural America.
Covelo, CA: Island Press, 2000. 256 Pages. Paper $25. Sustainable rural community
development. Community-based and community-driven responses to the challenges facing rural
America. What works, what doesn't, and how financial and human resources can be most
effectively focused in rural communities. (v.11,#4)
Richardson, N 1992. The ecumenical roots of JPIC and its significance for South Africa. Journal
of Theology for Southern Africa 80, 50-64. (Africa)
Richardson, Robert C. Review of The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw.
By Michael Ruse. Environmental Ethics 3(1981):75-83.
Richardson, S. D., Forests and Forestry in China (Corvelo, CA: Island Press, 1990). 353 pages.
Excellent, thorough, by a New Zealand forester who has observed forestry in China over thirty
years. Balanced portrayal of the successes against the massive failures. An earlier book, of
which this is a major revision, is Forestry in Communist China, 1966. (China)
RichardsonKageler, SJ, "Large mammalian herbivores and woody plant species diversity in
Zimbabwe", Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no.4, 2003):703-715.
Richerson, Peter J., "Ecology and Human Ecology: A Comparison of Theories in the Biological
and Social Sciences," American Ethnologist 4(no. 1, Feb. 1997):1-26. Ecology has been used
frequently by social scientists as a source of theoretical models, and biological ecologists have
often applied their theory to human populations. Several problems have attended these crossdisciplinary enterprises, including inappropriate uses of teleological models and a failure by
both biologists and social scientists to understand the theoretical implications of culture and
technology for ecological models. Attention to these problems will increase the applicability of
ecological theories in the social sciences. Richerson is at the University of California, Davis.
Richter, Judith. "`Vaccination' Against Pregnancy: The Politics of Contraceptive Research."
The Ecologist (1979)26(Mar.1996):53. For the past 25 years, scientists have been researching a
new birth control method--an immuno-contraceptive--which aims to turn the body's immune
system against the reproductive system. Some researchers doubt whether the method will
actually prevent pregnancy without severe health risks. Analysis of the method suggests that
research has been motivated by the goal of developing an easy means of "population control."
Ricketts, Taylor, "Conservation Biology and Biodiversity." In J. Bottrill, ed., The Encyclopedia
of Life Sciences. London: MacMillan Press, 2002. Volume 5, pp. 82-88. (v.13,#4)
Ricketts, Taylor H., Dinerstein, Eric, and Loucks, Colby, "Who's Where in North America?"
Bioscience 49(No.5, 1999):369-. Patterns of species richness and the utility of indicator taxa for
conservation. (v.10,#2)
Ricklefs, Robert E. and Dolph Schluter, eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities:
Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993. 414 pages. $
35.00 paper. New theoretical developments, analyses, and case studies to explore large scale
mechanisms that generate and maintain diversity. Fifty contributors, often with an emphasis on
the historically unique aspects of ecosystems. Ricklefs is in biology at the University of
Pennsylvania; Schluter is in biology at the University of British Columbia. (v4,#2)
Riddel, Mary Schwer, R. Keith, "Grand Canyon Visitors: The Challenges of Regulatory
Schemes for Balancing Alternative Interests," Natural Resources Journal 41(no.1, Wint
2001):153-. (v.12,#4)
Ridder, Ben, AAn Exploration of the Value of Naturalness and Wild Nature,@ Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 20(2007):195-213. The source of the value of
naturalness is of considerable relevance for the conservation movement, to philosophers, and to
society generally. However, naturalness is a complex quality and resists straightforward
definition. Here, two interpretations of what is Anatural@ are explored. One of these assesses the
naturalness of species and ecosystems with reference to a benchmark date, such as the advent of
industrialization. The value of naturalness in this case largely reflects prioritization of the value
of biodiversity. However, the foundation of our understanding of naturalness is that it describes
processes that are free of human intervention. Conflict between the two interpretations of
naturalness is apparent in the claim that naturalness can be enhanced by human intervention, in
the form of ecological restoration. Although naturalness in its purest form precludes human
intervention, some human activities are also apparently more natural than others. This continuum
of naturalness relates to the autonomy of the individual from abstract instrumentalism, which
describes a particular form of influence ubiquitous in contemporary society. The value of
naturalness reflects both dissatisfaction with these threats to personal autonomy, and respect for
wild nature as the embodiment of a larger-than-human realm. Keywords: abstract
instrumentalism - autonomy - naturalness - rational agency - values. Ridder is at School of
Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Ridder, Ben. Review of Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature: Theory and Practice. Edited by
Thomas Heyd. Environmental Ethics 29(2007):95-98. (EE)
Ridley, Matt, The Origins of Virtue. London: Penguin Books, 1997. Chapter 11 is on "Ecology
as Religion," where Ridley, following the prevailing biological theory of humans as always selfinterested, dislikes any Romanticism, especially about aboriginal peoples, since peoples ancient
and modern always act selfishly if they can get by with it, although they are also evolved to
cooperate in their own self-interest. "The conclusion that seems warranted is that there is no
instinctive environmental ethic in our species--no innate tendency to develop and teach
restrained practice. Environmental ethics are therefore to be taught in spite of human nature, not
in concert with it. They do not come naturally. We all knew that anyway, did we not? Yet we
persist in hoping that we'll find an ecological noble savage somewhere inside our breast. ... He's
not in there." (p. 225)
The book concludes (Chapter 10, The Gains from Trade, and Chapter12, The Power of
Property) with a defense of free markets property rights. "Wherever you look, the reason for the
environmental troubles in the Third World turns out to be caused by the lack of clear property
rights. ... The poverty of the Third World is to be cured largely by creating secure property
rights." (pp. 238-239). "Private property is often the friend of conservation, government
regulation is often the enemy" (p. 243). "If we are to recover social harmony and virtue, if we
are to build back into society the virtues that made it work for us, it is vital that we reduce the
power and scope of the state" (p. 264). Government regulations and participatory democracy
require too much faith in the common good. A good example of scientism, elevating a biological
theory into a comprehensive worldview, including politics, getting Thatcherite politics and free
market environmentalism out of selfish genes. (v.8,#4)
Ridley, Matt, Down to Earth: A Contrarian View of Environmental Problems. London: Institute
of Economic Affairs, 1995. 80 pages. Some claims:
"1. World population growth is decelerating; food, oil and copper are all cheaper and more
abundant than ever before.
2. Global temperatures may actually be falling, according to satellite sensors.
3. The ozone layer is getting thicker, not thinner, over temperate latitudes.
4. Winter sown corn, not pesticide use, is responsible for the decline of songbirds on farmland.
5. Some scientists say 20 per cent of species will be extinct in 30 years, yet the actual extinction
rate of birds and mammals is 0.00008 per cent a year.
6. Big-game hunters are the best hope for the survival of Africa's wildlife outside a few wellfinanced national parks.
7. Environmental lobbying organisations are spending more money on lawyers and marketing
men to grow their own budgets and less on naturalists and volunteers.
8. Forty per cent of all tress in Britain belong to the government, whose record of
mismanagement of forest ecology, public access and finance is second to none.
9. Government conservation schemes are too defensive; their some aim is to protect rich habitats
rather than to improve impoverished ones.
10. Exaggeration, nationalisation and central planning are the enemies of the environment, not
the allies." (See back cover.)
Ridley is a former zoologist at Oxford University, now a science writer, also a self-appointed
iconoclast. A disciple of Richard Dawkins, he derives virtue from selfish genes in The Origins
of Virtue (Penguin, 1997), from which he also derives free market environmentalism and
Thatcherite politics. (v.9,#4)
Riebsame, William E. "Ending the Range Wars?" Environment 38(May 1996):4. Innovative
approaches to land management may help bring to a close the long-standing battle between
ranchers and environmentalists over the use of the western range. (v7,#2)
Rieff, David. "The Humanitarian Trap," World Policy Journal 12(no.4, Winter 1995):1- .
(v6,#4)
Rieley, Jack, and Page, Susan. "The Biodiversity, Environmental Importance, and Sustainability
of Tropical Peat and Peatlands." Environmental Conservation 23, no.1 (1996): 89. (v7, #3)
Riells, S., "Book Review: Food Webs at the Landscape Level. By Gary A. Polis, Mary E. Power,
and Gary R. Huxel (eds.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 2004, 548 pp., illus.,"
Landscape Ecology 20(no. 4, May 2005): 495-496.
Riffle, Dale, Brewer, Jim. "Animal Sanctuaries: A Labor of Love," The Animals' Agenda
17(no.1, 1997):28. The challenges of running a sanctuary. (v8,#2)
Rifkin, Jeremy, "Beyond Beef, "Utne Reader, March/April 1992. The cattle industry threatens
the environment, human health, and the world food supply. Our beef-eating habits are killing us,
and the rest of the world. (v4,#1)
Rifkin, Jeremy, ed., The Green Lifestyle Handbook: 1001 Ways You Can Heal the Earth. New
York: Henry Holt, 1990. $ 10.95 paper. (v1,#4)
Rifkin, Jeremy, Biosphere Politics: A New Consciousness for a New Century. New York:
Crown Publishers, 1991. Cloth. 388 pages. Rifkin argues that the human species is entering the
third stage of human consciousness, signaling the most significant change in human culture since
the Neolithic revolution. He wants security based on increased autonomy, efficiency, and
mobility replaced by a new form of security grounded in deep re-participation. He argues that
politics along the conservative/liberal spectrum should give way to a new Earth-directed politics
dedicated to preserving, enhancing, and resacralizing life within the biosphere. Rifkin is the
author of Entropy and is president of both the Foundation on Economic Trends and the
Greenhouse Crisis Foundation in Washington, DC. (v3,#3)
Rifkin, Jeremy. "Dolly's Legacy: The Implications of Animal Cloning," The Animals' Agenda
17(no.3,1997):31. Rifkin claims animal cloning is "the most fundamental violation of animal
rights in history." (v8,#3)
Rifkin, Jeremy. Time Wars. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 11(1989):85-91.
Rigg, Catherine M., "Orchestrating Ecosystem Management; Challenges and Lessons from
Sequoia National Forest," Conservation Biology 15(no.1, Feb. 2001): 78-. (v.12,#3)
Rikoon, J. Sanford. "Imagined Culture and Cultural Imaging: Cultural Implications of the
USDA-SCS `Harmony' Campaign", Society & Natural Resources 9(no.6, 1996):583. Soil
"harmony" as promoted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.
(v7,#4)
Riley, Laura, and William Riley. Nature=s Strongholds: The World=s Great Wildlife Reserves.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. There are over 600 reserves in over 80 countries.
Most of the world=s charismatic endangered species owe their continued existence to such
reserves.
Rinehart, James R., Pompe, Jeffrey J. "Property Rights and Coastal Protection: Lucas and the
U.S. Supreme Court," Society & Natural Resources 8(no.2, Mar.1995):169 . (v6,#4)
Ringquist, Evan J. Environmental Protection at the State Level: Politics and Progress in
Controlling Pollution. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. 256pp. $67.95 cloth. $28.95 cloth.
This is a statistical analysis of the environmental pollution control and state public policy.
Riordan, Robert M., ed., Uncommon Wealth: Essays on Virginia's Wild Places. Helena, MT:
Falcon Publishing, 1999. Supported by The Nature Conservancy. Twenty essays, all by
Virginia authors.
Rippe, Klaus Peter and Peter Schaber. "Democracy and Environmental Decision-Making."
Environmental Values 8(1999):75-88. ABSTRACT: It has been argued that environmental
decision-making can be improved be introducing citizen panels. The authors argue that citizen
panels and other models of citizen participation should only be used as a consulting forum in
exceptional cases at the local level, not as a real decision-making procedure. But many problems
in the field of environmental policy need nonlocal, at least regional or national, regulation due to
the fact that they are of national importance. The authors argue that there are good reasons not to
institutionalise national citizen panels. They advocate the view that more reasonable and more
competent solutions can be found by introducing forms of direct democracy. KEYWORDS:
Participation, citizen panels, consensus conferences, democracy. Klaus Peter Rippe and Peter
Schaber, University of Zurich Ethik-Zentrum Zollikerstr. 117, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland. (EV)
Ripple, W. J. and Beschta, R. L., "Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure
Ecosystems?" BioScience 54(no. 8, 2004): 755 766(12). We investigated how large carnivores,
herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through
trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the
mid 1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading
effects of carnivore herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological
responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food
webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of
ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on
theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research
literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is
needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to
structure ecosystems. (v.14, #4)
Ripple, William J; Beschta, Robert L, "Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk
Structure Ecosystems?" BioScience 54 (no. 8, 1 August 2004):755-766(12). We investigated
how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species
biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone
National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to
examine the cascading effects of carnivore-herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as
well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis)
populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound
effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our
conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging;
on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park.
Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its
nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems.
Ripple, WJ; Beschta, RL, "Linking Wolves and Plants: Aldo Leopold on Trophic Cascades,"
BioScience 55 (no. 7, July 2005): 613-621. Aldo Leopold, perhaps best known for his
revolutionary and poignant essays about nature, was also an eloquent advocate during the 1930s
and 1940s of the need to maintain wolves and other large carnivores in forest and range
ecosystems. He indicated that their loss set the stage for ungulate irruptions and ecosystem
damage throughout many parts of the United States. We have synthesized the historical record
on the potential effects of wolf extirpation in the context of recent research. Leopold's work of
decades ago provides an important perspective for understanding the influence of large
carnivores, via trophic cascades, on the status and functioning of forest and range plant
communities. Leopold's personal experiences during an era of extensive biotic changes add
richness, credibility, and even intrigue to the view that present-day interactions between
ungulates and plants in the United States have been driven to a large degree by the extirpation of
wolves and other large carnivores.
Risk, Health, Safety, and Environment. A new journal published at the Franklin Pierce Law
Center, a center for environmental law. Essays dealing with environmental ethics that deal with
environmental risks are invited. Contact: Carol Ruh, Managing Editor, Franklin Pierce Law
Center, 2 White Street, Concord, NH 03301. Phone 603/228-1541. Fax 603/228-0388. (v5,#1)
Risk, Paul, "Death, Suffering, Predation, Animal Rights and Interpretation," Journal of
Interpretation 14 (no. 1, 1990):R-12-R-15. Suffering and death are part of the natural scheme of
things, but pose a difficult problem to the environmental interpreter, especially when dealing
with children, or with "bleeding hearts." We ought to incorporate honesty, entirety, and moral
implications into environmental interpretation. Risk teaches parks, recreation, and tourism at the
University of Maine. (v5,#4)
Rist, Michael, "Future Tasks for Agriculture", Journal of Agricultural Ethics 1(1988):101-108.
Rittner, Don, Ecolinking: Everyone's Guide to Online Environmental Information. Berkeley,
CA: Peachpit Press, 1992. The basics of getting online and where to go online for environmental
information, listservs, world wide web sites, other networks. (v6,#4)
Ritvo, H., The animal estate: The English and other creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Rival, Laura. Review of Kay Milton, ed. Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology:
(London: Routledge, 1993). (EV)
River Colloquium: Who Runs The River? Environmental Law 25 no. 2 (1995): 349- . On
November 4, 1994, the Northwest Water Law and Policy Project of Northwestern School of Law
of Lewis and Clark College held a colloquium on issues affecting Columbia River salmon. The
focal points of the colloquium were two decisions: Northeast Resource Information Center v.
Northwest Power Planning Council and Idaho Department of Fish and Game v. National Marine
Fisheries Service, that held that the federal agencies responsible for running the river had
violated the Northwest Power Act and the Endangered Species Act. Participants in the
conference included attorneys who argued both sides of these cases. These articles are
adaptations of remarks delivered at the colloquium. (v6,#2)
Rivera, J., "Institutional Pressures and Voluntary Environmental Behavior in Developing
Countries: Evidence From the Costa Rican Hotel Industry," Society and Natural Resources
17(no. 9, 2004): 779-797(19).
Sorrensen, C., "Contributions of Fire Use Study to Land Use Cover Change Frameworks:
Understanding Landscape Change in Agricultural Frontiers," Human Ecology 32(no. 4, 2004):
395-420(26). (v.14, #4)
Rivera, Jorge, "Institutional Pressures and Voluntary Environmental Behavior in Developing
Countries: Evidence From the Costa Rican Hotel Industry", Society and Natural Resources
17(no.9, October 2004): 779-797(19).
Rivera-Monroy, Victor H et al., "A Conceptual Framework to Develop Long-Term Ecological
Research and Management Objectives in the Wider Caribbean Region", BioScience 54(no.9, 1
September 2004):843-856(14). The Caribbean Sea and its watersheds show signs of
environmental degradation. These fragile coastal ecosystems are susceptible to environmental
impacts, in part because of their oligotrophic conditions and their critical support of economic
development. Tourism is one of the major sources of income in the Caribbean, making the region
one of the most ecotourism dependent in the world. Yet there are few explicit, long-term,
comprehensive studies describing the structure and function of Caribbean ecosystems. We
propose a conceptual framework using the environmental signature hypothesis of tropical coastal
settings to develop a series of research questions for the reef-sea-grass-wetland seascape. We
applied this approach across 13 sites throughout the region, including ecosystems in a variety of
coastal settings with different vulnerabilities to environmental impacts. This approach follows
the strategy developed by the Long Term Ecological Research program of the National Science
Foundation to establish ecological research questions best studied over decades and large spatial
areas.
Roach, Catherine M., Tim I. Hollis, Brian E. McLaren, Dean L. Y. Bavington, "Ducks, Bogs,
and Guns: A Case Study of Stewardship Ethics in Newfoundland," Ethics and the Environment
11(2006):43-70. Three major strategies exist for the protection of endangered habitat and
species: (1) land acquisition programs, (2) government legislation and regulatory agencies, and
(3) "stewardship" programs that are voluntary and community-based. While all of these
strategies have merit, we suggest that stewardship holds particular advantages and should be
considered more often as a strategy of first choice. In this article, we examine the Municipal
Wetland Stewardship program of Newfoundland, a popular and successful Canadian policy for
the local protection of wetlands. Important issues are at stake: competing philosophical
foundations for managerial ecology, the value of "local ecological knowledge," principles of
community-based conservation, the question of whether stewardship empowers local
communities or controls them from afar, and ethical conflicts around American colonialism,
hunting, and ecotourism. The results suggest that despite some potentially problematic ironies,
the Newfoundland program provides a model for a public policy aimed both at the pragmatics of
biophysical sustainability and at the ideals of environmental ethics, social justice, and democratic
politics. Roach is in religious studies, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa; Hollis is in
geography, University of Newfoundland; McLaren is in wildlife, Lakehead University, Faculty
of Forestry. Bavington is in ecology at the University of Michigan. (Eth&Env)
Roach, Catherine. Mother/Nature: Popular Culture and Environmental Ethics. Blomington, IN:
Indiana University Press, 2003.
Robb, Carol S. and Carl J. Casebolt, eds., Covenant for a New Creation: Ethics, Religion, and
Public Policy (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1991). 350 pages. Paper $17.95. Argues
that degradation of the biosphere has evolved through the ownership mentality of a privileged
few and that a covenant relationship with the Earth can restore and protect ecological integrity.
Biblical economic principles, theologies of creation, exploitation of the Amazon in the light of
liberation theology, speciesism, the creation-covenant-ethics relationship, the role of moral
theology in environmental ethics, ecofeminism, and deep ecology. Robb and Casebolt are at the
Center for Ethics and Social Policy, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley. (v2,#1)
Robbins, Elaine, "How Did the Grizzly Cross the Road?" Sierra, July/August 2003, pp. 52-56. A
growing network of bridges, underpasses, and fencing is helping animals safely traverse millions
of miles of asphalt. Animal crossings are working in Florida (along the famous Alligator Alley),
Massachusetts, Montana, Washington, and other states, as well as in Canada (especially the
Trans-Canada Highway). Over the last three decades roadkill has overtaken hunting as the
number one human-induced cause of direct death to wild animals on land. An estimated one
million vertebrates perish on our roads each day. (v 14, #3)
Robbins, Jim, "In 2 Years, Wolves Reshaped Yellowstone," New York Times (12/30/97): F1.
See under Kenworthy, Tom. (v.8,#4)
Robbins, Jim, "The Microbe Miners," Audubon 96 (no. 6, November-December, 1994):90-95.
More on the hunt in Yellowstone for thermophilic bacteria, whose enzymes are proving of great
value in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques used in DNA genetic fingerprinting, a
process once sold for $ 300 million, and now earning $ 100 million a year. While such
technological processes can be protected by patent, the question remains whether any royalties
are due to Yellowstone Park, or to the U. S. government, or to anybody, for such prospecting, or
whether microbes are a common good. Exobiologists are also interested, since the thermophiles
are thought to be similar to primitive forms of life, and what is learned in Yellowstone might be
used to detect life in space. Robbins is a Montana environmental writer. (v5,#4)
Robbins, Jim, "Engineers Plan to Send a River Flowing Back to Nature," New York Times, May
12, 1998, B9, B11. The Snake River near Jackson, Wyoming, was engineered for the better, to
facilitate spring runoff and allow million dollar housing developments, only the results were
worse instead. The river's ecology was dramatically altered, leaving longs stretches of riverbank
nearly barren. Now the Corps of Engineers hopes to put the river, to some extent at least, back
like it was. (v9,#2)
Robbins, Jim, "Hunting Habits of Wolves Change Ecological Balance in Yellowstone," New
York Times, October 18, 2005. Wolves have been back in the park for ten years, and this "apex
predator" has caused "a trophic cascade." Elk are fewer and more wary, and feed more in the
open, less in willow thickets, or among the cottonwoods and aspens, which have bounced back.
There are fewer coyotes, but this means more foxes, more mice. Also from the leftover wolf
kills, there is more food for other carnivores and scavengers. Alas, however, a big fear is from
people, or, more accurately, from people's dogs, from which the wolves catch parvovirus. That
has been killing 60-70 percent of the wolf pups. See also Smith, Douglas W., and Gary
Ferguson, Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone.
Robbins, Martha M., Sciotte, Pascale, and Stewart, Kelly, eds., Mountain Gorillas: Thirty Years
of Research at Karisoke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. What we have learned
about gorillas and their conservation in the Virunga mountains of Uganda and the Congo.
Robbins is at Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany. (v.13, #3)
Robbins, Michael. "Southern Ontario Tourism Context and the Challenge for a Sustainable
Future," Environments 24(no.3, 1997):50. (v8,#3)
Robbins, P., and T. Birkenholtz, "Turfgrass Revolution: Measuring the Expansion of the
American Lawn," Land Use Policy 20(no. 2, 2003): 334-352. (v 14, #3)
Robbins, P., "Beyond Ground Truth GIS and the Environmental Knowledge of Herders,
Professional Foresters, and Other Traditional Communities," Human Ecology 31(no. 2, 2003):
233-253. (v 14, #3)
Roberge, JM; Angelstam, P, "Usefulness of the Umbrella Species Concept as a Conservation
Tool", Conservation Biology 18 (no.1, 2004): 76-85.
Robert, Jason Scott. "Wild Ontology: Elaborating Environmental Pragmatism." Ethics and the
Environment 5(2000):191-210. ABSTRACT: I elaborate and critically evaluate the theses of
"environmental pragmatism," especially as captured in a recent collection with that title. While I
am hopeful about this new approach, I want nonetheless to make reparations for its
shortcomings. The primary difficulty is that environmental pragmatist tend to express only
implicitly the metaphysical commitments of, say, Wiilliam James, and yet the claims of
environmental pragmatism would be profoundly strengthened by direct appeal to James'
metaphysics. The ecosystem approach is particularly amenable to characterization in terms of
pragmatic metaphysics. Thus, I offer the thesis of wild ontology in an effort to enrich the
empirical basis of environmental philosophy, and also to help cure environmental ethics of its
political impotence. (E&E)
Roberts, Adam. "The Trade in Drugs and Wildlife." The Animals' Agenda 16(1996):34. How
smugglers victimize animals to maximize profits. (v8,#1)
Roberts, Bruce D. "Livestock Production, Age, and Gender Among the Keiyo of Kenya."
Human Ecology 24(Jun. 1996):215. (v7,#2)
Roberts, Christopher C., Environmental Ethics and Wildlife Policy in Zimbabwe. A senior
thesis for the B.S. degree, Department of Religious Studies and The Studies in the Environment
Program, Yale University, April 1991. 104 pages. Author's address: 1204 St. Andrews Way,
Baltimore, MD 21239. (v5,#2)
Roberts, G., "Review of: Ferdinand Muller-Rommel and Thomas Poguntke (Eds.), Green Parties
in National Governments," Environmental Politics 12(no. 1, 2003): 262. (v 14, #3)
Roberts, Geoffrey K. "Developments in the German Green Party: 1992-95." Environmental
Politics 4(Winter 1995):247. (v7,#2)
Roberts, J. Timmons, and Parks, Bradley C., A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, NorthSouth Politics, and Climate Policy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2006. The role that
unequal distribution of the benefits of industry and development plays in shaping prospects for a
global climate pact, with statistical and theoretical analysis and case studies. Roberts is in
sociology, College of William and Mary. Parks is a development policy officer, Department of
Policy and International Relations, Millennium Challenge Corporation, Washington, DC.
Roberts, JT, "Global Inequality and Climate Change," Society and Natural Resources 14(no. 6,
2001):501-510. (v.13,#1)
Roberts, Lawrence D., ed., Approaches to Nature in the Middle Ages. Binghamton, NY, Center
for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton,
1982. ISBN 0-86698-051-2. Contains James A. Weisheipl, "Aristotle's Concept of Nature:
Avicenna and Aquinas," with commentary by William A. Wallace. How these thinkers
conceived of nature as a cause of natural motion. If we wish to appreciate what nature meant for
them, we must put aside any mechanistic notions, and go back to a richer philosophical language,
one teeming with "principles," "causes," and ultimate goals.
Roberts, Lawrence D., ed., Approaches to Nature in the Middle Ages. Binghamton, NY: Center
for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1982.
Roberts, Leslie. ABattling Over Bed Nets.@ Science Vol. 318, no. 5850 (26 October 2007): 55659. How best to deliver bed nets to combat malaria in Africa? Some say protect mothers and
children first. Others say that this misunderstands how the disease spreads. Some say use the
cheapest nets and give them away. Others say nets with insecticide work better and are more
likely to be used if sold at a modest cost.
Roberts, Melinda A., Child vs. Childmaker: Future Persons and Present Duties in Ethics and the
Law, Reviewed by Alel Gosseries, Ethics and the Environment 6(no. 2, 2001):114-118. (E&E)
Roberts, Paul Craig. "Quietly, Now, Let's Rethink the Ozone Apocalypse." Business Week,
June 19, 1995, p. 26. Studies that show CFS's are not to blame for holes in the ozone have
lawmakers questioning the coming ban on production. An unproven theory of ozone depletion is
imposing heavy costs on the global economy. The scientific facts clearly indicate that there is no
observational evidence that CFC's are thinning the ozone layer, and even if they did, the
additional ultraviolet that would be let through is not the kind that causes cancer. The ozone
threat is baseless hysteria. Roberts is in political economy at the Cato Institute, Washington.
(v6,#3)
Roberts, Roxanne, "Wedding Day Butterflies," Washington Post (5/20/98): D2. According to a
social life columnist for the Washington Post, the latest trend in "environmentally correct
marriage" is the live butterfly display. Instead of throwing rice (which she says is bad for birds),
guests release monarch or painted lady butterflies. For four dollars apiece, companies provided
butterflies individually in small boxes with air holes. Each guest is given a box with instructions
to open it at a specific time. The result is a "romantic, picture-perfect moment," unless of course
the butterflies are dead, which sometimes happens. Some hire "butterfly handlers" to ensure
success. The columnist suggests that throwing bird-seed was popular until people started
slipping and it became a liability issue, and that balloons are out because their remains are not
good for the environment. A letter to the editor responds that "experts in the field of butterflying
consider this practice a form of environmental pollution, spreading diseases and parasites to wild
butterfly populations." (v9,#2)
Robertson, David. Real Matter. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997. 182pp. 39.95
cloth, $15.95 paper. Following the trail of some of America's famous nature writers--including
Fitz Hugh Ludlow, John Muir, Mary Austin, Jack Kerouac, and Gary Snyder--Robertson seeks,
through journal writing, literary criticism, and photography, "a secret at the heart of the
universe." In his stories about these writers' mountain adventures and his own excursions, he
discovers how important wilderness is to the framing of human narratives. (v8,#1)
Robertson, DP; Hull, RB, "Beyond Biology: toward a More Public Ecology for Conservation,"
Conservation Biology 15(no. 4, 2001):970-979. (v.13,#1)
Robertson, G. Philip, and Harwood, Richard R.."Agriculture, Sustainable," Encyclopedia of
Biodiversity 1: 99-108. Sustainable agriculture describes a food and fiber production system that
is economically viable, environmentally safe, and socially acceptable over long periods.
(v.11,#4)
Robertson, M., Vang, K., and A. J. Brown, "Wilderness in Australia: Issues and Options--A
Discussion Paper," Canberra, ACT: Australian Heritage Commission, 1992. (v7,#2)
Robertson, R. W., Helman, P., and Davey, A., Wilderness Management in Australia. Canberra:
Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1980.
Robertson, W. A. "Sustainable Management and the Market in New Zealand." Land Use Policy
13, no.3 (1996): 213. (v7, #3)
Robinsoin, Nicholas A., "Colloquium: The Rio Environmental Law Treaties" IUCN's Proposed
Covenant on Environment and Development," Pace Environmental Law Review 13 (no. 1,
1995):133-189. Robinson is in environmental law at Pace University School of Law, and is on
the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law. (v8,#2)
Robinson, Christopher C.. Review of Christopher J. Preston, Wayne Ouderkirk (eds): Nature,
Value, Duty: Life on Earth with Holmes Rolston, III (Berlin: Springer, 2007), Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008):477-484.
