PDF of slides - Northern Grapes Project

Transcription

Developing Cold-Hardy Grapes: The
Trials and Tribulations of Breeding
Grapes for the Northern
Continental U.S.
Harlene Hatterman-Valenti and Matthew Clark
•
“There is a large field for the plant breeder to work in. We need hardier cherries and
better varieties of plums for the market, we need long keeping varieties of apples and
many other fruits. How are we going to get these? Only through the patient and
hardworking plant breeder.” C. Haralson, 1908
Louis Suelter ‘Beta’ Grape
(1881)
© 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
History of Grape Breeding
• Epidemics in mid 19th century
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–
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Powdery mildew
Phylloxera (root louse)
Downy mildew
Black rot
• Introduction of rootstocks
– V. riparia, V. rupestris
Kennelly et al. (2007) Phytopathology, 97(4), 512-522.
Distribution of Native Grape Species
Limitations of V. vinifera in Cold
Climate Regions
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Cold tolerance: winter
Late spring: frost
Length of season for fruit ripening
Susceptible to diseases commonly occurring in
the Midwest
Grape Breeding in the Late 20th Century –
the Elmer Swenson Era (1960-2004)
• Elmer Swenson
– Established a legacy of coldhardy grape
breeding in North America
• V. riparia
• MN 78
• French hybrids
– Developed numerous varieties
• Others still being tested and named
Cold Climate Grape Cultivars
• Cultivars by breeder
Elmer Swenson
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St. Croix
St. Pepin
Swenson Red
Swenson White
Sabrevois
Edelweiss (joint UMN)
• UMN cold climate
cultivars
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Frontenac (1996)
Frontenac gris (2003)
Frontenac blanc
Marquette (2006)
La Crescent (2002)
Breeding Timelines
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Year
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2
3
4
5
6
10
15
20
25
30
Current Grape Breeding Scheme
Year
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3
4
Cultivar release 15-25 years after the cross was made
5
Current Grape Breeding Scheme
Year
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1
2
3
4
5
What is a DNA marker
• A DNA sequence or gene that can be used to:
– identify an individual
– represent a gene variant
– Be a ‘sign post’ along the DNA strand
Genetic Map: a roadmap of markers
Garris et al., JASHS March 2009 vol. 134
no. 2 261-272
Genetic Map: a roadmap of markers
0.0
0.9
1.7
2.5
5.8
6.6
7.4
9.9
14.9
18.8
20.7
21.8
28.4
29.3
35.1
38.9
42.4
44.3
45.1
45.9
49.2
50.9
51.7
52.5
54.1
56.6
57.4
58.3
62.4
63.2
65.6
66.4
68.3
74.0
76.4
76.5
78.1
S10_34153
S10_204720 S10_204716
S10_402218 S10_592094
S10_402249
S0_24528509
S3_15425817
S10_1377150
S10_1472990 S10_1473029
S10_2868962 S10_2868961
S10_3085740
S10_3606712
S10_3578415
S0_15860653
S10_4583458
S10_5020620
S10_5682433
S10_7917640
S10_6554504
S10_6575625 S10_6815794 S10_6814559
S10_6502816 S10_6634791 S10_7214836 S10_72
S10_7251947
S10_8495568
S10_8694580
S10_8485810 S10_8400819
S10_8495576
S10_10329269 S10_10306263 S10_10327433
S10_10801568
S10_11658068
S10_12417390
S10_14811088 S10_14466056
S10_14508787 S10_15002478
S10_18826089 S10_18926660 S10_18769729 S10
S10_18926677 S10_18826090
S10_18806417
S10_18926705
S10_21400671
S10_23071946
S10_22349967
S10_21960313
What is DNA-Informed Grape Breeding?
• Use of DNA Markers Tests
– Identity and fingerprinting
• “Paternity Testing”
• Validation of a cultivar
– Select parents for crossing
– Cull offspring likely to have undesirable traits
What is DNA-Informed Grape Breeding?
• Gene Mapping
– Identify markers linked to traits
• Is there a diagnostic DNA test for the trait??
– Identify genes that influence a trait of interest
• Can we understand why a mutation or variation exists at
the gene level
Marker Assisted Breeding
• Catch-all term
– Screen Parents with DNA tests
– Screen Seedlings with DNA tests
• Accelerate breeding timeline
• Gain insight and predict
Year
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Proposed MAB in Grape Scheme
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Proposed MAB in Grape Scheme
Year
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High-Throughput Phenotyping
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Firmness/Texture
Chemistry (fruit quality)
Metabolite profile
Disease Resistance
