OS Examples

Class 2: OS Opera-ng System © Musitechnic Services Éduca2fs Inc. 2012 Update by Dan Smith Encounter Summary • 
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Computer Basics Review (Class 1) Logic Architecture of a computer Opera2ng System, defini2on Windows XP environment overview Mac OSX environment overview Class 1 Review • 
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8 bits = 1 Byte… 1024 Bytes = 1Mb… 1024 Mb = 1 Gb Computer Cases (open and closed architectures) Motherboard (North/South Bridge Chipsets, sockets) CPU ISA (Instruc2on Set Architecture) (CISC/RISC) Memory (ROM/RAM, Cache) HDD (speed, interface, file system, RAID) Expansion (PCIe, AGP) FireWire, USB, Network Video Card Computer Architecture Hardware BIOS and/or KERNEL OS So^ware USER Architecture of a Computer OS opera2on •  Different OSs are designed for different purposes: –  GUI (Graphical User Interface) –  Mul2-­‐user –  Mul2processor –  Mul2tasking –  Mul2threading –  Real-­‐Time (i.e.: LinuxOS, some Kernels) OS Examples Linux Several distributors among them: •  Mandriva •  Ubuntu (OS) •  Both are open source More than 90% of today's 500 fastest supercomputers run some variant of Linux, including the 10 fastest OS Examples eComSta2on2 (eCS 2.1) Allows IBM OS/2 users to keep running exis2ng programs on todays hardware Used by various developers: •  Serenity Systems •  IBM •  Microso^ Latest Stable Release: •  2.1 •  2011-­‐05-­‐20 OS Examples BeOS or ZETA •  Developed in 1991 •  Ran in 64-­‐bit •  Capable of Mul2tasking and Mul2threading •  Now Discon2nued OS Examples BEOS or ZETA iZ RADAR 24 OS Examples OS Examples BeOS or ZETA EDIROL DV-­‐7 BeOS – Tascam SX1 OS Examples UNIX •  DOS (monotasking) •  Originally developed in 1969 by Bell Labs •  First developed in assembly language (single machine code instruc2on) OS Systems OS Opera2ng System •  SoGware component of a computer system responsible for the management and coordina-on of ac-vi-es and the sharing of computers’ resources. •  Opera2ng systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. OS Opera2ng System •  A link between user, applica2ons (so^ware) and hardware •  Manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs •  Examples of popular modern opera2ng systems include: –  Android, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, Microso^ Windows… –  All but Windows share roots in UNIX OS Tasks •  Managing the opera2on of applica2ons •  Controlling applica2ons’ access to memory •  Interpre2ng input •  Displaying data to the computer screen OS Tasks •  Reading and wri2ng files on disks •  Controlling peripheral devices •  Manages security •  Network management An example of OS tasks •  When browsing the internet, the OS takes care of the following:   It loads the browser from storage into the memory and executes it An example of OS tasks •  When browsing the internet, the OS takes care of the following:   Manages the overall usage of memory and storage   Manages the Internet connec2on An example of OS tasks •  When browsing the internet, the OS takes care of the following:   Translates the input devices into commands   Plays the sounds and images   Connects with all the devices via the device drivers Mul2tasking •  Running several applica2ons simultaneously •  The CPU works serially, processing one task at a -me •  The OS manages the many tasks and queues their usage of the CPU •  A crashed so^ware stops all CPU tasks (and the OS halts) Mul2threading •  Thread: –  A thread of execu2on is the smallest sequence of programmed instruc2ons that can be managed independently by an opera2ng system scheduler •  Mul2threading: –  Computer CPUs that have hardware support to efficiently execute mul2ple threads simultaneously •  Intel's’ Hyper-­‐Threading (Simultaneous mul2threading): –  For each processor core that is physically present, the opera2ng system addresses two virtual or logical cores, and shares the workload between them when possible. Provides up to 30% performance increase File Manager •  A file manager, or file browser, is a computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems •  It is an integral part of the OS •  Provides the user access to files •  The most common opera2ons performed are: –  create, open, edit, view, print, play, rename, move, copy, delete, search/find, modify file aoributes, proper2es and file permissions. File Manager -­‐ Windows: Explorer File Manager -­‐ Mac OS: Finder Device Drivers •  An applica2on (program) dedicated to controlling a specific hardware device •  It provides an interface between the device and the OS Device Drivers •  Device drivers are normally created by the device