Robinson, Dave W., and Twynam, Dave. "Alternative Tourism, Indigenous Peoples, and
Environment: The Case of Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal." Environments 23, no.3
(1996): 13. (v7, #3)
Robinson, George R., et al, "Diverse and Contrasting Effects of Habitat Fragmentation," Science
257(July 24, 19920:524-526. Different parts of an ecosystem respond in very different ways to
habitat fragmentation. Soil mineralization and plant succession may be relatively uninterrupted.
Some measures of plant and animal diversity may not change with differing sizes of
fragmentation. But vertebrate population dynamics are greatly affected, as well as are plant
species that reproduce by cloning. (v3,#3)
Robinson, J. B., et al. Life in 2030: Exploring a Sustainable Future in Canada. 1996. 224pp.
$19.95 paper. Rather than forecasting events, the authors backcast from what they would like to
see happen in order to develop feasible, working alternatives for designing our future. Their
prescriptions develop scenarios that allow for an appraisal of the changes required to achieve a
sustainable society. (v8,#1)
Robinson, John and Herbert, Deborah, "Back From the Future," Alternatives 26 (No. 2, Sprg
2000): 32- . Future scenarios can help us foresee where climate change is leading and how we
can choose a more sustainable path. (v.11,#2)
Robinson, John G., Redford, Kent H., and Bennett, Elizabeth L., "Wildlife Harvest in Logged
Tropical Forests," Science 284(1999):595-596. Logging opens up roads and the trucks that
travel them become conduits for a vast commercial trade in wild meat. Government is often
unable to enforce regulations in remote areas; the social institutions with the most power are the
logging companies themselves. Some, though not enough, prohibit their vehicles from carrying
wild meat. Also, reforestation in tropical forests, where seeds are often large, depends on
mammals. (v.12,#2)
Robinson, John G., "The Limits to Caring: Sustainable Living and the Loss of Biodiversity,"
Conservation Biology 7(1993):20-28. The IUCN/UNEP/WWF World Conservation Strategy,
Caring for the Earth, is a purely utilitarian document, where the conservation and development of
resources is the same process. This strategy will lead irrevocably to the loss of biological
diversity. Sustainable use, while a powerful approach to conservation, is not sufficient, and,
taken alone, results in environmental degradation. Biological conservation also requires a
preservationist approach. Robinson is with the Wildlife Conservation Society, New York Zoo.
(v4,#4)
Robinson, John, and Bennett, Elizabeth, eds., Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. Tropical forests can sustain no more than one
person per square kilometer harvesting wildlife, if wildlife is to be conserved and sustainably
harvested. Traditional peoples often existed in much lower numbers than that. When game was
depleted traditional peoples could move on to other areas. Such patterns have now been broken,
when these peoples turn to agriculture and still hunt in nearby forests, with guns, flashlights,
radios, and motorized vehicles. Early success produces more children, and more hunters, who
need food and want modern goods.
As food sources, rainforests are surprisingly low in productivity, compared to grasslands
with their ungulates and other grazers. Grasslands produce ten times as much edible meat. Even
relatively small harvests for forest wildlife can deplete the populations. Robinson is at the
University of Florida. Bennett is with the Wildlife Conservation Society. (v10,#4)
Robinson, John G.; Ginsberg, Joshua R., "Parks, People, and Pipelines," Conservation Biology
18(no.3, 2004):607-608. (v. 15, # 3)
Robinson, Marilynne, "Surrendering Wilderness," Wilson Quarterly 22(no. 4, 1998):60-64.
Robinson is resigned to her conclusion: "We must surrender the idea of wilderness, accept the
fact that the consequences of human presence in the world are universal and ineluctable, and
invest our care and hope in civilization" (p. 64). (EE v.12,#1)
Robinson, Michael T., "What are Our Responsibilities to the Natural World: Should We Save the
Rain Forests?" Anthrozoos 2:4 (Spring 1989): 221-235. Scientific facts and anthropocentric
reasoning for the preservation of rainforests. Good, detailed overview of the problem. (Katz,
Bibl # 2)
Robinson, Michael, "Jaguar and Wolf Recovery in the American Southwest: Politics and
Problems," Wild Earth 9 (No. 4, Wint 1999): 62- . (v.11,#2)
Robinson, Michelle. "To End Bad Air As Well As Utility Monopolies." The Christian Science
Monitor, vol. 89, 18 Feb. 1997. p. 18.
Robinson, Nich, "The European Union's Environmental Agenda," Environmental Politics 8(no.
2, Summer 1999):188- . (v.11,#1)
Robinson, Nicholas A., "Attaining Systems for Sustainability through Environmental Law,"
Natural Resources and Environment 12 (Fall 1997):86-. (v.8,#4)
Robinson, Nicholas A., ed., Agenda 21: Working toward a Global Partnership. Dobbs Ferry,
NY: Oceana Publications (75 Main Street, Dobbs Ferry, NY: 10522), 1992. 700 pages. $ 30.00.
ISBN 0-379-21201-3. Published under the auspices of the IUCN Commission on
Environmental Law and the World Conservation Union. An annotated version, which includes
much of the history of negotiating the document, also includes the financial sections that were
cut out of the final version. With preface and introduction. Robinson teaches law at Pace
University School of Law and is a member of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law.
Robinson, P 1993. Sending as geregtigheid teenoor die kosmos. Ned Geref Teologiese Tydskrif
34:4, 481-495. (Africa)
Robinson, PJ 1991. Integrity of creation and Christian mission. Missionalia 19:2, 144-53.
(Africa)
Robinson, Thomas, and Westra Laura, eds., Thinking about the Environment: Our Debt to the
Ancient and Medieval Past. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002. (v.13,#4)
Robinson, Wade L. Decisions in Doubt: The Environment and Public Policy. Hanover, NH:
University Press of New England, 1994. 277pp. $39.95 cloth. Using examples from the area of
waste management but touching also upon issues such as the ozone layer, contaminated
foodstuffs, and asbestos removal, Robinson presents a new vision for rational decision-making
on environmental issues. He points out faults in our old policy-making methodology and offers a
rationale for a decision procedure based less on certainty but more adapted and adaptive to our
times. (v8,#2)
Robinson, William S., "Some Nonhuman Animals Can Have Pains in a Morally Relevant
Sense," Biology and Philosophy 12(1997):51-71. In a series of works, Peter Carruthers has
argued for the denial of the title proposition. Here I defend that proposition by offering direct
support drawn from relevant sciences and by undercutting Carruthers' argument. In doing the
latter, I distinguish an intrinsic theory of consciousness from Carruthers' relational theory of
consciousness. This relational theory has two readings, one of which makes essential appeal to
evolutionary theory. I argue that neither reading offers a successful view. Robinson is in
philosophy at Iowa State University, Ames. (v8,#3)
Robison, Wade L. and Michael S. Pritchard. "Justice and the Treatment of Animals: A Critique
of Rawls." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):55-61. Although the participants in the initial
situation of justice in John Rawls' Theory of Justice choose principles of justice only, their
choices have implications for other moral concerns. The only check on the self-interest of the
participants is that there be unanimous acceptance of the principles. But, since animals are not
participants it is possible that principles will be adopted which conflict with what Rawls calls
"duties of compassion and humanity" toward animals. This is a consequence of the initial
situation's assumption that principles of justice can be determined independently of other moral
considerations. We question this assumption, and show that satisfactory modifications of Rawls'
initial situation undermine its contractarian basis and require the rejection of exclusively selfinterested participants. Robison and Pritchard are in the department of philosophy, Western
Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. (EE)
Roblan, Aaron and Sage, Samuel H., "Steel Company v. Citizens for a Better Environment: The
Evisceration of Citizen Suits Under the Veil of Article II." Tulane Environmental Law Journal
12 (No.1, Winter,1998):59- . (v10,#4)
Rocha, Jorge, Manipulaçao de vida. Para um futuro bioético (Manipulation of Life. For a
bioethical Future), Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 2000. M.A. thesis on the
manipulation of life. The primary object of our reflection is the manipulation of living reality.
By means of a philosophical inquiry about progresses in biotechnology, we analyze the
conquests, the consequences, the promises and the risks of biotechnological investigation, but we
also go further seeking for the epistemological and ethical foundations of the attitude to adopt
about the manipulation of life in the present stage of knowledge. To accomplish this task it is
important to realize who is making the decisions and to define who should make them and also
what values must be considered. So our argument starts with the exhibition of the impossibility
of knowing nature in an absolute and definitive way (especially living nature, because of its
enormous complexity); then we go on defending that human action is based on human
knowledge--always imperfect and temporary. After discussing the potential, the power, and the
risks of increasing biotechnology, we conclude defending the urgency to submit biotechnological
inquiry to the principle of precaution. (v.12,#4)
Roche, M, "Rural geography: searching rural geographies," Progress in Human Geography
26(no.6, 2002): 823-830.
Rocheleau, Jordy. "Democracy and Ecological Soundness," Ethics and the Environment
4(1999):39-56. Though the goals of democracy and ecological soundness are largely believed to
be necessarily linked, there is sometimes a lack of adequate argument demonstrating this
connection. Defining ecological soundness and democracy and showing weaknesses in some
typical attempts to link them, I argue that democracy is in fact necessary for ecological
improvement. The undemocratic practices of capitalism, ecological discrimination, and global
inequality all play key roles in environmental degradation. Drawing on David Schweickart's
(1996) recent argument for "Economic Democracy" I defend such a model of democratic
socialism as the most ecologically sound political and economic form currently possible.
Rocheleau is in philosophy at Michigan State University, East Lansing. (E&E)
Rockefeller, Steven, Summary and Survey: Principles of Environmental Conservation and
Sustainable Development. 146 pages. 1995 in working draft for the Earth Charter Project.
Forty-seven major principles of conservation and sustainability that have been formulated to date
in international law and related reports. Examples of such principles: the unity of the biosphere,
elimination of unsustainable production, non-violent conflict resolution, and equitable use of
transboundary natural resources. Rockefeller teaches religious studies at Middlebury College,
Vermont. Copies from Steven Rockfeller, P. O. Box 648, Middlebury, VT 05753. Phone
802/388-9933. Fax 802/388-1951. (v7,#1)
Röcklinsberg, Helena, "Consent and Consensus in Policies Related to Food - Five Core Values,"
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19(2006):285-299. When formulating a policy
related to food in a heterogeneous context within a nation or between nations, oppositional
positions are more or less explicit, but always have to be overcome. It is interesting to note,
though, that such elements as culture and religion have seldom been the focus in discussions
about methods of decision-making in food policy. To handle discrepancies between oppositional
positions, one solution is to narrow differences between partners, another to accept one partner or
position as dominant. In a solid and lasting policy, any of these options has to be agreed upon by
all the partners involved. In this article, I argue that context sensitivity and a shared picture of the
situation are necessary bases for a solid food policy. Two methods for policy discussion are
elaborated on and religious slaughter is given as an example of a heterogeneous setting with
strongly diverging ideals. Several aspects have to be respected from the outset, such as culture,
religion, and value systems. This condition is partly met in a model of informed consent and in a
consensus model. The informed consent model is regarded as insufficient, because it lacks both
methods of dealing with hierarchies and the goal of finding a shared and nuanced picture of the
situation. A consensus model meets these tasks but might on the other hand, among other things,
be too difficult to follow and to administer. For both models, some difficulties with justification
of decisions arise. Five essential elements emanating from a combination of these models are
suggested as a basis for a decision process regarding food policies: respect for each discussion
partner, context sensitivity, respect for arguments including emotions, a shared picture of the
situation, and finally relating theory and practice.
Keywords: consensus - context-dependent informed consent - decision-making - democracy food policy - heterogeneous setting - religion. The author is in the Centre for Theology and
Religious Studies, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. (JAEE)
Rodd, Rosemary, Review of Kiley-Worthington, Marthe, Animals in Circuses and Zoos.
Environmental Values Vol.1 No.2(1992):175.
Rodd, Rosemary, Review of Johnson, William, The Rose-Tinted Menagerie. Environmental
Values Vol.1 No.2(1992):175.
Rodd, Rosemary, "Evolutionary Ethics and the Status of Non-Human Animals," Journal of
Applied Philosophy 13(No.2, 1996):63-. (v.10,#2)
Rodd, Rosemary, Biology, Ethics, and Animals. Oxford University Press, 1990. 280 pages. $
55.00. Rodd uses philosophy and biological approaches to address the various attitudes in the
debate over animal rights. Rodd justifies ethical concern within a framework that is grounded in
evolutionary theory and provides detailed discussion of practical situations in which ethical
decisions have to be made. Rodd claims to offer to moral philosophers a biological background
to the ethical questions involved and to offer biologists an approach to the ethics of animal rights
that is rooted in biological theory. (v1,#4)
Rodd, Rosemary, Review of Carruthers, Peter, The Animals Issue. Environmental Values Vol.2
No.4(1993):370.
Rodes, Barbara K., and Odell, Rice, compilers, A Dictionary of Environmental Quotations.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. With a section on environmental ethics.
(v.11,#1)
Rodgers, Jr., William H., "The Myth of Win-Win: Misdiagnosis in the Business of Reassembling
Nature," Arizona Law Review 42(2000):297 - .
Rodick, David, "Poetic Dwelling and deep Ecology: Bill McKibben and Martin Heidegger on the
End of Nature," Call to Earth, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001, p. 2-7. Each has things to say that
complements the other. (v.12,#2)
Rodman, John R., "Theory and Practice in the Environmental Movement: Notes toward an
Ecology of Experience." Pages 45-56 in The Search for Absolute Values in a Changing World,
vol. 1, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences. New
York: The International Cultural Foundation Press, 1978. Rodman is at Pitzer College and the
Claremont Graduate School, California.
Rodman, John R., "Four Forms of Ecological Consciousness Reconsidered." Pages 82-92 in
Scherer, Donald, and Attig, Thomas, eds., Ethics and the Environment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1983). The four forms are: 1. Resource conservation. 2. Wilderness
preservation. 3. Moral extensionism. 4. Ecological sensibility. Rodman is at Pitzer College
and the Claremont Graduate School, California.
Rodman, John R., "The Liberation of Nature?" Inquiry (Oslo) 20(1977):83-131. The liberation
of nature is not the appropriate category for understanding how to treat natural things.
Ecological sensibility is more plausible. Rodman is at Pitzer College and the Claremont
Graduate School, California.
Rodrigues, A. S. and Gaston, K. J., "Maximising Phylogenetic Diversity in the Selection of
Networks of Conservation Areas," Biological Conservation 105(no.ER1, 2002): 103-11.
(v.13,#2)
Rodrigues, Ana S.L. AAre Global Conservation Efforts Successful?@ Science Vol. 313, no.
5790 (25 August 2006): 1051-52. Global conservation efforts have prevented the extinction of
31 bird species over the past century, but none of these are yet safe from extinction. Some 1,200
bird species are threatened or endangered. So global conservation efforts with birds have had
limited success and have bought time for more adequate conservation measures.
Rodrigues, M., "Privatization and Socioenvironmental Conditions in Brazil's Amazonia: Political
Challenges to Neoliberal Principles," Journal of Environment and Development 1(no. 2, 2003):
205-238. (v 14, #3)
Rodrigues, MGM, "Advocating for the Environment: Local Dimensions of Transnational
Networks", Environment 46 (no.2, 2004): 14-25.
Rodriguez, J. P., "Exotic Species Introductions into South America: An Underestimated
Threat?," Biodiversity and Conservation 10(no.11, 2001): 1983-96. (v.13,#2)
Rodriguez, Jon Paul, and Rojas-Suarez, Franklin. "Guidelines for the Design of Conservation
Strategies for the Animals of Venezuela." Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 1245. (v7, #3)
Rodriquez, J. P., A.B. Taber, P. Daszak, R. Sukumar, C. Valladares-Padua, S. Padua, L.F.
Aguirre, R.A. Medellín, M. Acosta, A.A. Aguirre, C Bonacic, P. Bordino, J. Bruschini, D.
Buchori, S. González, T. Mathew, M. Méndez, L. Mugica, L.F. Pacheco, A.P. Dobson, and M.
Pearl AGlobalization of Conservation: A View from the South.@ Science Vol. 317, no. 5839 (10
August 2007): 755-56. Successful global strategies for biodiversity conservation require
increasing reliance on local leadership and major investment in local capacity. There are doubts
about the global conservation agenda of large NGOs, with their biodiversity hotspots, global
ecoregions, etc. as being too Atop down@ and not Abottom up@ from local peoples.
AGeneralized global approaches fail for biodiversity conservation at local scales because
solutions Y usually require a sense of community ownership.@
Roebuck, Paul, and Phifer, Paul, "The Persistence of Positivism in Conservation Biology,"
Conservation Biology 13(No.2, 1999):444-. (v.10,#2)
Roebuck, Paul Kenneth, The Geography of Nature (Environmental Ethics, Indians, Water
Rights), 1996, University of Minnesota, Ph.D. thesis in geography and philosophy. 279 pages.
The Enlightenment tradition stresses scientism and instrumental reason. Reactions against this
tradition--Expressivism, Romanticism and Indigenous Knowledge provide the underpinning for
radical environmentalism. Insofar as naturalistic theories leave out meaning, they are
implausible and distort human life and action. Enlightenment thought provided a theory of
knowledge and humanity founded on atomism, mechanism, and materialism and a radically
utilitarian ethics. This movement of ideas is usually treated as an epistemological revolution
with anthropological consequences. Viewed differently, subjectivity underlies this revolution
from the start. Western ideas of subjectivity, meaning, and identity shifted from the Medieval
period through the Sturm und Drang and the Romantic period. Once we question essential
notions about meaning and objectivity, social criticism can move beyond ethnocentric projection
and offer a genuine critique of our practices. Native-American and European-American ideas of
nature relating to water projects in the Southwest reveal this contrast. The advisor was Philip W.
Porter. (v.10,#1)
Roemer, GW; Wayne, RK, "Conservation in Conflict: the Tale of Two Endangered Species,"
Conservation Biology 17(no.5, 2003):1251-1260. (v.14, #4)
Roger, A., and Guéry, F., eds., Maîtres et protecteurs de la nature. Seyssel, France: Champ
Vallon, 1991. 329 pages.
Rogers, Adam, The Earth Summit: A Planetary Reckoning. Los Angeles: Global View Press
(7095 Hollywood Blvd, Suite 717, LA 90028), 1993. Paper, 350 pages. $ 16.95 plus $ 2
shipping. Preparations for Rio, the Global Forum, the Summit, indigenous peoples there, the
business presence, what the Summit cost, what it recommends spending, selected speeches, a
summary and analysis of the convention on climate change, on biodiversity, the Rio Declaration,
the statement of forest principles, and Agenda 21, missing agendas (what the Summit failed to
do), alternative treaties (prepared by NGO's and others), and the road from Rio. A thorough
account. Foreword by Noel Brown, afterword by David Suzuki. Rogers is editor of the Los
Angeles based environmental journal, Earth News. See also The Earth Summit in video section.
(v4,#1)
Rogers-Hayden, Tee, and Campbell, John R., "Re-negotiating Science in Environmentalists'
Submissions to New Zealand's Royal Commission on Genetic Modification," Environmental
Values 12(2003): 515-534. The debate about genetic modification (GM) can be seen as
characteristic of our time. Environmental groups, in challenging GM, are also challenging
modernist faith in progress, and science and technology. In this paper we use the case of New
Zealand's Royal Commission on Genetic Modification to explore the application of science
discourses as used by environmental groups. We do this by situating the debate in the framework
of modernity, discussing the use of science by environmental groups, and deconstructing the
science discourses evident within environmental groups' submissions to the Commission. We
find science being called into question by the very movement that has relied on it to fight
environmental issues for many years. The environmental groups are challenging the traditional
boundaries of science, for although they use science they also present it as a culturally embedded
activity with no greater epistemological authority than other knowledge systems. Their
discourses, like that of the other main
actors in the GM debate, are thus part of the constant re-negotiation of
the cultural construct of `science'.
Rogers, Lesley J., The Development of Brain and Behaviour in the Chicken. Reviewed by Paul
B. Siegel. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):88. (JAEE)
Rogers, Peter, A Genealogy of Guilt and Environmentalism, Master's Thesis, Department of
Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1995.
Rogers, Peter, A Genealogy of Guilt and Environmentalism, Master's Thesis, Department of
Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1995. (v7,#1)
Rogers, Raymond A. "Are Environmentalists Hysterical or Paranoid? Metaphors of Care and
`Environmental Security'?" Ethics and the Environment 5(2000):211-228. ABSTRACT: While
there has been an increasing prevalence of security concerns with regard to the environment,
there has also been a spate of books by moderate environmentalists engaged in "green-bashing"
the more radical discussions of environmental issues (Rogers 1995). Both trends reflect the
intensification of the forces of economic globalization that are rendering the world into
categories that suit those expanding realities and undermine significant analysis of the
relationship between those expanding realities and current environmental problems.
The apparent denigration in the title of this article is meant to draw attention to the
relationship between representations of environmental issues and economic realities, especially
in the context of disagreement, where contested realities are discussed in dramatically different
ways by various interests concerned with environmental issues. What is clear in the context of
these disagreements is that "ownership" of the issue has significant ramifications for not only
understanding the causes of problems, but also for what to do about them.
A starting point for this analysis is the increasingly common appearance of the word
"security" in the titles of articles and books dealing with environmental issues. Concerns are
expressed with regard to "food security," "security of resources," and the more generic
"environmental security," among many. Indeed, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency now has an
environmental department. What interests me, then, is the significance for human communities
and natural communities of the increasing appearance of the word "security"-as represented in
the work of such analysts as Thomas Homer Dixon--and the way the concern for security tend to
minimize any land dispossession. (E&E)
Rogers, Will, "It's Easy Being Green," New York Times, November 20, 2004, p. A31. The real
surprise in the recent U.S. election was the environment. Across the country, in red states and
blue states, Americans voted decisively to spend more money for natural areas, neighborhood
parks, and conservation in their communities. Of 161 conservation ballot measures, 120, or 75
percent, were approved by voters. The cost of measures approved is 3 1/2 billion dollars. (v.14,
#4)
Rogerson, Christian and Jeffrey McCarthy, eds., Geography in a Changing South Africa:
Progress and Prospects. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1992. 306 pages. South African
rand 51.75. With a section on environment, education and health. Rogerson is a geographer at
the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. McCarthy is a geographer at the University of
Natal, Pietermaritzburg. (v5,#1)
Rogerson, John W., "Reflections on Air Travel and Transport," Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan
99):60-72.
Rogic, Ivan, "Modernity and Immediateness: A Brief Account of a Modernity Interpretation
Model and a Position of Environmental Critique," Socijalna Ekologija: Journal for
Environmental Thought and Sociological Research 4 (no. 4, 1995):301-319. (in Croatian)
Modernity is not characterized by emphasis on expanding rationality, but rather by a defining of
the immediate life, but both these opposite and complementary models characterize the
postmodern period, a double-coding which is the basis of environmental critique. The author is
in architecture, at the University of Zagreb. (v7,#1)
Rogn, Ketil, From Earth Ethics to Political Ecology: Theory and Practice in Environmental
Philosophy. M.A. thesis, Colorado State University, spring 2002. In both environmental ethics
and discourse ethics theory precedes and governs practice. Environmental ethics operates from
theory that creates substantive recommendations for practice. The discourse ethicist argues that
such recommendations can only be created in communication among those involved, but this
communication is subject to certain formal demands. This thesis proposes an alternative model
in which political and ethical organization precedes and gives rise to political and ethical
principles. Adapting ideas from Spinoza about the concrete reality of the body, there arise
assemblages of organizations concerned about environmental issues, engaged in political
advocacy and advocating an ethic. We generate and revise principles in result and accordingly.
Rogn is from Norway. (v.13,#1)
Rohde, David. "France Forced into Ground-Zero Test: Greenpeace ship boarded at nuke testing
site." The Christian Science Monitor, July 11, 1995, pp. 1, 8. (v6,#2)
Rohde, David. "In Australia, Environment Wins Over Jobs." The Christian Science Monitor,
June 27, 1995, pp. 10, 11.
Rohde, Rick, "Ideology, Bureaucracy and Aesthetics: Landscape Change and Land Reform in
Northwest Scotland," Environmental Values 13(2004):199-221. Scottish devolution and land
reform were high on the political agenda with Labour's victory at the general election in 1997.
In the Highlands of Scotland, where disputes over the ownership and control of land have a long
history, initiatives involving the community ownership of land were gathering pace, one of
which was Orbost Estate in Skye. What began as an `experiment' in building a new community
with the intention of creating a model for land reform, by 2002 had become a symbol of
community opposition and heavy-handed mismanagement by bureaucrats. The conflict between
local objectors and the government-funded enterprise company that bought the estate, was fought
on ideological, aesthetic and bureaucratic grounds. The discourse of conflict reflected opposing
understandings of the social, historical and cultural environment - values that are associated with
and `naturalised' in the landscape. Rural development is increasingly subject to rigid planning
guidelines based on notions of visual landscape aesthetics and imputed historical-cultural values
associated with the area's tourist industry. In the absence of strong local democratic institutions,
objectors and developers arrived at an uneasy compromise after several years of dispute, through
the agency of the bureaucratic planning apparatus itself. This study illustrates how the
multi-faceted concept of landscape mediates cultural, social and political issues, and is
continually evolving in response to aesthetic, ideological and institutional agencies. Rohde lives
in Edinburgh. (EV)
Rohr, C, "Review of: Simon Stoddart, ed., Landscapes from Antiquity" Environmental History
8(no.2, 2003):323.
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, "Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Protection: Can
ISO 14001 Be Useful Within the Context of APEC?" The Journal of Environment and
Development 6 (no. 3, 1997):292. ISO 14001 is a set of environmental protection standards
agreed upon by the 18 member nations of the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation forum,
involving voluntary action by industries to better their environmental performance. The general
conclusion is that this is useful but not nearly enough. (v8,#3)
Rohter, Larry, "Mapuche Indians in Chile Struggle to Take Back Forests," New York Times,
August 11, 2004, A3. Mapuche Indians in Chile claim that false land titles and damage to the
environment are undermining their traditional way of life and are struggling to take back land
they claim is theirs. Much of their traditional forest is now tree farms for export timber. The
current dispute continues a conflict that has existed since the arrival of the conquistadors. Chile's
nominally Socialist government seeks to blunt the indigenous movement by invoking a modified
version of an anti-terrorist law. Mapuches have burned forests or farmhouses or destroyed
forestry equipment and trucks. But they claim they are not terrorists because they have harmed
no people. (v. 15, # 3)
Rohter, Larry, "Record Drought Cripples Life Along the Amazon," New York Times, Dec. 11,
2005. The Amazon basin has the most devastating drought in a century of record-keeping.
Hundreds of riverside settlements are cut off from the outside world. Scientists say the drought
is most likely a result of the same rise in water temperatures in the tropical Atlantic Ocean that
unleashed Hurricane Katrina. The warmer air over the ocean goes up, which triggers descending
(and warming) air over the Western Amazon, dispersing clouds that would otherwise have given
rain.
Rojas, Martha, "The Species Problem and Conservation: What Are We Protecting?
Conservation Biology 6(1992):170-178. "There is no agreement on what species are, how they
should be delimited, or what they represent. But in conservation science ... species are either
treated as types or as evolutionary units." Rojas finds difficulties, both theoretical and practical,
with either approach, which result in insufficient protection of biodiversity. Much of the
variation that it is desirable to protect may not be registered at the level of species. Rojas is with
the Funcación Natura, Bogata, Columbia. (v3,#4)
Rojstaczer, Stuart, Sterling, Shannon M., and Moore, Nathan J., "Human Appropriation of
Photosynthesis Products," Science 294(21 December 2001):2549-2552. A study by Vitousek et
al 15 years ago, based largely on extrapolations from limited field based studies, estimated that
humans co-opt about 42% of the global terrestrial production. This new study now provides an
update based on recent, mainly satellite-based surveys and an error analysis. These authors reach
a similar conclusion through this different methodology, but caution that the uncertainties are
still very large for several key parameters, namely the productivity of agricultural and the
biomass of secondary forests. With commentary, Field, Christopher B., "Sharing the Garden,"
Science 294:2490-2491. (v.13, #3)
Roleff, Tamara and Hurley, Jennifer A., eds., The Rights of Animals. San Diego, CA:
Greenhaven Press, 1999. 223 pages. (EE v.12,#1)
Rolim, Samir G; Chiarello, Adriano G, "Slow death of Atlantic forest trees in cocoa agroforestry
in southeastern Brazil", Biodiversity and Conservation 13(no.14, December 2004):26792694(16).
Rollin, B. E., and Kesel, M. L., eds., The experimental animal in biomedical research, volume 2.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995.
Rollin, B. E., The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain and Science. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1989.
Rollin, B. E., Farm animal welfare: Social, bioethical, and research issues. Ames, IA: Iowa State
University Press, 1995.
Rollin, B. E., The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and social issues in the genetic engineering of
animals. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Rollin, B. E., Animal Rights and Human Morality. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1981, 2nd
ed., 1992.
Rollin, Bernard E., "Animals in Agriculture and Factory Farming" (Animal Welfare and Rights),
Encyclopedia of Bioethics, revised ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and
Schuster, 1995), 190-93. (v6,#2)
Rollin, Bernard E., "Ethical Obligations of Veterinarians and Animal Scientists in Animal
Agriculture", Journal of Agricultural Ethics 2(1989):225-234. It is patent that society is evolving
an ethic for the treatment of animals which goes well beyond the standard prohibitions against
cruelty. This article explores the extend to which veterinary medicine and animal science, the
major scientific fields relevant to animal agriculture, can accommodate the emerging ethic.
Rollin is professor of philosophy, physiology and biophysics at Colorado State University, Fort
Collins.