Microvinification
Sensory evaluation
Columbiafruit.com
Targeted Fruit Quality Traits
• Fruit quality
– pH
– Acids (<9 g/L)
• Malic : Tartaric
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Sugars (21-25°Brix)
Flavor/aroma
Phenolics (tannin)
Color
Juice Chemistry 2015
Mapping Population: Pedigree
V_riparia
V_riparia_MN89
Cascade
V_riparia_MN39
SV14-287
Veeblanc
MN1069
Seibel405
Seibel4595
Aramon_du_Gard
Seibel4199
Seibel5656
Rayon_D'Or
MN1057
MN1200
MN1264
MN1246
Villard_blanc
SV18-283
Frontenac
Seyval_Blanc
GE1025
Landal
Landot4511
Powdery Mildew 2013: 2 QTL
Uncinula necator
Photo: Michelle Grabowski;
© 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota.
www.extension.umn.edu
All rights reserved.
Foliar Phylloxera 2012: 2 QTL
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
Photo: E.C. Burkness & T.L. Galvan
Clark et al. in prep
Berry size and color
Berry size
Berry color
Informative roadmap
What’s next?
• Combining favorable gene variants
– Gene pyramiding
• Identifying off flavors and aromas
• Validating that these markers work in broad
populations
Many thanks to
•
•
•
•
•
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John Thull
Jennifer Thull
Bryan Forbes
Northern Grapes Project
VitisGen
Check out:
– enology.umn.edu
– grapes.umn.edu
• Former project direction
– Dr. Jim Luby and Peter Hemstad
NDSU Winegrape
Germplasm Enhancement
for North Dakota
D R . H A R L E N E H AT T E R M A N - VA L E N T I
J O H N S T E N G E R , C O L L I N A U WA R T E R , B R I T TA N Y O L S O N ,
CHRIS ASMUNDSON, TOM PLOCHER, HVC TEAM ………….
Goal
One red & one white grape for North Dakota.
◦ Hardy: -40°C with no protection
◦ Early to ripen: <1800 GGD base 50°F
◦ Good quality
◦ Total Titratable Acidity: <1%
◦ Sugar: 20-24 Brix
◦ Reds: high tannins
◦ Overall distinct, complex flavor and aroma (not Concord
grape-like)
01-02
11-12
05-06
03-04
07-08
09-10
13-14
15-16
01-02
11-12
05-06
07-08
03-04
09-10
15-16
13-14
Direction
Two approaches
1. Short-Term
◦ Quick-hitting crosses between available material
◦ Proven parents and elite materials for our area
◦ Creating releasable material in one generation
2. Long-Term
◦ Series of crosses with selection
◦ Multiple generations prior to releasable material
◦ Building from the ground up
Emphasis on stability and quality early
• Continental climate
– Dominated by unpredictable conditions.
– Large temperature swings
– Unpredictable growing season
• What we want out of our vines
– Predictable yields
– Predictable quality
– Predictable incomes
Germplasm
• Adapted (V. riparia)
– Established parents
• SD 62-…
• U of M riparia’s
– Local material
• Red River of the North
• Sheyenne river
• Missouri river
– Bismarck, ND
– Culbertson, MT
• Many others from several local contributors
http://www.state-maps.org/nd-map.htm
Year around crossing
• Greenhouse offers possibility of
year around breeding
• Current collection of potted vines
at NDSU is over 100 varieties and
growing.
• Cold room > greenhouse> cold
room
• Allows 2 pollinations per year for
each vine:
– 1 month to break bud and bloom
– 2 months to ripen fruit
– 2 months of vernalization in cold
Year around crossing
• Greenhouse offers possibility of
year around breeding
• Current collection of vines growing
in the ground at NDSU is ?
varieties.
• Multiple stems at various stages of
reproduction on a single plant.
• Advantages/Disadvantages:
– Growth in the ground vs. pots
– Insects and diseases
– Plant manipulation
What else can be done to help growers?
Recognitions & Thanks
• The research team:
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Collin Auwarter
John Stenger
Tom Plocher
NDSU High Value Crops Project
Chris Asmundson
Volunteers over the years
• Materials
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U of Saskatchewan
Mark Hart
Carl Camper
Jacob Ballinger
Dave Griffin
Jeff Peterson
So many others
• Funding
– North Dakota state legislature
– North Dakota Dept. of Ag
– North Dakota Grape and Wine Program
Committee
– North Dakota Grape and Wine Association
– North Dakota State University Graduate
School
• Those who paved the way for our industry
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–
–
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University of Minnesota
Elmer Swenson
South Dakota State
AND MANY MORE …
Questions?

PDF of slides - Northern Grapes Project

Transcription

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