manufacturers •  Normally drivers that come with a device are outdated; download the current one at the manufacturer’s website Kernel •  All OS have Kernel So^ware •  The part of the OS that is mandatory and used by ALL so^ware •  Responsible for communica2ng between hardware and so^ware •  The lowest level of programming (includes all basic func2ons) •  Responsible for managing system resources –  CPU –  Memory –  I/O KERNEL Library •  A collec-on of subprograms for so^ware development (each subprogram has a specific func2on) •  This allows programming in a modular fashion •  So^ware in OS may use the same subprograms simultaneously •  Dynamic Linking Library (DLL) – the relevant subprograms are loaded as part of the applica2on at load-­‐2me or at run2me (unlike sta2c which are recalled at compile-­‐2me and become part of the applica2on) •  Windows Only So^ware Framework •  Designed for easier so^ware development •  Provides all the necessary low-­‐level (basic opera-on) components •  Including: –  Object-­‐oriented designs (modular programming) –  Support programs –  Code libraries (DLL) –  Scrip2ng language –  A variety of other so^ware •  All components may be communicated via an API API -­‐ Applica-on Programming Interface •  Applica2on Programming Interface •  A type of programming language •  A source-­‐code interface – a standard for programming specific func2ons that can be recalled by an applica2on, a library, or an opera2ng system •  It allows a generalized communica2on standard between different programs Direct X – v10 vs. v11 Direct X – v10 vs. v11 Mainstream OS Systems 16/32/64 bit mode •  Older programs and OSs (Windows 3.1, 3.11, and DOS) run in a 16 bit mode •  Contemporary CPUs process 32-­‐bit at a 2me and the OS is limited to 4 Gb RAM •  All contemporary OS are op2mized for 32-­‐bit –  Windows XP “64-­‐bit Edi2on” runs in 64-­‐bit –  OS X Snow Leopard can be booted in 64-­‐bit mode •  64-­‐bit processors are now becoming standard –  Windows 7 (soon to be released Windows 8) –  OS X Lion & Mountain Lion OS Examples Microso^ MS-­‐DOS Windows Evolu-on 1992 Windows 3.x OS Examples 1995 Windows 95 OS Examples 1998 Windows 98 OS Examples 1999 Windows ME Millennium Edi2on Win9x (Win95, Win98, WinME were consumer versions, not op2mized for performance or cri2cal work). OS Examples 2001 Windows XP • S2ll used today and is the second most popular Win OS • S2ll hold ~25% of the market share • 64-­‐bit version available • Last Stable Release: • 5.1 (Build 2600: Service Pack 3) OS Examples 2007 Windows Vista • Windows Vista contained many changes and new features: • Updated graphical user interface (Aero) • Redesigned search func2on • Mul2media tools • Redesigned networking • The first step towards the Win7 plaxorm • 32 or 64 bit OS Examples 2009 Windows 7 • Evolu2on of Vista • Redesigned Windows Shell • Overall improved performance • Runs in 64-­‐bit mode • Last Stable Release: • 6.1 (Build 7601: Service Pack 1) • February 22, 2011 • Windows 8 is on the way (tenta2ve release date of October 26th 2012) Windows Shell •  The part of Windows that contains the en2re user interface •  Includes: –  Task bar –  Desktop –  Windows Explorer –  Dialog Boxes –  Program Manager –  Command Prompt Windows Desktop •  A work area •  Room for icons, documents, links •  Taskbar – quick links, running programs •  No2fica2on area •  Start Menu – where you find all your programs •  Recycle Bin Windows configura2on •  Proper2es •  Control panel •  Device manager Windows File Management •  Par--ons – determine where and how you store informa2on –  A sec2on of the hard drive (can be the en2re disk) •  Types of Par22ons: –  System Par--on – has the files necessary to start the computer (a few important files: NTldr, boot.ini, Ntdetect.com) –  Boot Par--on – contains the files of the windows OS –  Ac-ve Par--on – an older term for Boot Par22on –  System and boot can be on the same or separate par22ons •  Disk Management (control panel) •  Par22ons can be used for mul2boot (i.e.: OS X & Win7 on the same machine), data par22ons, user quotas Windows File System •  The informa2on that keeps track of file/folder loca2ons, as well as free disk space •  FAT, FAT32 – older systems, less secure, smaller file size and par22ons •  NTFS – –  par22ons size up to 2 TB, –  enables encrypted folders –  Permissions for individual files/folders –  Disk quotas by user Important Folders •  Documents and Seyngs: – 
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Desktop My documents Important applica2on seyngs (emails, favorites) Temporary files •  Program Files: –  Where all applica2ons are installed (by default) •  Windows: – 