Rollin, Bernard E., ed., The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, Volume I: A Survey
of Scientific and Ethical Issues for Investigators. 21 original articles covering such topics as the
ethical issues associated with animal use, legal and regulatory matters, the issues of stress, pain,
and suffering, anesthesia and analgesia, husbandry requirements and disease control. 464 pages.
Inside the U.S., $ 195, outside the U. S. $ 230. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. One needs to
do well in biomedical research to be able to afford books like this. (v1,#2)
Rollin, Bernard E., "Farm Factories: The End of Animal Husbandry," Christian Century 118 (no.
35, Dec. 19-26, 2001):26-29. Industrial animal agriculture is a major departure from traditional
agriculture and its core values. Our ancient contract with domestic animals is not on the minds
of today's farmers. Yet despite the real problems in these farm factories, few Jewish and
Christian leaders, theologians or ethicists have come forward to raise moral questions. If we take
biblical ethics seriously, we must condemn any type of agriculture that violates principles of
husbandry. It is a radical mistake to treat animals merely as products, as objects with no intrinsic
value. A demand for agriculture that practices the ancient and fair contract with domestic
animals is not revolutionary but conservative. Rollin is in philosophy at Colorado State
University. (v.13,#1)
Rollin, Bernard E., Farm Animal Welfare: Social, Bioethical, and Research Issues. Ames, IA:
Iowa State University Press, 1992. Rollin is in philosophy at Colorado State University.
Rollin, Bernard E., "Animal Welfare, Science, and Value", Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 6(1993), Supplement. A main component of 20th century scientific
ideology is the view that science is "value-free." This notion has dominated the view of animal
welfare in the emerging field of animal welfare science. Science however, is neither value-free
in general, nor ethics-free in particular. The value-laden nature of the concept of "animal
welfare" is clear, and even what information is considered to count as facts is structured by
valuational presuppositions. Animal pain and stress, which were, until recently, viewed strictly
in physicalistic terms, have become increasingly viewed in terms of animal subjective
experience, as society grows more and more concerned about animal suffering. The new ethic
emerging for animals in society is thus calling for a concept of welfare significantly different
from traditional views such as the one which equates welfare with productivity. Rollin is in the
Department of Philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
Rollin, Bernard E., "Animal Production and the New Social Ethic for Animals," Journal of
Social Philosophy 25 (June, 1994):71-84. Also in Proceedings of the Mid-America Veterinary
Conference, 1994, pp. 3-11. (v5,#4)
Rollin, Bernard, "Send in the Clones...Don't Bother, They're Here," Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 10(1997):25-40. The creation of a cloned sheep from mammary tissue has
raised major social concern and much talk about major ethical issues, occasioned by this
technology. It is necessary to separate genuine from spurious ethical issues here, a task made
more difficult than need be by the research community's failure to initiate ethical discussion and
explanation of new technology as well as by fear reactions in society. As in genetic engineering
of animals, issues about cloning fall into three categories--suggestions that the technology is
inherently wrong, risk emerging from the technology and harm to the creature engendered. The
issues regarding the cloning of humans can be analyzed using the same categories. (JAEE)
Rollin, Bernard, Animal Rights and Human Morality, revised edition. Buffalo, N. Y.
Prometheus Books, 1992. A revised edition of a well-known work, the first edition published in
1981. (v1,#4). Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 5(1983):185-88.
Rollin, Bernard E. The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issues in the Genetic
Engineering of Animals. Reviewed by Hugh Lehman. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental
Ethics 10(1997):84-87. (JAEE)
Rollin, Bernard E., The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science.
Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1998. Expanded edition of a book first published by
Oxford University Press, 1989. (v.10,#3)
Rollin, Bernard E., An Introduction to Veterinary Medical Ethics. Ames, IA: Iowa State
University press, 1999. 434 pages. Theory and method of making sound decisions about ethical
matters commonly encountered by veterinarians and researchers. Includes 82 case studies,
originally shared in the ethics columns of The Canadian Veterinary Journal. Questions and
commentary. Rollin is in philosophy at Colorado State University, where he teaches veterinary
medical ethics. (v.10,#3)
Rollin, Bernard E., "Social Ethics, Veterinary Medicine, and the Pet Overpopulation Problem,"
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198(no. 7, April 1, 1991):1153-1156.
Companion animals differ from animals used for food or experimentation in the bonding that
humans establish with their pets. Nevertheless, companion animals are subject to major abuses,
where there is no semblance of justification for the abuse. Pet abuse is the worst sort of animal
abuse, for it is totally wanton, senseless, and useless. Those concerned for animal welfare have
not adequately addresssed this issue. Veterinarians have a particular responsibility here. (v2,#3)
Rollin, Bernard E. Animal Rights and Human Morality, 3rd edition. Amherst, NY: Prometheus
Books, 2006.
Rollin, Bernard. Review of Marc Bekoff, Strolling with our Kin: Speaking for and Respecting
Voiceless Animals. 10(2001):349-350. (JAEE)
Rollin, Bernard. "Ethics, Science, and Antimicrobial Resistance." Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 14(2001):29-37. The issue of regularly feeding low levels of antibiotics to
farm animals in order to increase productivity is often portrayed as a dilemma. On the one hand,
such antibiotic use is depicted as a necessary condition for producing cheap and plentiful food,
such that were such use to stop, food prices would rise significantly and our ability to feed
people in developing nations would decrease. On the other hand, such antibiotic use seems to
breed antibiotic resistance into pathogens affecting human health. Resolving this dilemma, it is
alleged, will require great amounts of research into risk/benefit assessment. Contrary to this
claim, we will argue that society has all the data it needs to make a reasonable ethical decision,
which would be curtailing such use. Such curtailment will not harm consumers significantly, will
not harm developing nations' evolving agriculture, and could produce hitherto unnoticed
benefits, namely restoring the possibility of a more husbandry-based, sustainable agriculture to
replace the high-tech agriculture that has hurt animals, the environment, small farms, and
sustainability. Keywords: antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, feeding of
antibiotics to food animals, sustainability, farm animal welfare, husbandry. Rollin is in
philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. (JAEE)
Rollins, Kimberly, Lyke, Audrey, "The Case for Diminishing Marginal Existence Values,"
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36(No.3, 1998):324-. (v.10,#2)
Rollins, MG; Morgan, P; Swetnam, T, "Landscape-scale controls over 20th century fire
occurrence in two large Rocky Mountain (USA) wilderness areas," Landscape Ecology 17(no.6,
2002): 539-557.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The land ethic at the turn of the millennium," Biology and Conservation
9(2000):1045-1058. Abstract. Aldo Leopold's land ethic has proved more complex and subtle
than he envisioned. Nevertheless, Leopold launched what, facing a new millennium, has proved
urgent on the global agenda: an environmental ethics concerned is theory and practice about
appropriate respect for values carried by the natural world and human responsibilities for the
sustaining of these values. A blending of anthropocentric and biocentric values continues to be
vital. These duties toward nature, involve analysis of ecosystem integrity and evolutionary
dynamism at both scientific and philosophical levels; any responsible environmental policy must
be based on plausible accounts of ecosystems and a sustainable biosphere. Humans and this
planet have entwined destinies. We now envision an Earth ethic beyond the land ethic. Key
words: Aldo Leopold, Earth ethics, environmental ethics, land ethic, naturalized ethics. Rolston
is in philosophy, Colorado State University. (v.13,#1)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/land-eth-millennium.pdf>
--Reprinted in Susan J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics:
Divergence and Convergence, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004), pages 392-399
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of John Livingston, The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation in
Environmental Ethics 7(1985):177-180.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The Wilderness Idea Reaffirmed," Environmental Professional
13(1991):370-377.
Download/print in PDF format, 790 kb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/wilderness.pdf>
Replies to Callicott, "The Wilderness Idea Revisited: The Sustainable Development Alternative."
Both articles are reprinted in Gruen, Lori and Dale Jamieson, eds., Reflecting on Nature (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Values Gone Wild," Inquiry 26(1983):181-207.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/values-gone-wild.pdf>
--Reprinted in Susan Armstrong and Richard Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Convergence
and Divergence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), pages 56-65.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Zhexue Zou xiang huangye [Philosophy Gone Wild], Green Classical
Library, Jilin: Julin renmin chubanshe (Jilin People's Publishing House), 2000. Authorized
translation by Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, translators Liu Er
and Ye Ping. ISBN 7-206-02818-7. (v.11,#4)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Intrinsic Values in Nature." Pages 76-84 in II Congresso Brasileiro de
Unidades de Conservacao, Anais, vol 1., Conferencias e Palestras, organizers Miguel Serediuk
Milano and Veronica Theulen (Proceedings of the Second Brazilian Congress on Conservation
Areas), 2000. The Congress was held November 5-9 2000 in Campo Grande, Brazil, and this is
a plenary address, in English. Although much of the urgency for conserving biodiversity arises
from our duties to other humans, with nature instrumental to what humans have at stake in their
environments, a deeper environmental ethics recognizes intrinsic values in and duties directly to
nature. Such duties arise because values are present at the levels of animals, living organisms,
endangered species, and ecosystems as biotic communities. Ultimately and increasingly, we are
responsible for and to Earth as planet and biosphere. Only people can be ethical, but this does
not mean that only people count in ethics; to the contrary we are fully human only when we
appropriately respect life on Earth in all its rich biodiversity. (v.11,#4)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Value in Nature and the Nature of Value," in Robin Attfield and Andrew
Belsey, eds., Philosophy and the Natural Environment (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press, 1994), pages 13-30. Download/print in PDF format, 780 kb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/value-n.pdf>
--Reprinted and translated into Chinese: "Zi ran di jiazhi uu jiazhi di benzhi (Value in Nature
and the Nature of Value," Zi Ran Bian Lun Fa Yet Jiu (Studies in Dialectics of Nature) 15(no. 2,
February, 1999):42-46. ISSN 1000-8934. Translated by Liu Er. The editor of Dialectics of
Nature is Ma Huidi, Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing.
"Dialectics of Nature" in China means about what philosophy of science means in the West.
(China) (v.10,#1)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/Value-in-nature-Chinese.pdf>
--Reprinted, translated into Chinese (second time), "Ziran de jiazhi yu jiazhi de benzhi (Value in
Nature and the Nature of Value)." Pages 5-12 in Ye Ping, ed., Huanjing yu kechixu fazhan
yanjiu (For Environment and Sustainable Development). Harbin, China: Heilongjiang Science
and Technology Press, 1998. ISBN 7-5388-3508-3. Selected proceedings of First All-China
Conference on Environment and Development, held in Harbin, China, October 20-24, 1998.
--Reprinted in Andrew Light and Holmes Rolston, III, eds. Environmental Ethics: An Anthology
(Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003), pages 143-153.
--Reprinted, translated into German "Werte in der Natur und die Natur der Werte." In Angelika
Krebs, ed., Naturethik. Grundtexte der gegenwartigen tier- und okoethischen Diskussion (Ethics
of Nature: Fundamental Texts Discussing Contemporary Animal and Ecological Ethics)
(Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1997), pages 247-270. Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Value-in-nature-and-n-German.pdf>--Reprinted, translated
into French, "La valeur dans la nature et la nature de la valeur," in Hicham-Stéphane Afeissa,
editor and translator, Éthique de l'environment: Nature, valeur, respect (Paris: Librairie
Philosophique J. Vrin, 2007), pages 153-186. Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Value-in-N-N-V-French.pdf>
--Reprinted, translated into Danish, "Vaerdi i naturen og vaerdinens natur," in Mente Sorensen,
Finn Arler, and Martin Ishoy, eds., Miljo og etik (Environment and Ethics) (Aarhus, Denmark:
NSI Press, Nordisk Sommeruniversitet, 1997, pages. 17-38. Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston-Danish.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place." Pages 35-38 in Noel J. Brown
and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New
York: United Nations Publications, United Nations Environment Programme, 1994). Ethical
evaluation of the UN strategy document from the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (Rio Earth Summit).
Rolston, Holmes, III. "From Beauty to Duty: Aesthetics of Nature and Environmental Ethics."
Pages 127-141 in Berleant, Arnold, ed., Environment and the Arts: Perspectives on
Environmental Ethics. Aldershot, Hants., UK: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2002. In both
environmental aesthetics and environmental ethics something of value is at stake. These are
often connected: If beauty, then: duty. But not all duties are tied to beauties. Other premises,
such as resource use or respect for life, might better yield duties, features often thought less
subjective and more objectively present. Human aesthetic capacities depend, however, on
aesthetic properties of value. Wildlife admirers focus on animal excellences, the conflict and
resolution in wild lives. Biotic communities, ecosystems, have their integrities. In a
participatory aesthetics, our sense of identity enlarges; an appropriate admiration for nature
transforms into our caring.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/beauty-to-duty.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Huanjing lunli xue: Dui ziranjie de yiwu yü ziranjie de jiazhi
(Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World), translated by Wang
Ruixiang, and edited by Huang Daolin. Taipei, Taiwan: National Institute for Compilation and
Translation, 1996. Address: 247 Chou Shan Road, Tapei, Taiwan, R.O.C. ISBN 957-00-8564-9.
A Chinese translation of Rolston's Environmental Ethics (Temple University Press).
Rolston, Holmes, III. "What Is Responsible Management of Private Rangeland?" Pages 39-49
in Larry D. White, ed., Private Property Rights and Responsibilities of Rangeland Owners and
Managers. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, 1995. Proceedings from a
conference of the Texas Section of the Society for Range Management. Humans must manage
rangelands but on landscape scales they must also manage themselves to fit in living on a
landscape. Land is resource but it is also place of residence. In Leopold's words, "We abuse
land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to
which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect." Landscape managers can
handle the earth. But perhaps we should also remember that hands are also for holding in loving
care. Rolston teaches philosophy at Colorado State University. (v6,#3)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Values in Nature," translated by Yu Goping, an economist at Northeast
Forestry University. Translated into Chinese in a special issue of Information of Ecophilosophy,
an occasional publication of the Research Office in Ecophilosophy of the Northeast Forestry
University, Harbin, 1989, No. 2. (China)
Rolston, Holmes, III. APhoto-Media Biography@. Online streaming video, 43 minutes:
http://cope.colostate.edu/1ois/cla/philosopher.wmv
Rolston, Holmes, III, Longer Book Review of Rosemary Radford Reuther, Gaia and God: An
Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing, Interpretation 48 (April, # 2):188-190. Quite
appreciative of Reuther's extended critique of exploitation, but doubtful if Gaia is relevant.
"Meanwhile, no one bothers to notice that there is nothing in the scientific Gaia hypothesis that is
feminine, as opposed to masculine. The earth superorganism, if there is one, is completely
unsexed, and the equilibrating earth ecosystem is not even an organism, much less a female one.
The religious discussion simply takes off on its own, puzzled about the male and female
elements in the divine, echoed in an ancient mythology, and thought to shape a male domination
of women, about which the science, seemingly claimed to back the feminist claim, really says
nothing at all. Rolston is professor of philosophy at Colorado State University. (v5,#1)
Rolston, Holmes, III. "Environmental Ethics." Pages 517-530 in Nicholas Bunnin and E. P.
Tsui-James, eds., The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing, 2003. An introductory article to the field. Environmental ethics was not present in
the first edition as one of the leading twenty areas in the discipline of philosophy, but it has now
made it into the second edition of the Companion. (v.13,#4)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/ee-blackwell-comp.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Using Water Naturally," Natural Resources Law Center, University of
Colorado, Western Water Policy Project, Discussion Series Paper No. 9, 1991.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of: Joseph R. Des Jardins, Environmental Ethics: An Introduction
to Environmental Philosophy Environmental Ethics 16(1994):219-224.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Ethics and the Environment." Chapter 11 in Emily Baker and Michael
Richardson, eds., Ethics Applied, edition 2 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), pages 407437. ISBN 0-536-01867-7. Introductory summary of environmental ethics in a text designed for
junior college use. Twelve types of environmental ethics: 1. Humanistic and Naturalistic Ethics.
2. Humans, Animals, and a Land Ethic. 3. Biocentrism and Respect for Life. 4. Deep
Ecology. 5. Theology and the Environment. 6. Expanding Communities. 7. Axiological
Environmental Ethics. 8. Political Ecology. 9. Sustainable Development and Sustainable
Biosphere. 10. Bioregionalism. 11. Ecofeminism. 12. Pluralism, Postmodernism, and a Sense
of Place. Rolston is in philosophy at Colorado State University. (v.10,#2)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Too Hot to Handle," Review of Bill McKibben, The End of Nature
(Random House), in Philadelphia Inquirer, Sunday, October 8, 1989, pp. 1-F, 4-F. Review of
book on global warming.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Respect for Life: Christians, Creation, and Environmental Ethics," CTNS
Bulletin (Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley),
vol. 11, no. 2 (Spring 1991):1-8. An autobiographical account of a would-be philosopher and
theologian gone wild, rediscovering a creation lost to both philosophy and theology. "There is
something unChristian, something ungodly about living in a society where one species takes
itself as absolute and values everything else relative to its national or personal utility." (v2,#2)
Rolston, Holmes, III. Review of South African Environments into the 21st Century. By Brian
Huntley, Roy Siegfried, and Clem Sunter. Environmental Ethics 14(1992):87-91.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Values Deep in the Woods." American Forests 94, nos. 5 & 6 (May/June
1988): 33, 66-69. The title is a typical Rolston device, a play on the word "deep." This short
piece argues that the forest has a deep, objective, or intrinsic value as a source of the natural
creative process that is far more important than the instrumental and commodity values produced
as a managed resource. (Katz, Bibl # 2) Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/values-deep-w.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Aesthetic Experience in Forests," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism 56 (no. 2, Spring 1998):157-166. Forests are aesthetically challenging because of the
sense of deep time confronted there, experiencing forests as an archetype of creation. Forests are
both perennial and dynamic. Appropriate aesthetic encounter in forests requires knowledge of
natural history, scientific appreciation, necessary though not sufficient for an intense,
multisensory, participatory engagement when persons, immersed in forests, constitute their lived
aesthetic experiences. Forests, although naturalized, are experienced as sublime, evoking also
the sense of the sacred. At every level, aesthetic appreciation in forests radically differs from
that appropriate for artworks. Rolston teaches philosophy at Colorado State University.
Download/print in PDF format, 792 kb.
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/aes-exp-forests.pdf>
--"Reprinted in Peter C. List, ed., Environmental Ethics and Forestry: A Reader (Philadelphia:
Temple University Press, 2000), pages 80-92.
--Reprinted in Allen Carlson and Arnold Berleant, eds., The Aesthetics of Natural Environments
(Peterborough, Ontario: Broadviesw Press, 2004), pages 182-196.
--Reprinted, translated into Finnish, in Yrjö Sepänmaa, ed. Metsään Mieleni (Helsinki:
Maahenski, 2003), pages 31-47. Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/aes-for-finnish.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "A Forest Ethic and Multivalue Forest Management," co-authored with
James Coufal, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York,
Syracuse, Journal of Forestry 89(no. 4, 1991):35-40. Translated into Chinese in Information
about Ecophilosophy, at Northeast Forestry University. (China)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Biology Without Conservation: An Environmental Misfit and
Contradiction in Terms," in David Western and Mary C. Pearl, eds., Conservation for the
Twenty-first Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 232-240.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Wildlife and Wildlands: A Christian Perspective," in After Nature's
Revolt: Eco-justice and Theology, Dieter T. Hessel, ed., (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992),
pages 122-143. First published in Church and Society 80 (no. 4, March/April 1990):16-40.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Huanjing Lunli xue: Daziran de jiazhi yiji ren dui daziran de yiwu
[Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World] (Beijing: Chinese Social
Science Press [Zhongguo Shehui kexue Chuban she], 2000). ISBN 7-5004-2743-3. Chinese
translation, in a book series Waiguo Lunlixue Mingshu Yicong [Western Masterpieces in Ethics,
Translation Series]. Other titles are Henry Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics; Adam Smith, The
Theory of Moral Sentiments; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice; Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State,
and Utopia; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics; Tom Beauchamp, Philosophical Ethics. Translated
by Yang Tongjin, Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. This is the
second translation, done on mainland China, of this book. The first was done in Taiwan:
Huanjing lunlixue: Dui ziranjie de yiwu yü ziranjie de jiazhi [Environmental Ethics: Duties to
and Values in the Natural World], translated by Wang Ruixiang and edited by Huang Daolin
(Taipei, Taiwan: National Institute for Compilation and Translation, 1996) ISBN 957-00-85649. (v.11,#4)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Respect for Life: Can Zen Buddhism Help in Forming an Environmental
Ethic?" in Zen Buddhism Today (Kyoto: Kyoto Seminar for Religious Philosophy, 1989), pp.
11-30. This article reviews the basic problems of environmental ethics and asks whether Zen
Buddhism can offer insight or answers. Western and Eastern philosophies need to approach each
other about the moral standing of animals, living individuals, species, and ecosystems. (Katz,
Bibl # 2)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Biodiversity and Spirit," Science and Spirit 11(no. 4,
November/December 2000):34. "Looking for hallowed ground? Earth is it." Epilogue, onepage essay in a theme issue on Science, Religion, and the Stewardship of Earth. (v.11,#4)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Fishes in the Desert--Paradox and Responsibility." Pages 39-108 in
James E. Deacon and W. L. Minckley, eds., Battle Against Extinction: An Account of Native
Fish Management in the West, an anthology of the Desert Fishes Council. Tuscon: University of
Arizona Press, 1991.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/desert-fishes.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Aesthetics in the Swamps," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43 (no.
4, 2000):584-597. Wetlands are the most misunderstood of landscapes, typically experienced
negatively as swamps, sloughs, and mires, and this includes their aesthetic appreciation. A
scientific understanding of wetlands radically revises this estimate. Understanding wetlands
ecology, knowledge of the specialized flora growing there and their unusual adaptations, and
awareness of wetlands diversity can enrich aesthetic appreciation of these typically
unappreciated landscapes. This revises both our estimate of "swamps" and also our aesthetic
norms. Aesthetic experiences include a sense of the primeval, admiration for ingenious and odd
solutions to the challenges of wetlands living, appreciation of individually inconspicuous plants
en masse in their cumulative sweep and flair, of waterfowl and other fauna, of spontaneous order
in ecosystems, and of life persisting in the midst of its perpetual perishing. Keywords:
aesthetics, beauty, swamps, mires, bogs, adaptive fitness, spontaneous order, primeval nature,
persistence of life. (v.11,#4)
Download/print in PDF format, 783 kb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/aes-swamps.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Christopher F. Stone, Earth and Other Ethics, in Philadelphia
Inquirer, Sunday, March 13, 1988, page 4-F.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Philosophy Gone Wild: Essays in Environmental Ethics. Buffalo:
Prometheus, 1986. Pp. 269. This is an extensive (but by no means comprehensive) collection of
essays by one of the field's leading thinkers. Rolston has long grappled with the problem of
articulating and justifying values in nature itself. His groundbreaking essay, "Is There an
Ecological Ethic?" reprinted here, was the first to call for a revolutionary ethic, an ethic informed
by and based on ecological principles. This collection serves the important purpose of bringing
together fifteen of Rolston's essays. Several chapters begin on the level of personal experience
and reflection regarding nature and wilderness. The essays date from 1968-1985; those from
1983 on are listed separately in this bibliography where they originally appeared. (Katz, Bibl # 1)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "International Conflict and Conservation of Natural Resources," combined
critical review of: (1) Arthur H. Westing, ed., Cultural Norms, War and the Environment.
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. (2) Arthur H. Westing, ed.,
Environmental Warfare: A Technical, Legal and Policy Appraisal. London and Philadelphia:
Taylor and Francis, 1984. (3) Arthur H. Westing, ed., Herbicides in War: The Long-term
Ecological and Human Consequences. London and Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1984. (4)
Arthur H. Westing, ed., Explosive Remnants of War: Mitigating the Environmental Effects.
London and Philadelphia: Taylor and Frances, 1985. (5) Arthur H. Westing, ed., Global
Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action.
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. In Conservation Biology 3(1989):322326.
Rolston, Holmes, III. Genes, Genesis and God: Values and their Origins in Natural and Human
History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 400pp. Reviewed by John Hedley
Brook. Environmental Values 9(2000):401.
Rolston, Holmes, III. "Can and Ought We to Follow Nature?" Environmental Ethics
1(1979):7-30. "Nature knows best" is reconsidered from an ecological perspective which
suggests that we ought to follow nature. The phrase "follow nature" has many meanings. In an
absolute law-of-nature sense, persons invariably and necessarily act in accordance with natural
laws, and thus cannot but follow nature. In an artifactual sense, all deliberate human conduct is
viewed as unnatural, and thus it is impossible to follow nature. As a result, the answer to the
question, whether we can and ought to follow nature, must be sought in a relative sense
according to which human conduct is sometimes more and sometimes less natural. Four specific
relative senses are examined: a homeostatic sense, an imitative ethical sense, an axiological
sense, and a tutorial sense. Nature can be followed in a homeostatic sense in which human
conduct utilizes natural laws for our well-being in a stable environment, but this following is
nonmoral since the moral elements can be separated from it. Nature cannot be followed in an
imitative ethical sense because nature itself is either amoral or, by some accounts, immoral.
Guidance for inter-human ethical conduct, therefore, must be sought not in nature, but in human
culture. Nevertheless, in an axiological sense, persons can and ought to follow nature by
viewing it as an object of orienting interest and value. In this connection, three environments are
distinguished for human well-being in which we can and ought to participate--the urban, the
rural, and the wild. Finally, in a tutorial sense, persons can and ought to follow nature by letting
it teach us something of our human role, our place, and our appropriate character in the natural
system as a whole. In this last sense, "following nature" is commended to anyone who seeks in
his or her human conduct to maintain a good fit with the natural environment--a sense of
following nature involving both efficiency and wisdom. Rolston is in the department of
Philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. (EE) Also published in Philosophy
Gone Wild. Also reprinted in Andrew Brennan, ed., The Ethics of the Environment, in The
International Research Library of Philosophy (Aldershot, Hampshire, U.K.: Dartmouth
Publishing Co., forthcoming 1994). U.S. Distributor: Ashgate Publishing Co., Brookfield, VT.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Biology and Philosophy in Yellowstone," Biology and Philosophy 5 (no.
2, 1990):241-258. Philosophical issues in Yellowstone biology and policy, responding to the
criticism of Alston Chase, Playing God in Yellowstone. Chase, formerly a professor of
philosopher at Macalaster College, has been an acid critic of park policy and the naturalistic
philosophy of "letting nature take its course" on which it is based. Chase favors a policy based
on "sound, scientific management." A shortened version is "Yellowstone: We Must Allow It To
Change," High Country News 23 (no. 10, June 3, 1991):12-13. (v1,#2)
A clear expression of Rolston's environmental philosophy of value, history, and place, set against
a discussion of park management policy in Yellowstone National Park and a criticism of the
work of Alston Chase. There is a spectrum of naturalness that should be respected; there is a
size and scale which defies intervention; there is a dynamic natural history that ought to be
appreciated and loved. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
--Reprinted in Susan Armstrong and Richard Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Convergence
and Divergence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), pages 28-38.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Creation and Recreation: Environmental Benefits and Human Leisure."
In B. L. Driver, Perry J. Brown, and George L. Peterson, eds., Benefits of Leisure (State
College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc., 1991), pages 393-403.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Science-Based vs. Traditional Cultural Values in a Global Ethic." In J.
Ronald Engel and Joan Engel, eds., Ethics of Environment and Development. London: Belhaven
Press and Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1990.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The River of Life: Past, Present, and Future," in Ernest Partridge, ed.,
Responsibilities to Future Generations (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1981), pp. 123-132.
Download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/river-of-life.pdf>
--Translated into Italian: "Il fiume di vita: passato, presente e futuro," Aut Aut: rivista di filosofia
e di cultura, Issue 316-317, July-October 2003, pages 139-144. Translated by Roberto Peverelli.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Lawrence E. Johnson, A Morally Deep World: An Essay on
Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University
Press, 1991) in Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 4 (1992):1719.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Frederick W. Boal and David N. Livingstone, eds., The
Behavioural Environment: Essays in Reflection, Application, and Re-evaluation (London and
New York: Routledge, 1989) in The Environmental Professional 12(4)(1990):366-367.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Biophilia, Selfish Genes, Shared Values" Pages 381-414 in Stephen R.
Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis: A Theoretical and Empirical
Inquiry (Washington: Island Press, 1993).
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Down to Earth: Persons in Place in Natural History." Pages 55-63 in Rana
P. B. Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics: Discourses, and Cultural Traditions: Festschrift to Arne
Naess (Varanasi, India: The National Geographical Society of India, 1993); also published as the
National Geographical Journal of India, vol. 39, parts 1-4, 1993.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Nature, the Genesis of Value, and Human Understanding," Environmental
Values 6(1997):361-364. Reply to Thomas, Emyr Vaughan, "Rolston, Naturogenic Value and
Genuine Biocentrism," Environmental Values 6(1997):355-360. Many anthropogenic values are
indeed important, but I deny that nature is otherwise value free, and recommend to humans a
psychological joining (with) ongoing natural history, since there is value wherever there is
positive creativity. Epistemologically, it is impossible for any knower not to be participant in
what he or she knows. We will have to use our eyes, ears, noses, hands, minds. What we know
will be filtered through our percepts and concepts. But that does not make the discovery of
valued features in nature assimilationist or anthropocentric. I defend a rather more critical
realism. (EV)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Environment, Nature, and God," co-authored with Jack Weir (Department
of Philosophy, Hardin-Simmons University). Chapter 22, pages 229-240, in Frederick Ferre, ed.,
Concepts of Nature and God (Athens: University of Georgia, Department of Philosophy, 1989).
Proceedings of 1987 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on Concepts of
Nature and God.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Whose Woods These Are. Are Genetic Resources Private Property or
Global Commons? Earthwatch, vol. 12, no. 3 (March/April 1993):17-18. Ownership of wild
species, sometimes being claimed by Third World Nations, makes national resources out of a
natural resource that has classically been part of the common heritage of humankind. There are
conceptual and practical problems with claiming such wild species ownership. These species
belong to us all, with a shared right to use and responsibility to protect. (v4,#2)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/whose-woods.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Mary Anglemyer and Eleanor S. Seagraves, compilers, The
Natural Environment: An Annotated Bibliography of Attitudes and Values, in Environmental
Ethics 8(1986):91-93.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Bryan G. Norton, ed. Preservation of Species, in Canadian
Philosophical Reviews, 6, no. 10 (December 1986): 519-521.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of McLaughlin, Andrew, Regarding Nature: Industrialism and
Deep Ecology, Ethics 105(1994):201-202.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Naturalizing Values: Organisms and Species." Pages 76-86 in Pojman,
Louis P., ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, 3rd ed. Belmont CA:
Wadsworth/Thompson Publishing Co., 2001. Original article first published in this anthology.
Paper given at American Philosophical Association, Washington, DC, December 1998. With
published commentary, Ned Hettinger, "Comments on Holmes Rolston's `Naturalizing Values',"
pages 86-89.
Philosophers are naturalizing ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, but seem unable and
unwilling to naturalize value. But values are deeply embedded in evolutionary and ecological
natural history. Biologists are regularly discovering such values; survival value is a key to
natural selection and adapted fit. Nevertheless, most philosophers insist that value is
anthropocentric, allowing only dispositional value to nature, also value where there is sentient
life. These psychological accounts are incomplete. This is evidenced in non-sentient organisms,
in species lines, and in genetic knowledge. Unless we naturalize values, we face an epistemic
and axiological crisis. (v.11,#1)
Download/print in PDF format, 1.3 mb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/value-o-s.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Andrew Brennan, Thinking about Nature: Nature, Value and
Ecology (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul), Environmental Ethics 11(1989):259-267.
Rolston, Holmes, III. "Values in Nature." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):113-28. Nature is
examined as a carrier of values. Despite problems of subjectivity and objectivity in value
assignments, values are actualized in human relationships with nature, sometimes by (human)
constructive activity depending on a natural support, sometimes by a sensitive, if an interpretive,
appreciation of the characteristics of natural objects. Ten areas of values associated with nature
are recognized: (1) economic value, (2) life support value, (3) recreational value, (4) scientific
value, (5) aesthetic value, (6) life value, (7) diversity and unity values, (8) stability and spontaneity values, (9) dialectical value, and (10) sacramental value. Each is analyzed and illustrated
with particular reference to the objective precursors of value as these are described by natural
science. Rolston is in the department of Philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
CO. (EE) Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild. Translated into Chinese by Yu Goping,
Northeast Forestry University in Information of Ecophilosophy, an occasional publication of the
Research Office in Ecophilosophy of the Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 1989, No. 2.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The Preservation of Natural Value in the Solar System," in Eugene
C. Hargrove, ed., Beyond Spaceship Earth: Environmental Ethics and the Solar System (San
Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1986), pp. 140-182. Originally presented at conference on
"Environmental Ethics and the Solar System," June 5-8, 1985, University of Georgia, Athens,
and sponsored by EVIST, National Science Foundation, and the Planetary Society
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/pres-nv-solar-system.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of J. Ronald Engel, Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in
the Indiana Dunes, in Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 19(1984):508-511.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of "Despoilers of the Amazon," Review of Susanna Hecht and
Alexander Cockburn, The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the
Amazon, and Anthony Smith, Explorers of the Amazon: Four Centuries of Adventure Along the
World's Greatest River in New York Newsday, Books, January 14, 1990, p. 22.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Just Environmental Business" Chapter 11 in Tom Regan, ed., Just
Business: New Introductory Essays in Business Ethics (New York: Random House, 1984), a
college text in business ethics.
Download/print in PDF format: http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/just-env-business.pdf>
--Reprinted inDale Westphal and Fred Westphal, eds., Planet in Peril: Essays in Environmental
Ethics (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994), pp. 149-170.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Human Values and Natural Systems," Society and Natural Resources
1(1988):271-283.
Rolston, Holmes, III. Genes, Genesis and God: Values and Their Origins in Natural and Human
History. Reviewed by Theodore W. Nunez. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):111-112.
Rolston, Holmes, III. See Sellman, James D., and Rolston, Holmes, III, "Environmental Ethics
in Micronesia, Past and Present," Part I. "Living on the Edge: Traditional Micronesian
Environmental Ethics." By James D. Sellmann, Philosophy, University of Guam, from a
presentation at the Pacific Science Inter-Congress, June 2000. Part II. "Guam Today: Still `on
the Edge.' Colonial Legacy and American Presence, by Holmes Rolston, III, also at the Pacific
Science Inter-Congress. ISEE Newsletter, vol. 12, no. 3, Fall 2001, pp. 11-14. (v.12,#3)
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Arne Naess, Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press, 1989) in Ethics: International Journal of Social, Political,
and Legal Philosophy 101(1991):907.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Does Nature Need to Be Redeemed?" Zygon: Journal of Religion and
Science 29(1994):205-229. Also in Horizons in Biblical Theology 14 (no. 2, 1993):143-172.
In the light of evolutionary biology, the biblical idea that nature fell with the coming of human
sin is incredible. Biblical writers, classical theologians, and contemporary biologists are
ambivalent about nature, finding in natural history both a remarkable genesis of life and also
much travail and suffering. Earth is a land of promise, and there is the conservation, or
redemption, of life in the midst of its perpetual perishing. Life is perennially a struggling
through to something higher. In that sense even natural history is cruciform, though human
sinfulness introduces novel tragedy. Humans now threaten creation; nature is at more peril than
ever before. Keywords: conservation of nature; creation; ecological crisis; evolution; natural
evils; nature; redemption; sin; suffering, wildness. (v5,#2)
Download/print in PDF format, 1.3 mb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/redeemed.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Life in Jeopardy on Private Property," in Kathryn A. Kohm, ed.,
Balancing on the Brink of Extinction: The Endangered Species Act and Lessons for the Future
(Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1991), pages 43-61. Shortened version of "Property Rights
and Endangered Species," University of Colorado Law Review 61(1990):283-306.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Hewn and Cleft from this Rock: Meditation at the Precambrian Contact,"
Main Currents in Modern Thought 27(1971):79-83. Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild.
Download/print in PDF format, 436 kb.
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/hewn&cleft.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Environmental Business: An Ethic for Commerce." In Westphal, Dale,
and Fred Westphal, Planet in Peril: Essays in Environmental Ethics (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt
Brace College Publishers, 1994), pages 149-170. Reprinted from Chapter 8 of Rolston,
Environmental Ethics.
Rolston, Holmes, III and others, "Declaraçao de Porto Alegre Sobre Universidade, Ética e Meio
Ambiente" (Porte Alegre Declaration on University, Ethics, and the Natural Environment) (in
Portuguese). Pages 99-100 in Revista do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Review of the Institute of Philosophy and Human
Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil), Vol. 15, 1992.
ISSN 0302-217X. A declaration on the role of the university in addressing the environmental
crisis, prepared in 1992 at the pre-conference on the "University and the Natural Environment,"
held there, just prior to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio
de Janeiro. Fernando J. da Rocha, chair of the Department of Philosophy there, was conference
Coordinator. (v4,#4) Also printed in Callicott, J. Baird, and Da Rocha, Fernando J. R., Earth
Summit Ethics.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Property Rights and Endangered Species," University of Colorado Law
Review 61(1990):283-306. Rolston examines especially endangered plant species on private
property and claims that property ownership is an imperfect right and does not include the right
to jeopardize endangered species, a constraint consistent with the Endangered Species Act. Nor
do landowners whose expectations of development are so constrained have any claim to
compensation under the "just takings" clause of the Fifth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.
Rather, they are precluded from doing harm in the tradition of police power. Protecting such
species from harm involves a development of law with an appropriate respect for natural history.
(v1,#3)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/property-rights-U-Colo.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III. "Are Values in Nature Subjective or Objective?" Environmental Ethics
4(1982):125-51. Prevailing accounts of natural values as the subjective response of the human
mind are reviewed and contested. Discoveries in the physical sciences tempt us to strip the
reality away from many native-range qualities, including values, but discoveries in the biological
sciences counterbalance this by finding sophisticated structures and selective processes in
earthen nature. On the one hand, all human knowing and valuing contain subjective
components, being theory-laden. On the other hand, in ordinary natural affairs, in scientific
knowing, and in valuing, we achieve some objective knowing of the world, agreeably with and
mediated by the subjective coefficient. An ecological model of valuing is proposed, which is set
in an evolutionary context. Natural value in its relation to consciousness is examined as an epiphenomenon, an echo, an emergent, an entrance, and an education, with emphasis on the latter
categories. An account of intrinsic and instrumental natural value is related both to natural
objects, life forms and land forms, and to experiencing subjects, extending the ecological model.
Ethical imperatives follow from this redescription of natural value and the valuing process.
Rolston is in the department of philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. (EE)
--Also published in Robert Elliot and Aaran Gare, Environmental Philosophy (St. Lucia, New
York, London: University of Queensland Press and University Park, PA and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1983).
--Reprinted in Louis P. Pojman, ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application,
second edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998), pages 70-81, with response by
Ernest Partridge, "Values in Nature: Is Anybody There?" and response by Rolston, "Values at
Stake: Does Anything Matter?", pages. 88-90.
--Reprinted, translated into Chinese, "Ziran zhong de jiashi shi zhuguande haishi keguande?" in
Huanjing yu Shehai (Environment and Society) 1(no. 1, 1998):49-55, First half. Second half,
2(no. 1, 1999):53-57, second half. Liu Er, Ye Ping, translators.
Download/print in PDF format (in Chinese):
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/subj-or-object-Chinese.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Respect for Life: Can Zen Buddhism Help in Forming an Environmental
Ethic?" in Zen Buddhism Today, Annual Report of the Kyoto Zen Symposium, No. 7,
September 1989. This issue results from the Seventh Annual Kyoto Zen Symposium, held in
March 1989 in Kyoto. (v1,#1)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Treating Animals Naturally?" Between the Species 5(1989):131-137.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Natural and Unnatural; Wild and Cultural," Western North American
Naturalist 61(no. 3, 2001):267-276. In a theme issue on exotic species in Yellowstone National
Park. Originally the Aubrey L. Haines Distinguished Lecture at the Fifth Biennial Scientific
Conference on the Great Yellowstone Ecosystem, National Park Service, Yellowstone National
Park, WY, October 11-13, 1999.
Yellowstone National Park's mission and policy can be clarified by analysis of the
"natural" and the "unnatural." "Nature" is a comprehensive word, on some uses excluding
nothing; more useful is a contrast distinguishing "nature" and "culture." Specifying "wild
nature" denotes spontaneous nature absent human influence. Critics claim that the meaning of
"wild nature," especially of "wilderness" is a foil of "culture." Pristine nature, often
romanticized, is contrasted with a technological and industrial culture. By this account,
"wilderness" is a social construction.
Nevertheless "wild nature" successfully denotes, outside culture, an evolutionary and
ecological natural history, which remains present on the Yellowstone landscape, jeopardized by
numerous human influences, including the invasions of exotic species. Natural processes have
returned in the past, as when native Americans left the landscape. Natural processes can be
preserved today, because of, rather than in spite of, park management. Over much of the North
American landscape nature is managed and at an end. Yellowstone provides an opportunity to
encounter and to conserve "untrammeled" nature as an end in itself, past, present, and future.
Key words: nature, natural, wild, pristine, wilderness, culture, management, exotics. Rolston is
in philosophy at Colorado State University. (v.12,#3)
Download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/natural-and-unnatural.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Nature and Human Emotions" in Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Thomas
W. Attig, eds., Understanding Human Emotions (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State
University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1979), volume 1, pages 89-96.
Download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/nature-human-emotions.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Valuing Wildlands," Environmental Ethics 7(1985):23-48. An important
discussion of a "taxonomy of value" for wilderness, with a critique of cost-benefit reductions of
these values to economic terms. Serious proposals for "decision rules" regarding the
preservation and use of wilderness. (Katz, Bibl # 1)
Download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/valuing-wildlands.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987. Pp. xiii, 416. This is a culmination of a twenty
year investigation into the nature of environmental value and ecological ethics by the foremost
scholar in the field. Although much of this book has appeared before in different forms,
Rolston's position and argument gain immeasurably from a book length presentation. Here for
the first time is Rolston's complete view of environmental ethics: his theory of objective natural
value, his view of humanity's place in the environment, his analysis of the value of (and thus
duties to) animals, organisms, species, ecosystems, and his practical policy recommendations for
environmental managers and businessmen. Rolston presents a philosophy of nature, but this is
no traditional metaphysic; it is a philosophy of nature imbued with ecological science and value.
Its goal is to provide mankind with an ethic that is a residence, a "significant place to dwell" (p.
xii). Perhaps the most important theoretical point is Rolston's establishment or discovery of a
third kind of value in ecological systems: in addition to intrinsic and instrumental values there is
systemic value. "Systemic value is the productive process; its products are intrinsic values
woven into instrumental relationships" (p. 188). Of great importance is his defense of objective,
intrinsic value in natural entities--value that transcends a valuing consciousness. "Values are
objectively there--discovered, not generated, by the valuer" (p. 116). One of the strengths of this
book is that Rolston is reluctant to close the door on any kind of natural value. He presents his
case in steps, starting with anthropocentric instrumental values of nature, moving to the intrinsic
value of sentient life experiences in the animal kingdom, to the intrinsic good-of-its-kind of
natural organisms, on to the environmental fitness of species in ecosystems. The argument is
supported by many real life examples. Rolston also tackles some persistent problems in
environmental ethics; e.g., individual rights in a holistic value system, the superiority of human
life, and the clash between a culture-based and a natural ethic. My one criticism is that some
chapters seem "patched" together from the earlier versions of these arguments in other articles.
But this is a minor problem when one views the overall organization of the book. Like the
ecosystem itself, this book as a whole has more value than its individual parts. (Katz, Bibl # 1)
Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 8(1986):163-77.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Duties to Endangered Species," encyclopedia article in Encyclopedia of
Environmental Biology, 4 vols. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
1994.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/duties-end-sp-Enc-Env-B-rev.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "On Behalf of Bioexuberance," Garden 11, no. 4 (July/August 1987): 2-4,
31-32.Download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Behalf-of-Bioexuberance.pdf>
Reprinted in The Trumpeter (Canada) 5, no. 1 (Winter 1988): 26-29.
Reprinted in Wilderness Record: Proceedings of the California Wilderness Coalition, vol 17, no.
4, April 1992, p. 4.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Human Values and Natural Systems." Society and Natural Resources 1
(1988): 271-283. An elegant descriptive taxonomy of value, with an argument that values in
nature are neither subjective nor objective: nature "carries" value---value for survival,
economics, diversity, religion, and so forth. "The natural history that envelopes us is of value,
not only because we humans place value there, but because value there is endorsed by the
signature of time and eternity" (pp. 282-283). (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Duties to Endangered Species," BioScience 35(1985):718-726.
Download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Duties_Endangered_Species.pdf> For printing.
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Duties_Endangered_Species_Web.pdf> Read online.
--Reprinted in Raymond Bradley and Stephen Duguid, eds., Environmental Ethics, Volume II
(Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, Institute for the Humanities, 1989), pp. 67-83.
--Reprinted in Andrew Brennan, ed., The Ethics of the Environment, in The International
Research Library of Philosophy (Aldershot, Hampshire, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1994).
U.S. Distributor: Ashgate Publishing Co., Brookfield, VT.
--Extracted as "The Value of Species" in the anthology, Tom Regan and Peter Singer, eds.,
Animal Rights and Human Obligations, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1989), pp. 252-255.
--Reprinted
in
Robert
Elliot,
ed.,
Environmental
Ethics,
Oxford
Readings
in
Philosophy
Series
(Oxford:
Oxford
University
Press,
1995),
pp.
60­
75.
Rolston,
Holmes,
III,
"Community:
Ecological
and
Ecumenical"
in
The
Iliff
Review
30(1973):3­14
(Iliff
Theological
Seminary,
Denver).
Rolston,
Holmes,
III,
"Nature
for
Real:
Is
Nature
a
Social
Construct?
Pages
38­64
in
Chappell,
T.
D.
J.,
ed.,
The
Philosophy
of
the
Environment.
Edinburgh:
Edinburgh
University
Press,
1997,
and
New
York:
Columbia
University
Press,
1997.
The
claim
that
"nature"
is
a
social
construct
has
become
commonplace,
confusedly
mixing
cultural
ideas
of
"nature"
with
nature
in
itself.
Humans
have
no
unmediated
access
to
nature;
we
do
not
and
cannot
know
nature
for
real­­so
it
is
claimed.
"The
world"
is
variously
"constituted"
by
diverse
cultures;
and
there
is
doubt
about
what,
if
anything,
is
"privileged"
about
the
prevailing
Western
concepts.
All
such
word­ideas,
world­ideas,
have
been
made
up
historically
by
peoples
in
their
multifarious
cultures.
"Nature,"
"environment,"
"wilderness,"
"science"
in
its
descriptions
of
"nature,"and
"Earth"
as
planet
and
world
viewed­­all
now
have
a
modernist
color
to
them,
and
the
make­up
of
the
words
colors
up
what
we
see.
More
radically,
all
human
knowing
colors
whatever
people
see,
through
our
percepts
and
concepts.
The
skepticism
runs
deep.
Many
question
whether
humans
know
nature
at
all,
in
any
ultimate
or
objective
sense.
The
pejorative
word
is
"absolute,"
comparably
to
"privileged"
as
revealing
our
bias
in
"right"
or
"true".
Rather
we
know
nature
only
provisionally
or
operationally;
"pragmatically"
is
the
favored
word).
There
is
an
epistemic
crisis
in
our
philosophical
culture,
which,
on
some
readings,
can
seem
to
have
reached
consummate
sophistication,
and,
the
next
moment,
can
reveal
debilitating
failure
of
nerve.
Philosophers
need
to
ask,
in
theory,
whether
nature
is
for
real,
to
know,
in
practice,
whether
and
how
ethicists
ought
to
conserve
it.
The
less
we
really
know
about
nature,
the
less
we
can
or
ought
save
nature
for
what
it
is
in
itself,
intrinsically.
We
cannot
correctly
value
what
we
do
not
to
some
degree
correctly
know.
The
epistemic
crisis
is
as
troubling
as
the
environmental
crisis,
and
one
must
be
fixed
before
the
other
can.
Rolston
teaches
philosophy
at
Colorado
State
University.
(v.8,#4)
Download/print
in
PDF
format,
1.4
mb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/social­construct.pdf>
Rolston,
Holmes,
III,
"Environmental
Ethics:
Some
Challenges
for
Christians,"
The
Annual,
Society
of
Christian
Ethics,
1993,
pages
163­186.
Boston:
The
Society
of
Christian
Ethics,
1993;
distributed
by
Georgetown
University
Press.
Christianity
is
a
religion
for
people,
relating
persons
to
persons,
yet
it
also
has
an
environmental
ethics.
But
the
Christian
ethics
for
persons,
calling
for
love,
justice,
benevolence,
and
compassion
does
not
transfer
easily
to
duties
toward
wildlife,
who
may
not
be
appropriate
subjects
for
compassion,
benevolence,
or
justice,
and
the
difficulties
compound
with
an
ethic
toward
plants,
species,
and
ecosystems.
The
Biblical
faith
began
with
a
land
ethic,
a
covenanted
promised
land,
and
Christians
find
a
nature
that
is
sacred
and
good
in
itself,
regardless
of
its
human
utility.
Earth
is
a
planet
with
promise,
the
nature
found
on
Earth
is
graced
with
creativity,
if
also
with
persisting
in
the
midst
of
its
perpetual
perishing.
Nature
is
also
cruciform,
the
beauty
approaches
the
sublime,
death
is
perpetually
redeemed
with
the
renewal
of
life,
and
in
that
sense
the
central
themes
of
Christianity
are
congenial
to
an
environmental
ethic.
Rolston
is
professor
of
philosophy
at
Colorado
State
University.
(v4,#4)
Rolston,
Holmes,
III,
"Respect
for
Life:
Can
Zen
Buddhism
Help
in
Forming
an
Environmental
Ethic?"
In
Zen
Buddhism
Today,
No.
7,
September
1989,
pp.
11­30.
Annual
Report
of
the
Kyoto
Zen
Symposium,
Kyoto
Seminar
for
Religious
Philosophy,
Institute
for
Zen
Studies,
Hanazono
College
and
Kyoto
University.
Rolston,
Holmes,
III,
"Values
Deep
in
the
Woods."
American
Forests
94,
nos.
5
&
6
(May/June
1988:33,
66­69.
Also
published
in
The
Trumpeter
(Canada)
6,
no.
2
(Spring
1989):39­41.
-Reprinted in Alan Drengson and Duncan Taylor, eds., Wild Foresting: Practising Nature=s Wisdom
(Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2009), pages 12-16.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Disvalues in Nature," The Monist 75(1992):250-278. Also in Andrew
Brennan, ed., The Ethics of the Environment, in The International Research Library of
Philosophy (Aldershot, Hampshire, U.K.: Dartmouth Publishing Co., forthcoming, 1994). U.S.
Distributor: Ashgate Publishing Co., Brookfield, VT.
Download/print in PDF format, 1.5 mb.:
<http:lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/disvalues.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Challenges in Environmental Ethics." In Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird
Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J. Warren, and John Clark, eds., Environmental Philosophy:
From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993), pages
135-157.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/challenges-ee.pdf>
"Challenges in Environmental Ethics," condensed version. In David E. Cooper and Joy A.
Palmer, eds., The Environment in Question (London: Routledge, 1992), pages 135-146.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Values Deep in the Woods: The Hard-to-Measure Benefits of Forest
Preservation." Pages 315-319 in Economic and Social Development: A Role for Forests and
Forestry Professionals--Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, 1987 National
Convention, Minneapolis. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters, 1988. Also published
in B. L. Driver, ed., Contributions of Social Sciences to Multipe-Use Management: An Update
(Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Range and Experiment Station, 1990), USDA Forest Service
General Technical Report RM-196, October, pp. 6-19.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The Human Standing in Nature: Fitness in the Moral Overseer," in Wayne
Sumner, Donald Callen, and Thomas Attig, eds., Values and Moral Standing (Bowling Green,
OH: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1986), volume 8, pp. 90101.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of H. Paul Santmire, The Travail of Nature: The Ambiguous
Ecological Promise of Christian Theology. Fortress Press, Philadelphia, 1985, 1991.
Interpretation: Journal of Bible and Theology 47:(July 1993):335-336.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Earth Ethics: A Challenge to Liberal Education." In Callicott, J. Baird,
and da Rocha, Fernando J. R. Earth Summit Ethics: Toward a Reconstructive Postmodern
Philosophy of Environmental Education. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press,
1996. (v7, #3)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Genes for Sale: Gargantuan Computer System Wanted," Conservation
Biology 9 (1995):1659-60. Review of J. H. Vogel, Genes for Sale: Privatization as a
Conservation Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Les Brown, Conservation and Practical Morality. Ethics:
International Journal of Social, Political and Legal Philosophy 100(1989):230-231.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Duties to Ecosystems," in J. Baird Callicott, ed. Companion to a Sand
County Almanac (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), pp. 246-274.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Beauty and the Beast: Aesthetic Appreciation of Wildlife," in D. J. Decker
and G. Goff, Valuing Wildlife Resources: Economic and Social Perspectives (Boulder,
CO: Westview Press, 1987), pp. 187-207. Also published in The Trumpeter (Canada) 3, no. 3
(Summer 1986):29-34.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/beauty&beast.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Conserving Natural Value. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
259 pages. Paper, $ 19.50. Cloth $ 49.50. Chapter titles and sections: Chapter 1. Natural and
Cultural Values: Nature and Culture; Entwined Destinies, Nature Supporting Culture; Residence
and Resource, Commodity and Community; Urban, Rural, and Wild; Environmental Values and
Human Rights; Future Generations; Environmental Policy; Balancing Natural and Cultural
Values. Chapter 2. Diversity and Complexity Values: Diversity; Complexity; The Evolution of
Diversity and Complexity; Rarity; Biodiversity and the Commons; Richness; Balancing
Biodiversity Values and Cultural Values. Chapter 3. Ecosystem Integrity and Health Values:
Ecosystem Integrity and Health; Stability and Historical Change; Community; Sustainability;
Restoration; Balancing Integrity and Health Values. Chapter 4. Wildlife Values: Lower and
Higher Animals; Animal Rights?; Animal Welfare and Managed Wildlife; Feral and Exotic
"Wildlife"; Aesthetic Appreciation of Wildlife; Using Wildlife: Animal Sports; Using Wildlife:
Animal Commerce; Wildlife in Culture. Chapter 5. Anthropocentric Values: Human Values
Carried by Nature; Winning or Losing in Environmental Ethics?; Rich and Poor, Population and
Consumption; Human Rights to Development; Democracy, Economics, and Environment;
Anthropocentric and Anthropogenic Values; Human Excellences and Natural Values; Chapter 6.
Intrinsic Natural Values: Life as Conservation; Intrinsic, Instrumental, Systemic Values; Storied
Achievement; Integrity of Place; Wilderness; Objective and Subjective Natural Value; The End
of Nature? Chapter 7. The Home Planet: Land Ethics and Earth Ethics: National Resources and
Common Natural Heritage; International Law and Environmental Ethics; Mother Earth?;
Managing the Planet?; Balancing Global Natural and Human Cultural Values; Inheriting the
Earth. The book is written for freshmen and sophomore level, for use in classes alike in
biological and natural resource conservation and in environmental philosophy, ethics, and policy.
Rolston is professor of philosophy at Colorado State University.
Rolston, Holmes, III and James E. Coufal, "A Forest Ethic and Multivalue Forest Management,"
Journal of Forestry, April 1991. The Society of American Foresters currently has under active
consideration adopting a professional statement including a land ethic, and the April issue of the
Journal of Forestry addresses that issue. Rolston and Coufal call for a shift from a multiple use
ethic to an ethic of multiple values, a shift to deepen a commodity orientation to a community
orientation, and a joining of human and biotic values, recognizing that "the forest itself is valueladen." "A forest ethic will require an unprecedented use of science and conscience, applied
science and applied ethics." "Deeper appreciation of forests could be forestry's greatest benefit
to society." "The integrity of foresters and the integrity of forests are bound together." Rolston is
professor of philosophy at Colorado State University. Coufal is professor of forestry, College of
Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse. (v2,#1)
Rolston, Holmes III, "Down to Earth: Persons in Place in Natural History."
Light is in philosophy and environmental studies, State University of New York, Binghamton.
(v.11,#1)
Rolston, Holmes, III. "Valuing Wildlands." Environmental Ethics 7(1985):23-48. Valuing
wildlands is complex. (1) In a philosophically oriented analysis, I distinguish seven meaning
levels of value, individual preference, market price, individual good, social preference, social
good, organismic, and ecosystemic, and itemize twelve types of value carried by wildlands,
economic, life support, recreational, scientific, genetic diversity, aesthetic, cultural
symbolization, historical, character building, therapeutic, religious, and intrinsic. (2) I criticize
contingent valuation efforts to price these values. (3) I then propose an axiological model, which
interrelates the multiple levels and types of value, and some principles for wildland management
policy. Rolston is in the department of philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
(EE) Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/valuing-wildlands.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Global Environmental Ethics: A Valuable Earth." Pages 349-366 in
Richard L. Knight and Sarah F. Bates, eds., A New Century for Natural Resources Management
(Washington: Island Press, 1995).
Rolston, Holmes, III, Conserving Natural Value. Reviewed by Bryan G. Norton. Environmental
Ethics 18(1996): 209-214. (EE)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Endangered Species and Biodiversity", Encyclopedia of Bioethics, revised
ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster, 1995), 671-75. (v6,#2)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Is There an Ecological Ethic?" Ethics: An International Journal of Social
and Political Philosophy 85(1975):93-109.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/eco-ethic.pdf>
Reprinted in Donald Scherer and Thomas W. Attig, eds., Ethics and the Environment
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1983).
Reprinted in Martin Wachs, ed., Ethics in Planning (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban
Policy Research, Rutgers University, 1985).
Reprinted and translated into Chinese in Qiu Renzong, editor, Guowai Zirankexue Zhexuewenti
1990 (International Philosophical Problems in Natural Science 1990), Chinese Academy of
Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy. Beijing: Social Science Press, 1991. Translated by Ye
Ping, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin.
Download/print online (in Chinese):
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Is-there-ee-Chinese.pdf>
Reprinted and translated into Russian in L. I. Vasilenko and V. E. Ermolaeva (Institute of
Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences) eds., Globalniye Problemy i Obshchechelovecheskiye Tsennosti (Global Problems and Human Values) (Moscow: Progress Publishers,
1990), pp. 258-288.
Download/print in PDF format (in Russian):
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Is-there-ee-Russian.pdf>
Reprinted and translated into Italian in Mariachiara Tallacchini, ed., Etiche della terra: Antologia
di filosofia dell' ambiente (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 1998), pages 151-171.
Download/print in PDF format (in Italian):
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/ee-Italian.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, ed., Biology, Ethics, and the Origins of Life, Boston: Jones and Bartlett,
1995 (released October 1994). 248 pages. Paper. Eight papers. Of particular interest in
environmental ethics are Niles Eldredge, "Mass Extinction and Human Responsibility," and
Thomas R. Cech, "The Origin of Life and the Value of Life." Eldredge is curator of
invertebrates at the American Museum of Natural History and a well-known paleontologist.
Cech won the Nobel Prize for discovering that RNA can be both an informational molecule and a
biocatalyst, thus self-organizing and self-replicating. Other contributors: Dorion Sagan and
Lynn Margulis, Francisco Ayala, Michael Ruse, Elliott Sober, Langdon Gilkey, Charles Birch.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World." In F.