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Where the OS is installed Drivers DLL files Hardware seyngs File Extensions •  Extensions are usually 3 leoer long and are separated from the file name with a dot: –  Filename.ext •  Tells Windows which applica2on to open the file with and which icon to show for the file •  Windows can be configured to show file extensions (control panel/appearance / folder op2ons / view) •  Extension examples: –  Doc, mp3, wav, txt, Windows Processes •  A Process is a so^ware loaded in RAM. –  Task Manager (NT, 2000, XP, Vista, Win7) –  Allows to see which resources in terms of CPU and RAM are being used by a process. –  Allows to stop (kill) problema2c processes. Windows Vista •  More than 5 years a^er XP –  Based on Windows Server 2003 core –  Improved GUI (windows Aero) –  Searching (Windows live search) –  Security (the source of its trouble) –  Mul2media (including extensive DRM, DVD burning) –  Redesigned networking, audio, display –  .NET framework 3.0 – should make it easier to write applica2ons for Windows (than with tradi2onal API) Windows 7 •  Advances in touch and handwri2ng recogni2on •  Support for virtual hard disks •  Improved performance on mul2-­‐core processors •  Improved boot performance •  DirectAccess, and kernel improvements Windows 7 •  New Windows Media Center •  ClearType Text Tuner •  Display Color Calibra2on Wizard •  Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Ac2on Center Audio in Windows Vista •  Older windows: •  3.1 – 95: MME (mul2media extensions for windows) – only one applica2on at a 2me •  98: WDM (Windows Driver Model) – mixer, and mul2ple applica2ons audio –  Both are insufficient for pro-­‐audio (quality, features, latency) •  Vista & 7: improved WDM -­‐ audio management is taken out of the Kernel, added many features (per applica2on audio control, eq (room correc2on), bass management Audio in Vista & 7 •  Faster Audio engine •  Disables DirectSound 3D hardware (legacy) •  Added a PCI Miniport 2tled WaveRT; hardware for this interface can bypass the Kernel completely •  Allows hardware generated clock (similar to ASIO API) •  Older versions DirectSound and MME can s2ll be emulated OS Systems OS Examples 1984 Macintosh System 1 OS Examples 1985 Macintosh System 2 OS Examples 1986 Macintosh System 3 OS Examples 1986 Macintosh System 4 OS Examples 1987 Macintosh System 5 OS Examples 1988 Macintosh System 6 OS Examples 1991 Macintosh System 6 OS Examples 1997 Mac OS 8 OS Examples 1999 Mac OS 9 Uses system extensions to enhance the OS OS Examples 2001 -­‐ 2007 OS X (10) 10.0 Cheetah 10.1 Puma 10.2 Jaguar 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard OS Examples 2009 OS X (10.6) Snow Leopard •  Last Stable Release: • 
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10.6.8 2011-­‐06-­‐25 •  Based on NEXT, a UNIX system with a GUI. •  More stable and powerful. •  Can Boot in 32 or 64 bit mode •  Mac Classic: allow users to run some OS9 applica2ons within OSX. OS Examples 2011 OS X (10.7) Lion •  Current Stable Release: • 
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10.7.5 2012-­‐10-­‐04 •  Brings many developments to the Mac made in Apple's iOS, such as: •  Easily navigable display of installed applica2ons • 
Greater use of mul2-­‐touch gestures •  No longer supports PowerPC Apps OS Examples 2012 OS X (10.8) Mountain Lion •  Current Stable Release: •  10.8.2 •  2012-­‐10-­‐04 •  Yet more iOS influenced features. •  Speed and performance increase over “OS X Lion” Mountain Lion New & Changed Features •  No2fica2on Center: •  Provides an overview of alerts from applica2ons and displays no2fica2ons •  Notes: •  A new notes
application is added •  Messages: •  Includes an instant messaging so^ware applica2on •  Dock theme has been updated Finder •  Responsible for user file management in Mac (a type of shell) •  Double click on the hard drive icon (desktop) •  Navigate with forward / backward / double click •  View – icon view / list view / column view •  Computer – A higher level of file browsing (included all hard drives and network) •  Favorites – favorite folders and areas (select by dragging into the favorite icon) •  Home – your home directory (different for each user) Finder Menu Bar •  File menu – new files and folders, open/save –  Get info – show detailed info on a selected file –  Burn disc – very simply done in OS X •  Go menu – allows quick access to several predefined loca2ons –  Computer, home, applica2ons, favorites The Dock •  A quick shortcut to: –  Applica2ons –  System preferences –  Folders / files (on the right); drag and drop into dock •  It can be moved around, be permanent or hidden – customized from the apple menu •  Trash can – also serves as eject (USB, CD) System Preferences •  Access from the Apple menu •  Modifica2on of system seyngs, including: –  Desktop –  General seyngs (appearance, fonts, etc.) –  Languages –  Passwords, privileges –  Hardware seyngs –  Networking and internet –  Classic environment –  OS updates –  Startup (different OS) File Management •  Par22oning – dividing a single drive to two or more separate areas; allows mul2boot (OS 9 and OS-­‐X) •  Create par22ons from a boot CD (OS-­‐9 CD), load while holding down C key •  Use the HFS+ file system Important Folders •  Default, unmovable folders –  Applica2ons – all preinstalled Mac OS programs •  U2li2es folder – necessary tools –  Library – systemwide applica2on preferences, as well as some device drivers –  System – the core of Mac OS X –  Users – home directories of all users on the system File Extensions •  Mac Os9 – usually 4 leoer (hidden in the file itself, iden2fies creator and type); tells the system what applica2on to use in order to open the file •  Mac OS X – can iden2fy the older creator/type info but uses file extensions instead (as in windows) •  File extension appears in a filename a^er a dot (3 or 4 leoers): file.txt, .2ff, .doc, .mp3, .m4a •  Specific file extensions can be associated with an applica2on by the user •  Bit •  Bytes •  Measurement Units •  Bit: is a binary digit, a basic unit of informa2on storage and communica2on in compu2ng, taking a value of either 0 or 1, true / false. A "flag" which is "on" or "off“. •  Bytes: is an ordered collec2on of 8 bits (octet). 8-­‐bit (1 byte) is the standard measurement unit in modern systems. •  Measurement Units: Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera… – 
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8 bits = 1 Byte 1024 bytes = 1Mb 1024 Mb = 1 Gb 1024 Gb = Tb •  Hardware •  SoGware •  Open and Closed architecture •  Hardware: term that refers to the physical components of a computer system (motherboard, keyboard, hard disk, mouse, etc...) •  SoGware: term that refers to programs used to direct the opera2on of a computer (Firefox, Word, Pro Tools…) •  Open and Closed architecture: List 2 pros and cons of each •  Motherboard •  Motherboard Components •  North and Southbridge Chipset •  Motherboard: A rigid, slooed board upon which other boards that contain the basic circuitry of a computer can be mounted. •  Motherboard Components: CPU Socket, Memory Sockets, Chipset (North and South bridges), ROM Bios, Expansion Card slots, Power connectors, I/O connectors and Integrated peripherals. •  North and Southbridge Chipset: controls communica2ons between the processor and external devices. –  Northbridge: handles communica2on between the CPU, RAM, and the southbridge. –  Southbridge: typically handles slower I/O func2ons (SATA, PCI, power management, and more) •  BIOS •  CPU, •  CPU programming languages •  BIOS: Basic Input Output System. Computer firmware (ROM) that directs the basic func2ons of a computer system. (Windows only, called OpenFirmware on Mac) •  CPU: Central Processing Unit. Is the key component of a computer system which contains the necessary circuitry to interpret and execute program instruc2ons. •  CPU ISA Types: Instruc2on Set Architecture. –  CISC: Complex Instruc2on Set Computer –  RISC: Reduced Instruc2on Set Computer •  ROM Memory •  Cache Memory •  ROM Memory: read only memory that usually contains the BIOS and firmware. •  Cache Memory: is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory loca2ons. Is used by the CPU to reduce the average 2me to access memory. •  RAM Memory •  RAM Types •  RAM Memory: random access memory. Holds program and data informa2on while being executed. •  RAM Types: –  SRAM (Sta2c), –  NVRAM (Nonvola2le) –  DRAM (Dynamic): •  EDRAM (Enhanced), •  SDRAM (Synchronous ) •  DDR-­‐SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM): DDR2 and DDR3 operates at Bus clock of up to 800 MHz – 1000Mhz. most common presently. •  HDD •  HDD interfaces •  Expansions and connec-ons • 
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HDD: a Hard Disk Drive is a non-­‐vola2le storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rota2ng plaoers with magne2c surfaces. HDD interfaces: –  SATA : Serial Advanced Technology Aoachment –  IDE (later ATA): Integrated Drive Electronics –  SCSI : Small Computer System Interface, –  RAID : Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks Expansions and connec-ons: –  PCIe: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 2.0. A x4 slot transfers up to 0.5Gb/s. A x16 slot can transfer up to 16Gb/s. –  Firewire vs. USB