Herbert Bormann, and Stephen R. Kellert, Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), pp 73-96.
Download/print in PDF format, 1.1 mb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/ee-values-duties.pdf>
--Reprinted in Lori Gruen and Dale Jamieson, eds., Reflecting on Nature: Readings in
Environmental Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) pp. 65--84.
--Reprinted in Earl R. Winkler and Jerrold R. Coombs, eds., Applied Ethics: A Reader (London:
Blackwell, 1993), pp. 271-292.
--Reprinted in Donald VanDeVeer and Christian Pierce, eds., The Environmental Ethics and
Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, Economics (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.,
1994), pp. 88-93, 485-492.
--Reprinted in part as "Why Species Matter," in Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, eds.,
The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.,
1998), pages 504-511
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Feeding People versus Saving Nature?" Pages 248-67 in William Aiken
and Hugh LaFollette, World Hunger and Morality. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1996. One ought to feed people rather than save nature? Hungry loggers eat spotted owls!
But the seemingly simple question is configured in a complex gestalt. People widely value
many worthwhile things over feeding the hungry; they post national boundaries across which the
poor may not pass; there is unjust distribution of wealth; escalating birthrates offset any gains in
alleviating poverty; there is low productivity on already domesticated lands; sacrificed wildlands
are often low in productivity; and significant natural values may be at stake. In some
circumstances, one ought to save nature rather than feed people. Rolston teaches philosophy at
Colorado State University. (v6,#4)
Download/print in PDF format, 1.1 mb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/feeding-people.pdf>
Rolston Holmes, III, "Biology Without Conservation: An Environmental Misfit and
Contradiction in Terms." In Conservation for the Twenty-first Century, eds. David Western and
Mary C. Pearl (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 232-240. Discussion of the
scientific, cultural, and moral meanings of conservation. "Conservation in physics pervades the
universe as a natural law. Conservation in biology has to defend a local, earth-bound
self-organization" (p. 234). The unique character of biological conservation leads to a moral role
for humans as the conservors of natural history. (Katz, Bibl # 2)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Can the East Help the West to Value Nature?" Philosophy East and West
37, no. 2 (April 1987):172-190). Surveys some mainstream Eastern religious ideas to see if they
can help the West in a re-orientation of values regarding nature; his answer is that the East will
not help in the specific area of concrete action.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Beyond Recreational Value: The Greater Outdoors," in Laura B. Szwak,
ed., Americans Outdoors: A Literature Review (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1987)
Paper commissioned by President's Commission on Americans Outdoors.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Environmental Protection and an Equitable International Order: Ethics
after the Earth Summit," Business Ethics Quarterly 5(1995):735-752. The UNCED Summit
established two new principles of international justice: an equitable international order and
protection of the environment. Wealth is asymmetrically distributed; approximately one-fifth of
the world produces and consumes approximately four-fifths of goods and services. This
difference can be interpreted as both an earnings differential and as exploitation; responses may
require justice or charity, producing and sharing.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Saving Nature, Feeding People, and the Foundations of Ethics,"
Environmental Values 7(1998): 349-357. I reply to Robin Attfield's and Andrew Brennan's
criticisms of my claim that, at difficult times, one ought to conserve nature preferentially to
caring for persons who are poor. They argue that such tradeoffs are avoidable, also that I fail to
lay blame and responsibility for such lamentable circumstances in the right places. I argue that
tiger conservation in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal, does and ought to give tiger
conservation priority over some of the desires for development of locally impoverished peoples.
Ben Minteer argues that nature conservation ought to be "culturally-occupied"; I argue respect
for intrinsic value in nature. KEYWORDS: poverty, democracy, environmental justice, Royal
Chitwan National Park, Nepal, tigers. Holmes Rolston, III is at Colorado State University. (EV)
Download/print in PDF format, 500 kb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/saving-foundations.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of J. Baird Callicott, In Defense of the Land Ethic. Ethics:
International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy 100(1990):714-715.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Don Mannison, Michael McRobbie, and Richard Routley, eds.,
Environmental Philosophy, in Environmental Ethics 4(1982):69-74.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Lack of a Philosophical Touch," review of Daniel B. Botkin, Margriet F.
Caswell, John E. Estes, and Angelo A. Orio, eds., Changing the Global Environment:
Perspectives on Human Involvement (Boston: Academic Press, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich,
1989) in Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy (Energy, Environment, and Resources
Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville) 5 (no. 4, Winter, 1990):104.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "In Defense of Ecosystems," Garden 12, no. 4 (July/August 1988): 2-5, p.
32.
Download/print in PDF files at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Defense-of-Ecosystems.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Rights and Responsibilities on the Home Planet," Yale Journal of
International Law 18 (no. 1, 1993):251-279. From a Symposium on Human Rights and the
Environment, Yale Law School and the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
April 1992. Short version reprinted in Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 28(1993):425439. Earth is the home planet, right for life. But rights, a notable political category, is,
unfortunately, a biologically awkward word. Humans, nonetheless, have rights to a natural
environment with integrity. Humans have responsibilities to respect values in fauna and flora.
Appropriate survival units include species populations and ecosystems. Increasingly the ultimate
survival unit is global; and humans have a responsibility to the planet Earth. Human political
systems are not well suited to protect life at global ranges. National boundaries ignore important
ecological processes; national policies do not favor an equitable distribution of sustainable
resources. But there are signs of hope. Rolston is professor of philosophy at Colorado State
University. (v4,#4)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "What Is our Duty to Nature?", one-page box essay, p. 681 in William K.
Purves, David Sandava, Gordon H. Orians, and H. Craig Heller, Life: The Science of Biology,
7th ed. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates; W. A. Freeman, 2004.
Download/print inPDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Sinauer.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation: Philosophical and Ethical Concerns."
Pages 21-39 in Guerrant, Jr., Edward O., Kayri Havens, and Mike Maunder, eds., Ex Situ Plant
Conservation: Supporting Species Survival in the Wild. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004.
Understandings of "natural" and "artificial" lie in the background of discussions about in-situ and
ex-situ conservation. Plants growing ex-situ in botanic gardens are hybrids of the natural and the
artificial. There will be temptations to substitute ex-situ for in situ conservation, believing this to
protect the desired resource base. More radical ethical issues arise regarding intrinsic values in
plants. A plant is a living organism with a good of its own, autonomous intrinsic value. In their
defense of their lives and species lines, plants are evaluative organisms independently of
humans. The intrinsic values in plants are ecosystemically situated. In this sense intrinsic plant
value is in-situ. Removed to an ex-situ location, a plant--especially a domesticated or captive
plant--becomes something else, compromised in its integrity. Such compromise may be
pragmatically and politically necessary, but it needs to be recognized philosophically and
ethically as prejudicing the values carried by plants. Unless done with great care and clarity of
purpose, ex-situ conservation will undercut in-situ conservation, with a resulting sacrifice of
value. Originally a paper for the Chicago Botanic Garden. Rolston is in philosophy at Colorado
State University.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Die Umweltethik und der Mensch: Über intrinsische Werte in der Nature"
(Environmental Ethics and Humans: On Intrinsic Value in Nature)," Scheidewege: Jahresschrift
für skeptisches Denken 33, 2003/2004, pages 251-266.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The Nonhuman Dimensions in Wildlife." Human Dimensions in
Wildlife, 8, no. 2 (Spring 1989): 6-8.
Rolston, Holmes, III. Review of Apartheid's Environmental Toll. By Alan B. Durning.
Environmental Ethics 14(1992):87-91.
Rolston, Holmes, III. Review of Rotating the Cube: Environmental Strategies for the 1990s, An
Indicator South Africa Issue Focus. Edited by Rob Preston-Whyte and Graham House.
Environmental Ethics 14(1992):87-91.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Peter Wenz, Environmental Justice. Between the Species
5(1989):147-153, with reply by Wenz 5(1989):155-157.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Leroy S. Rouner, ed., On Nature, in Canadian Philosophical
Reviews 5(1985):388-390.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Aurelio Peccei and Daisaku Ikeda, Before It Is Too Late, in
Environmental Ethics 9(1987):269-271.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Die Umweltethik und der Mensch: Über intrinsische Werte in der Nature"
(Environmental Ethics and Humans: On Intrinsic Value in Nature)," Scheidewege: Jahresschrift
für skeptisches Denken 33, 2003/2004, pages 251-266. ISSN 0048-9336. ISBN 3-925158-19-7.
(v.14, #4)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Engineers, Butterflies, Worldviews," The Environmental Professional
9(1987):295-301. Special issue: "Environmental Science and Values."
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Philosophical Aspects of the Environmental Crisis," in Phillip O. Foss,
ed., Environment and Colorado: A Handbook, (Fort Collins Colorado: Environmental Resources
Center, Colorado State University, 1973), pages 41-46. Also published in Philosophy Gone
Wild.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Ethical Responsibilities toward Wildlife," Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 200(1992):618-622.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The Pasqueflower" Natural History (Magazine of the American Museum
of Natural History), April 1979. Reprinted in Wilderness, vo. 29, no. 30, July 1990 (South
Africa, Wilderness Leadership School), pp. 5-7. Also reprinted in Philosophy Gone Wild.
Download/print, PDF file, 392 kb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/Pasquefl.pdf>
Reprinted, translated into Chinese in:
-Chen, Tzu-Mei, ed., Introduction to Environmental Ethics (Huan-Jing Luun-Li-Shei Ru-Men)
(Tapei: Taiwan Ecological Stewardship Association, 2007). pages 192-200.
ISBN 978-986-84047-0-0.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Wildlife Conservation and Management" (Animal Welfare and Rights),
Encyclopedia of Bioethics, revised ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and
Schuster, 1995),176-80. (v6,#2)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The Bible and Ecology" Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology
50 (no. 1, January 1996):16-26. The Bible is not a book of science, and therefore not of ecology.
It does, however, sketch a vision of human ecology, and contemporary readers encounter claims
about how to value nature. The Bible's vision is simultaneously biocentric, anthropocentric, and
theocentric. The Hebrews discovered who they were as they discovered where they were, and
their scriptures can be a catalyst in our ecological crisis.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Bible-and-ecology.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Winning and Losing in Environmental Ethics," in Frederick Ferré and
Peter G. Hartel, eds., Ethics and Environmental Policy: Theory Meets Practice (University of
Georgia Press, 1994), pages 217-234. Short version in John Echeverria and Raymond Booth
Eby, Let the People Judge: Wise Use and the Private Property Rights Movement (Washington:
Island Press, 1995), pages 263-267.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Technology versus Nature: What is Natural" in CPTS Ends and Means:
Journal of the University of Aberdeen Centre for Philosophy, Technology & Society 2(no. 2,
Spring 1998):3-14. This journal was intended to be principally an electronic journal:
<http://www.abdn.ac.uk/cpts/techno.htm>
However, it was printed twice a year (University of Aberdeen, Old Brewery, Old Aberdeen,
Scotland AB24 3UB, UK.) Currently lapsed publiction.
In some meanings "nature" includes everything and thus includes technology. In other meanings
"nature" refers only to spontaneous or wild nature and excludes all artifacts of culture, including
technology. Nature continues environing culture; culture is always construct out of, superposed
on nature. Natural is often also a normative term, while artificial is pejorative. A prevailing
philosophy is that humans should become the planetary managers. This has become increasingly
possible with the transition from muscle and blood to engines and gears, from about 1850
onward, coupled with the information explosion more recently, which have brought an epochal
change of state, and makes a postnatural world possible. To some extent this is inevitable,
though not wholly desirable. Significant areas of the planet are still relatively natural, and these
areas might become increasingly humanized. Both appropriate respect for nature and moral
responsibility require significant conservation of nature. Technological humans are still in
search of a sustainable relationship with nature. Finally, there is a sense is which once and future
nature is never at an end, since, when humans vanish, nature returns. Rolston is in philosophy at
Colorado State University. (v9,#1)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Naturalizing and Systematizing Evil." Pages 67-86 in Willem B. Drees,
ed., Is Nature Ever Evil?. London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis, 2003. Negative evils
(disvalues, rather than moral evils) in natural systems, though real enough to fauna and flora
adversely affected, must be fitted into an ecosystemic and evolutionary framework. Over the
epochs of natural history, Earth has proved a positive value-generating and life-supporting
system. A characteristic feature is both the conservation of life and the generating and testing of
novel life forms. Life is perpetually renewed in the midst of its perpetual perishing, resulting in
the remarkable biodiversity on a fertile Earth. Such genesis is always by conflict and resolution.
More provocatively put: Earth is a land of promise, where there is cruciform creation. Rolston
is in philosophy, Colorado State University.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/nature-evil.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Lake Solitude: The Individual in Wildness," Main Currents in Modern
Thought 31(1975):121-126. Also published in Philosophy Gone Wild.
Download/print in PDF format, 524 kb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/Solitude.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, "God and Endangered Species," in K. C. Kim and R. D. Weaver, eds.,
Biodiversity and Landscapes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994) Also in Lawrence
S. Hamilton, ed., Ethics, Religion and Biodiversity (Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press, 1993),
pp. 40-64. Endangered species have religious value for many Americans. Although religious
value is not mentioned in the Endangered Species Act, it soon appears in the nickname for the
"God Committee." Biologists and religious persons share a concern for conservation, respect for
life passes over into reverence for life. Although Bible and theology are at times thought to be
difficult to join, apart from the question of design (a somewhat archaic concept), creativity is
evident in natural systems as Earth brings forth swarms of creatures. Biologists find struggle in
nature, but such elements are fully recognized by Bible writers who lived closer to nature that
often do we modern persons. The continual redemption of life over generations is a familiar
theological idea. Biologists may not find a supernature, but they often find a nature that is
superb, a nature that is the ground of our being. Life is a kind of gift; the plenitude of being in
the myriads of species once so vast and now vanishing is of concern both to biologists and to
religious persons. (v5,#2)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/God-End-Species.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Keekok Lee, Social Philosophy and Ecological Scarcity
(London and New York: Routledge, 1989) in Canadian Philosophical Reviews/Revue
Canadienne de Comptes rendus en Philosophie 11 (no. 3, June)(1991): 202-204.
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of Rosemary Radford Reuther, Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist
Theology of Earth Healing (San Francisco: Harper/Collins, 1992), Interpretation: Journal of
Bible and Theology 48(1994):188-190.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Our Duties to Endangered Species." Pages 30-31, box essay in Gary K.
Meffe and C. Ronald Carroll, eds., Principles of Conservation Biology (Sunderland, MA:
Sinauer and Associates, 1994).
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Enforcing Environmental Ethics: Civic Law and Natural Value." Pages
349-369 in James P. Sterba, ed., Social and Political Philosophy: Contemporary Perspectives
(London: Routledge, 2001). How far ought environmental values be enforced by legislation?
Although caring and virtue may be preferred over law-like ethics, enforcement is more
widespread than often recognized, extending from Acts of Congress to lighting campfires. The
environment is a commons and this necessitates our acting in concert, with enforcements ranging
from incentives to penalties, prison, even death. Environmental ethics needs and stands in some
tension with democracy. Legislation ought protect animals, species, and ecosystems. Ought it
ever defend these against basic human interests? Can such legislated ethics function
internationally, as with a universal human right to a quality environment? Rolston is in
philosophy at Colorado State University. (v.12,#3)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/enforce-ee.pdf>
Rolston, Holmes, III, Review of K. S. Shrader-Frechette, Environmental Ethics, in
Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 17(1982):95-98.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Nature, Culture, and Environmental Ethics / Narava, kultura in etika
okolja." Pages 25-42 in Dusan Ogrin, ed., Varstvo narave zunaj zavarovanih obmocij / The
Conservation of Nature Outside Protected Areas Ljubljnana, Slovenia: Urad RS za prostorska
planiranje, Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor / Office for Physical Planning, Ministry of
Environment and Physical Planning, Republic of Slovenia, and Institut za krajinsko arhitekturo,
Biotehniska fakulteta / Institute of Landscape Architecture, University of Ljubljana, 1996. In
English and also translated into Slovenian. Conference proceedings from European Union,
Conference on the Conservation of Nature Outside Protected Areas, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
November 1995.
Rolston, Holmes, III, "Ecology," entry in Carl Mitcham, ed., Encyclopedia of Science,
Technology, and Ethics (Farmington, MA: Macmillan Reference, USA, Thomson/Gale, 2005),
vol. 2, pp. 580-583.
Rolston, Holmes III. "Environmental Virtue Ethics: Half the Truth but Dangerous as a Whole."
Reprinted in Ronald Sandler and Philip Cafaro (eds.), Environmental Virtue Ethics (Lanham,
MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005).
Rolston, Holmes, III, Intellectual Biography: Christopher J. Preston, Saving Creation: Nature
and Faith in the Life of Holmes Rolston, III. San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press, 2009.
Preston documents the evolution of Rolston's theology of nature and concern for saving creation
from his childhood in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia through his four decades at Colorado
State University, where Rolston gained an international reputation as the "father of
environmental ethics." The biography starts with Rolston's being dismissed as pastor of a
Southwest Virginia church for being "too wild," and ends with Rolston's giving the Gifford
Lectures at Edinburgh and receiving the Templeton Prize in Religion from Prince Philip in
Buckingham Palace. Preston is in the Philosophy Department, University of Montana. More
detail at:
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/Preston.htm
Rolston, Holmes, III. Philosophy Gone Wild: Environmental Ethics. Translators: Ye Ping and
Liu Er. (Changchun: Jilin People=s Press, 2000). (in Chinese)
Rolston, Holmes, III. Review of Ecology Redesigning Genes: Ethical and Sikh Perspective. By
Surjeet Kaur Chahal. Environmental Ethics 30(2008):215-216. (EE)
Rolston, Holmes, III, "The Future of Environmental Ethics," Teaching Ethics (Society for Ethics
Across the Curriculum):8(Fall 2007):1-27. Environmental ethics has a future as long as there are
moral agents on Earth with values at stake in their environment. Somewhat ironically, just when humans,
with their increasing industry and development, seemed further and further from nature, having more
power to manage it, just when humans were more and more rebuilding their environments with their
super technologies, the natural world emerged as a focus of ethical concern. The environment is on the
world agenda, also on the ethical frontier, for the foreseeable future. (1) A Managed Earth and the End
of Nature? (2) Global Warming: Too Hot to Handle? (3) Human Nature: Pleistocene Appetites?
(4) Sustainable Development vs. Sustainable Biosphere. (5) Biodiversity: Good for us/Good in
itself. (6) Earth Ethics. Download/Print in PDF format::
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Future-EE.pdf
Rolston, Holmes, III. "Mountain Majesties above Fruited Plains: Culture, Nature, and Rocky
Mountain Aesthetics." Environmental Ethics 30(2008):3-20. Those residing in the Rocky
Mountains enjoy both nature and culture in ways not characteristic of many inhabited
landscapes. Landscapes elsewhere in the United States and in Europe involve a nature-culture
synthesis. An original nature, once encountered by settlers, has been transformed by a
dominating culture, and on the resulting landscape, there is little experience of primordial nature.
On Rocky Mountain landscapes, the model is an ellipse with two foci. Much of the landscape is
in synthesis, but there is much landscape where the principal determinant remains spontaneous
nature, contrasted with the developed, rebuilt landscape in which the principal determinant is
culture. Life in the Rockies permits both use and admiration of nature (fruited plains), with
constant reminders (mountain majesties) that the human scale of values is rather tentatively
localized in a more comprehensive environment. (EE) Download/Print in PDF format:
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Mtn-Majesties.pdf
Rolston, Holmes, III. Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in The Natural World.
Translator: Yang Tongjin. (Beijing: Chinese Social Science Press, 2000). (in Chinese)
Rolston, Holmes, III. Genes, Genesis and God: Values and Their Origins in Natural and Human
History. Translators: Fan Dainian and Chen Yanghui. (Changsha: Hunan Science and
Technology Press, 2003). (in Chinese)
Rolston, III, Holmes, "F/Actual Knowing: Putting Facts and Values in Place," Ethics and the
Environment 10(no. 2, 2005):137-174. Knowing needs to be actualized, an act of ours, yet also a
discovery of what is actually, factually there. How do our facts depend on our acts? Do we
humans always put in place, or sometimes find put, placed there before us, what we variously
value on Earth? We are embodied, knowledgeable persons, subjects placed among objects. We
need grounds (though not "foundations") for our beliefs. In place ourselves, we manage some
awareness of other places. Agents in our knowing, we co-respond with Earth, and this emplaces
us. But we humans have powers of dis-placement too, of taking up, whether empathetically or
objectively, the situations of others, other humans, sometimes others than humans. Our human
genius both requires and transcends location. Surrounding ourselves, we find values in fact and
this generates ethics en-acted. Rolston is in philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
(Eth&Env).
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/F-actual-knowing.pdf><
Rolston, III, Holmes, "Duties to Endangered Species." Bioscience Vol. 35, no. 11 (December
1985):718-726. An excellent paper by one of the leading theorists in environmental ethics.
Rolston reviews the inadequacy of current ethical theories based on individual rights, sentience,
or personhood, to insure species preservation. He then argues that species ought to be protected
as "dynamic life forms preserved in historical lines" (p. 722). The species line is more important
than individuals. (Katz, Bibl # 1)
Download/print at:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Duties_Endangered_Species.pdf> For printing.
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Duties_Endangered_Species_Web.pdf> Read online.
Rolston, III, Holmes. Review of Environment and the Moral Life: Towards a New Paradigm. By
Surjeet Kaur Chahal. Environmental Ethics 21(1999):441-443.
Rolston, III, Holmes, "Does Aesthetic Appreciation of Landscapes Need to be Science-Based?"
British Journal of Aesthetics 35(1995):374-386.
Download/print in PDF format, 713 kb.:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~rolston/aes-sci-based.pdf>
Rolston III, Holmes, "Down to Earth: Persons in Place in Natural History," Philosophy and
Geography 3 (1998): 285-296. Rolston is university distinguished professor of philosophy at
Colorado State University. (P&G)
Rolston, III, Holmes. "Environmental Ethics in Antarctica. "The concerns of environmental
ethics on other continents fail in Antarctica, which is without sustainable development, or
ecosystems for a "land ethic," or even familiar terrestrial fauna and flora. An Antarctic regime,
developing politically, has been developing an ethics, underrunning the politics, remarkably
exemplified in the Madrid Protocol, protecting"the intrinsic value of Antarctica." Without
inhabitants, claims of sovereignty are problematic. Antarctica is a continent for scientists and,
more recently, tourists. Both focus on wild nature. Life is driven to extremes; these extremes can
intensify an ethic. Antarctica as common heritage transforms into wilderness, sanctuary,
wonderland. An appropriate ethics for the seventh continent differs radically from that for the
other six. Environmental Ethics 24(2002):115-134. (EE)
Rolston, III, Holmes, "Das berücksichtigen, was Singer als belanglos ansieht." In German.
Natur und Kultur: Transdisziplinaere Zeitschrift fuer oekologische Nachhaltigkeit. 2(no. 1,
2001):97-116. A translation of "Respect for Life: Counting what Singer Finds of no Account, in
Jamieson, Dale, ed., Singer and His Critics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 247-268. Abstract:
Singer's ethics is inadequate as an environmental ethic. Beyond the higher animals Singer insists
that `there is nothing to be taken into account'. But most of the biological world has yet to be
taken into account: myriad other animals, plants, species, ecosystems, and the global biosphere.
Singer can count everything else only instrumentally with reference to higher animals. From a
biological point of view, this is little better than humans valuing everything else, higher animals
included, as their own resources. A deeper respect for life must value life more directly.
(v.12,#2)
Rolston, III, Holmes, "Caring for Nature: What Science and Economics Can't Teach Us but
Religion Can," Environmental Values 15(2006): 307-313. Neither ecologists nor economists can
teach us what we most need to know about nature: how to value it. The Hebrew prophets claimed
that there can be no intelligent human ecology except as people learn to use land justly and
charitably. Lands do not flow with milk and honey for all unless and until justice rolls down like
waters. What kind of planet ought we humans wish to have? One we resourcefully manage for
our benefits? Or one we hold in loving care? Science and economics can't teach us that; perhaps
religion and ethics can. (EV)
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/sci-eco-cant.pdf>
Rolston, III, Holmes, "Values Gone Wild." Inquiry 26 (1983): 181-207. Humans should not
view wilderness as a resource for the production of human satisfaction. Rather, wild nature is a
source of human value, as well as the place where we encounter similar beings ("neighbors") and
different beings ("aliens") whom we recognize as the possessors of intrinsic value. Wilderness is
valuable because it is a "storied achievement" important to human life and culture. (Katz, Bibl #
1) Also in Susan Armstrong and Richard Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Convergence and
Divergence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), pages 56-65. Also in Rolston, Philosophy Gone
Wild.
Download/print in PDF format:
<http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/values-gone-wild.pdf>
Rolston III, Holmes. APerpetual Perishing, Perpetual Renewal.@ The Northern Review Number
28 (Winter 2008): 111-23. The Northern Review is published at Yukon College (Canada).
Darwinian nature is in dialectic: conflict and resolution. Human life evolved out of such
dialectical nature. If that began in Africa, it continues when humans migrate far North.
Religious encounters with such nature, whatever their differences with Darwinism, also find that
life is perpetually renewed in the midst of its perpetual perishing. Life is ever Aconserved,@ as
biologists might say; life is ever Aredeemed,@ as theologians might say. In this generating of
new life, nature is cruciform, beyond the dialectical. Such processes, set in their ecological
settings, perennially transform disvalues in nature into prolific values, generating the global
richness of evolutionary natural history and its exuberance of life. Such somber beauty in life is
nowhere better exemplified than in boreal and Arctic nature. Online at:
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hrolston/Perpetual-perishing.pdf
Rolston is in the Department of Philosophy at Colorado State University.
Rolston-Rollin Debate. 50 minutes. A debate before a Colorado State University introductory
philosophy class, November 1989. Bernard Rollin defends duties directly to sentient animals
only, with other components of the environment having only instrumental value. Holmes
Rolston defends an ethic of respect for all forms of life, flora as well as fauna, including ethical
concern at the level of species and ecosytems. Includes questions from class members. For a
DVD copy for $ 10, contact Holmes Rolston, Department of Philosophy, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Phone 303/491-6315. (v1,#1)
Streaming media at:
<http://cope.colostate.edu/1ois/cla/rollin_rolston.wmv>
<http://ethics.sandiego.edu/video/Catalogue/detail.asp?ID_Video=339>
Rome, A, "What Really Matters in History? Environmental Perspectives on Modern America,"
Environmental History 7(no.2, 2002):303-318. (v.13, #3)
Romero, C; Andrade, G, "International Conservation Organizations and the Fate of Local
Tropical Forest Conservation Initiatives", Conservation Biology 18 (no.2, 2004): 578-580.
Romme, William H. and Don G. Despain, "The Yellowstone Fires," Scientific American,
November 1989, vol. 261, no. 5. (v1,#2)
Ronald Sandler, "An Aretaic Objection to Agricultural Biotechnology," Journal of Agricultural
and Environmental Ethics 17(2004):301-317. Considerations of virtue and character appear from
time to time in the agricultural biotechnology literature. Critics of the technologies often suggest
that they are contrary to some virtue (usually humility) or do not fit with the image of ourselves
and the human place in the world that we ought to embrace. In this article, I consider the aretaic
or virtue-based objection that to engage in agricultural biotechnology is to exhibit arrogance,
hubris, and disaffection. In section one, I discuss Gary Comstock's treatment of this objection. In
section two, I provide an alternative interpretation of the objection that more accurately reflects
the concerns of those who offer the criticism than does Comstock's standard interpretation. In
sections three and four, I assess the objection. I argue that despite its merits, the objection does
not justify global opposition to agricultural biotechnology. Instead, it favors a limited
endorsement position not unlike the one defended by Comstock. Keywords: agricultural
biotechnology, aretaic objection, Gary Comstock, humility, limited endorsement, virtue ethics,
Sandler is in philosophy and religion, Northeastern University, Boston. (JAEE)
Roome, Nigel J., ed. Sustainability Strategies for Industry:The Future of Corporate Practice.
Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $60 cloth, $30 paper. 208 pp. (v9,#2)
Rooney, Thomas P. "Wildlands Recovery in Pennsylvania", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):89.
(v7,#4)
Roose, R, "Review of: The Greening of Conservative America by John R.E. Bliese," Natural
Resources Journal 42(no.3, 2002): 692-696.
Roosevelt IV, Theodore, "The Froth and the Fury," Yellowstone Science, vol. 11, no. 4, Autumn
2003. Theodore Roosevelt IV speaking at the Yellowstone National Park arch, one hundred
years after his great-grandfather, Theodore Roosevelt, dedicated the arch, April 25, 2003.
Roosevelt advocates Leopold's land ethic. "In terms of our use of the natural world. I believe that
we enter into a covenant not only with God, our nation, and our neighbors, but with future
generations. ... The question the radical center poses for the rest of us is: 'How can we develop a
land ethic if our people are lost from the land?"."
Root, KV; Akcakaya, HR; Ginzburg, L, "A Multispecies Approach to Ecological Valuation and
Conservation", Conservation Biology 17(no.1, 2003):196-206.
Root, Terry L. and Stephen H. Schneider. "Ecology and Climate: Research Strategies and
Implications." Science 269(1995):334-341. Estimates of models that may help us understand
the behavior of complex environmental systems and allow more reliable forecasts of the
ecological consequences of global changes. (v6,#3)
Rootes, C., "Greens and the Environment in the Australian Election of November 2001,"
Environmental Politics 11(no.2, 2002): 145-53. (v.13,#4)
Rootes, C., "Review of: Andrew Jamison, The Making of Green Knowledge: Environmental
Politics and Cultural Transformation," Environmental Politics 12(no. 2, 2003): 160.
Rootes, CA, "Environmentalism in Australia," Environmental Politics 10(no. 2, 2001):134-139.
(v.13,#1)
Rootes, Christopher, ed., Environmental Protest in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2003. Reviewed by Ingolfur Blühdorn, Environmental Values 13(2004):550-552.
Rootes, Christopher. Review of Bjorn Lomborg, "The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the
Real State of the World", Organization and Environment, 15, (No. 3, 2002): 340-42. Rootes is a
reader in political sociology and environmental politics at the University of Kent at Canterbury,
England.
Roozen, Tyler, "A Case of Need: The Struggle to Protect Bigleaf Mahogany." Natural
Resources Journal 38(No. 4, Fall 1998):603- . (v10,#4)
Ropke, Inge. Review of Michael Redclift, ed., Sustainability: Life Chances and Livelihoods,
London: Routledge, 1999, Environmental Values 10(2001):422. (EV)
Rosa, Eugene A., "The Quest to Understand Society and Nature: Looking Back, but Mostly
Forward," Society & Natural Resources 12(no.4, 1999):371- . (v10,#4)
Rosa, Humberto D., and Jorge Marques Da Silva, "From Environmental Ethics to Nature
Conservation Policy: Natura 2000 and the Burden of Proof," Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 18(2005):107-130. Nature 2000 is a network of natural sites whose aim is
to preserve species of interest to the European Union. The underlying policy has received
widespread opposition from land users and received extensive support from environmentalists.
This paper addresses the ethical framework for Nature 2000. Arguments for and against were
classified according to "strong" or "weak" versions of the three main theories of environmental
ethics--anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. Land users seemed to fall between
weak and strong anthropocentrism. Nature 2000 achieves a strong reversal of the burden of
proof from conservation to economic development and land use change under anthropocentrism.
The alleged theoretical divide between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism in relation
to the burden of proof does not seem to hold in practice. Weak versions of anthropocentrism,
biocentrism, and ecocentrism are likely to converge extensively in respect to nature conservation
measures. The authors are in biology, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. (JAEE)
Rosa, Luiz Pinguelli; Schaeffer, Roberto; and dos Santos, Marco Aurelio. "Are Hydroelectric
Dams in the Brazilian Amazon Significant Sources of 'Greenhouse' Gases?" Environmental
Conservation 23, no.1 (1996): 2. (v7, #3)
Rosak, T., The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology. New York: Touchstone,
1993.
Rosak, T., Gomes, M., and Kanner, A. Ecopsychology and the Deconstruction of Whiteness.
San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995.
Roschke, S. H., "Review of: Colfer, Carol J. Pierce, and Yvonne Byron, eds. People Managing
Forests: The Links between Human Well-Being and Sustainability," Society and Natural
Resources 15(no.3, 2002): 287-89. (v.13,#2)
Rose, Aubrey, ed., Judaism and Ecology, 142 pages. In a series; the others are: Batchelor,
Martine, and Kerry Brown, ed., Buddhism and Ecology, 114 pages. Breuilly, Elizabeth and
Martin Palmer, ed., Christianity and Ecology, 118 pages. Ranchor Prime, Hinduism and
Ecology, 118 pages. Khalid, Fazlun with Joanne O'Brien, ed., 111 pages. The editors in each
case include a variety of perspectives from that tradition (Prime is a single author, but interviews
various persons). All in paper. London: Cassell Publishers Limited, for the World Wide Fund
for Nature, 1992. $ 5.99 each. A review of the series is in CTNS (Center for Theology and
Natural Sciences) Bulletin 16 (no. 3, Summer, 1996):18-19.
Rose, Carol M., "Given-ness and Gift: Property and the Quest for Environmental Ethics,"
Environmental Law 24(1994):1 - .
Rose, Chris, "Beyond The Struggle For Proof: Factors Changing The Environmental
Movement." Environmental Values Vol.2 No.4(1993):285-298. EDITORS' NOTE: This article
is a new and politically significant statement by a key figure in one of Britain's best-known
environmental organization, Greenpeace UK. Chris Rose is a leading environmental
campaigner, who has recently piloted landmark changes in Greenpeace's approach to
environmental campaigning, for the 1990s and beyond. His account of these changes appears
here in print for the first time. ABSTRACT: Until the 1990s environmental non-governmental
organizations focused on `issues' to raise public awareness. Recently it appears that though
awareness of environmental problems has increased, the high media profile and superficial
`greening' of politics and business have actually exacerbated people's feelings of helplessness
and detachment. Greenpeace UK is currently addressing its strategies to counter this change.
KEYWORDS: Environmentalism, Greenpeace, media, non-governmental organizations, risk.
Programme Director, Greenpeace UK, Canonbury Villas, London, N1 2PN, UK.
Rose, Deborah Bird, Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and
Wilderness. Canberra: Australian Heritage Commission, 1996. 95 pages. ISBN 0 642 23561 9.
"There is no such thing as a `natural' landscape." There is no wilderness. There is no place in
Australia "where the country was not once fashioned and kept productive by Aboriginal people's
land management practices" (p. 19). Rose, an anthropologist, is with the North Australia
Research Unit of the Australian National University, Canberra. (v7,#4)
Rose, Deborah Bird, Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and
Wilderness. Canberra, ACT: Australian Heritage Commission, 1996. 95 pages. ISBN 0 642
23561 9. Features Aboriginal peoples explanations, stories, poetry, songs, song-poems,
reflecting Aboriginal identity and history on the Australian landscape. Were Aboriginals
conservationists? Some say no, for there were wasteful practices and extinctions by the
Aboriginals. Some say yes, since they had little destructive impact on the land, compared to the
Europeans. There is much to learn from Aboriginal people about land management with fire,
about the species of the continent, about their interrelationships, about seasonal forces, about
how to understand human society as part of living systems, taking humanity seriously without
making it the center of creation. Australians are perhaps the most ecologically conscious people
in the world, and nowhere else in the world are there greater possibilities for the regeneration of
ecosystems, and for the development of a truly coherent relationship between human and
ecological rights. Aboriginals and Europeans need to develop a sustainable relation to the land
together (pp. 1-5, pp. 83-84). Rose is at the North Australia Research Unit, Australian National
University, Canberra. (v.9,#3)
Rose, Naomi A., "Risky Business," The Animals' Agenda 19(no. 6, Nov 01 1999):30- . Why
swimming with dolphins isn't harmless fun and games. (v.11,#1)
Rose, Naomi. "Marine Mammals in Captivity." The Animals' Agenda 16(Jul. 1996):31. (v7,#2)
Rose, Robin and Coate, Jeremy, "Reforestation Rules in Oregon: Lessons Learned from Strict
Enforcement," Journal of Forestry 98 (No. 5, 2000 May 01): 24- . Oregon's Forest Practices Act,
enacted in 1971 and revised several times since, is one of a number of comprehensive state
regulatory programs that mandate desired outcomes for the practice of forestry on private land.
What happens when a landowner doesn't comply with, for example, its requirements for
reforestation? (v.11,#4)
Rose, Roger, Bellamy, Margot, and Tanner, Carolyn, eds. Issues in Agricultural
Competitiveness: Markets and Policies. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997. 512 pp. $29.95. The 44
papers contributed to the twenty-second conference of the International Association of
Agricultural Economists in Zimbabwe, August 1994 with abstracts of poster papers. (v9,#2)
Rose, Roger, Bellamy, Margot, Tanner, Carolyn, eds. Issues in Agricultural Competitiveness:
Markets and Policies. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997. 200pp. $38.95 paper. The 44 contributed
papers to the 22nd conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists
meeting in Harare, Zimbabwe, August 1994.
Rosegrant, Mark W., and Cline, Sarah H., "Global Food Security: Challenges and Policies,"
Science 302(12 December 2003):1917-1919. "Global food security will remain a worldwide
concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Recently, crop yield has fallen in many areas because
of declining investments in research and infrastructure, as well as increasing water scarcity.
Climate change and HIV/AIDS are also crucial factors affecting food security in many regions.
Although agroecological approaches offer some promise for improving yields, food security in
developing countries could be substantially improved by increased investment and policy
reforms." The authors are with International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington.
Rosegrant, Mark W., and Livernash, Robert. "Growing More Food, Doing Less Damage."
Environment 38, no.7 (1996): 6. Increasing agricultural output without inflicting further damage
on the environment will require major changes in policy. (v7, #3)
Rosegrant, MW; Cai, X; Cline, SA, "Will the World Run Dry? Global Water and Food
Security," Environment 45(no.7, 2003):24-36. (v.14, #4)
Rosen, CM, "Review of: Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner. Deceit and Denial: The Deadly
Politics of Industrial Pollution", Environmental History 9 (no.1, 2004): 147.
Rosen, Robert, Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of
Life. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. 285 pages. Rosen argues that life modeled
as mechanism is neither necessary nor sufficient for understanding what life is, despite three
centuries of such presumption in science. What is life? "The initial presupposition that we are
dealing with mechanism already excludes most of what we need to arrive at an answer."
Drawing from biology, physics, and mathematics, he proposes an alternative radically different
from mechanism. With lots of mathematics. Rosen is professor of physiology and biophysics,
Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. (v4,#2)
Rosen, Yereth, "Exxon Will Appeal $5 Billion Penalty for 1989 Oil Spill," The Christian
Science Monitor 86 (20 September 1994): 9. (v5,#3)
Rosen, Yereth. "No Roads Lead to Alaskan Town Living Under One Roof--Yet." Christian
Science Monitor 89 (21 July 1997): 5. Two of every three residents in Whittier, Alaska, live in
one 14-story tower. (v8,#3)
Rosen, Yereth. "Pushing Frontiers of Oil Exploration: Old Alaska Fields Stir New Interest."
The Christian Science Monitor, July 6, 1995, pp. 1, 18. (v6,#2)
Rosen, Yereth. "Quest to Wring More Oil From Alaska North Lope." The Christian Science
Monitor, vol. 88, 8 Oct. 1996, pp. 1, 14.
Rosen, Yereth. "Oil Debate in Alaska Is All in a Name." The Christian Science Monitor, June
29, 1995, p. 4. (v6,#2)
Rosenbaum, David, "Senate Deletes Higher Mileage Standard in Energy Bill," New York Times
(3/14/02): A26; Rosenbaum, David, 'Two Sides Push on Arctic Oil, but Proposal Lacks Votes,"
New York Times (4/18/02), and Rosenbaum, David, "Senate Passes an Energy Bill Called
Flawed by Both Sides," New York Times (4/26/02): A16. The issue of drilling for oil in the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge involved intense lobbying in the Senate. Since the House had
approved the drilling and President Bush supports it, the Senate vote would decide the issue.
Arctic Power, a multimillion dollar lobbying group funded mainly by the state of Alaska, sent
Inupiat Eskimos to Washington to lobby the Senators in favor of drilling (and the economic
development it would involve for some Native Alaskans).
Stephen Moore, president of The Club for Growth, a fund-raising group for conservative
political candidates, explained why conservatives see arctic drilling as a matter of principle:
"There is a belief on the environmentalist side that we're running out of oil, that we have to
conserve energy. I'm adamantly opposed to energy conservation. We're not running out. All we
have to do is go out and find it and produce it." The League of Conservation voters, which
publishes an annual scorecard of environmental votes, announced that the vote on drilling would
count double, calling it a "litmus test on who favors a flawed energy policy that relies on fossil
fuels." One Senator who was trying to promote a compromise of limited drilling in the Arctic
for tougher fuel efficiency standards gave up when he realized environmental organizations
would not budge in their opposition to drilling: "If you told the environmentalist we would end
global warming once and for all in return for ANWR, they'd still say no." (v.13,#2)
Rosenbaum, Stuart and Robert Baird, eds., Animal Experimentation: The Moral Issues. Buffalo,
N. Y. Prometheus Books, forthcoming March 1991. (v1,#4)
Rosenberg, John S., "Of Ants and Earth: E. O. Wilson's View of Life," Harvard Magazine
105(no. 4, March/April 2003):37-41. Profile of E. O. Wilson and his celebration of life, from
ants to the planetary Earth.
Rosenthal, Ann T., "Teaching systems thinking and practice through environmental art," Ethics
and the Environment 8(no. 1, 2003):153-168. Teaching environmental art provides a venue for
integrating the disciplines and promoting systems thinking. It can translate insights from the
humanities and the sciences into functional and elegant responses to our environment. This paper
discusses my pedagogical approach to teaching environmental art at the college level and its
potential for fostering systems thinking and practice. Rosenthal teaches eco-art, design, and
digital media, currently at the University of Maryland Baltimore County. (E&E)
Rosenthal, Elizabeth J. Birdwatcher: The Life of Roger Tory Peterson. Guilford, CT: The Lyons
Press, 2008. Rosenthal provides an illustrated history of the birding and natural history guru
Roger Tory Peterson who invented the modern field guide with his 1934 landmark Field Guile to
the Birds.
Rosenthal, Joel H., ed., Ethics and International Affairs: A Reader. Washington, DC:
Georgetown University Press, 1995. 314 pages. Paper, $ 18.95.
Rosenthal, Sandra and Buchholz, Rogene A. "Bridging Environmental and Business Ethics: A
Pragmatic Framework." Environmental Ethics 20(1998):393-408. In the last few years, some
attempts have been made to overcome the disparity between environmental ethics and business
ethics. However, as the situation now stands the various positions in business ethics have not
incorporated any well-developed theoretical foundation for environmental issues, and
conversely, environmental ethics is failing to capture an audience that could profit greatly from
utilizing its theoretical insights and research. In this paper, we attempt to provide a unified
conceptual framework for business ethics and environmental ethics that can further the dialogue
that has recently begun, perhaps bringing it to a deeper theoretical level. The authors are in
philosophy and business administration, Loyola University, New Orleans. (EE)
Rosenwasser, Penny. Visionary Voices: Women on Power. San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1992.
(v7, #3)
Rosenzweig, Cynthia, Hillel, Daniel. Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential Impacts
of a Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. The nature
of predictable changes on the world's agricultural system caused by the so-called greenhouse
effect. The aim is to educate students at the undergraduate level about how the climatic factors
affecting agriculture may be modified in the future and what practical adaptations might be
undertaken to prevent or overcome any possible adverse impacts on our ability to feed the
world's population. (v8,#1)
Rosenzweig, Cynthia and Daniel Hillel. Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential
Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. Review by Hugh Lehman, Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):71-74. (JAEE)
Rosenzweig, Cynthia, Hillel, Daniel. Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential Impacts
of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 324 pp., Index.
Reviewed by Hugh Lehman, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1998):71-74.
Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and William D. Solecki, "Climate Change and a Global City: Learning
from New York," Environment 43(no.3, Apr. 2001): 8-. This case study of metropolitan New
York--supported by data from the Metropolitan East Coast Regional Assessment--analyzes the
multidimensional and interactive effects of climate change on megacities. The complex nature of
these impacts promises to challenge urban environmental managers worldwide. (v.12,#3)
Rosenzweig, Michael L., "Heeding the Warning in Biodiversity's Basic Law," Science 284(9
April 1999):276-277. Ecology's oldest law is that large areas harbor more species than smaller
ones. Recent efforts to mathematize this law. Species-area relationships suggest that because
humans have wrested away some 95% of Earth's surface from the world of nature, life faces a
mass extinction in three phases. (1) Endemic species. (2) Sink species (those that cannot
reproduce fast enough to replace themselves). (3) Rare accidents, such as the introduction of
new diseases. "The problem suggests its own solution. The land remains. Share it more
generously with other species. Do the research to discover gentler ways to occupy the land,
ways to reconcile our uses with those of the many species that also need it to sustain life."
Rosenzweig is in evolutionary biology at the University of Arizona, Tucson, also editor of
Evolutionary Biology Research. (v.10,#1)
Rosenzweig, Michael L., Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995. (v7,#2)
Rosenzweig, Michael L., Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995. 458 pages. Evolutionary speciation in space and time, with a view to
setting an agenda for diversity research in conservation. (v8,#2)
Rosenzweig, Michael, Win-Win Ecology: How Earth's Species Can Survive in the Midst of
Human Enterprise. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Conservation must discover how
we can blend a rich natural world into the world of economic activity. Rosenzweig is at the
University of Arizona.
Rosenzweig, Michael L., Win-Win Ecology: How the Earth's Species can Survive in the Midst
of Human Enterprise. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Reviewed by Alessandro
Gimona in Environmental Values 14(2005):278-281.
Roshchin, Mikhail, "Eco-News: March for Peace," Ecotheology No 1 (July 1996):99-102.
Rosin, Jeffrey M. New Chapter 9: "An Analysis of the Proposed Sentencing Guidelines for
Organizational Environmental Offenders and the Historic Evolution of a Compliance
Nightmare," New York University Environmental Law Journal 3(no.2, 1995):559- . (v6,#4)
Rosner, Hilary, "Turning Genetically Engineered Trees into Toxic Avengers," New York Times,
August 5, 2004, p. D2. Trees, especially cottonwood trees, have been genetically engineered to
take up chemicals, especially mercury, from contaminated soils. Other such GM trees may
follow. But environmentalists worry that tree pollen carries great distances in the wind or by
insects and that the genes will soon be in natural trees on forested lands, with unknown results.
Some claim the trees can be genetically modified to be sterile also. (v. 15, # 3)
Ross, A; Pickering, K, "The Politics of Reintegrating Australian Aboriginal and American Indian
Indigenous Knowledge into Resource Management The Dynamics of Resource Appropriation
and Cultural Revival," Human Ecology 30(no.2, 2002):187-214. (v.13, #3)
Ross, Elizabeth, "Cape Cod Resists Next Wave: Superstores," The Christian Science Monitor 86
(1 August 1994): 8. (v5,#3)
Ross, Heather L., "Producing Oil or Reducing Oil: Which is Better for U.S. Energy Security,"
Resources (Resources for the Future), Issue 148, Summer 2002, pp. 18-21. When it comes to
lowering the risk of an energy shock to our economy, measures to reduce domestic oil demand
outperform measures to increase domestic oil supply. U.S. total oil consumption returned in
2000 to the highs of the late 1970's, but what more relevant is that U.S. oil consumption to
produce $ 1,000 of Gross Domestic Product has steadily declined from 1.5 barrels to almost half
that, 0.8 barrels. Ross is a visiting scholar at Resources for the Future. (v.13,#4)
Ross, John, and Ross, Beth. Prairie Time: The Leopold Reserve Revisited. Madison: The
University of Wisconsin Press, 1998iss. (v10,#4)
Ross, L. M., "The Chicago Wilderness and its Critics: I. The Chicago Wilderness: A Coalition
for Urban Conservation," Restoration and Management Notes 15(1997):17-24.
Ross, Lester, Environmental Policy in China. Bloomington, ID: Indiana University Press, 1988.
240 pages. Ross maintains that "exhortation and environmental ethics" (p. 60) have been
massively tried in China and massively failed. By this he means that earlier Marxist
environmental campaigns, such as those for reforestation, exhorted the Chinese to good
environmental citizenship, to do what was in the larger public interest, such as plant trees for
future generations, and that, although this resulted in the largest tree planting program in human
history during waves of enthusiasm, the tree programs failed because there was no sustained
monitoring and interest waned as soon as the enthusiasm passed. The trees died for lack of care.
No one owned them; everybody owned them. In contrast, all that will work is programs that
appeal to the self-advantage of the person over a forseeable future, such as woodlot planting for
fuel. Somebody owns the trees. Or at least is entitled to the wood and responsible for their care.
Incentive changes behavior, not moral exhortation. S. D. Richardson, Forests and Forestry in
China, q.v., is not so sure. (China)
Ross, Stephanie, What Gardens Mean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 272 pages.
$ 40.00. Ross ponders our capacity to relate to the natural world through the gardens we create.
Garden and art history, philosophy, psychology, and literature, with particular attention to
English gardens. "I propose to use this episode [the English garden] in the history of taste as a
springboard for investigating important and enduring philosophical issues. ... What sorts of
meanings can gardens possess? ... What philosophical and aesthetic theories supported
eighteenth-century gardening practice? ... Why isn't gardening considered a full-fledged art
today?" Among her other claims, "certain contemporary works of art--earthworks and
environmental art--should be viewed as the descendants of the eighteenth-century landscape
garden" (Preface). Ross is in philosophy at the University of Missouri, St. Louis. (v.9,#4)
Ross, Stephanie. "Landscape Perception: Theory-Laden, Emotionally Resonant, Politically
Correct." Environmental Ethics 27 (2005):245-263. Our primal ability to see one thing in terms
of another shapes our landscape perception. Although modes of appreciation are tied to personal
interests and situations, there are many lines of conflict and incompatibility between these
modes. A religious point of view is unacceptable to those without religious beliefs. Background
knowledge is similarly required for taking an arts or science-based view of landscape, although
this knowledge can be acquired. How to cultivate responses grounded in imagination, emotion,
and instinct is less clear, but advocates are eager to spell out notions of virtuous exercise and
effective schooling. Carlson's science-based theory often gets the most attention because he has
refined and defended it over many years, but there is a place in aesthetic nature appreciation for
the formal or design elements he dismisses as well as for religious, imaginative, emotional, and
ambient responses. To date, the normative aspects of these theories have been presented
sketchily at best. Working out these details will chart a way for landscape appreciation to
become politically correct. (EE)
Ross, Stephen David, The Gift of Kinds: The Good in Abundance! An Ethic of the Earth.
Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999. Kinds in the natural world and their
contribution to human life, also with its diversity in gender, race, class, and nationality. Natural
and human kinds as requisite to any thought of heterogeneity and any resistance to neutrality,
developed in relation to ecological and environmental issues. Kinds are interpreted as
intermediary figures between histories of domination and celebrations of responsibility, between
essentialism and identity politics. Ross is in philosophy and comparative literature, State
University of New York, Binghamton. (v.10,#3)
Ross, Stephen David, The Gift of Property: Betraying Genitivity, Economy, and Ecology, An
Ethic of the Earth. Albany, State University of New York Press, 2001. (v.12,#3)
Ross, Stephen David, ed. Plenishment in the Earth: An Ethic of Inclusion. Albany: SUNY
Press, 1995. 440 pp. $74.50 hardcover; $24.95 pb.
Ross-Bryant, Lynn, "The Land in American Religious Experience," Journal of the American
Academy of Religion 58(1990):333-355. The images Americans have used for the land as they
have attempted to define themselves have shaped their conceptions and experience of the land.
Conversely, the land has shaped the American imagination. Concentrates on literary naturalists,
with particular focus on Gretel Ehrlich, with attention to Annie Dillard and Barry Lopez, all
related to historical background. Ross-Bryant is in the Department of Religious Studies,
University of Colorado, Boulder. (v2,#1)
Rosser, AM; Mainka, SA, "Overexploitation and Species Extinctions," Conservation Biology
16(no.3, 2002):584-586. (v.13, #3)
Rosser, Tim. Review of: Daily, Gretchen C., and Katherine Ellison, The New Economy of
Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable. Environmental Values 13(2004):139-140.
(EV)
Rossi, Vincent, "Sacred Cosmology in the Christian Tradition," The Ecologist 30 (No. 1, Jan 01
2000): 35- . Vincent Rossi shows how the fathers of the Christian Church still saw their
Religion as a relationship between man and the cosmos. (v.11,#2)
Rossi, Vincent, "Liturgizing the World: Religion, Science and the Environmental Crisis in Light
of the Sacrifical Ethic of Sacred Cosmology," Ecotheology No 3 (July 1997):61-84.
Rossman, E. J., "Review of: Vira, Bhaskar, and Jeffery, Roger, eds. Analytical Issues in
Participatory Natural Resource Management," Society and Natural Resources 16(no. 3,
2003):268-269.
Roszak, Theodore, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen D. Kanner, eds. Ecopsychology: Restoring the
Earth, Healing the Mind. Reviewed by Tim Boston. Environmental Ethics 19(1997):101-103.
(EE)
Roszak, Theodore, "Beyond the Reality Principle," Sierra, March April 1993. Planet sanity; why
we need an eco-therapy. "Traditional psychiatry regards consciousness as an accident of nature,
doomed--like life itself--by the entropic destiny of the physical universe. But the Gaia
hypothesis, which views the biosphere as a self-regulating, essentially eternal mechanism, may
point the way to an ecological conception of sanity." "Ecopsychology commits itself to
understanding people as actors on a planetary stage who shape and are shaped by the biospheric
system." (v4,#1)
Roszak, Theodore, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen D. Kanner, ed., Ecopsychology: Restoring the
Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995. Paper, $15. The roots of our
destructive and exploitative environmental attitudes are psychological, and laws alone won't alter
our bahavior. Carl Anthony, "Ecopsychology and the Deconstruction of Whiteness," maintains:
"People of color often view alarmist threats about the collapse of the ecosystem as the latest
strategem by the elite to maintain control of political and economic discourse." (v6,#2)
Roszak, Theodore, The Voice of the Earth. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992. 368 pages. $
23. Ecopsychology, a blend of ecology, psychology, and cosmology, can "span the gap between
the person and the planetary." Roszak wants to "carry science forward to the boundary of
metaphysics." (v3,#2)
Roszell, Jane. "Planning and Managing Natural and Cultural Resources: A Parks Canada
Perspective", Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):26.
Rotating the Cube: Environmental Strategies for the 1990s, An Indicator SA (South Africa) Issue
Focus. Durban: Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences and Indicator Project
South Africa, University of Natal, April 1990. 118 pages. Twenty eight authors on various
environmental issues--water, air, pollution, soil loss, mining, again excellent descriptions of a
degrading environment, but this time with more misgivings about the inability of government
successfully to regulate industries and agribusiness in the common good. (v1,#4)
Roth, Dennis M. The Wilderness Movement and the National Forests, 2nd ed., rev. College
Station, Texas: Intaglio Press, 1995. 105 pp. $14.95 paperback. As chief historian for the U.S.
Forest Service from 1979 to 1989, the author was witness to some of the important conflicts over
protection of this land. More importantly he had ready access to the records and many of the
people involved in the struggle that has stretched from the 1920s to the present. Interviews with
the combatants and selections from their letters and internal memorandums provide detailed
insights that make this book what Roderick Nash has called "a model of careful and original
research."
Roth, LC, "Enemies of the Trees? Subsistence Farmers and Perverse Protection of Tropical Dry
Forest," Journal of Forestry 99(no. 10, 2001):20-28. (v.13,#1)
Roth, S, "The horrors of intensive salmon farming," The Ecologist 31(no.5, 2001):35-38.
(v.12,#4)
Roth, Stephanie, "The Cosmic Vision of Hildegard of Bingen," The Ecologist 30 (No. 1, Jan 01
2000): 40- . The medieval German mystic Hildegard of Bingen saw nature as central to God's
creation - and humanity's duty to protect it. (v.11,#2)
Rothenberg, David, "No World but in Things: The Poetry of Naess's Concrete Contents," Inquiry
39(no. 2, June, 1996):225-272. Arne Naess introduced the notion of "concrete contents" to posit
that the qualities we perceive in nature are intrinsic to the things themselves, and not just
projections of our senses on to the world. This gives environmentalism more credence than if
secondary qualities about the environment are considered subjective in a pejorative sense. But
the concrete contents position pushes philosophy toward poetry because it suggests that felt
qualities are as primary as logic. For a philosophy to justify itself, it sometimes needs to find
resonance with qualities outside its borders. Examples are presented from Italian writer Italo
Calvino, the music of the Kaluli people of New Guinea, a film by John Sayles, and a poem by
Thomas Tranströmer. The concrete philosophical contents of the world are found in the
relationships between philosophy and experience, never inside philosophy alone. Rothenberg is
at the Center for Policy Studies, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark. (v8,#3)
Rothenberg, David, ed. Wild Ideas. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. 225
pages. Papers mostly from the Fifth World Wilderness Congress in Tromso, Norway, September
1993. R. Edward Grumbine, "Wise and Sustainable Uses: Revisioning Wilderness"; Denis
Cosgrove, "Habitable Earth: Wilderness, Empire, and Race in America"; Max Oelschlaeger,
"Earth Talk: Conservation and the Ecology of Language"; Marvin Henberg, "Pancultural
Wilderness"; Lois Ann Lorentzen, "Reminiscing about a Sleepy Lake: Borderland Views of
Women, Place, and the Wild"; Douglas J. Buege, "Confessions of an Eco-Colonialist:
Responsible Knowing among the Inuit"; David Abram, "Out of the Map, into the Territory: The
Earthly Topology of Time"; Irene Klaver, "Silent Wolves: The Howl of the Implicit"; David
Rothenberg, "The Idea of the North: An Iceberg History"; R. Murray Schafer, "The Princess of
the Stars: Music for a Wilderness Lake"; Tom Wolf, "Beauty and the Beasts: Predators in the
Sangre de Cristo Mountains," Robert Greenway, "Healing by the Wilderness Experience"; and
Andrew Light, "Urban Wilderness." Rothenberg teaches philosophy at the New Jersey Institute
of Technology. (v6,#3)
Rothenberg, David, "Who Needs Wild Philosophy?" International Journal of Wilderness 5 (no.
2, August) 1999:4-8. www.ijw.org
Rothenberg, David, "Soul of the Wilderness: Who Needs Philosophy?" International Journal of
Wilderness 5(no. 2, August 1999):4-8. What philosophy can do strengthening arguments for
wilderness. Against Cronon and Callicott, whose arguments against wilderness are confused, we
ought to save wilderness and need the wilderness concept. "`Wilderness' is probably not the
most important way humanity should look at nature, though it is one of many important ways we
can relate to the world around us." 1. Wilderness is not an idea that all peoples in all cultures
have needed, but we modern peoples need the idea. 2. Wilderness is not everything, its
preservation has never been the only goal of the environmental movement, or even the most
important goal." 3. "Wilderness does imply conflict between nature and people. ... Setting a
place aside as wilderness does take it out of the marketplace, and whether we like it or not, this
often sets it against the interests of people who live nearby and have had to earn their living from
the land." Rothenberg is in philosophy at New Jersey Institute of Technology. (v.10,#3)
Rothenberg, David, Review of: Michael Zimmerman et al.,Environmental Philosophy, Peter C.
List, ed., Radical Environmentalism, Susan J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler, eds.,
Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence, Environmental Ethics 16(1994):215-218.
Rothenberg, David, "The Greenhouse from Down Deep: What Can Philosophy Do for Ecology?"
Pan Ecology 7(no. 2, Spring, 1992):1-3. "The philosopher of ecology can only implore you to
try to conceive of your self and your purpose not in opposition to an environment which is
beginning to fight back, but through the surrounding world which may support us forever if we
learn to base our cultures upon ideals that allow the earth to flourish." "It is the idea of nature
independent of humanity which is fading, which needs to be replaced by a nature that includes
us, which we can only understand to the extent that we can find a home in the enveloping flow of
forces which is only ever partially in our control. ... There is no such thing as a pure, wild
nature, empty of human conception. The moment we identify it as such, it becomes ours! The
minute we call some area of the earth separate from our influence, we are putting human
constraints on the environment. We are blocking it out. It is a human thing. Wilderness is a
consequence only of a civilization that sees itself as detached from nature. ... This a romantic,
exclusive and only-human concept of a nature pure and untrammeled by human presence. It is
this idea of nature which is reaching the end of its useful life." Rothenberg is professor in the
Department of Humanities, New Jersey Institute of Technology. (v3,#4)
Rothenberg, David, "You make my heart sing," Ethics and the Environment 8(no. 1, 2003):112125. An account of playing music life with wild birds. Rothenberg is at New Jersey Institute of
Technology. (E&E)
Rothenberg, David, Always the Mountains. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003. The
meaning of mountains, the hazy provenance of Chief Seattle's famous speech, ecoterrorism,
suburbia, the difference between knowledge and information, and the art of humans vs elephants.
Wandering in Manhattan with John Cage, climbing Mt. Ventoux with Petrarch and, with Zen
master Dogen, walking along the blue mountains. David Rothenberg is in philosophy at the New
Jersey Institute of Technology.
Rothenberg, David and Ulvaeus, Marta, eds., The World and the Wild. Tucson, AZ: University
of Arizona Press, 2001. Wilderness as a global issue. Wilderness has an important place in the
environmental thought and policy of any nation, industrial or developing. With contributions
from Nepal, Borneo, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Kenya, India, South Africa, and
the United States. Wilderness is not a northern colonialist conceit irrelevant in the plans of third
world countries. Contributors include: Vance Martin, Pramod Parajuli, Zeese Papanikolas,
Sahotra Sarkar, Philip Cafaro and Monish Verma, David Western in exchange with John
Terborgh, Ian Player, William W Bevis, Kathleen Harrison, Tom Vanderbilt, Antonio Carlos
Diegues, Dan Imhoff, Edward A. Whitesell, Evan Eisenberg, and Damien Arabagali. Reprints,
often from Terra Nova. (v.12,#3)
Rothenberg, David, "Quiet Preservation: Don't Make It a National Park," Wild Earth 10(no. 2,
Summer 2000):57- . (v.12,#2)
Rothenberg, David and Marta Ulvaeus, eds. The New Earth Reader: The Best of Terra Nova.
Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 25(2003):105-108. (EE)
Rothenberg, David, "Music in Nature," Alternatives 27(no.2, Sprg 2001):30-. For the alternative
listener, the final task is to hear each noise as a melody in the vast improvisation that creates the
world's soundscape. (v.12,#4)
Rothenberg, David, "Individual or Community? Two Approaches to Ecophilosophy in Practice."
Environmental Values Vol.1 No.2(1992):123-132. ABSTRACT: Should environmental
philosophers--or practical conservationists--focus their attentions on particular living creatures,
or on the community of which they, and we, are part? The individualist ethos of the United
States is reflected in legislation to protect endangered species in which particular species are
portrayed as individuals with rights that must be protected. By contrast, the planning of
environmental protection in Norway, exemplified by the Samla Plan for the management of
water resources, emphasizes the importance of community integrity, where `community' includes
the whole of nature. These differing approaches are considered in the light of moral monism and
pluralism, with special reference to Christopher Stone's recent work. Despite their differences,
and the reservation that each method inevitably takes a human perspective, it can be hoped that
each may contribute to enabling people and political systems to consider nature more seriously.
KEYWORDS: Ecophilosophy, Endangered Species Act (US), environmental assessment, moral
pluralism, Samla Plan (Norway). 351 Harvard Street, #2F, Cambridge MA 02138, USA.
Rothenberg, David, Hand's End: Technology and the Limits of Nature. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1993. 299 pages. Hardcover, $ 29.95. Rothenberg offers a radical new look at
technology as the fundamental way in which we experience and define nature--the tool as
humanity extended. Our view of the natural world has changed continually through history,
according to the new ways society has invented to use nature. Tools extend our presence in the
world, while reconfiguring nature according to human understanding. As we extend the hand in
different ways, we perceive what we can touch anew. The natural world changes, and so do we.
Nature emerges as something that cannot meaningfully be opposed to human civilization.
Instead, we need to consider the diverse meanings of nature during the various epochs of human
civilization and look at nature as a changing foil for our perceived role in the world. Once aware
of the limits that technology reveals, we need then to temper technical progress with ideals that
the development of machinery tends to elude. Innovations should not be opposed to the
surrounding environment. Instead, we should use technique to make a home in the world.
Rothenberg is assistant professor of humanities at the New Jersey Institute of Technology; he is
known for his work interpreting Arne Naess. (v4,#3)
Rothenberg, David, and Ulvaeus, Marta, eds., The Book of Music and Nature: An Anthology of
Sounds, Words, Thoughts Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2001. A Terra Nova Book. This
innovative book and CD, assembled by the editors of the periodical Terra Nova, is the first
anthology published on the subject of music and nature. Yoking together the simplicities and
complexities of the world of natural sound and the music inspired by it, this collection includes
essays, illustrations, and plenty of sounds and music. Celebrates our relationship with natural
soundscapes while posing stimulating questions about that relationship. The compact disc
includes fifteen tracks of music made out of, or reflective of, natural sounds, ranging from
Babenzele Pygmy music to Australian butcherbirds. (v.12,#2)
Rothenberg, David, Is It Painful to Think? Conversations with Arne Naess University of
Minnesota Press, 1992. 248 pages, $ 44.95 cloth, $ 16.95 paper. This book is in Norwegian as
David Rothenberg, Arne Naess: Gjor det vondt a tenke? Oslo: Grondahl og Dreyer Forlag, 1992.
Rothenberg presents "the grand old man of natural philosophy in his own words." What
emerges is "the personal vision of a life imbued with ecology, which reveals in most human
terms how respect for and contact with the natural world can provide a foundation for a total
view of the vast problems of humanity and our place in the world." (v3,#2) (Norway)
Rothenberg, David, and Ulvaeus, Marta, eds., Writing on Water. Cambridge: The MIT Press,
2001. A Terra Nova Book. Water links all aspects of our existence. From the politics of
watersheds to the romance of turtles climbing up from the sea, from Leonardo da Vinci to
Octavio Paz, from murder at a hot spring to the cool facts on liquidation, the writings in this
collection flow through all the ways humans encounter this most refreshing of elements. There is
a bit of science, some management plans for the protection of water, and plenty of stories,
poems, essays, and photography. Here is a fresh way of looking at one of the oldest subjects
there is. Rothenberg is in philosophy at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and the founder
of Terra Nova, the journal from which these articles are taken. Marta Ulvaeus was an editor of
TDR (The Drama Review) becoming the Associate Editor of Terra Nova. (v.12,#2)
Rothenberg, David, ed., Wild Ideas. Reviewed by David R. Keller. Environmental Ethics
19(1997):315-318. (EE)
Rothenberg, David, Improvisation, Sound, Nature. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002.
With CD. Music takes us home to a natural world that functions outside of logic, where
harmony and dissonance, tension and release work in surpreising ways. Music, like wind, is the
lungs of the world, and Brownian motion seethes at its heart. (v.13,#1)
Rothenberg, David, and Ulvaeus, Marta, eds., The New Earth Reader: The Best of Terra Nova.
Cambridge, MIT Press, 1999. $24.95. Explores the complex and multifarious ways humanity is
loose in the natural world. Find out who really wrote the famous Chief Seattle speech. Read
why Jaron Lanier wants to turn us all into giant squid so we can talk to one another without
language. Rick Bass travels to the country with the most grizzly bears per square mile: Romania.
Gary Nabhan dreams of raven stew. Val Plumwood is half-swallowed by a crocodile and lives
to tell the tale and affirm her vegetarianism. Charles Bowden enters Tuna Country in Mexico
and struggles to find his way back across the border. Ray Isle fights with a wild turkey; see who
wins. And find out why filmmaker Errol Morris thinks that human dreamers are the most
endangered species around. Rothenberg is editor of Terra Nova, and in philosophy at the New
Jersey Institute of Technology. Ulvaeus is the associate director of continuing Terra Nova
projects at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. (v.11,#1)
Rothenberg, David, Why Birds Sing: A Journey into the Mystery of Bird Song. New York:
Basic Books, 2005, Penguin UK. An introduction to the world of bird song that combines the
insights of science, poetry, and music. We need all three human ways of knowing to find the
fullest understanding of these beautiful, natural sounds which resound around us every spring.
Rothenberg begins with his own experience playing clarinet along with birds in the National
Aviary, and when he finds that the birds seem to respond much more to his music than he
expected, he embarks on a journey from ancient writings on to the modern neuroscience, ending
deep in the Australian rainforest where he tries to play along with an Albert's lyrebird, using all
he has picked up along the way. "This book is exuberant! Exuberantly intellectual, exuberantly
alive. And when you are finished with it the world will seem more alive as well, which is an
awful lot for one book to accomplish." Bill McKibben Visit www.whybirdssing.com for
excerpts, sound clips, pictures, videos, and book tour details. David Rothenberg is professor of
philosophy the New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Rothenberg, David. Review of The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. By Shepard Krech III.
Environmental Ethics 22(2000):425-429.
Rothenberg, David. Hand's End: Technology and the Limits of Nature:(Berkeley: University of
California, 1993). Reviewed by Richard Gault in Environmental Values 4(1995):79-81. (EV)
Rothenberg, David. Review of The Way of the Human Being. By Calvin Luther Martin.
Environmental Ethics 22(2000):425-429.
Rothenberg, David. Review of The Great, New, Wilderness Debate. Edited by J. Baird Callicott
and Michael Nelson. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):199-202.
Rothenberg, David. Review of Peder Anker. Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the
British Empire, 1895B1945. Environmental Ethics 25(2003):321-324. (EE)
Rothenberg, David. Book Review of On Biocultural Diversity: Linking Language, Knowledge,
and the Environment. Edited by Luisa Maffi. Environmental Ethics 26(2004):97-99. (EE)
Rothenberg, David. Review of Nina Witoszek and Andrew Brennan, eds.,, Philosophical
Dialogues: Arne Naess and the Progress of Philosphy, Lanham, MD and Oxford: Rowman and
Littlefield, 1999, Environmental Values 10(2001):418. (EV)
Rothenberg, David. "Feet on the Ground: Responses to Hand's End." Research in Philosophy
and Technology 15 (1995): 191. (v7, #3)
Rothman, Dale S., Review of: Paul Ekins, The Prospects for Green Growth, Environmental
Values 11(2002):114-116.
Rothman, HK, "Review of: Ted Steinberg, Down to Earth: Nature's Role in American History",
Environmental History 8(no.2, 2003):324-325.
Rothman, Stanley, and Lichter, S. Robert, "Is Environmental Cancer and Political Disease?, pp.
231-245. Scientists working in cancer epidemiology have a far different view of what
constitutes a serious threat of environmental cancer than nonscientists who regard themselves as
activists for environmental sanity. Rothman teaches government at Smith College. Lichter is the
author of Keeping the News Media Honest. In Gross, Paul R., Levitt, Norman, and Lewis,
Martin W., eds., The Flight from Science and Reason. New York: New York Academy of
Sciences, 1996. Distributed by Johns Hopkins University Press. (v9,#2)
Roughgarden, Joan, Evolution and Christian Faith: Reflections of an Evolutionary Biologist.
Washington: Island Press, 2006. "I'm an evolutionary biologist and a Christian. Here's my
perspective on what to teach about evolution and on how to understand today's collision between
science and Christian faith" (p. 3). "Is there then a conflict between the Bible and evolution?
No. To the contrary, the discovery that all of life is one body through its union into one family
tree extends St. Paul's teaching on Christian community to all of living creation. This finding is
a source of joy and I rejoice." (p. 23). "A long and solid tradition testifies to biologists' search
for direction in evolution. Many, maybe most, evolutionary biologists do see evolution as
having a direction under the guidance of natural breeding even through the mutation-generating
piece within the evolutionary process is random. ... Thus evolution is not automatically in
opposition to religion concerning a direction for evolutionary change. ... For myself, I'm
comfortable feeling that evolution by natural breeding is revealing God's design for nature in the
fullness of time." (pp. 49-52). Roughgarden is in biology and geophysics at Stanford University.
Rouner, Leroy ed., The Longing for Home. Notre Dame; IN: Notre Dame University Press,
1977.
Rouner, Leroy S., ed. The Longing for Home. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press,
1997. 248 pp. $34 cloth. Explores the spiritual and emotional depths of our human sense of
home, mixing intellectual engagement and personal reflection. Three autobiographical essays
about the personal experience of home, followed by philosophical explorations of the meaning of
home. The final section relates the theme of home to various problems of modern life. (v.7,#4)
Routley, Richard, "Is There a Need for a New, an Environmental Ethic?" Proceedings of the
XVth World Congress of Philosophy, September 17-22, 1973, Varna, Bulgaria, vol. 1.,
Philosophy and Science, Morality and Culture, Technology and Man. Sofia, Bulgaria, 1973, pp.
205-210. Perhaps the first paper in environmental ethics as a modern discipline. Richard
Routley later wrote under the name Richard Sylvan. He was research professor of philosophy,
Australian National University, Canberra, and died in 1996.
Routley, Richard. See also Sylvan, Richard.
Routley, Val. "On Karl Marx as an Environmental Hero." Environmental Ethics
3(1981):237-44. Donald C. Lee's "On the Marxian View of the Relationship between Man and
Nature" is one of a number of recent attempts to interpret Marxian doctrine in an
environmentally attractive way. I argue that Lee does not really succeed, that many of the
assumptions of the Marxian theory which Lee still retains are in conflict with a satisfactory
environmental ethic and with the current process of revision of the conventional ethic. The
central doctrine Lee expounds, the superficially attractive Marxian thesis of unity between man
and nature, is attractive only because the real basis of this "unity"--the transformation of nature
into a human expression--is not spelled out. Such unity-through-transformation is incompatible
with retention and respect for untransformed nature, i.e., wilderness. The Marxian position Lee
expounds is environmentally unsatisfactory in many other ways also: it continues to laud the
"objectification" of nature, retains a highly homocentric view of man's relation to nature, and
encourages human hubris. Other specific elements of the position Lee presents which are in
conflict with environmentalism are the doctrine of the historical necessity of the capitalist stage,
with its acquiescence in the destructive technology of advanced capitalism, the chauvinistic
Marxian material on animals appealed to by Lee, and the treatment of liberation as the
maximization of leisure and the minimization of bread labor. To obtain an environmentally
sound noncapitalist society it is necessary to discard many central elements of Marxian doctrine
and to move beyond Marx. Val Routley is now Val Plumwood. She resides in Braidwood,
Australia. (EE)
Routley, Val. See also Plumwood, Val.
Rowan, A. N., Loew, F. M., and Weer, J. C., The animal research controversy: Protest, process
& public policy--an analysis of strategic issues. Medford, MA: Tufts University School of
Veterinary Medicine, 1995.
Rowan, Andrew W. Of Mice, Models and Men: A Critical Evaluation of Animal Research.
Albany: Suny Press, 1984. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 8(1986):83-87.
Rowan, Andrew N. Review of David Goodman and Michael J. Watts, eds. Globalising Food:
Agrarian Questions and Global Restructuring. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
11(1999):61-63. (JAEE)
Rowan, Andrew N., Review of David Goodman and Michael J. Watts, eds., Globalising Food:
Agrarian Questions and Global Restructuring. London and New York: Routledge. Journal of
Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1998):61-63.
Rowe, Garry M. "Shortage and Tension on the Upper Rio Grande: Protecting Endangered
Species during Times of Drought--The Role of the Bureau of Reclamation, A Brief Overview of
Relationships in the Upper Rio Grande Basin." Natural Resources Journal 39(No. 1, Winter
1999):141- . (v10,#4)
Rowe, Sharon and James D. Sellmann. "An Uncommon Alliance: Ecofeminism and Classical
Daoist Philosophy." Environmental Ethics 25(2003):129-148. Classical philosophical Daoism
and ecofeminism converge on key points. Ecofeminism's critique of Western dualistic
metaphysics finds support in Daoism's nondualistic, particularist, cosmological framework,
which distinguishes pairs of complementary opposites within a process of dynamic
transformation without committing itself to a binary, essentialist position as regards sex and
gender. Daoism's epistemological implications suggest a link to ecofeminism's alignment with a
situational and provisional model of knowledge. As a transformative philosophy, the cluster of
concepts that give specificity to the Daoist notion of transformation offers content and direction
for the notion of transformation central to many ecofeminist philosophies. These affinities offer
possibilities for developing the relevance of both philosophies to bear upon a theoretical
understanding of how we can live in a respectful and sustainable relationship with our natural
environment. (EE)
Rowe, Stan, "Eine Erd-Ethik für die Menschheit (article in German). An Earth-based ethics for
humanity. Natur und Kultur, Vol. 1/2, 2000, pp. 106-120. Nature in the large sense is Earth, the
ecosphere, the source of Life and therefore the best metaphor for Life. Humans are co-evolved
parts of nature, and their achievements of language and Culture are derived in many ways from
the creative Earth. This ecological fact suggests an ethical imperative: Revere the Earth and its
sectoral ecosystems, for their importance is greater than that of any single species. An Earthethic--a modern form of Animism--goes beyond humanism and biocentrism, broadening the
basis of religious sensibility. (v.11,#4)
Rowe, Stan. Earth Alive: Essays On Ecology. Edmonton: NeWest Press, 2006. Included are
thirty-three short essays or articles, seven book reviews, and the AManifesto for Earth@ (coauthored with Ted Mosquin) by the Canadian ecologist-philosopher Rowe, recently deceased.
Rowe was employed by the Canadian Forestry Service from 1948 until 1967. From 1968 until
1985, he was employed as a professor of plant ecology at the University of Saskatchewan. He
retired in 1990 and moved to New Denver in British Columbia. For Rowe, living and non-living
ecosystem components are not absolutely divided from each other, and they claim equal
importance.
Rowell, Andrew. "Crude Operators: The Future of the Oil Industry," The Ecologist (1979)
27(no.3 1997):99. Technological advances and the maturity of existing oil fields have spurred oil
companies to explore for oil and extract it from previously inaccessible or "frontier" areas, both
offshore and onshore, so as not to be totally reliant upon Middle Eastern resources. In many
cases, such prospecting and production is having severe environmental impacts and serious
social, ethical and cultural consequences. (v8,#3)
Rowell, Andrew. Green Backlash. Review by J. Quentin Merritt, Environmental Values
7(1998):370.
Rowell, Andrew. "Beating the Green Backlash," The Ecologist (1979) 27(no.3 1997):86. (v8,#3)
Rowland, F. Sherwood, "Climate Change and Its Consequences: Issues for the New U.S.,"
Environment 43(no.2, Mar. 2001): 28-. Most scientists agree that global warming exists.
Although uncertainty remains about its effects, its threat should be addressed by implementing
actions to control the drivers of climate change, developing climate models with greater
predictive power, and exploring responses to its possible effects. (v.12,#3)
Rowlands, Ian H. "Political Warming," Alternatives 23(no.2, 1997):8. The Geneva Climate
Change Conference offers limited hope for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. (v8,#2)
Rowlands, Ian H. "The Climate Change Negotiations: Berlin and Beyond, The Journal of
Environment and Development 4, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 145- . (v6,#4)
Rowlands, Mark, The Body in Mind: Understanding Cognitive Processes, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1999. This book challenges the Cartesian view of the mind as a
self-contained monadic entity, and offers in its place a radical externalist or environmentalist
model of cognitive processes. Cognition is not something done exclusively in the head, but
fundamentally something done in the world. Drawing on both evolutionary theory and a detailed
examination of the processes involved in perception, memory, thought, and language use,
Rowlands argues that cognition is a process whereby creatures manipulate and employ relevant
objects in their environment. It is not simply an internal process of information processing;
equally significantly, it is an external process of information processing. This innovative book
provides a foundation for an unorthodox but increasingly popular view of the nature of
cognition, and a systematic dismantling of the distinction between mental and environmental
processes. (v.11,#3)
Rowlands, Mark, Environmental Crisis: Understanding the Value of Nature. Basingstoke,
Hampshire, UK: Macmillan, 2000. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 191 pages. Attempts
to understand the nature of environmental value founded on an inadequate conception of the
nature of mental processes. Critiquing both subjectivist and objectivist accounts of
environmental value, the book argues that proper understanding of this nature requires a breaking
down of the distinction between mind and world. However, previous attempts to do this, being
in the grip of the essentially idealistic trends that have dominated philosophy since Kant, all
involve trying to "pull the world into the mind", showing that the world is, in one sense or
another, a construction of the mind. This, it is argued, is anathema to environmental thinking.
What is required to arrive at a satisfactory account of environmental value is to "pull the mind
into the world", that is, to show how mental processes possess, quite literally, have
environmental constituents. Rowlands, in philosophy at the University of Ireland, Cork, is
transferring to University of London, Birkbeck College. Reviewed by Jennifer Baker in
Environmental Ethics 24(2002):321-324. (v.11,#3)
Rowlands, Mark, Animal Rights: A Philosophical Defence, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK:
Macmillan, 2000. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. The question of the nature and extent of
our obligations to non-human animals has featured prominently in recent moral debate,
underlying and informing discussion on topical issues such as factory farming, animal
experimentation, and hunting. This book defends the novel position that certain ideas stemming
from the social contract tradition in philosophy--the tradition which sees moral rights as deriving
from implicit agreements between individuals--can be used to justify the claim that our
obligations to animals are far more substantial than we commonly think. Critiquing the rival
accounts of writers such as Peter Singer and Tom Regan, this book shows how an influential
form of the social contract idea--one deriving from the work of John Rawls--can be used to make
sense of and justify the concept of animal rights. Rowlands, in philosophy at the University of
Ireland, Cork, is transferring to University of London, Birkbeck College. (v.11,#3)
Rowlands, Mark, "Environmental Ethics in Ireland," ISEE Newsletter, vol. 11, no. 3, fall 2000,
pp. 13-17. Rowlands is in the Department of Philosophy, University College, Cork, Ireland.
(v.11,#3)
Rowlands, Mark, "Environmental Epistemology," Ethics and the Environment 10(no. 2, 2005):528. "Externalism" in all its forms possesses two essential theses, one concerning the nature of
the states to which the externalist thesis applies, and the other concerning the properties of those
states in virtue of which it applies. The first thesis is that externalism applies only to the socalled propositional attitudes. It applies to beliefs, desires, hopes, fears, expectations,
anticipations, and the like, all of which are (i) attributed to a subject by way of a that-clause, and
(ii) are individuated, in part, by way of the proposition that follows this clause. The second
thesis is that the externalist claim applies to such states because they possess semantic content;
because they are individuated by way of the proposition that follows the that-clause.
Externalism doesn't go far enough. I'll try to develop a form of externalism that reaches parts
other externalisms cannot reach. This can be called vehicle externalism, but I adhere to my
somewhat tendentious label: environmentalism. Rowlands is in philosophy, University of
Hertfordshire, UK. (Eth&Env)
Rowley, Christopher, The Benefits and the Problems of the Proposed Merger of Development
and Environmental Education, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University,
September 1993. (v7,#1)
Rowley, Christopher, The Benefits and the Problems of the Proposed Merger of Development
and Environmental Education, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University,
September 1993.
Rowley, W. D., "Review of: Karen R. Merrill, Public Lands and Political Meaning: Ranchers,
the Government, and the Property Between Them," Environmental History 8(no. 3, 2003): 495.
Rowthorn, Anne W. Caring for Creation: Toward an Ethic of Responsibility. Wilton, CT:
Morehouse, 1989.
Roy, Arundhati, Power Politics. Reviewed by Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., Journal of Agricultural
and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):96-98. (JAEE)
Royal, Robert, The Virgin and the Dynamo: The Use and Abuse of Religion in Environmental
Debates. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999. 247 pages. Royal wishes to correct overly
romantic approaches to the natural world, including common images of the world as sacred. He
has many doubts about the use of religion ("the virgin"), deep ecology, ecofeminist theology,
creation spirituality, and others; better hard science ("the dynamo") brings more sober truth about
the dark side of nature. Nor does he want biologisms of any sort. Humanity is the crown of
creation and humans enjoy considerable creativity in coping with nature. (EE v.12,#1)
Royte, Elizabeth, "Wilding America," Discover, September 2002, pp. 42-47. The importance of
wildlife corridors connecting wilderness and conservation areas. A radio-collared mountain lion
has been tracked using a wildlife passageway, a culvert under a heavily traveled freeway near
Santa Anna, California. The lion used the culvert twenty-two times over nineteen months. Also
the culvert was often used by coyotes and foxes. California authorities plan to close off some
existing highway underpasses and convert them to wildlife corridors. (v.13,#4)
Rozak, Theodore, The Voice of the Earth, Reviewed by Joseph Meeker in Environmental Ethics
16(1994):111
Rozzi, Ricardo, John Silander, Jr., Juan J. Armesto, Peter Feinisinger, and Francisca Massardo.
"Three Levels of Integrating Ecology with the Conservation of South American Temperate
Forests: The Initiative of the Institute of Ecological Research Chirac, Chile," Biodiversity and
Conservation 9(no. 8, 2000):1199-1217. Abstract. The diversity of native species assemblages
and that of indigenous cultures that once characterized the temperate forests of southern Chile
have experienced a process of homogenization ever since the Spanish conquest. Today this
process continues to erode both biotic and cultural diversity. With the goal of linking ecological
research with actions to conserve the biological and cultural richness of this region, we
established the Institute of Ecological Research Chiloe. The Institute's philosophy and activities
involve three approaches: (1) participation of professional ecologists in environmental education
and decision making, through collaboration with the community at local, regional, and global
scales; (2) programs of ecological education, which include planting indigenous trees in urban
areas and creating a local botanical garden with representative Chilean forest species; (3) critical
analyses of the narrow economic and utilitarian environmental ethics that currently prevail in
Chile, and often in other Latin American nations, and examination of traditional or novel
alternative ethics and perspectives that address multiple interrelations between biological and
cultural dimensions. Key words: biological and cultural diversity, ecological education,
environmental values, South American temperate forests, sustainable biosphere initiative.
Rozzi, Ricardo, "The Reciprocal Links between Evolutionary-Ecological Sciences and
Environmental Ethics," BioScience 49(1999):911-921. Darwinian evolution and its implications
for ecologists and ethicists. This is an important case because (1) the social influences and
historical circumstances that led Darwin to formulate his theory have been well examined. (2)
Darwinian theory is a foundational basis for both ecology and environmental ethics. (3)
Darwinian theory cuts both ways. It can encourage respect for the natural environment by
weakening anthropocentrism. But it can also favor patterns of overconsumption and exploitation
of the environment by strengthening individualism with ideas of the struggle for existence and
natural selection. This paper was first presented at an International Society for Environmental
Ethics session at the World Congress of Philosophy in Boston, August 1998. Rozzi is at the
Institute of Ecological Research Chiloé, Chile, though currently at the Departments of
Philosophy and of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
(v10,#4)
Rozzi, Ricardo, Silander, John, Jr, Armesto, Juan J., Feinsinger, Peter, and Massardo, Francisca,
"Three levels of integrating ecology with the conservation of South American temperate forests:
The initiative of the Institute of Ecological Research Chiloé, Chile," Biology and Conservation
9(2000):1199-1217. Abstract. The diversity of native species assemblages and that of
indigenous cultures that once characterized the temperate forests of southern Chile have
experienced a process of homogenization ever since the Spanish conquest. Today this process
continues to erode both biotic and cultural diversity. With the goal of linking ecological research
with actions to conserve the biological and cultural richness of this region, we established the
Institute of Ecological Research Chiloé. The Institute's philosophy and activities involve three
approaches: (1) Participation of professional ecologists in environmental education and decision
making, through collaboration with the community at local, regional, and global scales. (2)
Programs of ecological education, which include planting indigenous trees in urban areas and
creating a local botanical garden with representative Chilean forest species. (3) Critical analyses
of the narrow economic and utilitarian environmental ethics that currently prevail in Chile, and
often in other Latin American nations, and examination of traditional or novel alternative ethics
and perspectives that address multiple interrelations between biological and cultural dimensions.
Key words: biological and cultural diversity, ecological education, environmental values, South
American temperate forests, sustainable biosphere initiative. The authors are with the Institute
of Ecological Research, Chiloé, Chile. (v.13,#1)
Rozzi, Ricardo, Juan J. Armesto, and Robert Frodeman. "Integrating Ecological Sciences and
Environmental Ethics into Biocultural Conservation in South American Temperate
Sub-Antarctic Ecosystems." Environmental Ethics 30(2008):229-234. This special issue of
Environmental Ethics is based on the workshop AIntegrating Ecological Sciences and
Environmental Ethics: New Approaches to Understanding and Conserving Frontier
Ecosystems,@ held in the temperate sub-Antarctic region of southern Chile, in March 2007. The
workshop was jointly organized by the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies of the
University of North Texas (UNT) and the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-Chile), in
collaboration with the Center for Environmental Philosophy, and followed a three-week field
graduate course, AConservation and Society: Biocultural Diversity and Environmental Ethics,@
involving graduate students from the U.S. and Latin America. These events built on a decade of
collaboration between UNT environmental philosophers and Chilean ecologists, and were
followed by two symposia held subsequently at two annual meetings of the Ecological Society of
America (2007 and 2008). (EE)
Rubel, Alan and Robert Streiffer, "Respecting The Autonomy of European and American
Consumers: Defending Positive Labels on Gm Foods," Journal of Agricultural and
Environmental Ethics 18(2005):75-84. In her recent article, "Does autonomy count in favor of
labeling genetically modified food?," Kirsten Hansen argues that in Europe, voluntary negative
labeling of non-GM foods respects consumer autonomy just as well as mandatory positive
labeling of foods with GM content. We argue that Hansen's arguments are mistaken in several
respects. She underestimates the demands of respecting autonomy and overestimates the cost of
positive labeling. Moreover, she mistakenly implies that only a small minority of people desire
information about GM content. We also explore the extent to which her arguments would apply
to the US context. Keywords autonomy - genetically modified foods - GM foods - labeling.
The authors are in philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. (JAEE)
Rubin, Charles T., Conservation Reconsidered: Nature, Virtue, and American Liberal
Democracy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. A collection under the auspices of
the Political Economy Research Center (PERC), a right-wing think tank pressing for
deregulation and private property rights. American's canonical figures in environmental
conservation saw preservation and conservation as two sides of the same coin rather than as
divergent outlooks on nature.
Rubin, Charles T., "Environmental Policy and Environmental Thought: Ruckelshaus and
Commoner," Environmental Ethics 11(1989):27-51. Excellent discussion of the role of political
and moral values which underlie scientific, technological, and environmental decision-making.
An examination of the work of Barry Commoner reveals his utopian optimism in the power of an
ecologically-driven technology; he is thus an heir to Bacon. Rubin suggests we need a new
sense of values and a new vision of the world to limit our desires and re-define the good. (Katz,
Bibl # 2)
Rubin, Charles T., The Green Crusade: Rethinking the Roots of Environmentalism. New York:
The Free Press, Macmillan, 1994. 312 pages. Environmentalism has changed public attitudes as
rapidly and profoundly as any other movement in American history. But environmentalism
would do well to drop their tiresome warnings of impending disaster and instead reexamine their
own principles. The acceptance of utopian ideals commonly leads to the most extreme
manifestations as the purest approach to those ideals. The unintended consequences of noble
intentions can be a green totalitarianism. Analyzes Rachel Carson, Barry Commoner, Paul
Ehrlich, E. F. Schumacher and finds a radical project, but doubtful scientific accuracy. Rubin
teaches political science at Duquesne University. (v5,#3)
Rubin, Charles T. "Environmental Policy and Environmental Thought: Commoner and
Ruckelshaus." Environmental Ethics 11(1989):27-51. A close examination of the major works
of Barry Commoner provides insight into some of the assumptions that characterize current
environmental debate, particularly over the risk/benefit approach brought to the EPA by William
Ruckelshaus. Commoner's analysis of environmental problems depends much more on what
Ruckelshaus would call his own "vision of how we want the world to be" than on scientific
findings. I trace this vision through Commoner's commitment to socialist political change to a
profound belief in the ability of technology to rationalize man's relationship to nature. I argue
that this widely shared but utopian perspective hampers the serious consideration of
environmental issues, even by those who, like Ruckelshaus, believe that they are presenting an
alternative to it. Rubin is at the Political Science department, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh,
PA. (EE)
Rubin, Charles T. ed. Conservation Reconsidered: Nature, Virtue and American Liberal
Democracy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. Review by Keekok Lee, Environmental
Values 10(2001):552. (EV)
Rubinoff, D., "Evaluating the California Gnatcatcher as an Umbrella Species for Conservation of
Southern California Coastal Sage Scrub," Conservation Biology 15(no.5, 2001): 1374-83.
(v.13,#2)
Rudel, T. K., "Sociologists in the Service of Sustainable Development?: NGOs and
Environment-Society Studies in the Developing World," Society and Natural Resources 15(no.3,
2002): 263-68. (v.13,#2)
Rudel, Thomas K. with Bruce Horowitz, Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land
Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. 234 pages.
Rudel teaches sociology and human ecology at Rutgers University. Horowitz is a lawyer and
professor at Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador. (v4,#2)
Rudel, Thomas K., with Bruce Horowitz, Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land
Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Paper. 234
pages. Why forest clearing has taken place in the Ecuadorian Amazon, taking into account the
perspectives and actions of all the local actors over the past seventy years. Rudel is professor of
sociology and of human ecology at Rutgers; Horowitz is a lawyer and professor in Ecuador.
This is the first volume in what is projected to be a major series "Methods and Cases in
Conservation Science," edited by Mary C. Pearl (of Wildlife Conservation International of the
New York Zoological Society) and published by Columbia. (v4,#4)
Rudel, TK, "Introduction to Controlling Climate Change: Sociological Perspectives," Society
and Natural Resources 14(no. 6, 2001):489-490. (v.13,#1)
Rudig, W., "Between Ecotopia and Disillusionment: Green Parties in European Government,"
Environment 44(no.3, 2002): 20-33. (v.13,#2)
Rudig, Wolfgang, ed., Green Politics (Three). Reviewed by Avner De-Shalit. Environmental
Values 5(1996):371-372. (EV)
Rudolph, VJ, "Modifying Forest Management for Biodiversity," Conservation Biology 17(no.5,
2003):1463-1464. (v.14, #4)
Rudy, Alan. Review of Marx and Nature: A Red and Green Perspective. By Paul Burkett.
Environmental Ethics 23(2001):91-94. (EE)
Rue, Loyal, By the Grace of Guile: The Role of Deception in Natural History and Human
Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. With a chapter extensively detailing the role
of deception in natural history, both structural (camouflage and mimicry) and behavioral (hiding,
stalking, the angler fish that uses its tongue as a worm, for bait). Animals are repeatedly
naturally selected to deceive each other; plants deceive insects; those that can do so survive
better, though there is also adaptive value in being able to detect deception. Humans arise in this
genetic tradition, and are genetically disposed, in part, to be deceivers. Deception is required in
culture, though there is a long cultural tradition that judges deception negatively.
Metaphysically, the natural world is meaningless; nihilism is true. But humans need
myths otherwise, and hence the religious and philosophical traditions. Science erodes these
myths, revealing these deceptions about nature and within culture. Unfortunately, we need
some such myths to survive, else science will prove maladaptive. Nature is objectively
valueless, but we need to deceive ourselves into believing in its intrinsic value. We have to be
saved from the truth. We need "the saving grace of noble lies." We can only live "by the grace
of guile." Rue teaches philosophy and theology at Luther College (Luther College?!), and he
seems to have managed to practice the self-deception he preaches; he describes himself as a
"theoretical nihilist and an existential biophiliac" (p. 278). (v5,#4)
Rue, Loyal, Everybody's Story: Wising Up to the Epic of Evolution. Albany, NY: State
University of New York (SUNY) Press, 2000. 176 pages, $ 17, paper. The traditional stories,
myths, ethics, philosophies are becoming more and more irrelevant, but Rue argues that he can
replace them with a new story based on fact, the epic of evolution; and everybody and everything
gets into the story: every race, every species, every star, everybody. Rue teaches religion at
Luther College, Decorah, IA. (v.11,#1)
Ruether, Rosemary Radford. Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing. San
Francisco: Harper, 1992.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford, ed. Women Healing Earth: Third-World Women on Ecology,
Feminism, and Religion. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1997. 175pp. $17 paper. Contributors
are from South America, Central America, India, Philippines, Korea, and Africa. (v8,#1)
Reviewed by Rita Lester, Environmental Ethics 20(1998):195-98.
Ruffner, Charles M.; Groninger, John W., "Making the Case for Fire in Southern Illinois
Forests," Journal of Forestry 104 (no.2, March/April 2006): 78-83 (6).
Ruhl, J.B., "Section 7(a)(1) of the `New' Endangered Species Act: Rediscovering and Redefining
the Untapped Power of Federal Agencies' Duty to Conserve Species", Environmental Law,
25(No.4, 1995):1107- . Ruhl discusses the history of section 7(a)(1) of the Endangered Species
Act, which imposes a duty to conserve species on all federal agencies, and explores the recent
administrative and Congressional actions affecting this duty. He argues that the provision should
be interpreted to require federal agencies to implement programs for the recovery of endangered
species.
Ruhl, J.B. "An Environmental Rights Amendment: Good Message, Bad Idea," Natural Resources
& Environment 11(1997):46. (v8,#1)
Ruhl, JB; Lant, C; Loftus, T; Kraft, S; Adams, J; Duram, L, "Proposal for a Model State
Watershed Management Act", Environmental Law 33 (no.4, 2003): 929-948.
Ruiz, Gregory M. and James Carlton, eds., Invasive Species: Vectors and Management
Strategies. Washington: Island Press, 2003.
RuizPerez, M; Maoyi, F; Xiaosheng, Y; Belcher, B, "Bamboo Forestry in China: Toward
Environmentally Friendly Expansion," Journal of Forestry 99(no. 7, 2001):14-20. (v.13,#1)
RuizTagle (Ruiz-Tagle), Maria Teresa. Review of P. Koutstaal, Economic Policy and Climate
Change: Tradable Permits for Reducing Carbon Emissions, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1997,
Environmental Values 10(2001):277. (EV)
Rumbaugh, Duane M., and David A. Washburn. The Intelligence of Apes and Other Rational
Beings. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. What apes and monkeys know and how we
know it.
Runkle, Deborah, and Granger, Ellen, "Animal Rights: Teaching or Deceiving Kids," Science
278 (5 September 1997):1419. Editorial claiming that animal rights groups focus on children,
educating the next generation against the use of animal in research, and that the research
community needs to be vocal to counter this misinformation with better information. Various
letters in response are in subsequent issues of Science. (v.8,#4)
Running S.W.; Nemani R.R.; Heinsch F.A.; Zhao M.; Reeves M.; Hashimoto = H., "A
Continuous Satellite-Derived Measure of Global Terrestrial Primary Production," BioScience
54(no.6, 1 June 2004):547-560(14). (v. 15, # 3)
Runte, Alfred, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness. University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
(v1,#4)
Ruse, M, "Stewardship for the Earth: A Review of Some Recent Books on Biology and Values,"
Bioscience 53(no.9, 2003):876-879. (v.14, #4)
Ruse, Michael, and Castle, David, eds., Genetically Modified Foods: Debating Biotechnology.
Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 2002. Sample contents: The Prince of Wales, "Reith Lecture 2000";
Richard Dawkins, "An Open Letter to Prince Charles"; Biotechnology Case Study: Golden Rice;
Ethics in Agriculture; Paul B. Thompson, "Bioethics in a Bio-Based Economy"; Gary Comstock,
"Ethics and Genetically Modified Foods"; Jack Wilson, "Intellectual Property Rights in
Genetically Modified Agriculture: The Shock of the Not-So-New". (v.13,#4)
Ruse, Michael, "Stewardship for the Earth: A Review of Some Recent Books on Biology and
Values," BioScience 53(no. 9, 2003):876-879. Ruse generally comments on the increasing
concern with values in biology, particularly as this relates to conservation and to intrinsic values
in nature. He does this in the course of reviewing Holmes Rolston, III, Genes, Genesis and God;
Edward O. Wilson, The Future of Life; Stephen Jay Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary
Theory; Bryan Norton, ed., Searching for Sustainability; and Nicholas Agar, Life's Intrinsic
Value: Science, Ethics, and Nature. There is also passing reference to other works, and he
recommends Rolston's "Environmental Ethics" in the Bunnin and Tsui-James Blackwell
Companion to Philosophy, 2nd ed. Ruse is in philosophy, Florida State University.
Ruse, Michael, and Castle, David, eds., Genetically Modified Foods: Debating Biotechnology.
Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002. With case studies of golden rice, ethics in agriculture,
religion, labeling, food safety and substantial equivalence, risk assessment, precautionary
principle, developing countries, environmental impact. With a sharp exchange between Prince
Charles and Richard Dawkins. Ruse is in philosophy at Florida State University. Castle is in
philosophy, University of Guelph, Ontario. (v.14, #4)
Ruse, Michael, "Respecting Animals Values--A Discussion Review of Tom Regan, The Case for
Animal Rights, Journal For Agricultural Ethics 1(1988):225-232.
Ruse, Michael. The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. Reviewed in
Environmental Ethics 3(1981):75-83.
Ruse, Michael. Review of The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology. By Peter Singer.
Environmental Ethics 6(1984):91-94.
Ruse, Michael. Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense? Reviewed in Environmental Ethics
2(1980):173-77.
Ruse, Michael. Review of Sociobiology and Behavior. By David P. Barash. Environmental
Ethics 1(1979):181-85.
Ruse, Michael. Review of The Biological Origin of Human Values. By George Edgin Pugh.
Environmental Ethics 1(1979):181-85.
Rusong, Wang, editor in chief, Zhao Jingzhu and Dai Xiaolong, editors, Human Ecology in
China: Annual Report of the Department of Systems Ecology 1989, Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing: China Science and
Technology Press, 1990. 251 pages, all in English. The reports are apparently seldom printed in
English but this one was made possible by a UNESCO Man and the Biosphere grant. (China)
Russel, Duncan, Review of: Michael Mason, The New Accountability: Environmental
Responsibility Across Borders, Environmental Values 15(2006):258-260.
Russell, A. Wendy, and Robert Sparrow, AThe case for regulating intragenic GMOs,@ Journal
of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21(2008):153-181. This paper discusses the ethical
and regulatory issues raised by Aintragenics@ B organisms that have been genetically modified
using gene technologies, but that do not contain DNA from another species. Considering the
rapid development of knowledge about gene regulation and genomics, we anticipate rapid
advances in intragenic methods. Of regulatory systems developed to govern genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, the Australian
system stands out in explicitly excluding intragenics from regulation. European systems are also
under pressure to exclude intragenics from regulation. We evaluate recent arguments that
intragenics are safer and more morally acceptable than transgenic organisms, and more
acceptable to the public, which might be thought to justify a lower standard of regulation. We
argue that the exemption of intragenics from regulation is not justified, and that there may be
significant environmental risks associated with them. We conclude that intragenics should be
subject to the same standard of regulation as other GMOs. Russell is at the School of Biological
Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia. Sparrow is at the School of Philosophy and
Bioethics, Monash University, Australia.
Russell, Colin A., The Earth, Humanity and God. London: UCL (University College, London)
Press, 1994. 193 pages. ISBN 1-85728-145-4. The present condition and future prospects of
our planet, taking into account both the responsibilities of human beings and the over-riding
providence of God. A Christian perspective on environmental problems that takes very seriously
both the scientific and theological issues. Christians have no monopoly on environmental policy
but they do have something to contribute to the solution of environmental issues. "I am
persuaded that to discuss the fate of the Earth without reference to God would not only be like
playing Hamlet without the Prince; it would also be like acting, producing or criticizing the play
without reference or acknowledgment to Shakespeare" (p. 3). Chapter titles: The Earth in Space;
The Earth in Time; Fragile Planet, "Hurt not the Earth"; Foes of the Earth; "Mother Earth?";
Gaia; Surveying the Prospects; Hope for the Earth. Russell is at The Open University.
Russell, Colin, A. Saving Planet EarthCA Christian Response. Milton Keynes, UK: Authentic
Media, 2008. Russell=s book is intended for the church population at large as an introduction
and aid to Christian action in the environmental crisis.
Russell, Colin A., The Earth, Humanity and God. The Templeton Lectures, Cambridge, 1993.
London: UCL Press, 1994. The Earth in space. The Earth in time. Fragile planet. "Hurt not the
Earth" (Science and environmental problems, the chemical industry, nuclear technology). Foes
of the Earth (Human ignorance, greed, aggression, arrogance). "Mother Earth?" Gaia (Selfregulating systems). Surveying the prospects. Hope for the Earth (intrinsic value, creation and
restoration, human stewardship, divine destiny, a new creation). Russell dislikes materialist
science, but equally a postmodernist pantheism with an organismic view of nature, a kind of
"return to myth," neither good science nor good theology. Stewardship, combining biblical and
scientific outlooks, is the most adequate model. Russell is at the Open University, UK. (EE
v.12,#1)
Russell, David, "Forestry and the Art of Frying Small Fish," Environmental Values 7(1998):
281-289. This paper is in the form of a narrative exploration of trees and woods. It embraces
both the rational and the non-rational dimensions of experience, and mingles science with a little
fancy. It begins by questioning some contemporary attitudes towards woods, then proceeds to
consider how they function, it continues with some reflections on the cultural significance of
trees and woods, and concludes with some ideas on the implications for woodland management.
KEYWORDS: woods, forestry, ecosystem dynamics, significance. David Russell is with The
National Trust, UK. (EV)
Russell, Denise, "Animal Experimentation in Psychology and the Question of Scientific Merit,"
Ethics and the Environment 2(1997):43-52. Nonhuman animals are widely used in psychological
research and the level of suffering and death is high. This is usually said to be justified by
appealing to the scientific merit of the research. This article looks at notions of scientific merit,
queries whether they are as clear-cut as commonly supposed, and argues that with contemporary
conceptions it is too easy for any research to count as meritorious. A tightening of the notion of
scientific merit is suggested, providing a ground for rejection of certain psychological research.
Russell is in philosophy at the University of Sydney, Australia. (E&E)
Russell, Denise, A`Piracy= on the High Seas,@ Ethics and the Environment 12(no. 2, 2007):93116. In "Thinking Like a Mackerel," Susan Power Bratton attempts to develop a sea ethic based
on the writings of Rachel Carson. This article critically evaluates Bratton's position using an
analysis of a contemporary problem on the high seas as a basis: the theft of the Patagonian tooth
fish in the Southern Ocean. Various possibilities for providing philosophical and legal bases for
the protection of the sea realm are explored. Russell is in philosophy, University of Wollongong,
Australia.
Russell, Emily W.B. People and the Land Through Time. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1997. 388 pp. $35. A commentary on the human imprint on ecological patterns. Practical
information on kinds, sources, and interpretations of historical documents and paleo-ecological
records that ecologists need to know in order to understand ecological processes. An effort to
understand the lingering consequences of human history on current ecosystems and landscapes,
and conversely to understand the role that changing environments have played in human history.
(v8,#3)
Russell III, Edmund P. "Lost Among the Parts Per Billion: Ecological Protection at the United
States Environmental Protection Agency, 1970-1993," Environmental History 2(1997):29.
Russell, Keith C., and Chuck Harris, "Dimensions of Community Autonomy in Timber Towns in
the Inland Northwest," Society & Natural Resources 14(no.1, Jan. 2001): 21-. (v.12,#3)
Russell, Lisa A., Goltz, James D., and Bourque, Linda B. "Preparedness and Hazard Mitigation
Actions Before and After Two Earthquakes," Environment and Behavior 27(no.6, Nov.
1995):744- . (v6,#4)
Russell, W. M. S. (William Moy Stratton), and Burch, R. L., The principles of humane
experimental technique. London: Methuen 1959. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1959. Reprinted
1992.
Russell, WH; Jones, C, "The effects of timber harvesting on the structure and composition of
adjacent old-growth coast redwood forest, California, USA," Landscape Ecology 16(no.8,
2002):731-741. (v.13, #3)
Russell-Smith, Jeremy, Lucas, Diane, Chaloupka, George. "Aboriginal Resource Utilization and
Fire Management Practice in Western Arnhem Land, Monsoonal Northern Australia: Notes for
Prehistory, Lessons for the Future," Human Ecology 25(no.2 1997):159. (v8,#3)
Russian Conservation News. Russian conservation news. Website:
www.russianconservation.org This site is maintained by the Center for Russian Nature
Conservation, and also publishes Russian Conservation News. (v10,#4)
Russian Conservation News is a quarterly publication of the Biodiversity Conservation Center, a
Moscow-based center that coordinates a wide range of conservation projects. Contact: Eugene
Simonov, 4 Cherniakovskogo Street, Apt. 10, Moscow 125319. In the U.S., contact: Mikhail
Binnikov, 2126 West 16th Ave., Eugene, OR 97402. Subscriptions in U.S. $10 to PEEC/RCN,
RR 2, Box 1010, Dingman's Ferry, PA 18328. (v6,#1)
Russian Conservation News is the only English language publication presenting articles on
environment and nature conservation in countries of the former Soviet Union. A joint
publication of The Center for Russian Nature Conservation and The Biodiversity Conservation
Center. Published quarterly, $ 15 a year to individuals, $ 25 to organizations. Russian
Conservation News, c/o Pocono Environmental Education Center, R.R. 2, Box 1010, Dingmans
Ferry, PA 18328, 717/828-2319. Fax 717/828-9695.
http://www.igc.apc.org/bcc-west
Russon, A. E., Erman, A., and Dennis, R., "The population and distribution of orangutans
(Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in and around the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West
Kallmantan, Indonesia," Biological Conservation 97(no. 1, 2001):21- . (v.12,#2)
Russow, Lilly-Marlene. "Why Do Species Matter?" Environmental Ethics 3(1981):101-12. One
seldom-noted consequence of most recent arguments for "animal rights" or against "speciesism"
is their inability to provide a justification for differential treatment on the basis of species
membership, even in cases of rare or endangered species. I defend the claim that arguments
about the moral status of individual animals inadequately deal with this issue, and go on, with the
help of several test cases, to reject three traditional analyses of our alleged obligation to protect
endangered species. I conclude (a) that these traditional analyses fail, (b) that there is an
important conceptual confusion in any attempt to ascribe value to a species, and (c) that our
obligation must ultimately rest on the value--often aesthetic--of individual members of certain
species. Russow is in the department of philosophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
(EE)
Russow, Lilly-Marlene. Review of Animals and Why They Matter. By Mary Midgley.
Environmental Ethics 7(1985):171-75.
Russow, Lilly-Marlene. "Ecosystem Health: An Objective Evaluation?" Environmental Values
4(1995):365-369. Some ecologists and philosophers have tried to develop a concept of
ecosystem health that would support more `objective' means of evaluating an ecosystem. I argue
(following Dale Jamieson) that the concept of health is itself too subjective to justify such an
attempt, and then suggest that part of the problem is that the goal of achieving greater objectivity
is itself unclear. I analyse and evaluate three different ways of drawing the distinction between
subjective and objective evaluations as a first step towards clarifying that goal. KEYWORDS:
Ecosystem health, Jamieson, subjective values, objective values. Russow is in the philosophy
department, Purdue University. (EV)
Rutherford, P., "`Talking the Talk': Business Discourse at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development," Environmental Politics 12(no. 2, 2003): 145-150.
Rutledge, Daniel T., Christopher A. Lepczyk, and Jianguo Liu, "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of
Endangered Species Hotspots in the United States," Conservation Biology 15(no.2, Apr. 2001):
475-. (v.12,#3)
Rutledge, Ron, and Terje Vold, "Canada's Wilderness," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no.
2, December):8-14. Canada is a large country with close ties to its wilderness heritage. An
analysis of the extent of Canada's wilderness, both protected wilderness and remaining roadless
areas. Canada has continued to increase the size of its protected area systems, continued to give
more protection, and increasingly given special recognition to protecting wilderness. The
authors are with the British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. (v7,#1)
Ruttan, Lore M. "Closing the Commons: Cooperation for Gain or Restraint?" Human Ecology
26(no.1, Mar. 1998):43- . (v9,#2)
Ruttan, Vernon W., ed., Agriculture, Environment, and Health: Toward Sustainable
Development in the 21st Century. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. 384
pages. Paper, $ 19.95. The changes in institutional design and policy reforms now underway
will ultimately provide sustainable growth in agricultural production. Especially important are
the institutions that conduct research and implement advances in technology and practice in the
fields of agriculture and health, as well as those that monitor the changes in resource
endowments, the quality of the environment and of health, and the productivity of humans
employed in agricultural production. Rattan is in agricultural economics at the University of
Minnesota. (v4,#2)
Ruttan, Vernon W., "The Continuing Challenge of Food Production," Environment 42(no. 10,
Dec. 1, 2000):25- . Have efforts to create a global system of agricultural research been
successful in responding to the food security, resource management, and poverty reduction
challenges of the 21st century? (v.12,#2)
Ryan, Karen-Lee, Trails for the Twenty-First Century: Planning, Design, and Management
Manual for Multi-Use Trails. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993. Paper, $ 24.95. 290 pages.
Thousands of miles of abandoned railroad corridors, former canals, and other now unused transportation routes are being converted to trails that provide a wide range of recreational and
functional uses, including walking, cycling, horseback riding, cross country skiing, and more, all
helping persons to re-establish contacts with the natural world and with their landscapes. KarenLee Ryan is program manager for the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy. (v4,#2)
Ryan, Maura A., and Todd David Whitmore, eds., The Challenge of Global Stewardship: Roman
Catholic Responses. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. 288 pages. $
15.00 ppaer. Among other contributors, John Kavanaugh maintains that it is only by developing
the capacity to experience the moral claims exerted on us by all living things that we develop the
habits of responsible existence in community. George Weigel on the population problem. Bryan
Massingale on the problem of "human welfare ecology."
Ryan, Pam. Review of Environmentalism for a New Millennium: The Challenge of Coevolution.
By Leslie Paul Thiele. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):221-222. (EE)
Ryan, Philip. "Gare, MacIntyre, and Tradition." Environmental Ethics 22(2000):223-224.
Rydell, Robert W., Review of Matt Cartmill, A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and
Nature Through History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), Science 261 (September
17, 1993): 1609-1610. The idea that human beings are natural-born hunters is rooted less in
science and nature than in culture and politics--another myth about human origins that cannot be
privileged over other myths. Cartmill concludes that since boundaries between humans and
animals are cultural, not natural, constructs, they must be redefined when they lose intellectual
credibility. Hierarchical distinctions between masters and slaves and men and women have
collapsed. If the cognitive boundary between man and beast is equally indefensible, we cannot
defend human dignity without extending some sort of citizenship to the rest of nature--which
means ceasing to treat the nonhuman world as a series of means to human ends (see p. 223).
Rydell adds that Cartmill ought to have addressed conservation-based arguments that regard
hunting as an ethical and environmentally sound means for controlling population imbalances
among some species. But the book is "a razor-sharp analysis that succeeds in raising doubts
about deeply rooted and widely shared assumptions concerning the position of human beings in
nature." Rydell is in the Department of History, Montana State University. (Thanks to Ned
Hettinger.)
Ryden, Hope, God's Dog: A Celebration of the North American Coyote. New York: Viking
Press, 1979. 315 pages. The coyote is a remarkable animal. A hundred years ago it was only in
the American West, but has now spread and been seen in every state except Hawaii. Every year
400,000 are exterminated in the U.S, yet the wily creature continues to flourish. There are more
now in the U.S. than ever before. Also see Finkel, Mike, "The Ultimate Survivor," Audubon,
May, June 1999, pp. 52-59.
Ryder, Oliver A. "Zoological Parks and the Conservation of Biological Diversity: Linking `ex
situ and in situ' Conservation Efforts," The Journal of Environment and Development 4, no. 2
(Summer 1995): 105- . (v6,#4)
Ryder, Richard D., and Singer, P., eds., Animal welfare and the environment. London: Gerald
Duckworth & Company, 1992.
Ryder, Richard D., ed., Animals and the Environment. London: Duckworth, 1992. In
association with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Twenty
contributors address the relationship between concern for animals, domestic and wild, and
environmental conservation. Ryder is past Chair of the RSPCA Council. Includes:
--Wilkins, David, "Animal Welfare and the Environment: Are They Always Compatible?", pages
73-80. Wilkins is the Chief Veterinary Officer of the RSPCA.
Ryder, Richard D.. "Toward Kinship," The Animals' Agenda 17(no.1, 1997):44. "Speciesism
and `Painism'," explains Richard Ryder, are the grounds for opposing animal exploitation.
(v8,#2)
Ryder, Richard D., Animal Revolution: Changing attitudes towards speciesism. Oxford:
Blackwell, 1989.
Rydin, Yvonne. "Can We Talk Ourselves into Sustainability? The Role of Discourse in the
Environmental Policy Process." Environmental Values 8(1999):467-484. ABSTRACT: There
has been a recent expansion of work within a variety of theoretical frameworks which looks at
the role of discourses in policy and politics, much of it focused on environmental issues. Within
this there is a particular category of polemical material which argues for discourse management
and for managing discourse between actors towards achieving a particular goal, such as
sustainable development. The paper examines the different ways in which the significance of
environmental discourse is recognised and its influence analysed. It critically examines the
claims made for normative discourse management and highlights the need to consider carefully
the institutions through which environmental policy discourse is mediated. KEYWORDS:
Sustainability, discourse, environmental policy, policy agendas, collaborative planning. Yvonne
Rydin, Department of Geography and Environment London School of Economics and Political
Science London WC2A 2AE, UK Email: [email protected]. (EV)
Rye, Tom. Review of: Low, Nicholas and Brendan Gleeson, eds., Making Urban Transport
Sustainable. Environmental Values 13(2004):133-135. (EV)
Rykiel, EJ, "Scientific Objectivity, Value Systems, and Policymaking," Bioscience 51(no. 6,
2001):433-436. (v.13,#1)
Ryland, Elisabeth K. Review of Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, & J. Hunter Lovins, "Natural
Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution", Organization and Environment 14 (No. 4,
December 2001) pp. 466-69. Ryland is professor of management at California State University,
San Bernardino. (v.13,#2)
Ryszkiewicz, Marcin, Matka Ziemia w przyjaznym kosmosie. Gaja i zasada antropiczna w
dziejach mysli przyrodniczej (Mother Earth in the Friendly Universe. Gaia and the Anthropic
Principle in the History of Natural Sciences), PWN, 1994. In Polish. (v9,#2)